EP1870559B1 - Method for lining a tunnel with concrete - Google Patents
Method for lining a tunnel with concrete Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1870559B1 EP1870559B1 EP07011898A EP07011898A EP1870559B1 EP 1870559 B1 EP1870559 B1 EP 1870559B1 EP 07011898 A EP07011898 A EP 07011898A EP 07011898 A EP07011898 A EP 07011898A EP 1870559 B1 EP1870559 B1 EP 1870559B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- rock
- grout
- tendon
- squeezing
- rock bolt
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Not-in-force
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 18
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 78
- 238000009415 formwork Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 210000002435 tendon Anatomy 0.000 abstract description 38
- 239000011440 grout Substances 0.000 abstract description 35
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000001960 triggered effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 13
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920001903 high density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004700 high-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011900 installation process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002262 irrigation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003973 irrigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000011664 signaling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D21/00—Anchoring-bolts for roof, floor in galleries or longwall working, or shaft-lining protection
- E21D21/0026—Anchoring-bolts for roof, floor in galleries or longwall working, or shaft-lining protection characterised by constructional features of the bolts
- E21D21/0046—Anchoring-bolts for roof, floor in galleries or longwall working, or shaft-lining protection characterised by constructional features of the bolts formed by a plurality of elements arranged longitudinally
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D21/00—Anchoring-bolts for roof, floor in galleries or longwall working, or shaft-lining protection
- E21D21/0026—Anchoring-bolts for roof, floor in galleries or longwall working, or shaft-lining protection characterised by constructional features of the bolts
- E21D21/0066—Anchoring-bolts formed by a bundle of radially arranged rigid elements
Definitions
- the present invention relates to tunnelling through rock subject to squeezing, and to a two-stage rock bolt suitable for use in such tunnelling.
- the genesis of the present invention is a desire to provide a method whereby such tunnelling can be carried out.
- a two-stage rock bolt suitable for this method can comprise a tendon, a first anchor means adapted to be anchored in a hole in said rock, and having associated therewith a pinch means through which said tendon can pass by deforming, a second anchor means including a trigger means and carried by said tendon adjacent said first anchor means, and an elongate release extending alongside said tendon from said trigger means beyond said rock, said release being operable to activate said trigger means to thereby actuate said second anchor means.
- a two-stage rock bolt suitable for this method can further comprise one or more of the following features:
- said tension to said first extent may be created by rock squeezing and deformation of the tendon of said rock bolt.
- Said tension beyond said first extent may be created by rock squeezing.
- Said tension beyond said first extent may be created by applying a mechanical force to the tendon of said rock bolt.
- said sensor means may comprise a pair of electrical contacts and said grout may be electrically conductive.
- Said indicator may comprise light. Further, said light may incorporate at least one light emitting diode (LED).
- a tunnel 1 is excavated from rock 2 which is the subject of squeezing forces indicated by arrows A.
- steel plates 4 are located over the interior surface of the tunnel, each of the plates 4 being held in position by means of a two-stage rock bolt 5.
- Each rock bolt 5 is positioned in a blind hole 6 which is drilled radially into the rock 2.
- the rock bolts 5 are two-stage rock bolts in that the first stage which arises immediately after installation of the rock bolts 5 permits the intended small movement of the rock 2 so as to carry out the squeezing to the requisite extent. Thereafter, once the gaps 8 have been eliminated, the rock bolt is tensioned to its final tension which is intended to ensure that no further squeezing of the rock 2 takes place.
- the steel plates 4 are edge abutted one against the other and thus form a suitable boundary which can be used for formwork for a concrete lining 9 indicated by broken lines in Fig. 2 and which is intended to provide the final support for the walls of the tunnel 1.
- the steel plates 4 can support formwork which is used in the construction of the concrete lining 9.
- Each of the rock bolts 5 in Figs. 1 and 2 has a leading end 11 and a trailing end 12.
- Fig. 3 a longitudinal cross-section through the leading end 11 of the first rock bolt 15 is illustrated.
- the rock bolt 15 has a tendon 16 formed from a cable fabricated from steel wires.
- a portion of the tendon 16 intermediate two annular washers 17, 18 is provided with a tube 19, for example made from plastics material such as irrigation pipe extruded in high density polyethylene (HDPE).
- HDPE high density polyethylene
- a grout tube 21 passes through the trailing washer 17.
- a secondary tube 22 also passes through both washers 17 and 18 and a pull cord 23 passes through the secondary tube 22.
- the leading washer 18 is mounted on a pinch tube 25 (of the general type illustrated in Fig. 3 of US Patent No. 7,037, 046 ) which has a constricted interior passage 26 which is substantially S-shaped.
- the pinch tube 25 is longitudinally split so as to be formed from two portions which are clamped together about the tendon 16 and held in position by means of two keeper rings 27, 28.
- a barrel 30 Abutting the pinched tube 25 is a barrel 30 which has a tapered interior 31 which matches the taper on a frusto-conical wedge 40 which surrounds the tendon 16.
- the leading end of the barrel 30 is machined with an annular groove 33.
- a transversely split annular keeper 34 has a re-entrant annular flange 35 which is retained in the groove 33.
- the two parts of the annular keeper 34 overlap and are provided with two pairs of aligned orifices through each pair of which a corresponding pin 36A ( Fig. 3 or 36B Fig. 5 ) is retained by means of a friction fit.
- Within the keeper 34 an O-ring 37 is retained in compression.
- annular keeper 34 clamps on the wedge 40 and retains same in position with the internal diameter of the passage through the wedge 40 being sufficient to permit the tendon 16 to slide relative to the wedge 40.
- An important function of the intact keeper 34 is to maintain separation between the locking taper of the wedge 40 and the barrel 30.
- the pull cord 23 is bifurcated ( Fig.6 ) and one portion thereof 23A is connected to the pin 36A illustrated in Fig. 3 .
- Fig. 4 the trailing end 12 of the rock bolt 15 is illustrated.
- the trailing end of the tendon 16 passes through a central aperture 42 in the steel plate 4.
- Abutting against the steel plate 4 is a conventional locking mechanism in the form of an internally tapered barrel 130 and a frusto-conical wedge 140 which are capable of clamping the tendon 16 so as to place same in tension.
- the grout tube 21 passes through a corresponding opening in the plate 4 and a similar opening is provided for the pull cord 23.
- the leading end 11 of the first rock bolt 15 is passed into the hole 6 to the maximum extent permitted by the length of the tendon 16.
- the two annular washers 17 and 18 ensure that the tendon 16 is approximately centred in the blind hole 6 and also define an interior space into which grout is pumped in the direction of arrows B in Fig. 4 and C in Fig. 3 .
- the grout fills the volume between the two washers 17 and 18 and thus provides a first anchor which retains the pinch tube 25 in position.
- the tendon 16 can be lightly tensioned and locked by means of the barrel 130 and wedge 140, thereby completing the installation process.
- the steel plate 4 is moved to the left as seen in Fig. 4 thereby increasing the tension within the tendon 16 and forcing the tendon 16 through the interior passage 26 of the pinch tube 25.
- This requires the tendon 16 to be deformed, and preferably elastically deformed, and typically increases the tension within the tendon 16 to approximately 50kN.
- the pull cord 23 can be manually tugged so as to dislodge both pins 36A and 36B which retain the annular keeper 34.
- the annular keeper 34 which now consists of two separate parts radially expands under the urging of the resilient O-ring 37 thereby permitting the wedge 40 to enter into the barrel 30 under the influence of the tension within the tendon 16. That is to say, the wedge 40 and barrel 30 are permitted by the rupturing of the keeper 34 to come closer together to form a second anchor which securely grasps the tendon 16 and is capable of withstanding significant tension, for example up to 300kN.
- further squeezing movement of the rock 2 is prohibited and the steel plates 4 remain in their abutting configuration illustrated in Fig. 2 but do not move inwardly any further.
- the significant tension in the tendon 16 can be created using a substantially conventional cable jack.
- a second rock bolt 5 is illustrated in Fig. 5 and takes the form of a rock bolt 115, only the leading end 111 being illustrated.
- the tendon 16, pull cord 23, pinch tube 25, barrel 30, annular keeper 34 and wedge 40 are as before.
- a mechanical or point anchor 50 is provided.
- the anchor 50 consists of an outer shell 51 which is preferably longitudinally split into three portions and which has a serrated exterior surface 52.
- Located within the shell 51 is a tapered collet 53 which is urged to the left as seen in Fig. 5 by means of a spring 54 retained between a washer 55 and a nut 56.
- the collet 53 is shaped to mate with the pinch tube 25.
- the initial tension created within the tendon 16 following installation of the rock bolt 115 expands the shell 51 thereby anchoring the anchor 50 relative to the blind hole 6.
- the pinch tube 25 is fixed relative to the hole 6 in the same way that the grout of Fig. 3 fixes the pinch tube 25 relative to the hole 6 in the embodiment of Fig. 3 .
- the tendon 16, plate 4, barrel 130 and wedge 140 are as in Fig.4 .
- the washers 17 and 18 and pinch tube 25 are also as in Fig. 3 .
- the grout tube 21 and the secondary tube 22 with its pull cord 23 are also as in Fig. 3 .
- a breather tube 91 is provided which extends through the plate 4 and through the washer 18. That is, the leading end of the breather tube 91 terminates in the space between the two washers 17, 18 which is to be filled with grout (not illustrated).
- the breather tube 91 has a pair of insulated wires 92 which run the length of the breather tube 91 and terminate at its leading end in a pair of electrical contacts 93.
- the wires 92 terminate in a battery 98 and a light 99 preferably in the form of a light emitting diode (LED).
- the apparatus of Fig. 6 functions as follows: Grout is pumped into the grout tube 21 as indicated by arrow B and exits from the grout tube 21 between the washers 17, 18 as indicated by arrow C. As a consequence air is expelled from between the washers 17, 18 entering the breather tube 91 as indicated by arrow D and exiting the breather tube to the rear of the plate 4 as indicated by arrow E.
- the grout would exit from the breather tube 92 (as indicated by arrow E) thereby signalling that no more grout should be pumped into the grout tube 21.
- the overall length of the rock bolt 215 is larger (typically 30 metres or so) the resistance of the breather tube 92 to grout passing through it prevents this simple system from working satisfactorily. Instead, grout makes its way past one or both of the washers 17, 18 into places where it is not wanted and grout continues to be pumped into the grout tube 21 for want of a stop signal.
- Such a stop signal is provided by the wires 92.
- the grout which is preferably water based
- the grout conducts sufficient electric current to activate the LED 99. This signals that the pumping of the grout should stop because the space between the washers 17, 18 is now full of grout.
- the grout tube 21, pull cord 23 and breather tube 91 are preferably not located in the one vertical plate as indicated in Fig. 6 but are preferably radially spaced with approximately 120° spacing relative to the longitudinal axis of the tendon 16.
- the contacts 93 preferably are placed in the upper most portion of the space between the washers 17, 18 to ensure that the grout which enters into this portion of the space reaches the contacts 93 last.
- the tendon 16 is provided by means of a cable, the tendon 16 could equally be a solid rod or a tube.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Lining And Supports For Tunnels (AREA)
- Piles And Underground Anchors (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates to tunnelling through rock subject to squeezing, and to a two-stage rock bolt suitable for use in such tunnelling.
- In some localities such as the Alps in Europe, the rock formations are not static. Instead, in the event that a tunnel is driven through the rock, then the rock is subject to "squeezing". What this means is that the rock is to some extent plastic and moves under the force or pressure applied to the rock by the overlying strata in such a way as to squeeze or reduce the cross-sectional area of the tunnel. Naturally, such rock strata is fraught with difficulty for tunnellers and is normally avoided. As a consequence, either tunnels for transport purposes, or tunnels for mining purposes, have generally hitherto not being built in such rock strata.
DE 30 08 727 A1DE 38 20 700 A1 ,DE 26 44 329 A1 ,DE 32 36 569 A1 disclose each a method for pathly lining a tunnel which is subject to sqeezing - The genesis of the present invention is a desire to provide a method whereby such tunnelling can be carried out.
- In accordance with the present invention there is disclosed a method of preparing for concrete lining a tunnel through rock subject to squeezing according to
claim 1, said method comprising the steps of: - (i) placing a plurality of spaced apart plates over the interior of said tunnel, each of said plates being secured by a two-stage rock bolt,
- (ii) allowing said squeezing rock to initially deform said rock bolts and drive said plates into edge abutment,
- (iii) placing said rock bolts into a final tensioned condition, and
- (iv) using said edge abutting plates to comprise, or support, formwork for said concrete lining.
- Further preferred aspects of the method are claimed in the subclaims. A two-stage rock bolt suitable for this method can comprise a tendon, a first anchor means adapted to be anchored in a hole in said rock, and having associated therewith a pinch means through which said tendon can pass by deforming, a second anchor means including a trigger means and carried by said tendon adjacent said first anchor means, and an elongate release extending alongside said tendon from said trigger means beyond said rock, said release being operable to activate said trigger means to thereby actuate said second anchor means.
- A two-stage rock bolt suitable for this method can further comprise one or more of the following features:
- the first anchor may include grout located between said hole and said tendon. Said first anchor may comprise a mechanical or point anchor. Said pinch means may comprise a longitudinally split tube having a constricted interior. Said constricted interior may have a generally S-shaped configuration. Said pinch means may be located between the tip of said rock bolt and said first anchor. Said pinch means may be located immediately adjacent, and abutting, said first anchor. Said elongate release may comprise a pull chord. Said trigger means may comprise a transversely split ring, two portions of said ring overlapping and including two pairs of aligned orifices, and a pin retained in each said pair of aligned orifices by a friction fit whereby removal of said pin activates said trigger means. A resilient means may urge said split ring portions apart. Said resilient means may comprise an O-ring in compression. Said trigger means may be located between first and second co-operating portions of said second anchor. Said trigger means when triggered may permit said first and second co-operating portions to commence their co-operation. Said first portion may be a barrel having a tapered interior and said second portion may be a frusto-conical wedge which mates with said tapered interior. Said first anchor may permit a loading of said tendon of approximately 50 kN and said second anchor may permit a loading of said tendon of approximately 330 kN. Said tendon may be a cable. Said tendon may be solid.
- For the tensioning of such a two-stage rock bolt one can make use of the steps of:
- (i) installing said rock bolt in a blind hole drilled in rock subject to squeezing,
- (ii) activating a first anchor carried adjacent the tip of said rock bolt,
- (iii) allowing tension to a first extent to be created in said rock bolt,
- (iv) activating a second anchor carried adjacent said first anchor, and
- (v) allowing tension in excess of said first extent to be created in said rock bolt.
- With view to the tensioning of such a two-stage rock bolt, said tension to said first extent may be created by rock squeezing and deformation of the tendon of said rock bolt. Said tension beyond said first extent may be created by rock squeezing. Said tension beyond said first extent may be created by applying a mechanical force to the tendon of said rock bolt.
- In connection with the present invention one may use a method of grouting a rock bolt in a blind hole where a hollow breather tube is located alongside the rock bolt and extends between opposite ends of the hole to allow escape of air from the closed end of hole as grout is inserted into the open end of the hole, said method comprising the step of:
- (i) inserting an electric circuit into said breather tube and extending beyond the end thereof,
- (ii) said electric circuit including an indicator means at said open end of said hole and a sensor means at said closed end of said hole, said sensor means being activated by said grout reaching same to thereby indicate that said grout insertion should close.
- Thereby, said sensor means may comprise a pair of electrical contacts and said grout may be electrically conductive. Said indicator may comprise light. Further, said light may incorporate at least one light emitting diode (LED).
- The present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
-
Fig. 1 is a transverse cross-sectional view through a tunnel showing the position of steel plates prior to squeezing having taken effect, -
Fig. 2 is a view similar toFig. 1 but showing the position of the steel plates after squeezing has taken effect, -
Fig. 3 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view through the tip of a first two-stage cable tendon rock bolt, -
Fig. 4 is a longitudinal cross sectional view of the trailing end of the rock bolt ofFig. 3 , -
Fig. 5 is a view similar toFig. 3 but of a second rock bolt, and -
Fig. 6 is a truncated longitudinal cross-section through a third one having a preferred grout breather tube. - As seen in
Fig. 1 , atunnel 1 is excavated fromrock 2 which is the subject of squeezing forces indicated by arrows A. In order to prevent thetunnel 1 collapsing, in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the presentinvention steel plates 4 are located over the interior surface of the tunnel, each of theplates 4 being held in position by means of a two-stage rock bolt 5. Eachrock bolt 5 is positioned in ablind hole 6 which is drilled radially into therock 2. - In the situation illustrated in
Fig. 1 , prior to squeezing having taken place, there is asmall gap 8 between each of thesteel plates 4. However, in the situation illustrated inFig. 2 where squeezing has both commenced and progressed to a certain degree, the movement of therock 2 effectively eliminates thegaps 8 so, that thesteel plates 4 edge abut. Therock bolts 5 are two-stage rock bolts in that the first stage which arises immediately after installation of therock bolts 5 permits the intended small movement of therock 2 so as to carry out the squeezing to the requisite extent. Thereafter, once thegaps 8 have been eliminated, the rock bolt is tensioned to its final tension which is intended to ensure that no further squeezing of therock 2 takes place. In the condition illustrated inFig. 2 , thesteel plates 4 are edge abutted one against the other and thus form a suitable boundary which can be used for formwork for aconcrete lining 9 indicated by broken lines inFig. 2 and which is intended to provide the final support for the walls of thetunnel 1. Alternatively, thesteel plates 4 can support formwork which is used in the construction of theconcrete lining 9. - It will be appreciated that depending upon the nature of the
rock 2, thesteel plates 4 androck bolts 5 may also be required on the floor of the tunnel, however, this is not illustrated inFigs. 1 and 2 in order not to overburden the diagrams, - Each of the
rock bolts 5 inFigs. 1 and 2 has aleading end 11 and a trailingend 12. InFig. 3 a longitudinal cross-section through the leadingend 11 of thefirst rock bolt 15 is illustrated. Therock bolt 15 has atendon 16 formed from a cable fabricated from steel wires. A portion of thetendon 16 intermediate twoannular washers tube 19, for example made from plastics material such as irrigation pipe extruded in high density polyethylene (HDPE). Thetendon 16 is able to slide through thetube 19. - A
grout tube 21 passes through the trailingwasher 17. In addition, asecondary tube 22 also passes through bothwashers pull cord 23 passes through thesecondary tube 22. - The leading
washer 18 is mounted on a pinch tube 25 (of the general type illustrated inFig. 3 ofUS Patent No. 7,037, 046 ) which has a constrictedinterior passage 26 which is substantially S-shaped. Thepinch tube 25 is longitudinally split so as to be formed from two portions which are clamped together about thetendon 16 and held in position by means of two keeper rings 27, 28. - Abutting the
pinched tube 25 is abarrel 30 which has a tapered interior 31 which matches the taper on a frusto-conical wedge 40 which surrounds thetendon 16. The leading end of thebarrel 30 is machined with an annular groove 33. A transversely splitannular keeper 34 has a re-entrantannular flange 35 which is retained in the groove 33. The two parts of theannular keeper 34 overlap and are provided with two pairs of aligned orifices through each pair of which acorresponding pin 36A (Fig. 3 or 36BFig. 5 ) is retained by means of a friction fit. Within thekeeper 34 an O-ring 37 is retained in compression. In addition, theannular keeper 34 clamps on thewedge 40 and retains same in position with the internal diameter of the passage through thewedge 40 being sufficient to permit thetendon 16 to slide relative to thewedge 40. An important function of theintact keeper 34 is to maintain separation between the locking taper of thewedge 40 and thebarrel 30. - The
pull cord 23 is bifurcated (Fig.6 ) and one portion thereof 23A is connected to thepin 36A illustrated inFig. 3 . On the other side of the apparatus illustrated inFig. 3 , and therefore not visible inFig. 3 , is anotherpin 36B (illustrated inFig. 5 ) which is connected to theother portion 23B of thebifurcated pull cord 23. - Turning now to
Fig. 4 , the trailingend 12 of therock bolt 15 is illustrated. The trailing end of thetendon 16 passes through acentral aperture 42 in thesteel plate 4. Abutting against thesteel plate 4 is a conventional locking mechanism in the form of an internally taperedbarrel 130 and a frusto-conical wedge 140 which are capable of clamping thetendon 16 so as to place same in tension. Thegrout tube 21 passes through a corresponding opening in theplate 4 and a similar opening is provided for thepull cord 23. - After the
blind hole 6 has been drilled, the leadingend 11 of thefirst rock bolt 15 is passed into thehole 6 to the maximum extent permitted by the length of thetendon 16. The twoannular washers tendon 16 is approximately centred in theblind hole 6 and also define an interior space into which grout is pumped in the direction of arrows B inFig. 4 and C inFig. 3 . The grout fills the volume between the twowashers pinch tube 25 in position. Thereafter thetendon 16 can be lightly tensioned and locked by means of thebarrel 130 andwedge 140, thereby completing the installation process. - As the
rock 22 commences its squeezing action, thesteel plate 4 is moved to the left as seen inFig. 4 thereby increasing the tension within thetendon 16 and forcing thetendon 16 through theinterior passage 26 of thepinch tube 25. This requires thetendon 16 to be deformed, and preferably elastically deformed, and typically increases the tension within thetendon 16 to approximately 50kN. - Once the
plates 4 are edge abutting as illustrated inFig. 2 , then thepull cord 23 can be manually tugged so as to dislodge bothpins annular keeper 34. As a consequence, theannular keeper 34 which now consists of two separate parts radially expands under the urging of the resilient O-ring 37 thereby permitting thewedge 40 to enter into thebarrel 30 under the influence of the tension within thetendon 16. That is to say, thewedge 40 andbarrel 30 are permitted by the rupturing of thekeeper 34 to come closer together to form a second anchor which securely grasps thetendon 16 and is capable of withstanding significant tension, for example up to 300kN. As a consequence, further squeezing movement of therock 2 is prohibited and thesteel plates 4 remain in their abutting configuration illustrated inFig. 2 but do not move inwardly any further. - If desired, the significant tension in the
tendon 16 can be created using a substantially conventional cable jack. - A
second rock bolt 5 is illustrated inFig. 5 and takes the form of arock bolt 115, only theleading end 111 being illustrated. Thetendon 16,pull cord 23,pinch tube 25,barrel 30,annular keeper 34 andwedge 40 are as before. - Instead of the first anchor being formed from grout as in
Fig. 3 , in the arrangement ofFig. 5 a mechanical orpoint anchor 50 is provided. Theanchor 50 consists of anouter shell 51 which is preferably longitudinally split into three portions and which has aserrated exterior surface 52. Located within theshell 51 is a taperedcollet 53 which is urged to the left as seen inFig. 5 by means of aspring 54 retained between awasher 55 and a nut 56. Thecollet 53 is shaped to mate with thepinch tube 25. The initial tension created within thetendon 16 following installation of therock bolt 115 expands theshell 51 thereby anchoring theanchor 50 relative to theblind hole 6. As a consequence, thepinch tube 25 is fixed relative to thehole 6 in the same way that the grout ofFig. 3 fixes thepinch tube 25 relative to thehole 6 in the embodiment ofFig. 3 . - At the trailing end of the
rock bolt 115 the arrangement is the same as illustrated inFig. 4 save that thegrout tube 21 is absent. In all other respects the operation of therock bolt 115 is the same as operation of therock bolt 15. - In the
third rock bolt 215 as illustrated inFig. 6 thetendon 16,plate 4,barrel 130 andwedge 140 are as inFig.4 . Similarly, thewashers pinch tube 25 are also as inFig. 3 . Thegrout tube 21 and thesecondary tube 22 with itspull cord 23 are also as inFig. 3 . - In
Fig. 6 abreather tube 91 is provided which extends through theplate 4 and through thewasher 18. That is, the leading end of thebreather tube 91 terminates in the space between the twowashers breather tube 91 has a pair ofinsulated wires 92 which run the length of thebreather tube 91 and terminate at its leading end in a pair ofelectrical contacts 93. At the trailing end of therock bolt 215, thewires 92 terminate in abattery 98 and a light 99 preferably in the form of a light emitting diode (LED). - In operation the apparatus of
Fig. 6 functions as follows: Grout is pumped into thegrout tube 21 as indicated by arrow B and exits from thegrout tube 21 between thewashers washers breather tube 91 as indicated by arrow D and exiting the breather tube to the rear of theplate 4 as indicated by arrow E. - If the overall length of the
bolt 215 was short, say 1-5 metres, when the space between thewashers grout tube 21. However, where the overall length of therock bolt 215 is larger (typically 30 metres or so) the resistance of thebreather tube 92 to grout passing through it prevents this simple system from working satisfactorily. Instead, grout makes its way past one or both of thewashers grout tube 21 for want of a stop signal. - Such a stop signal is provided by the
wires 92. When the grout reaches the spaced apartcontacts 93, the grout (which is preferably water based) conducts sufficient electric current to activate theLED 99. This signals that the pumping of the grout should stop because the space between thewashers grout tube 21,pull cord 23 andbreather tube 91 are preferably not located in the one vertical plate as indicated inFig. 6 but are preferably radially spaced with approximately 120° spacing relative to the longitudinal axis of thetendon 16. - In addition, the
contacts 93 preferably are placed in the upper most portion of the space between thewashers contacts 93 last. - The foregoing describes only some ways of the method of the present invention and modifications, obvious to those skilled in the art, can be made thereto without departing from the scope of the present invention. For example, although the
tendon 16 is provided by means of a cable, thetendon 16 could equally be a solid rod or a tube. - The term "comprising" (and its grammatical variations) as used herein is used in the inclusive sense of "including" or "having" and not in the exclusive sense of "consisting only of".
Claims (5)
- A method of preparing for concrete lining a tunnel through rock subject to squeezing, said method comprising the steps of:(i) placing a plurality of spaced apart support members (4) over the interior of said tunnel, each of said members being secured by a rock bolt (15, 115, 215),
said method being characterised by further comprising the steps of:(ii) allowing said squeezing rock to initially deform said rock bolts and drive said members (4) into edge abutment,(iii) placing said rock bolts into a final tensioned condition, said rock bolts being two stage rock bolts, and(iv) using said edge abutting members to comprise, or support, formwork for said concrete lining (9), said support members being plates (4). - The method as claimed in claim 1, characterised by further comprising the step of(v) forming said tunnel (1).
- The method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterised by the further step of:(vi) allowing said final tensioned condition to arise through further squeezing of said rock.
- The method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterised by the further step of:(vii) creating said final tensioned condition by tensioning said rock bolt.
- The method as claimed in any one of claims 1 - 4 characterised by the further step of :(viii) forcing concrete into said formwork to create said concrete lining.
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PL07011898T PL1870559T3 (en) | 2006-06-21 | 2007-06-18 | Method for lining a tunnel with concrete |
EP09010175A EP2110511A1 (en) | 2006-06-21 | 2007-06-18 | A two-stage rock bolt & method of use |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2006903352A AU2006903352A0 (en) | 2006-06-21 | A Two-stage Rock Bolt & Method of Use |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP09010175A Division EP2110511A1 (en) | 2006-06-21 | 2007-06-18 | A two-stage rock bolt & method of use |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1870559A2 EP1870559A2 (en) | 2007-12-26 |
EP1870559A3 EP1870559A3 (en) | 2008-01-02 |
EP1870559B1 true EP1870559B1 (en) | 2009-11-18 |
Family
ID=38438710
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP09010175A Withdrawn EP2110511A1 (en) | 2006-06-21 | 2007-06-18 | A two-stage rock bolt & method of use |
EP07011898A Not-in-force EP1870559B1 (en) | 2006-06-21 | 2007-06-18 | Method for lining a tunnel with concrete |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP09010175A Withdrawn EP2110511A1 (en) | 2006-06-21 | 2007-06-18 | A two-stage rock bolt & method of use |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (2) | EP2110511A1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE449236T1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE602007003263D1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2339390T3 (en) |
PL (1) | PL1870559T3 (en) |
PT (1) | PT1870559E (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN101372873B (en) * | 2008-10-20 | 2010-12-08 | 中冶实久建设有限公司 | Method for processing hot rolling swirl pool construction joint by top-down method |
RU2498073C1 (en) * | 2012-06-07 | 2013-11-10 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Проектно-производственный центр КузНИИшахтострой" (ООО "ППЦ КузНИИшахтострой") | Method to create rock support of mine |
Families Citing this family (10)
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CN102536282B (en) * | 2012-02-27 | 2013-10-16 | 西安科技大学 | Method for preventing and controlling bottom heaving disaster of mine stoping tunnel |
PE20170239A1 (en) * | 2014-05-15 | 2017-03-30 | Ncm Innovations (Pty) Ltd | BREATHER TUBE INDICATOR DEVICE |
CN104141496B (en) * | 2014-06-21 | 2016-06-01 | 西安科技大学 | A kind of rectangular shaped roadways failure and deformation of surrounding rocks control method |
CN104018847B (en) * | 2014-06-21 | 2016-02-03 | 西安科技大学 | Based on distension prevention and controls at the bottom of the rectangular shaped roadways squeezing flow of beam on elastic foundation |
CN105134269B (en) * | 2015-08-17 | 2017-05-10 | 河南理工大学 | Control method for roadway surrounding rock achieving cooperative load bearing by enabling anchor cables to penetrate through sheds |
CN106437796B (en) * | 2016-10-28 | 2018-08-24 | 海南大学 | A kind of lithostratigraphy shield tunnel end ruggedized construction and reinforcement means |
CN109281694B (en) * | 2018-10-22 | 2024-07-09 | 山东建筑大学 | Self-locking yielding tray capable of displaying axial force of anchor rod or anchor cable in real time and operation method |
CN109667598B (en) * | 2018-12-07 | 2020-06-09 | 中铁第四勘察设计院集团有限公司 | Tunnel composite lining design method based on total safety factor method |
CN111577320B (en) * | 2020-05-22 | 2022-03-22 | 河南城建学院 | High security civil engineering tunnel support |
CN117988908B (en) * | 2024-04-03 | 2024-06-11 | 武汉大学 | Graded early warning anchor rod based on liquid metal and early warning method |
Family Cites Families (7)
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DE2644329A1 (en) * | 1976-10-01 | 1978-04-06 | Ruhrkohle Ag | Yielding mine roadway frame support - has overlapped segments in sections with shaped pieces at overlaps to entrain inner sections |
DE3008727C2 (en) * | 1980-03-07 | 1982-10-14 | Bergwerksverband Gmbh, 4300 Essen | Flexible freezer shaft exterior construction |
DE3236569C2 (en) * | 1982-10-02 | 1986-04-30 | Ruhrkohle Ag, 4300 Essen | Formwork and reinforcement element for in-situ concrete support in mining and tunnel construction |
US4611954A (en) * | 1984-09-25 | 1986-09-16 | Republic Corporation | Apparatus and method for mine installations |
DE3820700A1 (en) * | 1988-06-18 | 1989-12-21 | Ruhrkohle Ag | Compound anchor support system |
US6270290B1 (en) * | 1997-02-14 | 2001-08-07 | Jennmar Corporation | Tensionable cable bolt |
AUPS310802A0 (en) | 2002-06-21 | 2002-07-11 | Industrial Rollformers Pty Limited | Yielding cable bolt |
-
2007
- 2007-06-18 AT AT07011898T patent/ATE449236T1/en active
- 2007-06-18 ES ES07011898T patent/ES2339390T3/en active Active
- 2007-06-18 PT PT07011898T patent/PT1870559E/en unknown
- 2007-06-18 PL PL07011898T patent/PL1870559T3/en unknown
- 2007-06-18 DE DE602007003263T patent/DE602007003263D1/en active Active
- 2007-06-18 EP EP09010175A patent/EP2110511A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2007-06-18 EP EP07011898A patent/EP1870559B1/en not_active Not-in-force
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101372873B (en) * | 2008-10-20 | 2010-12-08 | 中冶实久建设有限公司 | Method for processing hot rolling swirl pool construction joint by top-down method |
RU2498073C1 (en) * | 2012-06-07 | 2013-11-10 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Проектно-производственный центр КузНИИшахтострой" (ООО "ППЦ КузНИИшахтострой") | Method to create rock support of mine |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
PL1870559T3 (en) | 2010-06-30 |
EP1870559A3 (en) | 2008-01-02 |
DE602007003263D1 (en) | 2009-12-31 |
EP2110511A1 (en) | 2009-10-21 |
ATE449236T1 (en) | 2009-12-15 |
ES2339390T3 (en) | 2010-05-19 |
EP1870559A2 (en) | 2007-12-26 |
PT1870559E (en) | 2010-02-23 |
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