EP1828838A1 - Flexible electrochemical cell with controlled optical absorption and reflection having an aqueous electrolyte - Google Patents

Flexible electrochemical cell with controlled optical absorption and reflection having an aqueous electrolyte

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Publication number
EP1828838A1
EP1828838A1 EP05825617A EP05825617A EP1828838A1 EP 1828838 A1 EP1828838 A1 EP 1828838A1 EP 05825617 A EP05825617 A EP 05825617A EP 05825617 A EP05825617 A EP 05825617A EP 1828838 A1 EP1828838 A1 EP 1828838A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
hfp
pvdf
peo
electrochemical cell
mixture
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP05825617A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Valérie LUCAS
Lionel Beluze
Mathieu Morcrette
Jean-Marie Tarascon
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Airbus Group SAS
Original Assignee
European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS France
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS France filed Critical European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS France
Publication of EP1828838A1 publication Critical patent/EP1828838A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect
    • G02F1/1514—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect characterised by the electrochromic material, e.g. by the electrodeposited material
    • G02F1/1516—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect characterised by the electrochromic material, e.g. by the electrodeposited material comprising organic material
    • G02F1/15165—Polymers

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a flexible electrochemical cell, aqueous, controlled emission.
  • United States Patent No. 0 296 318 discloses a 5 rechargeable battery comprising
  • This battery uses different powders which are incorporated into a polymer matrix in the form of a film. This structure provides two advantages. First, this
  • films formed from the various components of a battery can be laminated together with grid current collectors to form a fully flexible cell.
  • the cells developed by this technique of the prior art utilize a hydrophobic copolymer polymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP). They therefore use organic solvents such as
  • Dimethylcarbonate, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate or acetonitrile are not controlled emission cells. They use an organic medium that does not favor the rapid insertion of ions.
  • the electrochemical cell according to the invention has a particular arrangement of the layers which compose it in order to be able to observe the optical properties providing ion access to the electroactive material.
  • the subject of the invention is therefore an electrochemical cell in thin layers having a variable emissivity as a function of an applied control voltage, characterized in that it is formed of the following flexible elements superimposed and respectively in intimate contact:
  • a first current collector made of electrically conductive material and intended to be connected to a first potential of the control voltage
  • porous counterelectrode formed of a mixture of PVDF-HFP, PEO, optionally at least one other hydrophilic polymer, and a powder of an insertion ion reservoir compound or capable of absorbing ions complementary to the insertion ions,
  • porous separator formed of a mixture of PVDF-HFP and PEO
  • a second current collector of electrically conductive material intended to be connected to a second potential of the control voltage and capable of being traversed by ions; a porous electronic conduction layer formed of a mixture of PVDF-HFP; PEO and a powder of an electrically conductive material,
  • porous active layer formed of a mixture of PVDF - HFP, PEO and a powder of an insertion material, the counter electrode, the separator, the electronic conduction layer and the active layer being filled with an aqueous electrolyte.
  • the first and second current collectors may be grids. These grids may be metallic (aluminum, copper or lead for example) and preferably stainless, ITO. They may be stainless steel advantageously covered with a mixture of carbon and the PVDF-HFP copolymer.
  • the mixture of PVDF-HFP and PEO in the flexible elements comprises, by weight, between 80% and 50% of PVDF-HFP and between 20% and 50% of PEO.
  • the ion reservoir compound comprising ions complementary to the insertion ions may be selected from H x WO 3 , H x WO 3 - H 2 O, H x MoO 3 , a polymer such as polyaniline (PANI) or carbon activated, preferably coated with polymer.
  • PANI polyaniline
  • the insertion ions are ions such as Na + , Mg 2+ that can be inserted into materials such as WO 3 - H 2 O and WO 3 .
  • the electrically conductive material of the electronic conduction layer may be selected from graphite carbon and metals.
  • the aqueous electrolyte may in particular contain sulfuric acid.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram showing caking curves for various polymer mixtures used to produce the electrochemical cell according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram representing the electrical conductivity as a function of the concentration of sulfuric acid for copolymers used to produce the electrochemical cell according to the invention
  • FIG. 3 represents a diagram of the arrangement of different composite films for constituting an electrochemical cell according to the invention
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the evolution of the current and the load during cycling
  • FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating the optical properties of the electrochemical cell according to the invention.
  • the PVDF-HFP copolymer is hydrophobic.
  • this copolymer is very interesting because of these remarkable mechanical properties.
  • PEO Polyethylene oxide
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram showing% PM caking curves for different PVDF-HFP and PEO mixtures as a function of the absorption time t in minutes.
  • the PVDF-HFP copolymer used comprises 12 mol% of HFP.
  • Curve 1 corresponds to the PVDF-HFP copolymer (hence without PEO).
  • Curve 2 corresponds to a mixture comprising 80% by weight of PVDF-HFP and 20% by weight of PEO.
  • Curve 3 corresponds to a mixture comprising 60% by weight of PVDF-HFP and 40% by weight of PEO.
  • Curve 4 corresponds to a mixture comprising 50% by weight of PVDF-HFP and 50% by weight of PEO.
  • the bell shape of the curves shows that the PEO dissolves in the water. It is the PVDF-HFP which ensures the mechanical strength. Compositions greater than 50% by weight of PEO have been tested. They do not have sufficient mechanical strength. However, the addition of a silica filler should allow the percentage of PEO to be further increased.
  • PVDF-HFP (comprising 12 mol% of HFP), 2 g of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) which serves as plasticizer and acetone are added.
  • DBP di-n-butyl phthalate
  • the solution is then mixed for 15 minutes at an approximate speed of 2000 rpm before being spread on a glass plate using a scraper to control the thickness of the deposit. After evaporation of the solvents, films in the form of ribbons 5 cm wide and about 1.2 m long are obtained.
  • Figure 2 is a diagram showing the electrical conductivity for different concentrations of H 2 SO 4 and different concentrations by weight of PEO in the mixture of PVDF-HFP and PEO.
  • Curve 5 was plotted for a concentration of H 2 SO 4 equal to 1 M.
  • Curve 6 was plotted for a concentration of H 2 SO 4 worth 0.1 M.
  • Plastic films in a mixture of PVDF-HFP and PEO having active materials can be made in the same way, but by adding at the end of manufacture the active materials in powder form. An active material / polymer ratio of 3.66 (weight ratio) was used. It is also possible to use a larger quantity of active material.
  • Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the arrangement of different composite active material-polymer films to obtain an electro-active device operating in visible light and infrared.
  • the cell of FIG. 3 comprises in superposition a collector 11, a counter-electrode 12, a separator 13, a collector 14, a graphite-based film 15 and an active material film 16.
  • the films 11 to 16 are assembled from way to achieve an "optical battery”.
  • the current collectors 11 and 14 are stainless steel grids (mesh size of the grids approximately 0.5 mm). To make these grids less sensitive to the electrolyte, they can be covered with a mixture of carbon and PVDF-HFP (comprising 12 mol% of HFP). This hydrophobic mixture makes it possible to improve the behavior of the collectors during cycling.
  • the counter-electrode may comprise an acid-stable insertion material or activated carbon.
  • Counter-electrode 12 may consist of H x WO 3 -H 2 O (with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.35) in a mixture comprising 60% by weight of PVDF-HFP (at 12 mol% of HFP) and 40% by weight of PEO.
  • the separator 13 consists of a mixture comprising 50% by weight of PVDF-HFP (12 mol% of HFP) and 50% by weight of PEO.
  • the film comprises carbon (between 30 and 60% by weight) in a mixture comprising 50% by weight of PVDF-HFP (12 mol% of HFP) and 50% by weight of PEO.
  • This film makes it possible to ensure a better distribution of the electrical charges on the film of active material 16.
  • the film of the active material 16 comprises WO3 tungsten oxide monohydrate. H2O in a mixture of 60% by weight of PVDF-HFP (12 mol% of HFP) and 40% by weight of PEO.
  • the material WO 3 - H 2 O may be replaced by any species which is stable in acidic medium and capable of interposing protons.
  • the thickness of the active layer 16 may be 9 ⁇ m.
  • the thickness of the separator 13 may be between 10 ⁇ m and 100 ⁇ m.
  • FIG. 4 shows different curves for the electrochemical cell described above and at 50 mV / s.
  • This value of 50 mV / s represents the cycling speed of the cell, that is to say the speed of the evolution of the potential set by the user.
  • the ordinate axis on the left represents intensity I.
  • the ordinate axis on the right represents the x coefficient of the compound H x WO 3 - H 2 O in the counter electrode 12.
  • the abscissa represents the potential of the Ewe working electrode in volts.
  • Figure 4 shows that there is insertion of ions and thus that the system operates from an electrochemical point of view.
  • FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating the optical properties of the electrochemical cell according to the invention.
  • This diagram represents the reflection (in%) of the cell as a function of the wavelength ⁇ .
  • Curve 21 corresponds to the reservoir compound of ions H x WO 3 - H 2 O.
  • Curve 22 corresponds to the reservoir compound WO 3 ions. H 2 O.
  • the curve 22 corresponds to the active layer 16 before insertion (WO 3 - H 2 O) and the curve 21 corresponds to the active layer 16 after insertion (H x WO 3 - H 2 O).
  • This figure shows that the cell has a modulation of the reflection in the infrared.
  • This figure also shows the absence of absorption band in the infrared due to the use of water as a solvent.

Abstract

The invention concerns a thin film electrochemical cell with aqueous electrolyte, having variable emissivity in the infrared (absorption and reflection) based on an applied control voltage. It consists of the following flexible stacked elements respectively in close contact: a first current collector (11) made of an electrically conductive material designed to be connected to a first potential of the control voltage; a porous counter-electrode (12) made from a mixture of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene copolymer, known as PVDF-HFP, ethylene polyoxide, known as PEO and a powder of a compound comprising ions complementary of an insertion material (i.e., an interlayer); a porous separator (13) made from a mixture of PVDF-HFP and PEO; a second current collector (14) made of an electrically conductive material, designed to be connected to a second potential of the control voltage and adapted to be run through by ions; an electronically conductive porous layer (15) made from a mixture of PVDF-HFP, PEO and a powder of insertion material (i.e., an interlayer);. The aqueous electrolyte medium enables faster ion exchange resulting from higher ionic conductivity levels due to the high dissociation constant of water. Other advantages of water consist in its transparency in the infrared and its ecological character. The production of such an aqueous cell requires finding an adapted polymer and the use thereof.

Description

CELLULE ELECTROCHIMIQUE SOUPLE A ABSORPTION ET REFLEXION OPTIQUES CONTROLEES AYANT UN ELECTROLYTE AQUEUXCONTROLLED OPTICAL ABSORPTION AND REFLECTIONS CONTROLLED ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL HAVING AQUEOUS ELECTROLYTE
DESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTION
DOMAINE TECHNIQtJETECHNICAL FIELD
L' invention concerne une cellule 5 électrochimique souple, aqueuse, à émission contrôlée .The invention relates to a flexible electrochemical cell, aqueous, controlled emission.
ETAT DE LA TECHNIQtJE ANTERIEtJRESTATE OF THE PRIOR ART
Le brevet des Etats-Unis N0 5 296 318 divulgue une batterie rechargeable comprenant desUnited States Patent No. 0 296 318 discloses a 5 rechargeable battery comprising
10 électrodes composites et utilisant le lithium comme ions d' insertion . Cette batterie utilise différentes poudres qui sont incorporées dans une matrice de polymère se présentant sous la forme d' un film. Cette structure procure deux avantages . Premièrement , cela10 composite electrodes and using lithium as insertion ions. This battery uses different powders which are incorporated into a polymer matrix in the form of a film. This structure provides two advantages. First, this
15 confère à la poudre une tenue mécanique . Deuxièmement , les films formés à partir des différents composants d' une batterie peuvent être laminés ensemble avec des collecteurs de courant sous forme de grille de façon à former une cellule entièrement flexible .15 gives the powder a mechanical strength. Second, films formed from the various components of a battery can be laminated together with grid current collectors to form a fully flexible cell.
20 Les cellules mises au point par cette technique de l' art connu utilisent un polymère de type copolymère de fluorure de vinylidène et d' hexafluoropropylène (PVDF-HFP ) hydrophobe . Elles emploient donc des solvants de type organique comme leThe cells developed by this technique of the prior art utilize a hydrophobic copolymer polymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP). They therefore use organic solvents such as
25 diméthylcarbonate, le propylène carbonate, l' éthylène carbonate ou l' acétonitrile . Ces cellules ne sont pas des cellules à émission contrôlée . Elles utilisent un milieu organique ne favorisant pas l' insertion rapide d' ions .Dimethylcarbonate, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate or acetonitrile. These cells are not controlled emission cells. They use an organic medium that does not favor the rapid insertion of ions.
Par ailleurs , le document « Flexible electronic réflectance device based on tungsten oxide for infrared emissivity control » de A. BESSIERE et al . , Journal of Applied Physics , Vol . 91 , N° 3 , 1er février 2002 , a proposé un dispositif à émissivité variable dans l' infrarouge utilisant une cellule électrochimique en milieu non aqueux . La transparence dans l' infrarouge de ce dispositif n' est pas optimisée . De plus , le temps de commutation est long .Moreover, the document "Flexible electronic reflectance device based on tungsten oxide for infrared emissivity control" by A. BESSIERE et al. , Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 91, No. 3, February 1, 2002, proposed a device with variable emissivity in the infrared using an electrochemical cell in a nonaqueous medium. The transparency in the infrared of this device is not optimized. In addition, the switching time is long.
EXPOSE DE I/ INVENTION Pour remédier aux inconvénients de l' art antérieur, il est proposé par la présente invention une cellule électrochimique souple fonctionnant en milieu aqueux . L' intérêt d' un milieu aqueux est qu' il permet un échange ionique plus rapide grâce à des conductivités ioniques plus importantes du fait de la forte constante de dissociation de l' eau . Comme autres avantages de l' eau, on peut noter sa transparence dans l' infrarouge et le respect de l' environnement . La réalisation d' une cellule aqueuse passe par la recherche d' un polymère adapté et par la mise en oeuvre de celui-ci .EXPOSURE OF I / INVENTION To overcome the drawbacks of the prior art, it is proposed by the present invention a flexible electrochemical cell operating in an aqueous medium. The advantage of an aqueous medium is that it allows a faster ion exchange thanks to greater ionic conductivities because of the high dissociation constant of the water. Other advantages of water include its infrared transparency and respect for the environment. The production of an aqueous cell requires the search for a suitable polymer and the use thereof.
On peut alors utiliser une telle cellule pour réaliser un dispositif à émissivité variable dans l' infrarouge . Pour cela, la cellule électrochimique selon l' invention présente un agencement particulier des couches qui la compose afin de pouvoir observer les propriétés optiques procurant aux ions l' accès du matériau électro-actif .It is then possible to use such a cell to produce a device with variable emissivity in the infrared. For this, the electrochemical cell according to the invention has a particular arrangement of the layers which compose it in order to be able to observe the optical properties providing ion access to the electroactive material.
L' invention a donc pour objet une cellule électrochimique en couches minces présentant une émissivité variable en fonction d' une tension de commande appliquée, caractérisée en ce qu' elle est formée des éléments souples suivants , superposés et respectivement en contact intime :The subject of the invention is therefore an electrochemical cell in thin layers having a variable emissivity as a function of an applied control voltage, characterized in that it is formed of the following flexible elements superimposed and respectively in intimate contact:
- un premier collecteur de courant en matériau électriquement conducteur et destiné à être connecté à un premier potentiel de la tension de commande,a first current collector made of electrically conductive material and intended to be connected to a first potential of the control voltage,
- une contre-électrode poreuse formée d' un mélange de PVDF-HFP , de PEO, éventuellement d' au moins un autre polymère hydrophile, et d' une poudre d' un composé réservoir d' ions d' insertion ou capable d' absorber des ions complémentaires aux ions d' insertion,a porous counterelectrode formed of a mixture of PVDF-HFP, PEO, optionally at least one other hydrophilic polymer, and a powder of an insertion ion reservoir compound or capable of absorbing ions complementary to the insertion ions,
- un séparateur poreux formé d' un mélange de PVDF-HFP et de PEO,a porous separator formed of a mixture of PVDF-HFP and PEO,
- un deuxième collecteur de courant en matériau électriquement conducteur, destiné à être connecté à un deuxième potentiel de la tension de commande et apte à être traversé par des ions , - une couche de conduction électronique poreuse formée d' un mélange de PVDF-HFP , de PEO et d' une poudre d' un matériau électriquement conducteur,a second current collector of electrically conductive material intended to be connected to a second potential of the control voltage and capable of being traversed by ions; a porous electronic conduction layer formed of a mixture of PVDF-HFP; PEO and a powder of an electrically conductive material,
- une couche active poreuse formée d' un mélange de PVDF-HFP , de PEO et une poudre d' un matériau d' insertion, la contre-électrode, le séparateur, la couche de conduction électronique et la couche active étant remplis d' un électrolyte aqueux .a porous active layer formed of a mixture of PVDF - HFP, PEO and a powder of an insertion material, the counter electrode, the separator, the electronic conduction layer and the active layer being filled with an aqueous electrolyte.
Les premier et deuxième collecteurs de courant peuvent être des grilles . Ces grilles peuvent être métalliques (en aluminium, en cuivre ou en plomb par exemple) et de préférence inoxydables , en ITO . Elles peuvent être en acier inoxydable avantageusement recouvert d' un mélange de carbone et du copolymère PVDF-HFP .The first and second current collectors may be grids. These grids may be metallic (aluminum, copper or lead for example) and preferably stainless, ITO. They may be stainless steel advantageously covered with a mixture of carbon and the PVDF-HFP copolymer.
De préférence, le mélange de PVDF-HFP et de PEO dans les éléments souples comprend, en poids , entre 80% et 50% de PVDF-HFP et entre 20% et 50% de PEO .Preferably, the mixture of PVDF-HFP and PEO in the flexible elements comprises, by weight, between 80% and 50% of PVDF-HFP and between 20% and 50% of PEO.
Le composé réservoir d' ions comprenant des ions complémentaires aux ions d' insertion peut être choisi parmi HxWO3, HxWO3 - H2O, HxMoO3, un polymère tel que la polyaniline (PANI ) ou du carbone activé, de préférence recouvert de polymère .The ion reservoir compound comprising ions complementary to the insertion ions may be selected from H x WO 3 , H x WO 3 - H 2 O, H x MoO 3 , a polymer such as polyaniline (PANI) or carbon activated, preferably coated with polymer.
Les ions d' insertion sont des ions tels que Na+, Mg2+ qui peuvent être insérés dans des matériaux tels que WO3 - H2O et WO3.The insertion ions are ions such as Na + , Mg 2+ that can be inserted into materials such as WO 3 - H 2 O and WO 3 .
Le matériau électriquement conducteur de la couche de conduction électronique peut être choisi parmi le carbone graphite et les métaux . L' électrolyte aqueux peut notamment contenir de l' acide sulfurique .The electrically conductive material of the electronic conduction layer may be selected from graphite carbon and metals. The aqueous electrolyte may in particular contain sulfuric acid.
BREVE DESCRIPTION DES DESSINSBRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
L' invention sera mieux comprise et d' autres avantages et particularités apparaîtront à la lecture de la description qui va suivre, donnée à titre d' exemple non limitatif, accompagnée des dessins annexés par lesquels :The invention will be better understood and other advantages and particularities will appear on reading the following description, given as a a nonlimiting example, accompanied by the appended drawings, in which:
- la figure 1 est un diagramme représentant des courbes de prise en masse pour différents mélanges de polymères utilisés pour réaliser la cellule électrochimique selon l' invention,FIG. 1 is a diagram showing caking curves for various polymer mixtures used to produce the electrochemical cell according to the invention,
- la figure 2 est un diagramme représentant la conductivité électrique en fonction de la concentration en acide sulfurique pour des copolymères utilisés pour réaliser la cellule électrochimique selon 1' invention,FIG. 2 is a diagram representing the electrical conductivity as a function of the concentration of sulfuric acid for copolymers used to produce the electrochemical cell according to the invention,
- la figure 3 représente un schéma de l' agencement de différents films composites pour constituer une cellule électrochimique selon l' invention,FIG. 3 represents a diagram of the arrangement of different composite films for constituting an electrochemical cell according to the invention,
- la figure 4 est un diagramme représentant l' évolution du courant et de la charge au cours du cyclage,FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the evolution of the current and the load during cycling,
- la figure 5 est un diagramme illustrant les propriétés optiques de la cellule électrochimique selon l' invention .FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating the optical properties of the electrochemical cell according to the invention.
EXPOSE DETAILLE DE MODES DE REALISATION PARTICULIERSDETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PARTICULAR EMBODIMENTS
Comme il a été dit plus haut , le copolymère PVDF-HFP est hydrophobe . Cependant , ce copolymère est très intéressant à cause de ces propriétés mécaniques remarquables . Pour que ce polymère puisse absorber l' eau, il est ici proposé de lui ajouter un polymère hydrophile . On propose le polyoxyde d' éthylène (PEO) qui est fortement hydrophile . II s ' agit tout d' abord de trouver la bonne composition pour le mélange de PVDF-HFP et de PEO, c' est-à-dire une composition pour laquelle le mélange absorbe une grande quantité d' eau tout en conservant une tenue mécanique adéquate .As mentioned above, the PVDF-HFP copolymer is hydrophobic. However, this copolymer is very interesting because of these remarkable mechanical properties. For this polymer to absorb water, it is proposed here to add a hydrophilic polymer. Polyethylene oxide (PEO) is proposed which is highly hydrophilic. It is first of all to find the right composition for the mixture of PVDF-HFP and PEO, that is to say a composition for which the mixture absorbs a large amount of water while maintaining a mechanical strength. adequate.
La figure 1 est un diagramme représentant des courbes de prise en masse PM en % pour différents mélanges de PVDF-HFP et de PEO en fonction du temps d' absorption t en minutes . Le copolymère PVDF-HFP utilisé comprend 12% molaire de HFP . La courbe 1 correspond au copolymère PVDF-HFP (donc sans PEO) . La courbe 2 correspond à un mélange comprenant 80% en poids de PVDF-HFP et 20% en poids de PEO . La courbe 3 correspond à un mélange comprenant 60% en poids de PVDF-HFP et 40% en poids de PEO . La courbe 4 correspond à un mélange comprenant 50% en poids de PVDF- HFP et 50% en poids de PEO .FIG. 1 is a diagram showing% PM caking curves for different PVDF-HFP and PEO mixtures as a function of the absorption time t in minutes. The PVDF-HFP copolymer used comprises 12 mol% of HFP. Curve 1 corresponds to the PVDF-HFP copolymer (hence without PEO). Curve 2 corresponds to a mixture comprising 80% by weight of PVDF-HFP and 20% by weight of PEO. Curve 3 corresponds to a mixture comprising 60% by weight of PVDF-HFP and 40% by weight of PEO. Curve 4 corresponds to a mixture comprising 50% by weight of PVDF-HFP and 50% by weight of PEO.
La forme en cloche des courbes montre que le PEO se dissout dans l' eau . C' est le PVDF-HFP qui assure la tenue mécanique . Des compositions supérieures à 50% en poids de PEO ont été testées . Elles ne présentent pas de tenue mécanique suffisante . Cependant , l' addition d' une charge de silice devrait permettre d' augmenter encore le pourcentage de PEO .The bell shape of the curves shows that the PEO dissolves in the water. It is the PVDF-HFP which ensures the mechanical strength. Compositions greater than 50% by weight of PEO have been tested. They do not have sufficient mechanical strength. However, the addition of a silica filler should allow the percentage of PEO to be further increased.
Des tests de conductivité électrique avec une solution d' acide sulfurique ont été menés . Les résultats montrent que dès l' incorporation de 30% de PEO, les conductivités obtenues sont supérieures à celles des batteries non aqueuses , à savoir 1 , 61.10"4S - Cm"1. Un électrolyte très performant est ainsi obtenu simplement . Des films en mélange de PVDF-HFP et de PEO peuvent être réalisés avec du matériel de laboratoire . Pour un film de 50% en poids de PEO, 1 g de PEO est introduit dans un pilulier et dispersé par 1 , 5 mL d' éther avant d' ajouter de l' acétonitrile jusqu' à la moitié du flacon . Le flacon bouché est ensuite mis sous agitation jusqu' à ce que le PEO soit bien solvaté . Ensuite, 1 g de PVDF-HFP (comprenant 12% molaire de HFP ) , 2 g de di-n butyl phtalate (DBP ) qui sert de plastifiant et de l' acétone sont ajoutés . La solution est alors mélangée pendant 15 minutes à une vitesse approximative de 2000 tours/minute avant d' être étalée sur une plaque de verre à l' aide d' un racloir permettant de contrôler l' épaisseur du dépôt . Après évaporation des solvants , on obtient des films sous forme de rubans de 5 cm de large pour environ 1 , 2 m de long .Electrical conductivity tests with a sulfuric acid solution were conducted. The results show that as soon as 30% PEO is incorporated, the conductivities obtained are higher than those of the nonaqueous batteries, namely 1.61 × 10 -4 S - cm -1 . A high performance electrolyte is thus obtained simply. Mixed PVDF-HFP and PEO films can be made with laboratory equipment. For a film of 50% by weight of PEO, 1 g of PEO is introduced into a pill container and dispersed with 1.5 ml of ether before adding acetonitrile to half the bottle. The capped vial is then stirred until the PEO is well solvated. Then, 1 g of PVDF-HFP (comprising 12 mol% of HFP), 2 g of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) which serves as plasticizer and acetone are added. The solution is then mixed for 15 minutes at an approximate speed of 2000 rpm before being spread on a glass plate using a scraper to control the thickness of the deposit. After evaporation of the solvents, films in the form of ribbons 5 cm wide and about 1.2 m long are obtained.
La figure 2 est un diagramme représentant la conductivité électrique pour différentes concentrations de H2SO4 et différentes concentrations en poids de PEO dans le mélange de PVDF-HFP et de PEO . La courbe 5 a été tracée pour une concentration de H2SO4 valant 1 M. La courbe 6 a été tracée pour une concentration de H2SO4 valant 0 , 1 M. Des films plastiques en mélange de PVDF-HFP et de PEO comportant des matériaux actifs peuvent être réalisés de la même façon, mais en ajoutant en fin de fabrication les matériaux actifs sous forme de poudre . Un rapport matériau actif/polymère égal à 3 , 66 (rapport pondéral) a été utilisé . On peut également utiliser une plus grande quantité de matériau actif . La figure 3 est un schéma de l' agencement de différents films composites matériau actif-polymère pour obtenir un dispositif électro-actif fonctionnant dans la lumière visible et l' infrarouge . La cellule de la figure 3 comprend en superposition un collecteur 11 , une contre-électrode 12 , un séparateur 13 , un collecteur 14 , un film à base de graphite 15 et un film de matériau actif 16. Les films 11 à 16 sont assemblés de façon à réaliser une « batterie optique » . Les collecteurs de courant 11 et 14 sont des grilles en acier inoxydable (dimension des mailles des grilles environ 0 , 5 mm) . Pour rendre ces grilles moins sensibles à l' électrolyte, on peut les recouvrir d' un mélange de carbone et de PVDF-HFP (comprenant 12% molaire de HFP ) . Ce mélange hydrophobe permet d' améliorer la tenue des collecteurs en cyclage .Figure 2 is a diagram showing the electrical conductivity for different concentrations of H 2 SO 4 and different concentrations by weight of PEO in the mixture of PVDF-HFP and PEO. Curve 5 was plotted for a concentration of H 2 SO 4 equal to 1 M. Curve 6 was plotted for a concentration of H 2 SO 4 worth 0.1 M. Plastic films in a mixture of PVDF-HFP and PEO having active materials can be made in the same way, but by adding at the end of manufacture the active materials in powder form. An active material / polymer ratio of 3.66 (weight ratio) was used. It is also possible to use a larger quantity of active material. Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the arrangement of different composite active material-polymer films to obtain an electro-active device operating in visible light and infrared. The cell of FIG. 3 comprises in superposition a collector 11, a counter-electrode 12, a separator 13, a collector 14, a graphite-based film 15 and an active material film 16. The films 11 to 16 are assembled from way to achieve an "optical battery". The current collectors 11 and 14 are stainless steel grids (mesh size of the grids approximately 0.5 mm). To make these grids less sensitive to the electrolyte, they can be covered with a mixture of carbon and PVDF-HFP (comprising 12 mol% of HFP). This hydrophobic mixture makes it possible to improve the behavior of the collectors during cycling.
La contre-électrode peut comprendre un matériau d' insertion stable en milieu acide ou du carbone activé . La contre-électrode 12 peut être constituée de HxWO3 - H2O (avec 0 < x < 0 , 35 ) dans un mélange comprenant 60% en poids de PVDF-HFP (à 12% molaire du HFP ) et 40% en poids de PEO .The counter-electrode may comprise an acid-stable insertion material or activated carbon. Counter-electrode 12 may consist of H x WO 3 -H 2 O (with 0 <x <0.35) in a mixture comprising 60% by weight of PVDF-HFP (at 12 mol% of HFP) and 40% by weight of PEO.
Le séparateur 13 est constitué d' un mélange comprenant 50% en poids de PVDF-HFP (à 12% molaire de HFP ) et 50% en poids de PEO .The separator 13 consists of a mixture comprising 50% by weight of PVDF-HFP (12 mol% of HFP) and 50% by weight of PEO.
Le film 15 comprend du carbone (entre 30 et 60% en masse) dans un mélange comprenant 50% en poids de PVDF-HFP (à 12% molaire de HFP ) et 50% en poids de PEO . Ce film permet d' assurer une meilleure répartition des charges électriques sur le film de matériau actif 16. Le film du matériau actif 16 comprend de l' oxyde de tungstène monohydraté WO3. H2O dans un mélange de 60% en poids de PVDF-HFP (à 12% molaire de HFP ) et 40% en poids de PEO . Le matériau WO3 - H2O peut être remplacé par n' importe quelle espèce stable en milieu acide et capable d' intercaler des protons .The film comprises carbon (between 30 and 60% by weight) in a mixture comprising 50% by weight of PVDF-HFP (12 mol% of HFP) and 50% by weight of PEO. This film makes it possible to ensure a better distribution of the electrical charges on the film of active material 16. The film of the active material 16 comprises WO3 tungsten oxide monohydrate. H2O in a mixture of 60% by weight of PVDF-HFP (12 mol% of HFP) and 40% by weight of PEO. The material WO 3 - H 2 O may be replaced by any species which is stable in acidic medium and capable of interposing protons.
Les films en mélange de PVDF-HFP et de PEO (la contre-électrode 12 , le séparateur 13 , la couche de conduction électronique 15 et la couche active 16 ) ont été rendus poreux par retrait du DBP utilisé pour leur réalisation . Ce retrait peut être obtenu en plaçant la cellule assemblée dans de l' éther . La cellule comprenant les films rendus poreux peut alors être remplie de l' électrolyte aqueux en la plongeant dans un bac contenant cet électrolyte .Mixed films of PVDF-HFP and PEO (counter electrode 12, separator 13, electron conduction layer 15 and active layer 16) were made porous by removal of the DBP used for their production. This removal can be achieved by placing the assembled cell in ether. The cell comprising the porous films can then be filled with the aqueous electrolyte by immersing it in a tank containing this electrolyte.
L' épaisseur de la couche active 16 peut être de 9 μm. L' épaisseur du séparateur 13 peut être comprise entre 10 μm et 100 μm.The thickness of the active layer 16 may be 9 μm. The thickness of the separator 13 may be between 10 μm and 100 μm.
La figure 4 représente différentes courbes pour la cellule électrochimique décrite ci-dessus et à 50 mV/s . Cette valeur de 50 mV/s représente la vitesse de cyclage de la cellule, c' est-à-dire la vitesse de l' évolution du potentiel fixé par l' utilisateur . L' axe des ordonnées de gauche représente l' intensité I . L' axe des ordonnées de droite représente le coefficient x du composé HxWO3 - H2O dans la contre-électrode 12. L' axe des abscisses représente le potentiel de l' électrode de travail Ewe en volts . La figure 4 montre qu' il y a insertion d' ions et donc que le système fonctionne d' un point de vue électrochimique . La figure 5 est un diagramme illustrant les propriétés optiques de la cellule électrochimique selon l' invention . Ce diagramme représente la réflexion (en %) de la cellule en fonction de la longueur d' onde λ . La courbe 21 correspond au composé réservoir d' ions HxWO3 - H2O . La courbe 22 correspond au composé réservoir d' ions WO3. H2O . La courbe 22 correspond à la couche active 16 avant insertion (WO3 - H2O) et la courbe 21 correspond à la couche active 16 après insertion (HxWO3 - H2O) . Cette figure montre que la cellule présente une modulation de la réflexion dans l' infrarouge . Cette figure montre également l' absence de bande d' absorption dans l' infrarouge due à l ' utilisation de l' eau comme solvant . Figure 4 shows different curves for the electrochemical cell described above and at 50 mV / s. This value of 50 mV / s represents the cycling speed of the cell, that is to say the speed of the evolution of the potential set by the user. The ordinate axis on the left represents intensity I. The ordinate axis on the right represents the x coefficient of the compound H x WO 3 - H 2 O in the counter electrode 12. The abscissa represents the potential of the Ewe working electrode in volts. Figure 4 shows that there is insertion of ions and thus that the system operates from an electrochemical point of view. FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating the optical properties of the electrochemical cell according to the invention. This diagram represents the reflection (in%) of the cell as a function of the wavelength λ. Curve 21 corresponds to the reservoir compound of ions H x WO 3 - H 2 O. Curve 22 corresponds to the reservoir compound WO 3 ions. H 2 O. The curve 22 corresponds to the active layer 16 before insertion (WO 3 - H 2 O) and the curve 21 corresponds to the active layer 16 after insertion (H x WO 3 - H 2 O). This figure shows that the cell has a modulation of the reflection in the infrared. This figure also shows the absence of absorption band in the infrared due to the use of water as a solvent.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1. Cellule électrochimique en couches minces présentant une émissivité variable en fonction d' une tension de commande appliquée, caractérisée en ce qu' elle est formée des éléments souples suivants , superposés et respectivement en contact intime :Electrochemical cell in thin layers having a variable emissivity according to an applied control voltage, characterized in that it is formed of the following flexible elements superimposed and respectively in intimate contact:
- un premier collecteur de courant ( 11 ) en matériau électriquement conducteur et destiné à être connecté à un premier potentiel de la tension de commande,a first current collector (11) of electrically conductive material and intended to be connected to a first potential of the control voltage,
- une contre-électrode poreuse ( 12 ) formée d' un mélange de PVDF-HFP , de PEO, éventuellement d' au moins un autre polymère hydrophile, et d' une poudre d' un composé comprenant des ions complémentaires aux ions d' insertion,a porous counterelectrode (12) formed of a mixture of PVDF-HFP, PEO, optionally at least one other hydrophilic polymer, and a powder of a compound comprising ions complementary to the insertion ions; ,
- un séparateur poreux ( 13 ) formé d' un mélange de PVDF-HFP et de PEO,a porous separator (13) formed of a mixture of PVDF-HFP and PEO,
- un deuxième collecteur de courant ( 14 ) en matériau électriquement conducteur, destiné à être connecté à un deuxième potentiel de la tension de commande et apte à être traversé par des ions ,a second current collector (14) of electrically conductive material intended to be connected to a second potential of the control voltage and capable of being traversed by ions,
- une couche de conduction électronique poreuse ( 15 ) d' un mélange de PVDF-HFP , de PEO et d' une poudre d' un matériau électriquement conducteur, - une couche active ( 16 ) poreuse formée d' un mélange de PVDF-HFP , de PEO et d' une poudre d' un matériau d' insertion, la contre-électrode ( 12 ) , le séparateura porous electronic conduction layer (15) of a mixture of PVDF - HFP, PEO and a powder of an electrically conductive material, - a porous active layer (16) formed of a mixture of PVDF - HFP , PEO and a powder of an insertion material, the counterelectrode (12), the separator
( 13 ) , la couche de conduction électronique ( 15 ) et la couche active ( 16 ) étant remplis d' un électrolyte aqueux . (13), the electron conduction layer (15) and the active layer (16) being filled with an aqueous electrolyte.
2. Cellule électrochimique selon la revendication 1 , caractérisée en ce que le premier collecteur de courant ( 11 ) est une grille .2. Electrochemical cell according to claim 1, characterized in that the first current collector (11) is a gate.
3. Cellule électrochimique selon la revendication 1 , caractérisée en ce que le deuxième collecteur de courant ( 14 ) est une grille .3. Electrochemical cell according to claim 1, characterized in that the second current collector (14) is a gate.
4. Cellule électrochimique selon l' une des revendications 2 ou 3 , caractérisée en ce que la grille est en acier inoxydable .4. Electrochemical cell according to one of claims 2 or 3, characterized in that the gate is made of stainless steel.
5. Cellule électrochimique selon la revendication 4 , caractérisée en ce que la grille est recouverte d' un mélange de carbone et du copolymère PVDF-HFP .5. Electrochemical cell according to claim 4, characterized in that the grid is covered with a mixture of carbon and the PVDF-HFP copolymer.
6. Cellule électrochimique selon l' une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5 , caractérisée en ce que le mélange de PVDF-HFP et de PEO dans les éléments souples comprend en poids , entre 80% et 50% de PVDF-HFP et entre 20% et 50% de PEO .6. Electrochemical cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the mixture of PVDF-HFP and PEO in the flexible elements comprises, by weight, between 80% and 50% of PVDF-HFP and between 20% and 50% PEO.
7. Cellule électrochimique selon l' une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6 , caractérisée en ce que le composé réservoir d' ions comprenant des ions complémentaires aux ions d' insertion est choisi parmi HxWO3, HxWO3 - H2O, HxMoO3, un polymère et du carbone activé . 7. Electrochemical cell according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the ion reservoir compound comprising ions complementary to the insertion ions is chosen from H x WO 3 , H x WO 3 -H 2 O , H x MoO 3 , a polymer and activated carbon.
8. Cellule électrochimique selon l' une quelconque des revendications 1 à 7 , caractérisée en ce que les ions d' insertion sont des ions d' un matériau choisi parmi WO3 - H2O et WO3..8. Electrochemical cell according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the insertion ions are ions of a material selected from WO 3 - H 2 O and WO 3.
9. Cellule électrochimique selon l' une quelconque des revendications 1 à 8 , caractérisée en ce que le matériau électriquement conducteur de la couche de conduction électronique est choisi parmi le carbone graphite et les métaux .9. Electrochemical cell according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the electrically conductive material of the electronic conduction layer is selected from graphite carbon and metals.
10. Cellule électronique selon l' une quelconque des revendications précédentes , caractérisé en ce que l' électrolyte aqueux contient de l' acide sulfurique . 10. Electronic cell according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the aqueous electrolyte contains sulfuric acid.
EP05825617A 2004-12-21 2005-12-19 Flexible electrochemical cell with controlled optical absorption and reflection having an aqueous electrolyte Withdrawn EP1828838A1 (en)

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FR0453111A FR2879764B1 (en) 2004-12-21 2004-12-21 ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL FLEXIBLE, AQUEOUS, WITH CONTROLLED EMISSION
PCT/FR2005/051106 WO2006067354A1 (en) 2004-12-21 2005-12-19 Flexible electrochemical cell with controlled optical absorption and reflection having an aqueous electrolyte

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CN104037388B (en) * 2013-03-07 2016-09-14 纳米及先进材料研发院有限公司 Transparent or semitransparent lithium ion battery and electrode thereof
WO2014143011A1 (en) * 2013-03-15 2014-09-18 Ashwin-Ushas Corporation, Inc. Variable-emittance electrochromic devices and methods of preparing the same
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US20080131773A1 (en) 2008-06-05
SG158161A1 (en) 2010-01-29
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WO2006067354A8 (en) 2007-10-04
FR2879764A1 (en) 2006-06-23

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