EP1842265B1 - High efficiency antenna and related manufacturing process - Google Patents

High efficiency antenna and related manufacturing process Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1842265B1
EP1842265B1 EP05823808.0A EP05823808A EP1842265B1 EP 1842265 B1 EP1842265 B1 EP 1842265B1 EP 05823808 A EP05823808 A EP 05823808A EP 1842265 B1 EP1842265 B1 EP 1842265B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
array antenna
apertures
antenna according
array
antenna
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Not-in-force
Application number
EP05823808.0A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1842265A1 (en
Inventor
Pasquale Russo
Alessandro Rosa
Alfredo Catalani
Annamaria D'ippolito
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Airbus Italia SpA
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Space Eng SpA
Space Engineering SpA
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Publication date
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Publication of EP1842265A1 publication Critical patent/EP1842265A1/en
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Publication of EP1842265B1 publication Critical patent/EP1842265B1/en
Not-in-force legal-status Critical Current
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/0087—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing antenna arrays
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
    • H01Q21/22—Antenna units of the array energised non-uniformly in amplitude or phase, e.g. tapered array or binomial array

Definitions

  • the present invention concerns a planar antenna, in particular employable in fixed and mobile terminals adapted for reception of satellite TV and for multimedia satellite links, that is reliable, simple and efficient, having a wide operation bandwidth, a very limited volumetric dimensions, and being extremely inexpensive with reference to the manufacturing, installation, and maintenance costs.
  • the present invention further concerns the process of manufacturing such planar antenna.
  • reflector antennas suffer from some drawbacks, such as an insufficient aperture efficiency, significant volumetric dimensions, the need of an accurate electric adjustment, and high manufacturing, installation, and maintenance costs.
  • a planar antenna benefits in terms of antenna gain from the coherent sum of the contributions due to the individual elements constituting the planar antenna. Such contributions must be coherently added through a Radio Frequency or RF combiner.
  • planar antenna The implementing technology of a planar antenna is nowadays essentially based on the microstrips.
  • microstrip approach entails advantages in terms of dimensions, ensuring very small thicknesses, microstrip planar antennas have significant losses due to ohmic dissipation of the same microstrip lines.
  • Some recently developed solutions in planar technology may mitigate this problem but certainly they cannot solve it, especially at high frequencies, particularly starting from 10 GHz, usuallly used in satellite applications.
  • the ohmic loss associated with the BFN that grows with the increase of the antenna dimensions, limits the attainment of the antenna gain, at the same time making the same antenna inefficient. This means that the antenna does not fully exploit its size.
  • active antennas suffer from the drawback of being particularly complex and, consequently, expensive.
  • use of active elements requires an accurate tracking in amplitude and phase (tuning) of the same, that is hard to achieve and it depends on environmental parameters (for instance temperature), especially with the increase of the operating frequency.
  • a further antenna type is the slotted array antenna one.
  • These antennas essentially consist in a wave guide provided with suitably designed slots which interrupt the current lines present onto the same guide and which consequently become small radiating elements.
  • the wave guide structure may terminate with either a resistive termination, and in this case there is a so-called travelling wave antenna, or a simple short circuit termination, and this case there is a resonant antenna.
  • this antenna architecture substantially achieves a linear, not planar, antenna.
  • a planar antenna it is necessary to have a set of linear slot antennas provided with a series of combiners which allow the coherent sum of the inputs/outputs of the individual linear antennas. Consequently, the resulting planar antennas are complex, they have significant ohmic losses, and their dimensions are increased by the thickness required by the various components.
  • the aim of the radiation pattern peak moves with frequency.
  • the operating bandwidth is limited to few percents, of the order of 3-5%, around the central frequency, and a very high accuracy in manufacturing the slots is also necessary.
  • Document US 5909191 discloses a multiple beam or phased array antenna and beamforming network integrated into a single package, wherein the antenna element and beamforming network comprises a plurality of radiators and a number of microwave components.
  • the preferred embodiment of the array antenna 1 comprises a set of shaped apertures 2 tapered as a truncated square based pyramid, each one of which constitutes an array radiating element.
  • the square shape of the shaped apertures 2 of the antenna of Figures 1-4 is shown by way of example and not by way of limitation, other embodiments being able to adopt different shapes of the base of the truncated pyramid of the apertures 2, such as for instance rectangular, circular, hexagonal, octagonal shapes, depending on the electromagnetic characteristics which are desired to obtain for the specific applications of the antenna.
  • the truncated pyramid shape of the apertures 2 is shown by way of example and not by way of limitation.
  • the apertures 2 are fed by means of a BFN network of parallel type for a fine control of the characteristics of the antenna 1 in terms of operative bandwidth, gain, minimum movement of the beam within the band, purity of polarization.
  • the BFN network is based on the use of wave guides 3 directly obtained from the bulk of the antenna 1, underneath the radiating elements 2 of the antenna 1.
  • outputs 4 of the square wave guides of the BFN network are arranged with the cross section tilted by 45 degrees in respect to the bases of the truncated pyramid of the apertures 2.
  • the antenna also comprises a wave guide input (or an output) (not shown), having square section, that is preferably arranged either sideways to the antenna 1 or backwards, onto the surface opposite to that of the radiating apertures 2.
  • the size and the shape of the wave guides 3, as well as the BFN network configuration depends on the electromagnetic characteristics which are desired to obtain for the specific applications of the antenna, such as for instance on the frequency band wherein the antenna is used.
  • the antenna 1 comprises a lower layer 5, an intermediate layer 6, and an upper layer 7 (that corresponds to the radiating elements 2), each one of which is obtained from the machining of the material(s) used for manufacturing the antenna 1.
  • Such machining of the three layers 5, 6, and 7 makes a portion of the wave guides 3 of the BFN network.
  • the three layers 5, 6, and 7 are integrally coupled to each other so as to make the respective portions of the BFN network wave guides 3 and the apertures 2 correspond to each other (by way of example and not by way of limitation, through the aid of shaped pins of a layer which insert into corresponding notches of the adjacent layer).
  • the material may be either metallic or low-cost material, such as for instance plastic that is subsequently metallised.
  • the machining of each one of the three layers is a micromachining, for instance a mechanical and/or electrical one, and the integral coupling of the three layers 5, 6, and 7 may be obtained through standard techniques (by way of example and not by way of limitation, through laser welding).
  • the machining of each one of the three layers may be simply a moulding, and the integral coupling of the three layers 5, 6, and 7 may be obtained through standard techniques (by way of example and not by way of limitation, through welding).
  • the surfaces of the wave guides 3 and horns constituting the shaped apertures 2 are metallised.
  • the antenna 1 of Figures 1-4 comprises apertures 2 and two BFN networks capable to operate with two orthogonal polarizations, linear and/or circular ones.
  • the antenna of Figure 1 thus allows to obtain 2 largely insulated simultaneous polarizations.
  • inventions may comprise radiating apertures and one single BFN network capable to provide a single polarization.
  • the characteristics of the two operating polarizations, corresponding to two separated inputs (or outputs) of the antenna 1, are very similar over the whole operating band.
  • the antenna according to the invention may be used both in passive configuration, (such as that shown in Figures 1-4 ) since it is characterised by extremely reduced ohmic losses of the BFN network, and in "active antenna" configuration, i.e. provided (always within the antenna body) with a LNA amplifier and/or a SSPA amplifier and/or a Tx/Rx module and/or a phase shifter.
  • the different embodiments of the antenna according to the invention may comprise a number of machined layers different from three, depending on the complexity of the BFN network that is to be made, and on the possible active components of an "active antenna" configuration.
  • the antenna according to the invention may operate with any type of polarization, for instance single linear, dual linear, single circular, dual circular, with a separation of the orthogonal components better than 30 dB.
  • the circular polarization may be obtained either at BFN network level, or through the insertion of suitable dielectric "slabs" into the radiating apertures, or through the use of an external polariser.
  • the antenna according to the invention has an aperture efficiency substantially equal to the theoretical value, with a whole antenna efficiency better than 85%.
  • the technology of the antenna causes it to be preferably used at high frequencies, up to the order of 100 GHz.
  • the antenna according to the invention may be used in great many applications, as for instance: TV satellite reception in Ku band; multimedia satellite link in Ku band; multimedia satellite link in Ka band; high definition TV satellite reception in Ka band; connection between radio links from Ku band upwards; use as mobile terminal on transport means, such as trains, cars, airplanes, and shifts, in C, Ka, Ku, Q/V, and W bands; use as fixed terminal; and use for terrestrial remote sensing applications (repeater/calibrator) in C band and in X band.
  • TV satellite reception in Ku band multimedia satellite link in Ku band
  • multimedia satellite link in Ka band high definition TV satellite reception in Ka band
  • connection between radio links from Ku band upwards use as mobile terminal on transport means, such as trains, cars, airplanes, and shifts, in C, Ka, Ku, Q/V, and W bands
  • use as fixed terminal and use for terrestrial remote sensing applications (repeater/calibrator) in C band and in X band.
  • the antenna according to the invention may need a spatial discrimination among contiguous satellites.
  • this is easily obtainable by positioning the antenna 1 at 45 degrees (in case of square antenna as that of Figures 1-4 ) and exploiting the natural taper of amplitude illumination (amplitude taper) towards the edge of the same antenna 1 in the horizontal plane, resulting in very low side lobes of the radiation pattern.
  • this shape of amplitude distribution corresponds to an antenna far field radiation pattern characterised by extremely low side lobes, capable of discriminating the reception of the desired signal from that of interfering signals coming from other satellites located close to that of interest.
  • the antenna 1 of Figures 1-4 provides for linear polarizations which are parallel (horizontal) and perpendicular (vertical) in respect to the aforesaid horizontal plane (that is the reason because the output square wave guide horns 4 of the BFN network are placed with the cross section tilted by 45 degrees in respect to the bases of the truncated pyramid of the apertures 2).
  • an antenna 1' according to the invention comprises a set of square radiating apertures 2 arranged in an array having a substantially rhombus-like configuration, wherein the number of radiating apertures 2 in the vertical columns decreases from the centre of the antenna towards the sides of it.
EP05823808.0A 2004-12-10 2005-11-29 High efficiency antenna and related manufacturing process Not-in-force EP1842265B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT000605A ITRM20040605A1 (it) 2004-12-10 2004-12-10 Antenna piatta ad alta efficienza e relativo procedimento di fabbricazione.
PCT/IT2005/000703 WO2006061865A1 (en) 2004-12-10 2005-11-29 High efficiency antenna and related manufacturing process

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1842265A1 EP1842265A1 (en) 2007-10-10
EP1842265B1 true EP1842265B1 (en) 2017-11-01

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP05823808.0A Not-in-force EP1842265B1 (en) 2004-12-10 2005-11-29 High efficiency antenna and related manufacturing process

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1842265B1 (it)
ES (1) ES2657869T3 (it)
IT (1) ITRM20040605A1 (it)
WO (1) WO2006061865A1 (it)

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