EP1809815A2 - Scour protection system for water-courses using artificial blocks with an appearance similar to the surrounding area - Google Patents
Scour protection system for water-courses using artificial blocks with an appearance similar to the surrounding areaInfo
- Publication number
- EP1809815A2 EP1809815A2 EP05794459A EP05794459A EP1809815A2 EP 1809815 A2 EP1809815 A2 EP 1809815A2 EP 05794459 A EP05794459 A EP 05794459A EP 05794459 A EP05794459 A EP 05794459A EP 1809815 A2 EP1809815 A2 EP 1809815A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- containment means
- protection apparatus
- scour protection
- scour
- matter
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011440 grout Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000002889 sympathetic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003351 stiffener Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000009415 formwork Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000012766 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000012765 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. spontanea Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000009120 camo Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000005607 chanvre indien Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003912 environmental pollution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011487 hemp Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000009991 scouring Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012615 aggregate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 2
- -1 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009958 sewing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004026 adhesive bonding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009412 basement excavation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930014626 natural product Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011371 regular concrete Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000452 restraining effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009424 underpinning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
- E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
- E02B3/12—Revetment of banks, dams, watercourses, or the like, e.g. the sea-floor
- E02B3/122—Flexible prefabricated covering elements, e.g. mats, strips
- E02B3/127—Flexible prefabricated covering elements, e.g. mats, strips bags filled at the side
Definitions
- the invention to which this application relates is a system for protecting structures exposed to water from the scouring action of the water.
- Scour is caused by the wearing action of moving water, for example along the bed and banks of rivers, and can have serious consequences to structures exposed thereto such as the supports of bridges, due to undermining of the structure's foundations . This can result in the catastrophic collapse of many structures , leading to potential loss of life and significant rebuild costs . Structures can however be protected against these effects and there are several forms of protection currently in use around th e world, in both fluvial and marine situations.
- Fabric formwork mattresses also known as filter-point or constant thickness mattresses. These mattresses have been used within the construction industry for approximately 40 years for protecting riverbanks, river beds, and sea beds from scour and erosion, particularly around structures.
- Fabric formwo ik mattresses essentially form a hard layer of protection, which is designed to resist the effects of scour and as such, protect structures from being undermined, and/or river banks from lateral erosion. They consist of a sandwich of high strength, generally porous, typically woven, synthetic fabric, into which micro-concrete, grout or aggregate concrete is pump ed. Mattresses placed below water are laid and filled in-situ, using divers.
- Fabtic formwork bags are also available, for underpinning works, or to provide support and/ or protection to structures such as pipelines. These bags are amorphous in shape, and resemble sand-filled bags, and as such do not fit together particularly well.
- Articulated mattresses are also available, and are similar in most respects to filter-point mattresses but allow settlement due to flexible seams. Again, these are generally amorphous in shape, which is disadvantageous as hereinbefore described. These bags are smooth textured and when formed are white/light grey in colour, which is characteristically unnatural in appearance.
- fabric formwork protection is that it enables the placement of concrete or grout below water, without significant risk of environmental pollution that would otherwise occur if concrete were allowed to freely enter the river, or marine environment.
- the use of concrete can be very effective protection against scour, but in most instances concrete cannot be placed without complete dewatei ⁇ ng (drainage) of the area to be protected, to protect against fouling and environmental pollution from the concrete otherwise, and to provide the necessary formwork.
- the ability to place concrete without the need for dewatering has significant advantages over many other forms of scour protection and can lead to significant cost savings for any scour protection scheme.
- the mattresses form a relatively thin form of protection, which has the advantage of requiring minimal excavation to form, and is relatively quick to install.
- this method produces a very un-natural appearance, being smooth, dimpled, 'sand-bag like' or mattress-like, the colour of which is off-white /concrete looking, particularly when first placed.
- An aim of the present invention is to provide a scour protection system which overcomes the above disadvantages.
- scour protection apparatus comprising one or more containment means, said containment means placed in a location to prevent scour, each of said containment means substantially filled with matter to form blocks, characterised in that at least a portion of the outer surface of said containment means is adapted to have an appearance sympathetic with at least one feature of the location.
- the containment means are bags.
- the bags are made of fabric with a specific base shape, and are formed by connecting seams by sewing, studs, heat-welds and/or the like.
- the bags are manufactured from any or any combination of polypropylene, polyester, nylon, hemp, elasticated fabrics, and/or the like.
- fabric with a specific base shape is used to provide the formwork for the matter, to form a block which can be used to provide a system of interconnecting blocks.
- the base shape and thus each block is one square metre in area, or fractions or multiples thereof to allow discontinuity of blocks.
- This form of construction means that the blocks can be used universally, and can be manufactured and stockpiled as empty fabric bags and thus always be available 'off the shelf .
- the overall scour protection scheme is easier to design and is more flexible to accommodate and remove variations in bed profile around any scour feature than with conventional systems.
- individual blocks can be removed and replaced if damaged for example, without having to remove any other blocks .
- one or more blocks have an increased depth compared to the other blocks so as to be suitable for placement around the edges of the location.
- one or more sections of the bags are reinforced, stiffened and/or restrained to ensure the blocks are formed in the correct shape and shape is maintained.
- the bags are formed of foldable sheet material to allow the bags to be moved between a flattened folded configuration and an erect configuration.
- the matter is any or any combination of grout, concrete, sand, stones, and/or other aggregate material.
- the containment means is substantially filled with the matter after being placed at the location.
- hose is connected to the containment means to fill the same with matter and/or release trapped air, water and/or matter.
- the containment means is provided with valve means and/or filter means to prevent escape of the matter placed therein.
- the containment means is provided with an outer layer and one or more inner layers.
- the outer layer is permeable and one or more of the inner layers is impermeable.
- the location is underwater, including any or any combination of riverbanks, river beds, sea beds, and/or the like.
- the location features are rocks, and the top surface of the containment means resembles rock armour.
- the top surface is adapted by physical or mechanical impact and/or by the application of heat such that when the containment means has been filled with the matter, the top surface has a rough, irregular, rock-like shape.
- Other surfaces of the containment means can be adapted in a similar fashion as required.
- the appearance can be achieved by tailoring the fabric forming the top surface of the individual blocks to produce a rough and irregular surface, by physical restraints to the expansion of the top surface, and/or by post expansion deformation of the concrete bags after placement.
- the provision of this deformation and irregular surface creates a more natural appearance, and also creates a high mannings 'n' value so that the protection acts more like rock armour scour protection in absorbing some of the energy of the flow.
- the containment means is coloured and/or textured to resemble features of the location.
- the texturing and/or colouring is of particular importance for areas that are easily visible, as discolouration of the blocks occurs naturally over time.
- connection means are provided to connect adjacent containment means.
- connection means includes any or any combination of zips, ties, nuts, bolts, washers, plates, hook and loop fastenings, and/or the like.
- scour protection apparatus comprising one or more containment means, said containment means placed in an underwater location to prevent scour, each of said containment means substantially filled with matter to form blocks, characterised in that the containment means is substantially filled with the matter after being placed at the underwater location.
- scour protection apparatus including at least one containment means formed by a sheet material defining a cavity into which matter is placed to substantially fill the same and characterised in that at least one surface if the containment means is adapted so as to have a higher mannings 'n' value than the remainder of the containment means' surfaces.
- a method of providing scour protection to a location comprising the steps of: placing containment means in a location to prevent scour; substantially filling said containment means with matter to form blocks, characterised in that at least a portion of the outer surface of said containment means is adapted to have an appearance sympathetic with at least one feature of the location.
- the adaptation also increases the mannings 'n' value of said portion.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic view from the side of the containment means of a scour protection system in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 2 illustrates a perspective view of the containment means of figure 1.
- Figure 3 illustrates a side schematic view of the containment means of figure 1 being filled.
- Figure 4 illustrates a plan view of a scour protection system (a) under construction with offset blocks in the location; (b) with in-line blocks; (c) with variable sized blocks; (d) as an example of a co mplete system.
- Figure 5 illustrates a side schematic view of an edge toe detail block.
- Figure 6 illustrates a side sectional view of a scour protection system .
- Figure 7 illustrates a side schematic view of adjacent blocks (a) with a butt join; (b) with an alternative butt join; (c) connected by a zip; (d) connected by an alternative zip; (e) connected with nuts and bolts; (f) connected with nuts and looped-end bolts.
- Figure 8 illustrates a side schematic view of a bag with a folded edge.
- containment means in the form of an individual fabric bag 1 filled with matter 5 to form a block, designed to interconnect with other blocks to cover an area and provided with a top surface 3 to act like and resemble rock armour.
- rock armour has an appearance sympathetic to the natural rock features of the location in this example a river bed.
- the shape of the bag 1 defines the bag formwork.
- the fabric is manufactured fro m high strength synthetic material such as polypropylene or polyester and in this example is permeable to allow the escape o f trapped air or water within the bag.
- Heavy duty cotton, hemp, or a similar type of fabric can also be used.
- the ability to heat or physically deform such fabrics is limited and it is likely that at least the top surface 3, would need to be tailored by a variety of methods including, but not exclusively, stitching or various physical restraints.
- the base portion of the bag can be made from nylon, and the irregular top surface can be formed from an elastic fabric.
- the bags 1 have a specific base shape such that the individual blocks include a -uniformed and regular basal section 2, to allow regular joining and coverage of numerous blocks to cover an area (in the same way a blocked driveway could be laid for example) .
- the depth of the basal section 2 can vary, typically between 0.1m and 1.0m, depending on the degree of protection required and velocity of the flow experienced by the protection.
- the seams of the fabric are joined either by sewing, with thread for example, a process of heat welding if using synthetic fabric, gluing, stud attachments, zipper, or similar.
- the fabric can also be tailored internally to help retain the desired shape of the basal section 2, xising internal restraints and/or stiffeners made from fabric, metal or plastic to form a suitable framework.
- each individual block in accordance with the invention, is irregularly shaped to resemble rock armour and provide a less artificial app earance. This may be achieved by using a stretchable fabric to form the top surface 3. A selection of restraining methods can also be utilised to allow or restrict expansion of the fabric as it is being filled with matter 5, to create an irregular surface.
- the fabric can be coloured with dye or a surface coating, and tex tured using a sand/grit type coating, which greatly improves the natural appearance of the individual blocks.
- the fabric forming the individual blocks incorporates valve means 4 to which a filling hose 23 can be attached, once the block is placed in location below the water surface 24 as shown in Figure 3.
- the valve means 4 incorporates a one way or cut off valve to prevent escape of concrete once the hose 23 has been removed and the valve is exposed to the water.
- Valves can be situated on the basal section 2 and/or on the top surface 3 of the individual blocks .
- the bags 1 are filled with matter 5 to form the blocks, as indicated by arrows 25, the matter 5 comprising grout (fine consistency) , micro-concrete, regular concrete, specialist underwater concrete, sand, stones, and/or similar material.
- the attachment of the hose 23 to the bag 1 can be made out of the water to reduce the pos sibility of leakage from the hose 23 between filling of a numb er of bags below water.
- Additional bleed valves or outlet hoses can be included on any part of the bags to aid filling with matter and/or allow the escape of air and/or water from the bag.
- the bags can include an impermeable inner layer 6, to provide better control of the matter 5 and reduce the likelihood of environmental pollution from concrete fines for example which can leak through permeable fabric.
- Impermeability may be achieved by application of a fabric coating such as rubber, or be an inhere nt property of the fabric.
- the fabric may be of high tenacity, or be stretchy in nature to achieve the desired effect.
- the use o f hemp or other natural product can also be used and has the added benefit of being an environmentally more preferable mate rial.
- the inner layer includes a bleed valve to allow the escape of any trapped air or water from within, as voids within the concrete would otherwise weaken the concrete p rotection.
- Figures 4a-d shows an example of ho ⁇ V the individual blocks 9 are arranged to form the scour protection system.
- the blocks 9 can be arranged offset in rows and/ or columns as shown in Figure 4a, similar to the arrangement of bricks in a wall, or in regular rows or columns, i.e. not offset, as shown in Figure 4b.
- the system is assembled by interconnecting the blocks 9.
- the use of varied sized blocks can be used to create a varied, more natural, appearance, for example using standard I m blocks 9 with 0.5m blocks 9'.
- the system can be configured individually depending o n the size of the scour feature, orientation of the bed and o f the structure, or of the desired appearance.
- a s cour protection system is shown protecting a bridge abutment 7 from the scouring action of water flowing thereby which has re sulted in a scour feature 8, in which individual blocks 9 are formed to cover the bed and prevent undermining of the abutme nt 7.
- a special edge toe detail block 10, as indicated in more detail in Figure 5, is included at the extremities of th e system to reduce the possibility of undermining of the extremities of the protection by the flowing water.
- This edge toe detail block 10 is typically deeper than the regular blocks 9, with a significantly extended base 15, such that the depth of the block typically exceeds I m.
- An optional rock armour falling apron, 11 can be also included, surrounding the block protection.
- FIG. 6 With reference to Figure 6, there is shown a typical arrangement of the system in section, showing how tlie blocks interact and work to form the protection.
- the individual formed fabric formwork blocks 9 protect the bed from further erosion and scour, with the edge toe detail blocks 10 forming and protecting the extremities.
- This system of protection protects the abutment 7 from being undermined by the scouring action of the flow of water, which has resulted in the scour feature 8.
- Figure 6 also shows a typical pre-scour bed profile 13 , and the scoured bed profile 14 for comparison.
- Figures 7a-f show a range of optional connecting arrangements of the individual bags forming the blocks.
- the blocks can be unattached to one another, shown in Figure 7a, forming a simple butt join 16, between the individual blo cks, although in reality this butt join will more closely resemble the simple butt join 16' shown on Figure 7b, due to some deformation of the bags as they are being filled, which will provide some degree of interlocking of the individual blocks .
- Figures 7c-d show two possible zip attachment arrangements, incorporating a zip, 17, which is formed from nylon, but can also, less suitably, be formed from metal.
- Figure 7e shows a possible bolt style attachment 18 including a backing plate 19 with attached bolt o nto which is placed a washer 20 and nut 21.
- Similar configura_tions using butterfly or looped tie type ends 26 to a bolt fixing are possible and may be more practical as shown in Figure 7f, OJC possibly using flexible ties to allow a small movement due to settlement.
- the bolt style attachment is fed through pre-formed holes -within the bags and allows joining of the empty bags. The bolt arrangement would then be cast into the block as the bag is fill ed with concrete or other matter.
- these attachments can be used to attach any style of bag, where holes through the bags, through which the bolts are inserted, could be formed on site, during construction. A number of bags can thus be joined above water, placed, and then filled with matter a number at a time.
- FIG. 8 there is shown a block 9 where the bag has a folded edge 22 forming a concertina or b> ellows effect to the fabric.
- a regular and controllable expansion o f the bag is allowed as it is being filled. This accommodates some degree of flexibility in the filling of the bags, to tetter accommodate irregularities in the ground profile beneath the block and allow a range of thicknesses of the block that can be created on site.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Revetment (AREA)
- Building Environments (AREA)
- Thermotherapy And Cooling Therapy Devices (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB0422345A GB2418948B (en) | 2004-10-08 | 2004-10-08 | Method of scour protection using fabric formwork to resemble rock armour protection |
PCT/GB2005/003787 WO2006037976A2 (en) | 2004-10-08 | 2005-10-03 | Scour protection system |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1809815A2 true EP1809815A2 (en) | 2007-07-25 |
EP1809815B1 EP1809815B1 (en) | 2009-12-23 |
Family
ID=33443570
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP05794459A Not-in-force EP1809815B1 (en) | 2004-10-08 | 2005-10-03 | Scour protection system for water-courses using artificial blocks with an appearance similar to the surrounding area |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20080101862A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1809815B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE453018T1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2005291055A1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE602005018526D1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2418948B (en) |
WO (1) | WO2006037976A2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2440149A (en) * | 2006-07-14 | 2008-01-23 | Andrew Neil Mountain | Concrete formwork filter vent |
US8721848B1 (en) * | 2012-12-31 | 2014-05-13 | Marine Project Management, Inc. | Anode sled and method of assembly |
US9453319B2 (en) | 2013-10-08 | 2016-09-27 | Applied University Research, Inc. | Scour preventing apparatus for hydraulics structures |
US8950160B1 (en) * | 2014-01-17 | 2015-02-10 | Preferred Inspections, Inc. | Mortar packages and single-person method of using mortar packages for masonry construction |
NL2017059B1 (en) * | 2016-06-28 | 2018-01-05 | Pile Fabrics Gmbh | Scour protector and method of arranging a scour protector on a seabed |
JP6810952B2 (en) * | 2016-08-18 | 2021-01-13 | ユニチカ株式会社 | Enforcement method of bag-type root hardening material using a bag for civil engineering work |
CN108316236B (en) * | 2017-01-16 | 2024-01-26 | 中交上海航道勘察设计研究院有限公司 | Dykes and dams suitable for large tidal range in reclamation engineering and multi-closure method thereof |
CN113833029A (en) * | 2021-07-26 | 2021-12-24 | 江苏在铭建设工程有限公司 | Offshore wind power pile foundation protection, ballast mold bed positioning and underwater sand blowing bag soil fixation construction method |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3396542A (en) * | 1965-10-05 | 1968-08-13 | Tech Inc Const | Method and arrangements for protecting shorelines |
DE1784360A1 (en) * | 1968-07-30 | 1971-10-07 | Hoechst Ag | Fabric mat |
US4449847A (en) * | 1982-09-27 | 1984-05-22 | Nicolon Corporation | Revetment panel |
US4502815A (en) * | 1982-09-27 | 1985-03-05 | Nicolon Corporation | Revetment panel methods |
DE4123773A1 (en) * | 1991-07-18 | 1993-01-21 | Harzer Wald & Wegebau Gmbh | DEVICE FOR LABELING PLANTS AND SMALL BEINGS IN STREAMING WATERS |
GB9124654D0 (en) * | 1991-11-19 | 1992-01-08 | E C C Construction Materials L | Construction component |
JP3064902B2 (en) * | 1996-04-16 | 2000-07-12 | 株式会社ヤマウ | Manufacturing method of artificial rock block |
JP3136470B2 (en) * | 1996-05-03 | 2001-02-19 | 共和コンクリート工業株式会社 | Revetment block |
JP2003245913A (en) * | 2002-02-27 | 2003-09-02 | Tripole Co Ltd | Manufacturing method for imitation stone, and imitation stone |
WO2004038105A1 (en) * | 2002-10-25 | 2004-05-06 | Landes Co., Ltd. | Block for forming leading passage, and panel member and frame for constructing wall body with leading passage |
JP4006756B2 (en) * | 2003-02-14 | 2007-11-14 | 株式会社プロダクト技研 | Masonry block |
-
2004
- 2004-10-08 GB GB0422345A patent/GB2418948B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2005
- 2005-10-03 DE DE602005018526T patent/DE602005018526D1/en active Active
- 2005-10-03 AU AU2005291055A patent/AU2005291055A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-10-03 US US11/664,991 patent/US20080101862A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-10-03 EP EP05794459A patent/EP1809815B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2005-10-03 WO PCT/GB2005/003787 patent/WO2006037976A2/en active Application Filing
- 2005-10-03 AT AT05794459T patent/ATE453018T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO2006037976A3 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE602005018526D1 (en) | 2010-02-04 |
AU2005291055A1 (en) | 2006-04-13 |
GB0422345D0 (en) | 2004-11-10 |
US20080101862A1 (en) | 2008-05-01 |
WO2006037976A3 (en) | 2006-08-10 |
EP1809815B1 (en) | 2009-12-23 |
ATE453018T1 (en) | 2010-01-15 |
WO2006037976A2 (en) | 2006-04-13 |
WO2006037976A9 (en) | 2006-10-05 |
GB2418948A (en) | 2006-04-12 |
GB2418948B (en) | 2009-01-07 |
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