EP1807845B1 - Method for the production of a point that is to be kept free of an insulation, and stripping agent - Google Patents

Method for the production of a point that is to be kept free of an insulation, and stripping agent Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1807845B1
EP1807845B1 EP05808075A EP05808075A EP1807845B1 EP 1807845 B1 EP1807845 B1 EP 1807845B1 EP 05808075 A EP05808075 A EP 05808075A EP 05808075 A EP05808075 A EP 05808075A EP 1807845 B1 EP1807845 B1 EP 1807845B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
release agent
conductor
liquid
mixture
bonding agent
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Not-in-force
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EP05808075A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1807845A1 (en
Inventor
Bogdan Kokotowski
Konrad Unterlugauer
Ulrich DÜLLBERG
Ivanka ATANASOVA-HÖHLEIN
Peter Heinzig
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Siemens AG
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Siemens AG
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B19/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing insulators or insulating bodies
    • H01B19/04—Treating the surfaces, e.g. applying coatings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
    • H01B3/18—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances
    • H01B3/30—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes
    • H01B3/40—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes epoxy resins

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for producing an insulated electrical conductor with at least one location to be kept clear of the insulation, wherein the conductor including the areas to be kept open is initially surrounded by a liquid, electrically non-conductive connection means, in particular an epoxy resin, and the liquid, electrically non-conductive connecting means after its solidification forms the insulation. Furthermore, the invention relates to a liquid release agent for serving for electrical insulation of conductors and / or connecting individual conductors to a conductor connecting means, in particular epoxy resin, for selective and spatially defined prevention of the bonding effect of the bonding agent on the head.
  • epoxy resin in the case of twisted conductors opens up the possibility of forming a sufficient electrical insulating layer between the individual conductors between the individual conductors on the basis of its electrical properties after curing.
  • the use of multiple individual conductors existing twisted conductors for the winding arrangement of an electric machine is therefore advantageous because the construction of the drill wire substantially reduces the stray field losses during operation of the transformer.
  • Exemplary describes the DE 102 24 587 A1 a potting compound which consists of a base component and at least two additives, wherein the additives are fused silica as the first additive.
  • a second additive short-fiber glass fiber materials and / or mineral fibers or quartz powder are used.
  • DE 299 15 252 describes an electrical cable wherein the electrical shield and the cable sheath are separated by a thin, separate separation layer.
  • DE 31 44 337 describes a method for producing a power line, with a release agent which is arranged in the form of a release film between insulation and an outer conductive layer.
  • the release agent can be supplied with liquid pressure and is evenly distributed.
  • the separating layer allows complete stripping of the outer layer.
  • a disadvantage of all previous methods in the prior art is that after curing of the epoxy resin - and thus the stiffening of the form of the conductor certain parts of the winding arrangements can not be bent. A change in shape of the winding arrangement or of certain points of the conductor of the winding arrangement necessary after the curing of the casting resin is no longer possible according to the prior art. Furthermore, the epoxy resin cured as an insulator between the individual conductors also prevents the possibility of an electrical contact between the individual conductors for specific position of the winding arrangements or the conductors used, which again only after curing of the epoxy resin by a complex removal of the cured, insulating bonding agent from the conductor can be produced. In particular, the production of a connection contact of the electrical machine with the external electrical supply voltage lines requires complete contacting of all individual conductors with the external supply connection. This is done so far only with a high cost according to the prior art.
  • Another alternative according to the prior art is the burning of the cured epoxy resin coating from the point to be contacted of the conductor of the winding arrangement and the associated spaces between the individual conductors of the point to be contacted of the conductor.
  • the toxic gases and toxic vapors produced by the evaporation of the epoxy resin must be collected and then disposed of at a high cost.
  • the epoxy resin layer burns off not only in the area of the desired terminal contact point, but also in the surrounding areas, which then subsequently have to be costly coated by hand and thus reinsulated.
  • the high temperatures may adversely affect the electrical and mechanical properties of the individual conductors - and thus of the conductor - due to the high temperatures during burning.
  • Object of the present invention is therefore a quick and easy way to produce an insulated electrical conductor with at least one to be kept free of insulation, the conductor being initially surrounded by a liquid, electrically-nonconductive connecting means, which does not have the above-mentioned disadvantages of the prior art.
  • a liquid release agent is applied to the vacant position of the conductor.
  • the already applied on the ladder, uncured bonding agent in particular an epoxy resin, is still in a non-cured state - so-called B-state- and is still in a highly viscous form.
  • the viscosity would decrease and the bonding agent flow or flow in a conductor in the interstices of the individual conductors of the conductor, whereby the individual conductors stick together and isolated from each other.
  • the bonding agent would then stick together without the release agent and harden to a solid shape structure.
  • the liquid connection means serves to insulate and / or connect individual conductors.
  • Liquid release agent in the context of the present invention comprises a wide viscosity range from very low viscosities to viscosities which define a nearly pasty mass.
  • the location to be kept free of the insulation does not encompass all points of a conductor on which a connection and / or electrical insulation of the conductor or of individual conductors after the application of the bonding agent is desired, for example because the vacant places still need to be bent or machined.
  • the entire conductor is subsequently heated to solidify the bonding agent and the mixture of bonding agent and release agent.
  • no bonding effect has occurred between the individual conductors, since the resulting mixture has prevented this.
  • the liquid release agent diffuses through the uncured bonding agent and forms a mixture with altered chemical-physical properties compared to the exclusive uncured bonding agent.
  • an exclusive coating of the mixture has formed around the conductor after the curing of the bonding agent.
  • the individual conductors are not glued together and / or isolated from each other according to this inventive method.
  • the B-state connection means can not penetrate into the interstices of the individual conductors in this procedure during the heating process and connect them together and / or isolate from each other.
  • the liquid release agent prevented by the formation of the mixture, a transition of the liquid bonding agent as the highly viscous B-state until hardening and thus fix this state of matter of the bonding agent.
  • the liquid release agent it is preferable for the liquid release agent to be sprayed onto the conductor in the area of the location to be kept free of the insulation and / or the location of the conductor to be kept clear of the insulation is immersed in the liquid release agent.
  • the liquid release agent For areas of the conductor which are to be kept free over a large area, it is advisable to immerse the corresponding points of the conductor in the liquid release agent.
  • spraying or brushing onto the liquid release agent is to be preferred over the point of the conductor to be kept free of the insulation.
  • the pressing of the liquid release agent under high pressure between the individual conductors is suitable as a type of application, wherein the liquid release agent is present in the form of a pasty mass and is pressed under high pressure.
  • a further embodiment of the method is that the liquid release agent is dried after application to the not yet cured bonding agent. This process step ensures that the liquid release agent applied to the liquid bonding agent pre-fixes the material state of the resulting mixture. The risk of segregation of the resulting mixture is thus prevented and in the subsequent actual heating and curing it does not lead to a flow of no longer mixed Vietnamesesstoffan negligence. Especially in the case of twisted ladders, there is a risk that, without predrying of the resulting mixture, the mixture could flow into the intermediate spaces between the individual conductors and cause them to stick together.
  • the liquid release agent contains polyvinyl alcohol.
  • the release agent contains as a base compound long-chain hydrocarbon mixtures.
  • all oils and oil mixtures used in transformer construction are used as long-chain hydrocarbon mixtures, since these are already used have been used for decades in their chemical-physical compatibility in transformer construction and therefore can be safely used in the context of the method according to the invention.
  • liquid release agent contains alcohol portions in the form of a primary, secondary or tertiary alcohol or an alcohol mixture.
  • the liquid release agent contains a filler based on a polysaccharide, which is present in a particle size of 1 .mu.m to 500 .mu.m, preferably from 30 .mu.m to 90 .mu.m.
  • a preferred mixing ratio of polyvinyl alcohol or lanbgkettigen hydrocarbon mixtures and water of 1: 5 to 1:20 Alcohol is added to the release agent as a solvent, and according to the desired solvent properties, the alcohol content of the mixing ratio polyvinyl alcohol / water can vary greatly.
  • alcohol in proportions of 1: 1 to 5: 1 relative to the base compound of polyvinyl alcohol or long-chain hydrocarbon mixtures is added to the polyvinyl alcohol / water mixture or the long-chain hydrocarbon mixture / water mixture.
  • a ratio of the liquid mixture to the solid filler is from 10% by volume to 70% by volume.
  • a liquid release agent for a connecting means for electrical insulation of conductors Particularly in the case of twisted ladders, the individual conductors are connected to one another by the connecting means and are electrically insulated from one another.
  • the release agent contains the following components: polyvinyl alcohol, water, alcohol and a filler based on a polysaccharide.
  • a mixing ratio of the polyvinyl alcohol and the water of 1: 1 to 1:20 is preferred.
  • Alcohol is added in proportions of 1: 1 to 5: 1 relative to the polyvinyl alcohol to the polyvinyl alcohol / water mixture.
  • the filler is present in a preferred grain size of from 1 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m, preferably from 30 ⁇ m to 90 ⁇ m.
  • the ratio of the liquid mixture to the solid filler is preferably 10% -70%.
  • the liquid release agent consists of long-chain hydrocarbon mixtures having a boiling point between 80 ° C and 300 ° C, water, alcohol and a filler based on a polysaccharide.
  • long-chain hydrocarbon mixtures all oils and oil mixtures used in transformer construction are preferably used, since these can be safely used as a basis for the release agent according to the invention.
  • a mixing ratio of the hydrocarbon mixture and the water of 1: 1 to 1:20 is preferred.
  • Alcohol is added in proportions of 1: 1 to 5: 1 relative to the hydrocarbon mixture to the hydrocarbon / water mixture.
  • the filler is present in a preferred grain size of from 1 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m, preferably from 30 ⁇ m to 90 ⁇ m.
  • the ratio of the liquid mixture to the solid filler is preferably 10% by volume to 70% by volume.
  • the release agent consists of polyvinyl alcohol, which is 40% by volume of the primary alcohol is ethanol. To influence the viscous properties of the release agent is added to this water with 50% by volume. To this mixture is added a filler of cellulose, wherein the grain size of the cellulose is 250 ⁇ m and in a volume percentage with respect to the release agent is 50% by volume.
  • alcohol all forms of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols can be used.
  • all possible forms of cellulose can be used in pure or modified form, which have a corresponding degree of granulation. The advantage of this method is, in particular, that organic solvents for removing the epoxy resin are avoided.

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Organic Insulating Materials (AREA)
  • Insulators (AREA)
  • Manufacture, Treatment Of Glass Fibers (AREA)
  • Insulated Conductors (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Motors, Generators (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)

Abstract

The conductor, including the points being kept free insulation, is initially surrounded by a liquid, electrically non-conducting bonding agent which forms the insulation after solidifying. The conductor can be a transposed conductor in which the individual conductors thereof are electrically isolated relative to each other and are interconnected by the bonding agent. Using a liquid stripping agent based on a polyvinyl alcohol or a long-chain hydrocarbon mixture and a polysaccharide filler on the point of the conductor being kept free of the insulation locally prevents the bonding agent from bonding to the conductor or the individual conductors of the transposed conductor from being interconnected by means of the unsolidified mixture. Once the entire bonding agent is hard and thus the bonding agent/stripping agent mixture has solidified, the bonding agent/stripping agent mixture can easily be removed in a mechanical manner from the treated points of the conductor.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines mit einer Isolierung versehenen elektrischen Leiters mit mindestens einer von der Isolierung freizuhaltenden Stelle, wobei der Leiter einschließlich der freizuhaltenden Stellen anfangs mit einem flüssigen, elektrisch-nichtleitenden Verbindungsmittel, insbesondere ein Epoxydharz, umgeben ist und das flüssige, elektrisch-nichtleitende Verbindungsmittel nach seiner Verfestigung die Isolierung bildet. Weiterhin betrifft die Erfindung ein flüssiges Trennmittel für ein zur elektrischen Isolierung von Leitern und/oder zum Verbinden von Einzelleitern zu einem Leiter dienendes Verbindungsmittel, insbesondere Epoxydharz, zur selektiven und räumlich definierten Verhinderung der Verbindungswirkung des Verbindungsmittels auf den Leiter.The invention relates to a method for producing an insulated electrical conductor with at least one location to be kept clear of the insulation, wherein the conductor including the areas to be kept open is initially surrounded by a liquid, electrically non-conductive connection means, in particular an epoxy resin, and the liquid, electrically non-conductive connecting means after its solidification forms the insulation. Furthermore, the invention relates to a liquid release agent for serving for electrical insulation of conductors and / or connecting individual conductors to a conductor connecting means, in particular epoxy resin, for selective and spatially defined prevention of the bonding effect of the bonding agent on the head.

Bei der Herstellung von elektrischen Maschinen mit Wicklungsanordnungen, insbesondere Transformatoren im Hochspannungsbereich, müssen bei der Konfiguration und Herstellung der Wicklungsanordnungen die elektrischen und wärmepysikalischen Bedingungen während des Betriebes der elektrischen Maschinen mit berücksichtigt werden. Aus diesem Grunde bieten sich Gießharztransformatoren aufgrund der guten Wärmeleitfähigkeit des ausgehärteten Gießharzes zur Verwendung in den unterschiedlichen industriellen und klimatischen Bedingungen an. Weiterhin werden zur Herstellung dieser Wicklungsanordnungen sehr häufig so genannte Drillleiter verwendet, die aus mehreren gestapelten, sich miteinander kreuzenden Einzelleitern bestehen, wobei die Einzelleiter gegeneinander zusätzlich elektrisch isoliert sind. Zur Stabilisierung der Einzelleiter werden diese miteinander verklebt, z.B. mit Epoxydharz, und gewährleisten in Verbindung mit dem stapelweisen, gekreuzten Aufbau der Einzelleiter eine hohe Formstabilität des Leiters. Gleichzeitig eröffnet Epoxydharz bei Drilleitern die Möglichkeit, zwischen den Einzelleitern aufgrund seiner elektrischen Eigenschaften nach der Aushärtung eine ausreichende elektrische Isolierschicht zwischen den Einzelleitern zu bilden. Die Verwendung von aus mehreren Einzelleitern bestehenden Drillleitern für die Wicklungsanordnung einer elektrischen Maschine ist daher vorteilhaft, da der Aufbau der Drillleiter die Streufeldverluste während des Betriebs des Transformators wesentlich reduziert.When manufacturing electrical machines with winding arrangements, in particular transformers in the high-voltage range, the electrical and thermal-physical conditions during operation of the electrical machines must be taken into account in the configuration and manufacture of the winding arrangements. For this reason, cast resin transformers offer due to the good thermal conductivity of the cured casting resin for use in different industrial and climatic conditions. Furthermore, so-called drill ladder are very often used to produce these winding arrangements, which consist of several stacked, intersecting individual conductors, the individual conductors in addition to each other are electrically isolated. To stabilize the individual conductors, these are glued together, for example with epoxy resin, and ensure, in connection with the stacked, crossed structure of the individual conductors a high dimensional stability of the conductor. At the same time, epoxy resin in the case of twisted conductors opens up the possibility of forming a sufficient electrical insulating layer between the individual conductors between the individual conductors on the basis of its electrical properties after curing. The use of multiple individual conductors existing twisted conductors for the winding arrangement of an electric machine is therefore advantageous because the construction of the drill wire substantially reduces the stray field losses during operation of the transformer.

So beschreibt z. B. die DE 34 19 336 A2 ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Drillleitern für elektrische Maschinen, wobei während des Verdrillens der Einzelleiter zu einem einzigen Leiter eine pastöse Masse auf den Leiter aufgebracht wird und diese sich in die Zwischenräume zwischen die Einzelleiter ausbreitet, so dass nach der Trocknung und damit Aushärtung der pastösen Masse eine stabile Verbindung zwischen den Einzelleitern einerseits existiert und andererseits die Einzelleiter gegeneinander elektrisch isoliert sind. Die dabei verwendeten Epoxydharze werden zumeist durch zusätzliche chemische Komponenten oder feste Füllstoffe angereichert, um somit die Verbindungs- und/oder Isoliereigenschaften des Epoxydharzes zwischen den Einzelleiter zu erhöhen. Beispielhaft beschreibt die DE 102 24 587 A1 eine Vergussmasse, die aus einer Grundkomponente und wenigstens zwei Zusatzstoffen besteht, wobei es sich bei den Zusatzstoffen um Quarzgutmehl als ersten Zusatzstoff handelt. Als zweiten Zusatzstoff werden kurzfasrige Glasfasermaterialien und/oder mineralischen Fasern oder Quarzmehl verwendet.So describes z. B. the DE 34 19 336 A2 a method for the production of twisted ladders for electrical machines, wherein during the twisting of the individual conductors to a single conductor a pasty mass is applied to the conductor and this propagates into the spaces between the individual conductors, so that after drying and thus curing of the pasty mass a stable connection between the individual conductors on the one hand exists and on the other hand, the individual conductors are electrically isolated from each other. The epoxy resins used in this case are usually enriched by additional chemical components or solid fillers, thus increasing the bonding and / or insulating properties of the epoxy resin between the individual conductors. Exemplary describes the DE 102 24 587 A1 a potting compound which consists of a base component and at least two additives, wherein the additives are fused silica as the first additive. As a second additive short-fiber glass fiber materials and / or mineral fibers or quartz powder are used.

DE 299 15 252 beschreibt ein elektrisches Kabel, worin der elektrische Schirm und der Kabelmantel durch eine dünne, separate Trennschicht getrennt ist. DE 299 15 252 describes an electrical cable wherein the electrical shield and the cable sheath are separated by a thin, separate separation layer.

DE 31 44 337 beschreibt ein Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Energieleitung, mit einem Trennmittel der in Form eines Trennfilms zwischen Isolierung und einer äusseren Leitschicht angeordnet ist. Das Trennmittel kann flüssig zugeführt werden mit Druck und ist gleichmässig verteilt. Die Trennschicht erlaubt ein restloses Abstreifen der äusseren Schicht. DE 31 44 337 describes a method for producing a power line, with a release agent which is arranged in the form of a release film between insulation and an outer conductive layer. The release agent can be supplied with liquid pressure and is evenly distributed. The separating layer allows complete stripping of the outer layer.

Nachteilig bei allen bisherigen Verfahren im Stand der Technik ist jedoch, dass nach der Aushärtung des Epoxydharzes - und damit der Formversteifung des Leiters- bestimmte Teile der Wicklungsanordnungen nicht mehr gebogen werden können. Eine nach dem Aushärten des Gießharzes notwendige Formveränderung der Wicklungsanordnung bzw. von bestimmten Stellen des Leiters der Wicklungsanordnung ist gemäß dem Stand der Technik nicht mehr möglich. Weiterhin verhindert das zwischen den Einzelleitern ausgehärtete Epoxydharz als Isolator ebenfalls die Möglichkeit eine elektrische Kontaktierung zwischen den Einzelleitern für bestimmte Stelle der Wicklungsanordnungen bzw. der verwendeten Leiter, welche nur nach der Aushärtung des Epoxydharzes wieder durch ein aufwendiges Entfernen des ausgehärteten, isolierenden Verbindungsmittels von dem Leiter hergestellt werden kann. Insbesondere die Herstellung einer Anschlusskontaktierung der elektrischen Maschine mit den äußeren elektrischen Versorgungsspannungsleitungen erfordert eine vollständige Kontaktierung aller Einzelleiter mit dem äußeren Versorgungsanschluss. Dies erfolgt bisher nur mit einem hohen Aufwand entsprechend dem Stand der Technik.A disadvantage of all previous methods in the prior art, however, is that after curing of the epoxy resin - and thus the stiffening of the form of the conductor certain parts of the winding arrangements can not be bent. A change in shape of the winding arrangement or of certain points of the conductor of the winding arrangement necessary after the curing of the casting resin is no longer possible according to the prior art. Furthermore, the epoxy resin cured as an insulator between the individual conductors also prevents the possibility of an electrical contact between the individual conductors for specific position of the winding arrangements or the conductors used, which again only after curing of the epoxy resin by a complex removal of the cured, insulating bonding agent from the conductor can be produced. In particular, the production of a connection contact of the electrical machine with the external electrical supply voltage lines requires complete contacting of all individual conductors with the external supply connection. This is done so far only with a high cost according to the prior art.

Gemäß dem Stand der Technik werden vor der Aufbringung des Epoxydharzes auf einen Drillleiter im Bereich der Anschlusskontakte die Einzelleiter entflechtet und diese voneinander separiert. Nach der Aufbringung und der anschließenden Aushärtung des Epoxydharzes auf den Leiter der Wicklungsanordnung werden die Einzelleiter im Bereich der Anschlusskontakte wieder miteinander verdrillt und manuell verflochten. Diese Arbeiten können jedoch nur mit hohem Aufwand von Hand vorgenommen werden und führen zuweilen zu einer nicht immer reproduzierbaren elektrischen Kontaktierung der so hergestellten Leiter.According to the state of the art, prior to application of the epoxy resin to a drill conductor in the region of the connection contacts, the individual conductors are unbundled and these are separated from one another. After the application and the subsequent curing of the epoxy resin on the conductor of the winding arrangement, the individual conductors in the area of the connection contacts are twisted together again and manually intertwined. However, this work can be done only with great effort by hand and sometimes lead to a not always reproducible electrical contacting of the conductor thus produced.

Weiterhin ist es entsprechend dem Stand der Technik bekannt, die ausgehärtete Epoxydharzschicht durch geeignete Lösungsmittel, insbesondere durch organische Kohlenwasserstoffe, von dem Leiter im Bereich der vorzunehmenden Anschlusskontaktierungen abzulösen. Nachteilig ist hierbei, dass die hierzu geeigneten Lösungsmittel zum Teil brennbar und/oder gesundheitsschädlich sind. Darüber hinaus muss für die verwendeten Lösungsmittel gewährleistet sein, dass diese weder kurz- noch langfristig einen chemisch-physikalischen Einfluss auf die Bestandteile des Leiters oder der Wicklungsanordnung haben.Furthermore, according to the prior art, it is known to detach the cured epoxy resin layer from the conductor in the region of the connection contacts to be made by suitable solvents, in particular by organic hydrocarbons. The disadvantage here is that the solvent suitable for this purpose are partly combustible and / or harmful. In addition, it must be ensured for the solvents used that they have no short-term or long-term chemical-physical influence on the constituents of the conductor or of the winding arrangement.

Eine weitere Alternative gemäß dem Stand der Technik ist das Abbrennen der ausgehärteten Epoxydharzbeschichtung von der zu kontaktierenden Stelle des Leiters der Wicklungsanordnung und den zugehörigen Zwischenräumen zwischen den Einzelleitern der zu kontaktierenden Stelle des Leiters. Die durch die Verdampfung des Epoxydharzes entstehenden giftigen Gase und toxischen Dämpfe müssen aufgefangen und anschließend mit hohem Kostenaufwand entsorgt werden. Weiterhin kommt es aufgrund der hierzu notwendigen hohen Temperaturen zu einem Abbrennen der Epoxydharzschicht nicht nur im Bereich der gewünschten Anschlusskontaktierungsstelle, sondern auch in den Umgebungsbereichen, die anschließend dann wieder aufwendig per Hand beschichtet und damit nachisoliert werden müssen. Weiterhin können die hohen Temperaturen auch die elektrischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften der Einzelleiter - und damit des Leiters - aufgrund der hohen Temperaturen beim Abbrennen nachteilig beeinflussen.Another alternative according to the prior art is the burning of the cured epoxy resin coating from the point to be contacted of the conductor of the winding arrangement and the associated spaces between the individual conductors of the point to be contacted of the conductor. The toxic gases and toxic vapors produced by the evaporation of the epoxy resin must be collected and then disposed of at a high cost. Furthermore, due to the high temperatures required for this purpose, the epoxy resin layer burns off not only in the area of the desired terminal contact point, but also in the surrounding areas, which then subsequently have to be costly coated by hand and thus reinsulated. Furthermore, the high temperatures may adversely affect the electrical and mechanical properties of the individual conductors - and thus of the conductor - due to the high temperatures during burning.

Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es daher eine schnelle und einfache Möglichkeit zur Herstellung eines mit einer Isolierung versehenen elektrischen Leiters mit mindestens einer von der Isolierung freizuhaltende Stelle, wobei der Leiter anfangs mit einem flüssigen, elektrisch-nichtleitendem Verbindungsmittel umgeben ist, bereitzustellen, die die oben genannten Nachteile des Standes der Technik nicht aufweist.Object of the present invention is therefore a quick and easy way to produce an insulated electrical conductor with at least one to be kept free of insulation, the conductor being initially surrounded by a liquid, electrically-nonconductive connecting means, which does not have the above-mentioned disadvantages of the prior art.

Gelöst wird die Aufgabe durch die kennzeichnenden Merkmale des Anspruchs 1. Erfindungsgemäß ist vorgesehen, dass nach dem Aufbringung des flüssigen Verbindungsmittels auf den Leiter ein flüssiges Trennmittel an die freizuhaltenden Stelle des Leiters aufgetragen wird. Das auf dem Leiter schon aufgetragene, nicht ausgehärtete Verbindungsmittel, insbesondere ein Epoxydharz, befindet sich noch in einem nicht ausgehärteten Zustand - so genannter B-Zustand- und liegt noch in einer hochviskosen Form vor. Mit der Erwärmung des nichtausgehärteten Verbindungsmittels ohne die Zugabe des flüssigen Trennmittels würde die Viskosität abnehmen und das Verbindungsmittel zerfließen bzw. bei einem Drilleiter in die Zwischenräume der Einzelleiter des Leiters fließen, wodurch die Einzelleiter miteinander verkleben und gegeneinander isoliert sind. Im Laufe des Erwärmungsprozesses würde ohne das Trennmittel dann das Verbindungsmittel verkleben und zu einer festen Formstruktur aushärten. Das flüssige Verbindungsmittel dient zum Isolieren und/oder Verbinden von Einzelleitern.The object is achieved by the characterizing features of claim 1. According to the invention it is provided that after the application of the liquid bonding agent on the conductor, a liquid release agent is applied to the vacant position of the conductor. The already applied on the ladder, uncured bonding agent, in particular an epoxy resin, is still in a non-cured state - so-called B-state- and is still in a highly viscous form. With the heating of the non-cured bonding agent without the addition of the liquid release agent, the viscosity would decrease and the bonding agent flow or flow in a conductor in the interstices of the individual conductors of the conductor, whereby the individual conductors stick together and isolated from each other. In the course of the heating process, the bonding agent would then stick together without the release agent and harden to a solid shape structure. The liquid connection means serves to insulate and / or connect individual conductors.

Flüssiges Trennmittel im Sinne der vorliegenden Erfindung umfasst einen großen Viskositätsbereich von sehr niedrigen Viskositäten bis hin zu Viskositäten die eine nahezu pastöse Masse definieren.Liquid release agent in the context of the present invention comprises a wide viscosity range from very low viscosities to viscosities which define a nearly pasty mass.

Die von der Isolierung freizuhaltende Stelle umfasst im Sinne der Erfindung alle Stellen eines Leiters, auf denen eine Verbindung und/oder elektrische Isolierung des Leiters oder von Einzelleiter nach dem Auftragen des Verbindungsmittels nicht gewünscht ist, z.B. da die freizuhaltenden Stellen noch gebogen oder mechanisch bearbeitet werden müssen. Nach der Aufbringung des flüssigen Trennmittels auf das Verbindungsmittel im B-Zustand wird der gesamten Leiter anschließend erwärmt und damit das Verbindungsmittel und das aus Verbindungsmittel und Trennmittel bestehende Gemisch verfestigt. An den von der Isolierung freizuhaltenden Stellen des Leiters, auf denen das flüssige Trennmittel aufgebracht wurde, ist zwischen den einzelnen Leitern keine Verbindungswirkung eingetreten, da das entstandene Gemisch dies verhindert hat. Das flüssige Trennmittel diffundiert durch das nicht ausgehärtete Verbindungsmittel und bildet ein Gemisch mit veränderten chemisch-physikalischen Eigenschaften im Vergleich zum ausschließlichen nicht ausgehärteten Verbindungsmittel. An einer von der Isolierung freizuhaltenden Stelle auf die das flüssige Trennmittel aufgetragen wurde, hat sich nach der Aushärtung des Verbindungsmittels eine ausschließliche Ummantelung aus dem Gemisch um den Leiter gebildet. Bei der Anwendung des Verfahrens auf Drillleiter sind die Einzelleiter nach diesem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren nicht miteinander verklebt und/oder gegeneinander isoliert. Das im B-Zustand befindliche Verbindungsmittel kann bei dieser Vorgehensweise während des Erwärmungsvorganges nicht in die Zwischenräume der Einzelleiter eindringen und diese miteinander verbinden und/oder gegeneinander isolieren. Das flüssige Trennmittel verhindert durch die Bildung des Gemisches einen Übergang des flüssigen Verbindungsmittels als dem hochviskosen B-Zustand bis zur Aushärtung und damit Fixierung dieses Stoffzustandes des Verbindungsmittels.For the purposes of the invention, the location to be kept free of the insulation does not encompass all points of a conductor on which a connection and / or electrical insulation of the conductor or of individual conductors after the application of the bonding agent is desired, for example because the vacant places still need to be bent or machined. After the application of the liquid release agent to the B-stage bonding agent, the entire conductor is subsequently heated to solidify the bonding agent and the mixture of bonding agent and release agent. At the locations of the conductor to be kept free of the insulation on which the liquid release agent has been applied, no bonding effect has occurred between the individual conductors, since the resulting mixture has prevented this. The liquid release agent diffuses through the uncured bonding agent and forms a mixture with altered chemical-physical properties compared to the exclusive uncured bonding agent. At a location to be kept free of the insulation to which the liquid release agent has been applied, an exclusive coating of the mixture has formed around the conductor after the curing of the bonding agent. In the application of the method on drill ladder, the individual conductors are not glued together and / or isolated from each other according to this inventive method. The B-state connection means can not penetrate into the interstices of the individual conductors in this procedure during the heating process and connect them together and / or isolate from each other. The liquid release agent prevented by the formation of the mixture, a transition of the liquid bonding agent as the highly viscous B-state until hardening and thus fix this state of matter of the bonding agent.

Bevorzugt im Sinne der vorliegenden Erfindung ist, dass das flüssige Trennmittel im Bereich der von der Isolierung freizuhaltenden Stelle auf den Leiter aufgestrichen, aufgesprüht und/oder die von der Isolierung freizuhaltenden Stelle des Leiters in das flüssige Trennmittel getaucht wird. Für großflächig freizuhaltende Stellen des Leiters bietet sich das Eintauchen der entsprechenden Stellen des Leiters in das flüssige Trennmittel an. Für lokal sehr begrenzte Anwendungen des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens ist das Aufsprühen oder Bestreichen auf das flüssige Trennmittel der von der Isolierung freizuhaltenden Stelle des Leiters vorzuziehen. Auch das Einpressen des flüssigen Trennmittels unter Hochdruck zwischen die Einzelleiter bietet sich als Auftragungsart an, wobei das flüssige Trennmittel hierbei in Form einer pastösen Masse vorliegt und unter Hochdruck eingepresst wird.For the purposes of the present invention, it is preferable for the liquid release agent to be sprayed onto the conductor in the area of the location to be kept free of the insulation and / or the location of the conductor to be kept clear of the insulation is immersed in the liquid release agent. For areas of the conductor which are to be kept free over a large area, it is advisable to immerse the corresponding points of the conductor in the liquid release agent. For locally very limited applications of the method according to the invention, spraying or brushing onto the liquid release agent is to be preferred over the point of the conductor to be kept free of the insulation. Also, the pressing of the liquid release agent under high pressure between the individual conductors is suitable as a type of application, wherein the liquid release agent is present in the form of a pasty mass and is pressed under high pressure.

Eine weitere Ausgestaltung des Verfahrens besteht darin, dass das flüssige Trennmittel nach dem Aufbringen auf das noch nicht ausgehärtete Verbindungsmittels angetrocknet wird. Durch diesen Verfahrensschritt ist gewährleistet, dass das auf das flüssige Verbindungsmittel aufgebrachte flüssige Trennmittel den Stoffzustand des so entstandenen Gemisches vorfixiert. Die Gefahr eine Entmischung des so entstandenen Gemisches ist damit verhindert und bei der anschließenden eigentlichen Erwärmung und Aushärtung kommt es nicht zu einem Zerfließen von nicht mehr gemischten Verbindungsmittelanteilen. Insbesondere bei Drilleitern besteht die Gefahr, dass ohne Vortrocknung des entstandenen Gemisches das Gemisch in die Zwischenräume zwischen den Einzelleitern fließen und diese verkleben könnte.A further embodiment of the method is that the liquid release agent is dried after application to the not yet cured bonding agent. This process step ensures that the liquid release agent applied to the liquid bonding agent pre-fixes the material state of the resulting mixture. The risk of segregation of the resulting mixture is thus prevented and in the subsequent actual heating and curing it does not lead to a flow of no longer mixed Verbindungsmittelanteilen. Especially in the case of twisted ladders, there is a risk that, without predrying of the resulting mixture, the mixture could flow into the intermediate spaces between the individual conductors and cause them to stick together.

Bevorzugt enthält das flüssige Trennmittel Polyvinylalkohol. Alternativ enthält das Trennmittel als Basisverbindung langkettige Kohlenwasserstoffgemische. Vorteilhafterweise werden als langkettige Kohlenwasserstoffgemische alle im Transformatorbau verwendeten Öle und Ölgemische verwendet, da diese bereits hinsichtlich ihrer chemisch-physikalischen Verträglichkeit im Transformatorbau seit Jahrzehnten im Einsatz sind und daher unbedenklich im Rahmen des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens eingesetzt werden können.Preferably, the liquid release agent contains polyvinyl alcohol. Alternatively, the release agent contains as a base compound long-chain hydrocarbon mixtures. Advantageously, all oils and oil mixtures used in transformer construction are used as long-chain hydrocarbon mixtures, since these are already used have been used for decades in their chemical-physical compatibility in transformer construction and therefore can be safely used in the context of the method according to the invention.

Weiterhin ist zur Beeinflussung des Viskositätsgrades des flüssigen Trennmittels dem flüssigen Trennmittel ebenfalls Wasser zugesetzt. Darüber hinaus enthält das flüssige Trennmittel Alkoholanteile in Form eines primären, sekundären oder tertiären Alkohols bzw. eines Alkoholgemisches.Furthermore, water is added to the liquid release agent to influence the viscosity of the liquid release agent. In addition, the liquid release agent contains alcohol portions in the form of a primary, secondary or tertiary alcohol or an alcohol mixture.

Vorzugsweise enthält das flüssige Trennmittel einen Füllstoff auf der Basis eines Polysaccharides, der in einer Körnung von 1µm bis 500µm, bevorzugt von 30µm bis 90 µm, vorliegt.Preferably, the liquid release agent contains a filler based on a polysaccharide, which is present in a particle size of 1 .mu.m to 500 .mu.m, preferably from 30 .mu.m to 90 .mu.m.

In einer vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens besteht innerhalb des flüssigen Trennmittels ein bevorzugtes Mischungsverhältnis von Polyvinylalkohol oder lanbgkettigen Kohlenwasserstoffgemischen und Wasser von 1:5 bis 1:20. Alkohol wird dem Trennmittel als Lösungsmittel hinzugefügt, wobei entsprechend den gewünschten Lösungsmitteleigenschaften der Alkoholanteil an dem Mischungsverhältnis Polyvinylalkohol/Wasser stark variieren kann. Bevorzugt wird Alkohol in Anteilen von 1:1 bis 5:1 relativ zur Basisverbindung aus Polyvinylalkohol oder langkettigen Kohlenwasserstoffgemischen dem Polyvinylalkohol/Wasser-Gemisch bzw. dem langkettigen Kohlenwasserstoffgemisch/Wasser-Gemisch hinzugefügt. Erfindungsgemäß liegt ein Verhältnis der flüssigen Mischung zum festen Füllstoff von 10 Volumen% bis 70 Volumen% vor.In an advantageous embodiment of the method according to the invention is within the liquid release agent, a preferred mixing ratio of polyvinyl alcohol or lanbgkettigen hydrocarbon mixtures and water of 1: 5 to 1:20. Alcohol is added to the release agent as a solvent, and according to the desired solvent properties, the alcohol content of the mixing ratio polyvinyl alcohol / water can vary greatly. Preferably, alcohol in proportions of 1: 1 to 5: 1 relative to the base compound of polyvinyl alcohol or long-chain hydrocarbon mixtures is added to the polyvinyl alcohol / water mixture or the long-chain hydrocarbon mixture / water mixture. In the present invention, a ratio of the liquid mixture to the solid filler is from 10% by volume to 70% by volume.

Die Aufgabe wird ebenfalls erfindungsgemäß gelöst durch die Merkmale des Patentanspruchs 12 oder 14. Erfindungsgemäß ist ein flüssiges Trennmittel für ein Verbindungsmittel zur elektrischen Isolierung von Leitern. Insbesondere bei Drilleitern werden die Einzelleiter durch das Verbindungsmittel miteinander verbunden und elektrisch gegeneinander isoliert. Das Trennmittel enthält dabei die folgenden Komponenten: Polyvinylalkohol, Wasser, Alkohol und einen Füllstoff auf der Basis eines Polysaccharides. Erfindungsgemäß ist ein Mischungsverhältnis des Polyvinylalkohols und des Wasser von 1:1 bis 1:20 bevorzugt. Alkohol wird in Anteilen von 1:1 bis 5:1 relativ zum Polyvinylalkohol dem Polyvinylalkohol/Wasser-Gemisch beigegeben. Ebenfalls liegt der Füllstoff in einer bevorzugten Körnung von 1µm bis 500µm, bevorzugt von 30µm - 90 µm, vor. Das Verhältnis der flüssigen Mischung zum festen Füllstoff beträgt bevorzugt 10% - 70%.The object is also achieved according to the invention by the features of claim 12 or 14. According to the invention, a liquid release agent for a connecting means for electrical insulation of conductors. Particularly in the case of twisted ladders, the individual conductors are connected to one another by the connecting means and are electrically insulated from one another. The release agent contains the following components: polyvinyl alcohol, water, alcohol and a filler based on a polysaccharide. According to the invention, a mixing ratio of the polyvinyl alcohol and the water of 1: 1 to 1:20 is preferred. Alcohol is added in proportions of 1: 1 to 5: 1 relative to the polyvinyl alcohol to the polyvinyl alcohol / water mixture. Likewise, the filler is present in a preferred grain size of from 1 μm to 500 μm, preferably from 30 μm to 90 μm. The ratio of the liquid mixture to the solid filler is preferably 10% -70%.

Alternativ besteht das flüssige Trennmittel aus langkettigen Kohlenwasserstoffgemischen mit einem Siedepunkt zwischen 80°C und 300°C, Wasser, Alkohol und einen Füllstoff auf der Basis eines Polysaccharides. Bevorzugt werden als langkettige Kohlenwasserstoffgemische alle im Transformatorbau verwendeten Öle und Ölgemische verwendet, da diese unbedenklich als Grundlage für das erfindungsgemäße Trennmittel genutzt werden können. Erfindungsgemäß ist ein Mischungsverhältnis des Kohlenwasserstoffgemisches und des Wasser von 1:1 bis 1:20 bevorzugt. Alkohol wird in Anteilen von 1:1 bis 5:1 relativ zum Kohlenwasserstoffgemisch dem Kohlenwasserstoff/Wasser-Gemisch hinzugefügt. Ebenfalls liegt der Füllstoff in einer bevorzugten Körnung von 1µm bis 500µm, bevorzugt von 30µm - 90 µm vor. Das Verhältnis der flüssigen Mischung zum festen Füllstoff beträgt bevorzugt 10 Volumen% bis 70 Volumen%.Alternatively, the liquid release agent consists of long-chain hydrocarbon mixtures having a boiling point between 80 ° C and 300 ° C, water, alcohol and a filler based on a polysaccharide. As long-chain hydrocarbon mixtures, all oils and oil mixtures used in transformer construction are preferably used, since these can be safely used as a basis for the release agent according to the invention. According to the invention, a mixing ratio of the hydrocarbon mixture and the water of 1: 1 to 1:20 is preferred. Alcohol is added in proportions of 1: 1 to 5: 1 relative to the hydrocarbon mixture to the hydrocarbon / water mixture. Likewise, the filler is present in a preferred grain size of from 1 μm to 500 μm, preferably from 30 μm to 90 μm. The ratio of the liquid mixture to the solid filler is preferably 10% by volume to 70% by volume.

Im Folgenden wird ein Beispiel für eine erfindungsgemäße Zusammensetzung des Trennmittels beschrieben. Das Trennmittel besteht dabei aus Polyvinylalkohol, das mit 40 Volumen% des primären Alkohols Ethanol versetzt ist. Zur Beeinflussung der viskosen Eigenschaften des Trennmittels wird diesem Wasser mit 50 Volumen% zugesetzt. Diesem Gemisch wird ein Füllstoff aus Zellulose beigefügt, wobei die Körnung der Zellulose 250 µm aufweist und in einem Volumenprozentanteil bezüglich des Trennmittels 50 Volumen% vorliegt. Als Alkohol können sämtliche Formen von primären, sekundären und tertiären Alkoholen verwendet werden. Weiterhin können alle möglichen Formen von Zellulose in reiner oder modifizierter Form verwendet werden, die über einen entsprechenden Körnungsgrad verfügen. Vorteil dieses Verfahrens ist insbesondere, dass organische Lösungsmittel zur Entfernung des Epoxydharzes vermieden werden. Weiterhin ist bei der vorliegenden Erfindung vorteilhaft, dass alle verwendeten Stoffe im Transformatorbau üblich und seit Jahren bzw. Jahrzehnten zugelassen sind, so dass evtl. verbleibende Rückstände des Trennungsmittels bzw. von Bestandteilen des Trennungsmittels zu keiner Beeinträchtigung der Funktionsfähigkeit, des Betriebsverhaltens und/oder der Lebenslaufzeit des Transformators führen.An example of a composition of the release agent of the present invention will be described below. The release agent consists of polyvinyl alcohol, which is 40% by volume of the primary alcohol is ethanol. To influence the viscous properties of the release agent is added to this water with 50% by volume. To this mixture is added a filler of cellulose, wherein the grain size of the cellulose is 250 μm and in a volume percentage with respect to the release agent is 50% by volume. As alcohol, all forms of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols can be used. Furthermore, all possible forms of cellulose can be used in pure or modified form, which have a corresponding degree of granulation. The advantage of this method is, in particular, that organic solvents for removing the epoxy resin are avoided. Furthermore, in the present invention, it is advantageous that all substances used are customary in transformer construction and have been approved for years or decades, so that any remaining residues of the separating agent or of components of the separating agent do not impair the functionality, the operating behavior and / or the Lead life of the transformer.

Claims (14)

  1. Method for producing an electrical conductor that is provided with an insulation and has at least one point that is to be kept free of the insulation, wherein the conductor, including the points that are to be kept free, is initially surrounded with a liquid, electrically non-conducting bonding agent and, after it has solidified, the liquid, electrically non-conducting bonding agent forms the insulation, characterized in that a liquid release agent is applied to the liquid bonding agent at the point of the conductor that is to be kept free and a mixture of bonding agent and release agent forms, the liquid bonding agent with the mixture is subsequently subjected to a solidifying process and then the mixture is mechanically removed from the point of the conductor that is to be kept free.
  2. Method according to Claim 1, characterized in that the conductor comprises a number of individual conductors, wherein the individual conductors are adhesively bonded to one another and electrically insulated from one another by the bonding agent.
  3. Method according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the liquid release agent is brushed or sprayed onto the not yet cured bonding agent in the region of the point that is to be kept free of the insulation, the point of the conductor that is to be kept free of the insulation is immersed in the liquid release agent and/or the liquid release agent is forced in under high pressure.
  4. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that, after the application of the liquid release agent to the not yet cured bonding agent, the mixture is dried a little.
  5. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the liquid release agent contains polyvinyl alcohol.
  6. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the liquid release agent contains long-chain hydrocarbon mixtures.
  7. Method according to Claim 5 or 6, characterized in that, apart from polyvinyl alcohol or long-chain hydrocarbon mixtures, the liquid release agent likewise contains water and alcohol.
  8. Method according to one of Claims 5 to 7, characterized in that the liquid release agent contains a filler based on a polysaccharide.
  9. Method according to Claim 8, characterized in that the filler has a preferred grain size of from 1 µm to 500 µm, with preference from 30 µm to 90 µm.
  10. Method according to one of Claims 6 to 9, characterized in that the liquid release agent has a preferred mixing ratio of polyvinyl alcohol or long-chain hydrocarbon mixtures and water from 1:5 to 1:20, and alcohol is added in proportions of from 1:1 to 5:1 in relation to the polyvinyl alcohol or in relation to the long-chain hydrocarbon mixture.
  11. Method according to one of Claims 8 to 10, characterized in that the ratio of the liquid mixture to the solid filler is between 10% by volume and 70% by volume.
  12. Liquid release agent for a bonding agent serving for the electrical insulation of conductors and/or for bonding individual conductors together to form one conductor, which are bonded to one another and/or electrically insulated from one another by the bonding agent, comprising the following components:
    - polyvinyl alcohol or long-chain hydrocarbon mixtures
    - water
    - alcohol
    - filler based on a polysaccharide.
  13. Liquid release agent according to Claim 12, characterized in that the polyvinyl alcohol and the water are in a preferred mixing ratio of from 1:5 to 1:20, and alcohol is added in proportions of from 1:1 to 5:1 in relation to the polyvinyl alcohol, and the filler has a preferred grain size of from 1 µm to 500 µm, with preference from 30 µm to 90 µm, the ratio of the total liquid mixture to the filler being with preference 10% by volume to 70% by volume.
  14. Liquid release agent according to Claim 12, characterized in that the long-chain hydrocarbon mixture and the water are in a preferred mixing ratio of from 1:5 to 1:20 and the filler has a preferred grain size of from 1 µm to 500 µm, with preference from 30 µm to 90 µm, and alcohol is added in proportions of from 1:1 to 5:1 in relation to the long-chain hydrocarbon mixture, the ratio of the total liquid mixture to the filler being with preference 10% by volume to 70% by volume.
EP05808075A 2004-11-05 2005-11-03 Method for the production of a point that is to be kept free of an insulation, and stripping agent Not-in-force EP1807845B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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DE102004054527A DE102004054527B4 (en) 2004-11-05 2004-11-05 Process for the preparation of an isolated conductor of an insulated conductor and release agent
PCT/EP2005/055724 WO2006048434A1 (en) 2004-11-05 2005-11-03 Method for the production of a point that is to be kept free of an insulation, and stripping agent

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EP1807845A1 EP1807845A1 (en) 2007-07-18
EP1807845B1 true EP1807845B1 (en) 2008-09-10

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WO2006048434A1 (en) 2006-05-11
CN101044580A (en) 2007-09-26
BRPI0517097A (en) 2008-09-30
DE502005005354D1 (en) 2008-10-23
DE102004054527A1 (en) 2006-05-18
EP1807845A1 (en) 2007-07-18
ES2312033T3 (en) 2009-02-16
PT1807845E (en) 2008-12-02
ATE408229T1 (en) 2008-09-15
US8293320B2 (en) 2012-10-23
US20070292605A1 (en) 2007-12-20
US20120076926A1 (en) 2012-03-29
DE102004054527B4 (en) 2006-10-12

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