Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
  • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
  • G01J3/46—Measurement of colour; Colour measuring devices, e.g. colorimeters
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
  • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
  • G01J3/46—Measurement of colour; Colour measuring devices, e.g. colorimeters
  • G01J3/462—Computing operations in or between colour spaces; Colour management systems
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
  • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
  • G01J3/46—Measurement of colour; Colour measuring devices, e.g. colorimeters
  • G01J3/463—Colour matching

Definitions

• This invention relates to an improved computer-implemented method and program for guiding a refinisher through one or more adjustment(s) of a candidate refinishing paint color toward the goal of a color match with a predetermined target paint color.
• shade tips can be useful.
• “Shading tips” describe to a refinisher how a given tint affects the color of a refinish paint. For example, when a white tint is added to a blue paint it is intuitive that the blue color will become lighter. However, the resulting blue may also be more or less saturated (“deeper” or “less deep”) depending upon the pigments and the ratio of those pigments used in the blue paint. Verbal descriptions explaining the effect the addition of a given tint will have on the resulting paint color are often ineffective because the color effects being explained are difficult to visualize.
• a computer-based training tool has been developed and is available to help a refinish trainee visualize the effect of adding specific tints to a paint.
• the tool includes a video monitor that displays in a first field a rendering of a predetermined target paint color.
• a second field of the video monitor displays a rendering of an initial candidate refinishing paint color formed from a combination of a predetermined quantity of each of a predetermined number of tints Ti through T n .
• Also displayed in respective fields of the video monitor is each of the tints Ti through T n .
• the display in the second field is modified to display a rendering of an updated candidate refinishing paint.
• the set of updated candidate colors is produced by qualitatively determining the effect on the initial candidate color produced by the addition of each component tint.
• the updated colors are selected from a color palette offered in a commercially available software package, such as the program Microsoft ® PowerPoint ® , sold by Microsoft Corporation. Once heuristically determined the updated candidate colors are stored and displayed when one of the tints is selected by the trainee.
• Chromavision ® color retrieval and management system As a further aid to refinishers, the assignee of the present invention has developed a computer-based system known as Chromavision ® color retrieval and management system. With this system a spectrophotometer or a colorimeter is used to measure the color of the car being painted. A database holding the spectral reflectance curves or the CIE L*a*b* system coordinates of all car colors and the paint formula associated therewith is searched. The stored color most closely matching the measured color is selected as an initial candidate color.
• refinish color matching tools vary in functionality. Some may test the closest color for other properties such as metamerism and only provide matches low in metamerism. Some may determine whether the color found in the database is an acceptably close match and, if necessary, adjust the formula to improve the match. Once an acceptable color match is determined, the computer program provides the refinisher its formula. The refinisher produces a paint in accordance with this formula and proceeds to spray the vehicle. An effective program of the type eliminates the need for further color adjustment by the refinisher. Although the system of this type eliminates the need for further color adjustment by the refinisher, the costs associated with the spectrophotometer or a colorimeter make it expensive to implement. Accordingly it is believed desirable to provide a less expensive computer-implemented tool that can be used for color matching by a refinisher to match a target color.
• This invention is directed to an improved computer-implemented method and program for guiding a refinisher-user through adjustment(s) of a candidate refinishing paint color formed from a combination of a predetermined number of tints Ti through T n toward a predetermined target paint color.
• a rendering of the predetermined target paint color and a rendering of an initial candidate refinishing paint color are displaying in respective first and second fields of a video monitor.
• the initial candidate refinishing paint color is formed from a combination of a predetermined quantity of each of a predetermined number of tints Ti through T n . Each tint is also displayed in a respective field of the video monitor.
• a first updated candidate paint color produced by the addition of a predetermined adjustment quantity of the selected tint to a predetermined quantity of the initial candidate color is recalled from a predetermined storage location in a memory.
• the display in the second field of the video monitor is updated to display a rendering of the first updated candidate paint color.
• the first updated candidate paint color rendered in the second field is compared by the refinisher-user to the target paint color rendered in the first field to determine an acceptable color match. If, based upon the results of the comparison, the color match is deemed unacceptable, the same or a different tint is selected.
• the color value of a subsequent updated candidate paint color produced by the addition of a predetermined adjustment quantity of the selected tint to the immediately preceding candidate color is recalled from a memory location.
• the address of the memory location is determined in accordance with the immediately preceding candidate color and the selected tint.
• the subsequent updated candidate paint color is displayed in the second field.
• the number of adjustment quantities of each tint added to the initial candidate color to produce the final subsequent updated candidate color is tabulated.
• a paint is mixed by adding the tabulated number of adjustment quantities of each tint to a predetermined quantity of a paint of the initial candidate paint color.
• the values of the subsequent candidate colors stored in the memory are determined by experience or by creating the updated color and measuring its properties.
• renderings of a color tinting chart are displayed on the video monitor.
• the charts have a color spectrum with indicia in predetermined positions of the spectrum identifying each of the available paint color formulations. Both the predetermined target color and the initial candidate refinishing color may be selected from a color tinting chart for display in the appropriate fields of the video monitor.
• Figure 1 is stylized diagram of a computing system for executing a program implementing the method of the present invention, the stylized diagram including a representation of a screen display generated by a computer when implementing the method and program of the present invention
• Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating the color movements which form the basis of the color movement table portion of the color memory
• Figure 3 is stylized diagram of a screen display of tinting charts used to assist in the selection of a target color and an initial candidate color.
• the present invention is directed to a computer-implemented method and program for guiding a refinisher through one or more adjustment(s) of a candidate refinishing paint color toward the goal of a color match with a predetermined target paint color.
• the predetermined target paint color is that color that the refinisher is desirous of reproducing on a given vehicle under repair.
• the candidate refinishing paint color is formed from a combination of a predetermined number of tints Ti through T n . Each tint is typically comprised of a single pigment colorant adjusted for color and strength with one or more selected pigments, resins, solvents or dispersions.
• FIG. 1 shown is a stylized block diagram of the architecture of a computing system generally indicated by the reference character 10 for executing a program implementing the improved method of the present invention.
• the computing system 10 may be configured using any standard microprocessor-based computing system having a memory 12 that communicates over a bus 14 with a central processing unit (CPU) 16.
• the memory 12 is partitioned into a program memory portion (not expressly indicated) and a color memory 12M.
• the color values stored in the color memory 12M are assumed to be stored directly as red (R), green (G), and blue (B) color values.
• Memory addresses for accessing memory locations in the color memory 12M are generated using a memory address generator 18.
• the address generator 18 includes a candidate color register 18C and an address incrementer 181, as will be described.
• a portion of memory functioning as a tint tabulation register 20 is operatively associated with the address incrementer 181.
• the refinisher operating the system 10 may provide inputs to the CPU 16 using any input device, such as a mouse 22 and/or keyboard 24.
• Output from the system 10 to a refinisher-user is provided through a color video monitor generally indicated by the reference character 26.
• the video monitor 26 includes a electron gun 28 that directs three beams of electrons [for each of the primary colors red (R), green (G), and blue(B)] toward an array of locations lining the inner surface of the screen 30 of the video monitor 26.
• each screen location has a set of phosphor dots excitable by the incidence of electrons thereon to produce visible light corresponding to the colors red, green and blue.
• Appropriate red, green and blue (R, G, B) video signals driving the electron gun 28 to excite the appropriate phosphor dots at each given location are provided by a color video driver 32 operating under the control of the CPU 16.
• the program memory stores the program instructions that cause the computing system 10 to implement the improved method of the present invention.
• the program instructions may be encoded onto and carried by any suitable computer readable medium, such as a magnetic or optical disk, semiconductor memory or tape.
• the color memory 12M includes an initializing section 121 and a multi-tiered color movement table section 12T.
• the initializing section 121 of the color memory 12M stores the color values corresponding to an operator-selected target color, to an operator-selected initial candidate color, and to the tints T 1 through T n that form the initial candidate color.
• the preferred manner by which such information is loaded (e.g., via a bus 34) to the memory 12M is discussed in more detail herein.
• the color movement table 12T stores the color values produced by the addition of a predetermined adjustment quantity of a selected tint to an immediately preceding candidate color.
• the appropriate addresses for locations within the color movement table 12T are provided from the address generator 18 over the address bus 36.
• the corresponding locations in the initializing portion 121 of the color movement memory 12M are addressed.
• the color values corresponding to the selected target color, the initial candidate color, and the tints Ti through T n forming the initial candidate color are output to the video driver 32.
• the address of the initial candidate color is also loaded into the address generator 18 over a bus 38.
• a rendering of the predetermined target paint color is displayed in a first field 3OA of the screen 30 of the video monitor 22.
• Displayed in a second field 3OB of the screen 30 of the video monitor 26 is a rendering of an initial candidate refinishing paint color believed by the refinisher to match the predetermined target paint color.
• the candidate refinishing color is formed from a combination of a predetermined quantity of each of a predetermined number of tints Ti through T n .
• a rendering of each of the predetermined number of tints Ti through T n is displayed in a respective dedicated display field 30Ti through 30T n .
• the first field 3OA (the target color) and the second field 3OB (the candidate color) are adjacent but spaced slightly apart (a spacing that appears to a viewer to be on the order of about one-eighth of an inch (0.125 inch).
• the first field 3OA (the target color) and the second field 3OB (the candidate color) may be juxtaposed in abutting relationship against each other, as suggested by the dashed lines in Figure 1.
• the tint fields 30Ti through 30T n are juxtaposed in abutting relationship with the second field 3OB, but may likewise be slightly spaced therefrom, if desired.
• the screen 30 should be rendered in a neutral surrounding background color (e.g., gray) for chromatic adaptation.
• the refinisher With a rendering of both the predetermined target paint color and the candidate refinishing paint color on the screen 30 of the monitor 22 the refinisher is able to make an assessment as to the acceptability (in the sense of a color match) between the two. If it were felt that the initial candidate refinishing paint color I is sufficiently close to the predetermined target color P the color selection process would be complete.
• the method and program of the present invention assist the refinisher through the adjustment of the candidate color to effect a closer color match.
• the refinisher makes a determination as to which of the constituent tints should be added to drive the candidate color closer to the target color.
• the refinisher selects the tint to be added by asserting ("clicking") the mouse in the dedicated tint field 30T 1 through 30T n of the selected tint.
• a signal indicating the identity of the particular tint Ti through T n is applied over a line 36 to the address incrementer 181 and to the tint tabulation register 20.
• the address of the initial candidate color in the candidate color register 18C is updated by an address increment corresponding to the tint selected applied over a line 38.
• the memory location corresponding to the updated address has stored therein the color values of a first updated candidate paint color.
• This first updated candidate paint color is produced by the addition of a predetermined adjustment quantity of the selected tint to a predetermined quantity the initial candidate color.
• the color value at the addressed location is applied to the video driver 32.
• the second field 3OB of the video monitor 26 is changed to display a rendering of the first updated candidate paint color.
• the first updated candidate paint color rendered in the second field is comparing to the target paint color rendered in the first field 3OA to determine an acceptable color match. If the comparison indicates that further modification to the candidate color is required, one of the tints is again selected.
• a signal indicative of the particular tint selected in this second iteration is applied over the line 36 to both the address incrementer 181 and the tint tabulation register 20.
• the then-current address in the candidate color register 18C (corresponding to the first updated candidate color) is incremented by an amount corresponding to the particular tint selected to produce a second updated address.
• the memory location corresponding to the second updated address has stored therein the color values of a second updated candidate paint color.
• this second updated candidate paint color is produced by the addition of a predetermined adjustment quantity of the selected tint to a predetermined quantity the first updated candidate color.
• the color value at the addressed location is applied to the video driver 32.
• the second field 3OB of the video monitor 26 is again changed to display a rendering of the first updated candidate paint color.
• the iterations are repeated until either M number of iterations have been performed (where M is an integer greater than 1) or until the color match between the renderings of a final subsequent updated candidate color and the target color is deemed acceptable.
• M is an integer greater than 1
• the address of the memory location holding the updated candidate color is determined in accordance with the address of the immediately preceding candidate color and an address increment corresponding to the selected tint.
• the movements produced by each colorant addition may be determined by creating each addition in the paint.
• the L*, a*, b* values of the paint are measured (as by a spectrophotometer).
• the L*, a*, b* data are converted into video display by determining the corresponding R-G-B data for the color characteristics obtained.
• the algorithms and procedures for this conversion are described in ASTM E 1682, "Standard Guide for Modeling the Colorimetric Properties of a Visual Display Unit", ASTM International, 100 Bar Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.
• Solid colors those that appear the same at all angles of illumination and view, can be described well by a single value for each of the three coordinates, L*, a*, b*.
• Gonioapparent colors those that change color depending on angle of illumination and view, can be created by addition of metallic or pearlescent flakes. These colors must be described by L*, a*, b* determined at more than one angle. It has been shown [e.g., U.S. Patent 4,479,718 (Alman); Rodrigues, Die Park, Band 37, 65-78, 1990] that three angles of measurement are sufficient to characterize commercial gonioapparent colors.
• Such angles are one very near the angle of specular (surface) reflectance, called the near-specular angle, one far from the specular direction, called the flop angle, and one in between called the face angle (ASTM E 284).
• gonioapparent colors require an L*, a*, b* value at each of these three angles. Addition of a colorant to a gonioapparent color can cause a very different color movement at each of these angles. For example, addition of more aluminum flake to a gray metallic color typically causes a large movement in L* at the near specular angle, less at the face angle and still less at the flop angle.
• metallic or pearlescent paints may be color matched using the three angle measurements or the fifteen- dimensional representation for five angle measurements.
• the fields 3OA, 3OB on the screen 30 would display the target and candidate colors at each of the three or five measurement angles, as the case may be.
• a rendering of a curved panel could be produced on the screen. Respective portions of the panel would have a rendering of the candidate color as observed at each of viewing angle of the multi-angle system. Portions of the panel intermediate the angle positions would have renderings of interpolated candidate colors.
• PREPARATORY STEPS As noted earlier various inputs are provided to the system 10 over the line 34 and stored in the data memory. These inputs include: the color coordinates PL*, P a *, P b * of a predetermined target color P; the color coordinates IL*, l a *, Ib* of an initial candidate refinishing color I; the color coordinates Tu*, T 1a *, Ti b *; T 2L *, T 2a *, T 2b *; ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ T nL * , T na * , T n b* of each predetermined number of tints Ti through T n that form the initial candidate color; and the adjustment vectors corresponding to each tint Ti through T n .
• the coordinates of the predetermined target color point and/or the initial candidate refinishing color in a multidimensional color space may be determined using a spectrophotometer, if such a device is available to the refinisher.
• the target color may be obtained by spectrophotometeric analysis of the vehicle under repair.
• the candidate color may be obtained by spectrophotometeric analysis of a test panel sprayed with the initial candidate color. This is generally done by the paint supplier, who creates the candidate colors from which the refinisher chooses.
• a spectrophotometer measures the percentage of light reflected at each wavelength over the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Typically these readings are taken at ten nanometer (10 nm) intervals from four hundred to seven hundred nanometers ((400-700 nm). A plot of the percent reflectance as a function of wavelength is referred to as a
• spectral curve Viewing a spectral curve one can determine the hue of a color represented from the peak of the curve, e.g., the spectral curve of a blue color would peak in blue wavelengths. A light color would reflect more light across the spectrum, a darker color reflects less light. A high chroma color would have a reasonably sharper peak and reflect considerably less light at other wavelengths. A low chroma color would have a curve with little difference between peak and trough. Grays would tend to be very flat. Thus, a qualitative assessment of the color is possible from a spectral curve.
• color as seen by a human observer is dependent not only on the spectral curve of the color but also the spectral characteristics of the light source under which it is viewed and the spectral sensitivity of the observer.
• the human eye has three sensors for color vision-a blue sensor, a green sensor and a red sensor.
• CIE International Committee on Illumination
• the International Committee on Illumination (CIE) standardized the mapping of color in a three-dimensional X, Y, Z space, allowing for the spectral characteristics of the color, the light source and the observer.
• CIE International Committee on Illumination
• these values do not provide a visually uniform three-dimensional mapping of color.
• the L*, a*, b* values of the color describes the position of the color in a three-dimensional color space.
• the L*, a*, b* data of each color in a three-dimensional rendering of the color space in Cartesian coordinates in which a lightness axis (L*), a red-green axis (a*), and a yellow-blue axis (b*), are described by the following equations:
• X 0 , Yo and Z 0 are the tristimulus values of a perfect white color for a given illuminant; and X, Y and Z are the tristimulus values for the color to be evaluated. Additional information is also proved in an article entitled "Theory and Implementation of Modern Techniques of Color Conception, Matching and Control" by A. B. J. Rodrigues, which is described in the Fifth International Conference in Organic Coatings Science and Technology Proceedings, Vol. 3, Advances in Organic Coatings Science and Technology Series, p. 272-282, (1979), U.S. Patent 4,403,866, and ASTM E 308.
• the color characteristics are converted into video display by determining the corresponding R-G-B data for the color characteristics are obtained using the algorithms and procedures for this conversion described in the above-referenced ASTM E 1682, "Standard Guide for Modeling the Colorimetric Properties of a Visual Display Unit", ASTM International.
• ASTM E 1682 "Standard Guide for Modeling the Colorimetric Properties of a Visual Display Unit"
• the target paint color may be selected by the refinisher-user from a suitable color selection chart or by experience.
• Supplier databases normally contain the color coordinates for each of these candidate paints.
• the color movements for each of the tints that are used to form these candidate paints may also be stored by the supplier.
• a yet further alternative method of identifying the predetermined target paint color is through the use of a tinting chart rendered on the screen 30 of the video display monitor 22.
• Figure 3 is a stylized pictorial representation of an amalgamation of one or more screen display(s) guiding the refinisher user through the identification of such colors. These selections are performed as preparatory steps prior to the rendering illustrated in Figure 1.
• a rendering of a generally circular color tinting chart 40 is displayed in a first field 30-1 of the screen of the video monitor.
• a rendering of a second color tinting chart 42 is displayed in a second field 30-2.
• the color tinting charts 40 and 42 each have a color spectrum that is illustrated in Figure 3 as varying shades of gray. It should be understood that that charts are actually rendered in color, with the color red occupying the "3 o'clock" position on each chart. Moving anti- clockwise on each chart, the colors move through orange, yellow, green blue, violet and back to red. A particular color become more chromatic as one moves from the center of the chart toward the periphery.
• the color tinting chart 40 in the first field 30-1 of Figure 3 depicts a color spectrum having each of the available target paint colors indicated at predetermined positions thereon.
• the color tinting chart 42 in the second field 30-2 of Figure 3 depicts a color spectrum having each of the available candidate paint colors formulations indicated at predetermined positions thereon.
• the refinisher-user selects both the predetermined target color and the initial candidate refinishing color from the appropriate color tinting chart.
• the color coordinates of the color selected from the tinting chart 40 are stored and the color is rendered in the first field 3OA of the screen display ( Figure 1).
• the color coordinates of the color selected from the tinting chart 42 are also stored and the color rendered in the second field 3OB of the screen display ( Figure 1).
• selection of an initial candidate color carries with it the identification of the tints forming the same.
• selection of a given color on the tinting chart 42 may address suitable memory locations wherein the identity of the constituent tints are stored.
• Another method for selecting the candidate color position is for the paint supplier to suggest possible positions for a given car code.
• the refinisher can determine the car color code, usually located on a label in the car door jamb or under the hood. Suppliers predetermine paint formulas to match each car color as well as variations (commonly referred to as "Alternates” or "Alts") representative of the car population.
• the color tinting chart 42 may also include indicia identifying these formulations of various candidate paints. Two such indicia are illustrated on the color tinting chart 42 of Figure 3 by the terms "Alt 1 ", "Alt 2". When the refinisher chooses the Alt closest to the target color, the constituent tints are automatically provided from a database.
• Renderings of the target color, candidate color and constituent tints may then be made in the appropriate display fields 3OA, 3OB, 30Ti through 30T n ( Figure 1).
• the present invention provides a rapid, cost effective and efficient tool that a refinisher can use to match a color for repair of a damaged vehicle.
• This present invention overcomes the shortcomings of the use of "shading tips" which use verbal means to describe color changes, rather than the much more effective visual means used in this invention. It also overcomes the limitation of the Chromavision ® system that requires expensive equipment to be used effectively.

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• Spectrometry And Color Measurement (AREA)
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• Facsimile Image Signal Circuits (AREA)
• Color Image Communication Systems (AREA)

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• 2005
  • 2005-11-01 JP JP2007539302A patent/JP2008529104A/ja active Pending
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