EP1861863B1 - Element de deviation pour une lampe et lampe associee - Google Patents

Element de deviation pour une lampe et lampe associee Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1861863B1
EP1861863B1 EP06705942A EP06705942A EP1861863B1 EP 1861863 B1 EP1861863 B1 EP 1861863B1 EP 06705942 A EP06705942 A EP 06705942A EP 06705942 A EP06705942 A EP 06705942A EP 1861863 B1 EP1861863 B1 EP 1861863B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
luminaire
lamp
deflection component
reflector
cooling
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Not-in-force
Application number
EP06705942A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1861863A1 (fr
Inventor
Michael Brinkhoff
Hans-Jürgen Keck
Rainer Kling
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Osram GmbH
Original Assignee
Osram GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Osram GmbH filed Critical Osram GmbH
Publication of EP1861863A1 publication Critical patent/EP1861863A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1861863B1 publication Critical patent/EP1861863B1/fr
Not-in-force legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/82—Lamps with high-pressure unconstricted discharge having a cold pressure > 400 Torr
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21V29/00—Protecting lighting devices from thermal damage; Cooling or heating arrangements specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • F21V29/50—Cooling arrangements
    • F21V29/70—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks
    • F21V29/74—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks with fins or blades
    • F21V29/75—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks with fins or blades with fins or blades having different shapes, thicknesses or spacing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21V29/00—Protecting lighting devices from thermal damage; Cooling or heating arrangements specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • F21V29/50—Cooling arrangements
    • F21V29/60—Cooling arrangements characterised by the use of a forced flow of gas, e.g. air
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21V29/00—Protecting lighting devices from thermal damage; Cooling or heating arrangements specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • F21V29/50—Cooling arrangements
    • F21V29/70—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks
    • F21V29/83—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks the elements having apertures, ducts or channels, e.g. heat radiation holes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21V7/00—Reflectors for light sources
    • F21V7/04—Optical design
    • F21V7/05—Optical design plane
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J17/00—Gas-filled discharge tubes with solid cathode
    • H01J17/02—Details
    • H01J17/22—Means for obtaining or maintaining the desired pressure within the tube
    • H01J17/26—Means for producing, introducing, or replenishing gas or vapour during operation of the tube
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/84—Lamps with discharge constricted by high pressure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21V7/00—Reflectors for light sources
    • F21V7/04—Optical design
    • F21V7/09—Optical design with a combination of different curvatures

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a luminaire with a cooling-air Umlenkomponenten according to the preamble of claim 1. It is in particular a Umlenkkomponente for a lamp with metal halide lamps with two-sided pinch, especially with high performance.
  • Such lamps are basically from the EP 391,283 and EP 451 647 known. They are suitable for horizontal and vertical arrangement in a reflector.
  • EP 117 8510 shows such a lamp with cooling.
  • Another object is to provide a luminaire comprising a deflection component and a reflector, wherein the luminaire efficiency is as high as possible, and at the same time the lifetime is very high.
  • a deflecting component is presented, which is particularly suitable in combination with a high-pressure discharge lamp, which has a metal halide filling, for vertical operation in a luminaire.
  • This high-pressure discharge lamp has as characteristics an elongated discharge vessel defining an axial axis of symmetry, which is sealed on two sides by seals, such as pinches or fuses, enclosing a discharge volume with two electrodes facing each other on the axis, and an ionizable filling of mercury, rare gas and metal halides, and power leads connected to the electrodes via foils and exiting at the ends of the discharge vessel.
  • the lamp consumes at least 600W of power.
  • a deflecting component which has a first section adapted to seal the lamp, which closely surrounds this first seal, and a second section projecting obliquely outwards and which is selected such that on the one hand it carries the air flow from the lower half of the first section Discharge volume holds and deflects him only to the upper half.
  • the length of the second section should be chosen so short that it can not lead to shading of the discharge arc.
  • the discharge vessel is the only bulb of the lamp and, typically for axial incorporation into a reflector, has an axially asymmetric reflective coating at a first end of the discharge volume in a confined area including the coldest spot.
  • the coating is preferably a metallic or non-metallic layer, in particular zirconium oxide.
  • the coating extends discharge-facing to the tip of the electrode. In another embodiment, it is sufficient if it extends to the beginning of the head or only on the seal.
  • the head is often a ball or a spiral.
  • the coating extends away from the discharge to the film.
  • the design of the coating ultimately depends on the details such as filling composition, desired color temperature and thermal stress in the luminaire.
  • the matting is preferably a layer roughened by sandblasting or etching.
  • metal halides from the group of the elements Na, TI, Cs and rare earth metals are suitable as part of the filling since they allow a color temperature of at least 4000 K to be set well.
  • the lamp is operated in a lamp in a vertical burning position, wherein the coldest point (T) is located at the lowest point.
  • the high-pressure discharge lamp is designed to be particularly compact in that the discharge vessel (2) is the only piston.
  • the high-pressure discharge lamp can advantageously have electrodes with shaft and head, in which the shafts have a diameter of at most 1 mm.
  • the invention is directed to a luminaire with the initially described high-pressure discharge lamp and the deflecting component.
  • the lamp has a concave, rotationally symmetrical reflector with an optical Axis that coincides with the lamp axis, a vertex that is open in the area where the optical axis intersects the reflector and includes a holding device for the first end of the discharge vessel, wherein the lamp in the region of this first end, the deflection component, as Cooling device for the lamp acts, has.
  • the cooling device is a substantially axially parallel arranged cooling plate, wherein the discharge-facing end of the cooling plate projects approximately obliquely outward approximately at the level of the end of the discharge volume.
  • an angle of 45 ⁇ 20 ° and a length of the second section, which is dimensioned such that the upper edge of the deflection component ends approximately at the level of the electrode head, are suitable.
  • a further deflection component can also be assigned to the second power supply.
  • this second deflection component is not seated on the second pinch. It is more effective if it is at least 5 mm from the second seal.
  • an efficient effect is realized in the second deflection component in that it consists of at least one metal sheet, which is arranged transversely to the axis of the reflector. This high efficiency is due to the fact that in the region of the second deflection component, the diameter of the reflector is already significantly wider than in the vicinity of the vertex.
  • the second power supply is connected to a massive return line.
  • the lamp is designed for general lighting purposes. Accordingly, it is designed for a lifetime of at least 2500 hrs. In this case, a particularly high degree of compactness is achieved in particular by the fact that both electrical connections are arranged in the region of the vertex.
  • the return line is guided close to the discharge vessel back to the apex to keep the shading as low as possible.
  • a particularly compact light is realized by the return line ends in the fixture.
  • the lamp according to the invention also achieves a lifetime of at least 2500 hours in vertical operation in a compact lamp, with optimum design
  • the luminaire with suitable cooling devices has a service life of at least 4500 hours.
  • the vertical operation enables a particularly high luminaire efficiency.
  • the light color is neutral white, well suited for the highest color rendering requirements neutral white de luxe NDL with a color temperature of about 4100 to 4400 K and a Ra of at least 84.
  • the lamp according to the invention is also suitable for indirect lighting, for example with mirror projector systems, in which a high luminous flux is required.
  • the cooling devices are designed so that they allow a maximum temperature gradient between upper and lower film, in particular their discharge-remote ends, of 150 ° C in operation. Furthermore, the cooling devices are designed so that they guarantee a maximum temperature of the lamp in operation of at most 390 ° C.
  • photoactive metal halide fillers contain sodium as a constituent. This can be achieved high luminous efficiencies and the desired color components.
  • a high sodium content leads to increased corrosion of the discharge vessel, although it is usually made of quartz glass. Therefore, the proportion of Na is often relatively low, and in particular completely or partially supplemented or replaced by thallium, cesium or common rare earth metals such as Dy, Hm or Tm.
  • the ends of the discharge vessel coated to the top of the electrode this is especially true for neutral white fillings with color temperature of 4000 to 4800 K. overall, thereby the temperature of the cold spot, but also increases the final film temperature and the wall load so that they reach optimum values.
  • rather high-wattage lamps in particular 1700 to 2000 W and more, fillings with little or no Na content are preferably used. Since these lamps are significantly more heat-stressed, a matting of bruising is particularly recommended here. This makes it possible to limit the temperature of the lamp to a maximum of 350 ° C even in a narrow light. This applies to both horizontal and vertical burning position.
  • the temperature at the end of the film should therefore in any case cover the area of the outer end of the film.
  • it extends to the end of the pinch. Inward, towards the discharge, it can extend at least up to the middle of the film, under certain circumstances also significantly beyond, for example, to the inner end of the film.
  • Typical distances between the electrode tips are 25 to 35 mm for particularly compact luminaires, but also distances up to 100 mm or more are possible.
  • At least one thermal cooling device is mounted in the luminaire so that it causes as little shading as possible. This requires a possible near-axis arrangement of the cooling devices.
  • An elegant means of thermal influence is an open apex of the reflector, so that cool air can penetrate from below into the reflector. This air can then pass past the lower bruise.
  • the cooling device is realized by a fan and through openings in the apex with cover. Thus, different conductance can be adjusted, depending on the particular design of the reflector.
  • a deflection component which is attached directly to the lower first pinch. It consists of spring plate and can be clipped or pushed onto the pinch and be provided with a barb acting tongue. It can then simply be applied to the lamp before it is installed in the luminaire.
  • this is a heat sink, which is substantially parallel to the axis and ends in the amount of bruising.
  • the cooling effect is particularly effective in that the second section of the cooling plate protrudes from the axis at the height of the pinch.
  • the deflection component may be a separate component of the luminaire, which is equipped with a holding device and which surrounds the first seal slightly spaced.
  • Additional cooling may be provided at the second end of the discharge vessel.
  • the end of the pinch from which the power supply leaks to the outside. This forms unwanted cracks or capillaries, which can lead to leakage.
  • the additional cooling above the second pinch for example, at a distance of about 5 to 15 mm, attached.
  • a cooling plate with Ableitrippen transverse to the axis is advantageous.
  • the heat dissipation is further improved by the fact that the return is solid, so that it can act as a holder itself.
  • a rod with a diameter of at least 5 mm is suitable.
  • it should be made of corrosion-resistant molybdenum.
  • FIG. 1 is schematically shown a 2000 W high pressure discharge lamp 1 without outer bulb with a length of about 190 mm, as for example in U.S. Patent 5,142,195 is described in more detail. It is intended for use in reflectors, being arranged axially to the reflector axis.
  • the discharge vessel 2 of quartz glass defines a longitudinal axis X and is designed as a barrel body whose generatrix is a circular arc.
  • the discharge volume is about 20 cm 3 .
  • the rod-shaped tungsten electrodes 4 with a deferred helix as the head are axially aligned at the two ends of the discharge vessel in bruises 3.
  • the electrodes 4 are attached to foils 8 in each case in the pinch 3a, 3b, where external power supply lines 7 attach.
  • a ceramic base 5 is secured with putty 6.
  • the discharge vessel 2 contains a filling of a noble gas, mercury and metal halides.
  • the first end of the discharge volume is provided with a Cyprusstaukalotte 9 zirconia.
  • the dome 9 extends around the pinch edge 21 in such a way that its discharge-facing end 10 ends with the tip of the electrode.
  • the head of the electrode here still includes a pushed onto the tip coil.
  • the discharge-facing end 13 of the coating is located approximately 2 mm from the pinch edge.
  • the lower first pinch 3a is additionally provided with a matting 11, which extends from the outer end of the pinch 20 to the middle of the film up to about 70% of the film length.
  • the inner end of the matting is designated 14.
  • the upper second pinch 3b is also provided with a matting 12. However, this extends from the outer end of the pinch 20 to beyond the inner end of the film to near the pinch edge.
  • the inner end of the matting is designated 19.
  • the light color Daylight is realized by the filling.
  • the upper pinch is limited solely by the matting to 390 ° C maximum temperature.
  • the lower bruise has a shortened matting (axial length is 35 mm) and the coating 9. These lift together the Temperature of the cold spot, which is located near the lower squish edge 21, as far as possible. Matting and coating together determine the temperature distribution on the shaft 23 of the electrode. An optimum uniform temperature distribution delays the corrosion of the shaft by halogens that are part of the filling. In this connection, it has proved to be advantageous to use iodine alone or both bromine and iodine as halogen, whereby a bromine / iodine ratio of at most 1.45 is favorable.
  • the uniform temperature distribution allows the use of thin pins as a shaft (0.5 to 1 mm in diameter), which can be embedded more tightly in the quartz glass during squeezing and reduce the volume of the capillaries.
  • a thin shaft must be compatible with the design of the halogen cycle process, especially by careful choice of the bromine / iodine ratio as shown above.
  • Such thin shafts also limit the heat dissipation, so that at this point an additional heat accumulation is created, which prevents the formation of a metal halide swamp.
  • the reflector coating is reduced to a small axial length, which reduces the shading.
  • the maximum extent is up to about the tip of the electrode, but preferably it extends at most to the beginning of the head of the electrode. Under certain circumstances, the coating can even be omitted completely, if the shaft can be sufficiently thin dimensioned.
  • a relatively narrow coating also reduces the wall load caused thereby. Desirable is a value of the wall load of at least 50 and at most 70 W / cm 2 .
  • FIG. 2 an embodiment of the deflection component 15 is shown. She is hollow inside. It is composed of an approximately parallelepiped axially parallel to the axis of the lamp extending first portion 16, at its upper end a funnel-shaped widened second portion 17 is seated, which extends approximately to the level of the electrode head. The angle of the slope is about 45 °. On the two broad sides of the first section tongues 18 (only one is visible) punched out, which are anchored to elevations at the pinch of the lamp.
  • FIG. 3 shows a side view of a lamp, which consists essentially of the lamp 1 and the reflector 25 and a base part 24. Insignificant others Housing parts are omitted - .
  • the lamp 1 is held in the apex of the reflector by a holding device 33, which surrounds the lower end of the first pinch and is seated on the base part 24.
  • the holding device further receives the return 27, which holds on a sleeve 26, the upper pinch.
  • the return 27 is connected to the upper outer power supply 7, which is designed as a strand.
  • the base part 24 also has contacts 32.
  • the luminaire further comprises a cooling device at the lower end, in that openings 34 in the base circulate the air flow originating from a fan 31, which is deflected by the deflecting part 15. Further slots 35 allow the airflow to exit again at the socket-side end.
  • the deflecting member 15 is mounted on the lower pinch 3a, in particular by means of the tongues 18 (not visible).
  • the power supply 7 is so massive that it carries a circular sleeve 30, which acts as an additional cooling plate.
  • the cuff acts here as an active heat dissipation, which is attached about 10 mm behind the end of the upper second pinch on the power supply 7.
  • An alternative is a cooling plate assembly of three sheets, which are transverse to the axis of the reflector in a row.
  • the deflecting component 15 'here is not attached to the pinch 3a, but a separate part which is fixed in the receptacle 22, and is slightly spaced from the pinch 3a.
  • the deflection is made of spring steel.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Geometry (AREA)
  • Non-Portable Lighting Devices Or Systems Thereof (AREA)
  • Vessels And Coating Films For Discharge Lamps (AREA)
  • Discharge Lamps And Accessories Thereof (AREA)
  • Cathode-Ray Tubes And Fluorescent Screens For Display (AREA)

Claims (7)

  1. Luminaire définissant un axe longitudinal, avec une lampe à décharge sous haute pression (1), dans laquelle un récipient de décharge est la seule ampoule, le récipient de décharge étant orienté axialement et possédant deux éléments d'étanchéité, le luminaire présentant un boîtier avec un réflecteur concave (25) à symétrie de rotation, et étant doté d'une ouverture de sommet à l'extrémité du réflecteur, dans la zone de laquelle est monté un dispositif de retenue (33) pour le premier élément d'étanchéité du récipient de décharge, caractérisé en ce que la luminaire comporte en outre, dans la zone du premier élément d'étanchéité, un élément de déviation de l'air de refroidissement (15), cet élément de déviation de l'air de refroidissement étant creux et se composant de deux parties, la première partie étant une partie cylindrique creuse qui est orientée parallèlement à l'axe tandis qu'une deuxième partie qui y est raccordée est inclinée vers l'extérieur en oblique par rapport à l'axe.
  2. Luminaire selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l'élément de déviation d'air de refroidissement est fabriqué en tôle élastique.
  3. Luminaire selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce qu'est découpée, dans la première partie, au moins une languette qui sert de moyen de retenue.
  4. Luminaire selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l'élément de déviation de l'air de refroidissement est fixé directement sur le premier élément d'étanchéité.
  5. Luminaire selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l'élément de déviation de l'air de refroidissement est une pièce séparée qui est reliée à une partie du boîtier, et plus particulièrement au dispositif de retenue.
  6. Luminaire selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le luminaire comporte un dispositif de refroidissement additionnel dans la zone du deuxième élément d'étanchéité.
  7. Luminaire selon la revendication 6, caractérisé en ce que le dispositif de refroidissement se compose d'au moins une tôle de refroidissement qui est disposée transversalement par rapport à l'axe du luminaire.
EP06705942A 2005-03-21 2006-02-09 Element de deviation pour une lampe et lampe associee Not-in-force EP1861863B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102005013004A DE102005013004A1 (de) 2005-03-21 2005-03-21 Umlenkkomponente für eine Leuchte und zugehörige Leuchte
PCT/DE2006/000222 WO2006099827A1 (fr) 2005-03-21 2006-02-09 Element de deviation pour une lampe et lampe associee

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1861863A1 EP1861863A1 (fr) 2007-12-05
EP1861863B1 true EP1861863B1 (fr) 2011-06-29

Family

ID=36384402

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP06705942A Not-in-force EP1861863B1 (fr) 2005-03-21 2006-02-09 Element de deviation pour une lampe et lampe associee

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US7748867B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP1861863B1 (fr)
KR (1) KR20070112406A (fr)
CN (1) CN101147230B (fr)
AT (1) ATE515057T1 (fr)
CA (1) CA2601781A1 (fr)
DE (1) DE102005013004A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2006099827A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102009021524B3 (de) * 2009-05-15 2010-11-11 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Hochdruckentladungslampe mit Kühlelement

Family Cites Families (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE8023886U1 (de) * 1980-09-08 1982-01-21 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH, 8000 München Hochdruckentladungslampe mit reflektor als baueinheit
NL191812C (nl) 1987-09-04 1996-08-02 Philips Electronics Nv Hogedrukgasontladingslamp en armatuur voorzien van die lamp.
DE3910878A1 (de) 1989-04-04 1990-10-11 Patent Treuhand Ges Fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen Mbh Zweiseitig gesockelte hochdruckentladungslampe
DE8908561U1 (de) * 1989-07-13 1989-09-21 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH, 8000 München Hochdruckentladungslampe
EP0451647B1 (fr) 1990-04-12 1995-07-05 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH Lampe à décharge à haute pression et son procédé de fabrication
WO2001057986A2 (fr) 2000-02-03 2001-08-09 Light And Sound Design Ltd. Refroidissement d'ampoule d'eclairage
JP3738678B2 (ja) * 2000-08-04 2006-01-25 ウシオ電機株式会社 プロジェクタ用のランプユニット、およびその調光方法
US7230382B2 (en) * 2003-04-21 2007-06-12 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. High pressure mercury lamp with vented reflector and image projection apparatus

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP1861863A1 (fr) 2007-12-05
CN101147230A (zh) 2008-03-19
US7748867B2 (en) 2010-07-06
DE102005013004A1 (de) 2006-09-28
WO2006099827A1 (fr) 2006-09-28
US20090052188A1 (en) 2009-02-26
KR20070112406A (ko) 2007-11-23
CN101147230B (zh) 2012-11-14
ATE515057T1 (de) 2011-07-15
CA2601781A1 (fr) 2006-09-28

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