Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
  • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
  • B21D22/00—Shaping without cutting, by stamping, spinning, or deep-drawing
  • B21D22/02—Stamping using rigid devices or tools
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
  • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
  • B21D13/00—Corrugating sheet metal, rods or profiles; Bending sheet metal, rods or profiles into wave form
  • B21D13/02—Corrugating sheet metal, rods or profiles; Bending sheet metal, rods or profiles into wave form by pressing
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
  • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
  • B21D13/00—Corrugating sheet metal, rods or profiles; Bending sheet metal, rods or profiles into wave form
  • B21D13/04—Corrugating sheet metal, rods or profiles; Bending sheet metal, rods or profiles into wave form by rolling
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
  • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
  • B21D37/00—Tools as parts of machines covered by this subclass
  • B21D37/20—Making tools by operations not covered by a single other subclass
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C45/00—Amorphous alloys

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a forming tool, a method of modifying the surface of a work-piece wherein at least one surface of the work-piece comes into contact with the structured surface of a forming tool at least once and a method of structuring the outer surface of a forming tool.
• forming operations can include, for example: press forming, where the work-piece to be formed takes the shape imposed by a punch and a die; drawing, where a work-piece in the form of a flat blank of sheet is formed into a cup shape by forcing a punch against the central portion of the blank as it rests on a die ring; coining, where a work-piece is squeezed between dies and is deformed such that the details of its final form and surface appearance are defined by the shape and surface of the dies; stretch forming, where a sheet blank work-piece is formed over a form block of the required shape with the work-piece under tension; drop hammer processing; stamping, which is similar to coining; embossing, which is generally the making of shallow impressions in the surface of a work-piece by compression between two die pieces under a relatively low load; texturing, which is similar to embossing but where more load is applied leading to more deformation into the bulk work
• a work-piece is a body of indeterminate size and shape.
• a block of metal or plastic is a work-piece and so are pre-formed articles for use as vehicle panels.
• Sheet, plate and foil, both in continuous form and in the form of cut pieces, are further examples of work-pieces.
• the work-piece is preferably rolled sheet or strip and is more preferably rolled sheet or strip of aluminium and aluminium-based alloys.
• a structured surface is meant to be where the surface is not intended to be smooth.
• most surfaces are not perfectly smooth, but it will be readily understand what is covered by the meaning of a structured surface if it is defined as one possessing deliberate roughness, patterns, protuberances, depressions, ridges and troughs or engraving-like features, such features to be transmitted to the surface of the work-piece such that the work-piece surface is also not smooth.
• forming operations like this are applied to metals, in particular metals based on iron, aluminium or copper as the main constituent, but they may also be applied to plastic materials.
• a forming method like embossing can be applied to paper-based materials.
• the appearance of the surface of the work- piece which was in contact with the forming surface of the forming tool after forming is typically the same as or similar to the surface appearance of forming surface of the forming tool.
• the surface on the work-piece may not be an exact replica of the surface of the forming tool because various factors like the amount of load applied through the forming tool or the physical properties of the material of the work-piece have an influence on the extent of deformation. It is routine practice to adjust forming conditions to take account of such factors.
• the surface of the forming tool may be exaggerated in order to ensure the final surface on the work-piece is produced.
• the surface of a work-piece is desirably modified in order to bring about specific benefits.
• the surfaces of work-pieces may be modified for purely decorative reasons. Examples are where a coining operation is used to produce coins, buttons or medals to specific designs. Other examples are where a metallic sheet work-piece is treated such that it has a certain range of roughness across the surface in order to mask any defects that might be present after a rolling operation. This is often done in order to give a uniform appearance to the final product.
• the surface of a work-piece may also be modified in order to attain desirable physical characteristics with the aim of improving the performance of an article in a specific application, where that performance depends strongly on the surface characteristics of the work-piece.
• the forming tools may have on their surface a textured surface prepared by one of a variety of methods.
• Such known methods include EDT texturing, sand blasting or shot peening, mechanical brushing, structured Cr deposition (also known as Topocrom), and so on. These methods result in a working surface which is stochastic in nature and after rolling this surface structure is substantially transferred to the surface of the work-piece.
• Other known methods include laser beam or electron beam texturing and these can produce a deterministic structure.
• a deterministic structure would show a pattern, or would be one where a specific design is present and could include, for example, an imprint of wording or an imprint of a trade mark.
• Deterministic structures can also be a drawing or a parabolic topography or a grating. In the case of multiple pass embossing, deterministic structures can lead to interference effects whilst stochastic structures generally will not.
• a deterministic structure could be imparted into the surface of the work roll by a machining operation, but this would be expensive and such work rolls have a limited life whereafter they need to be refurbished or re-machined, operations which can be expensive and time consuming. Furthermore, the quality of indentation of the deterministic structure into the surface of the work-piece may deteriorate over time due to wear of the forming surface of the forming tool leading to variable quality in the final product over long production runs. Deterministic structures are more readily and more commonly produced in the surfaces of work-pieces using methods such as coining, stamping or press forming where it is common to machine the desired design into the surface of the die or punch.
• a protective layer to that surface of the forming tool that comes into contact with the work-piece.
• such protective coatings are usually deposited onto the working surface of the tool without any subsequent profiling step, i.e. they are applied in such a way that the shape required is still derived from the shape defined by the main body and profile of the forming tool itself.
• a steel work roll is often protected with a chromium layer to extend the life of the working roll.
• work rolls have their surfaces ground flat because the intended use of such rolls is merely to reduce the thickness of plate, sheet or foil through a mill.
• thickness reduction a major consideration is to obtain as smooth a surface as possible on the rolled sheet at the end of a series of rolling passes.
• one known technique involves applying a photosensitive film to the chromium layer.
• a pulsed laser can be scanned across the surface and, where it scans, the heat of the laser polymerises the film.
• the unpolymerised film can be washed away exposing chromium underneath.
• the exposed chromium can be etched away to a required depth whilst the chromium under the polymerised masking remains as it was. This leads to the creation of an irregular roll surface with the final form of the roll surface dictated by the path of the laser.
• forming tools are generally used for single purposes, that is, with one kind of shape or surface structure in mind. They do not provide flexibility in the sense of it being easy and straightforward to change the surface of the forming tool.
• a first aspect of the invention is a forming tool characterised in that it comprises a substrate and a metallic glass layer on at least the working face of the forming tool and the metallic glass layer possesses a structured surface for the purpose of reproducing the structured surface of the metallic glass layer in the surface of a work-piece.
• metallic glass layer need not be directly adjacent to the working face of the forming tool and that other intermediate and functional layers may be incorporated, for example a compliant layer to accommodate differences in thermal expansion coefficients.
• Metallic glasses are multi-component metallic alloys that, when cooled from a molten state at a fast enough rate, preferably retain an amorphous state when solid.
• Metallic glasses can also be slightly or partially crystallised when solid after cooling. These materials can be up to twice as strong as steel, have greater wear and corrosion resistance and have higher elasticity values than steel.
• Metallic glasses suitable for the purpose herein described can be, for example, any one of the following group of general alloy systems: Au-Pb-Sb, Pd- Ni-P, La-Al-Ni, La-Al-Cu, La-Al-Ni-Cu, Mg-Cu-Y, Zr-Al-Ni-Cu, Zr-Ti-Cu-Ni-A-I, Zr-Ti- Cu-Ni-Be, Zr-Ti-Nb-Cu-Ni-Be, Pd-Cu-Ni-P, Ni-Nb-Ta, Al-Co-Zr, Al-Ni-Ce-B, Al-Ni- Y-Co-B.
• alloy systems are particularly useful because they can be> cooled at slower rates than other metallic glasses yet still retain their amorphou s state.
• One specific alloy that could be used is one containing, by weight percent, Zr 56.2, Ti 13.8, Nb 5, Cu7, Ni 5.5, Be 12.5. They can be cooled such that thickness of the metallic glass is of the order of 0.01 to 10 mm. This is important in this invention because the glass coating is on a substrate and the combined thermal mass means that extremely fast cooling rates are not always possible. In many situations the substrate itself can be used as an effective heat sink, either alone or in combination with other cooling means.
• the tri ickness of the metallic glass layer need not be very high.
• it could be a thin layer between 0.001 mm and 2 mm, in particular between 0.01 mm and 2 mm thick.
• the metallic glass layer will preferably be thicker, between 0.5 mm and 30 mm, in particular between 0.5 mm and 10 mm thick.
• the lower thickness limit of the metallic glass is e.g. 0.001 mm, preferably 0.01 mm and more preferably 0.5 mm.
• the upper thickness limit of the metallic glass depends on the intended application but is for example not more than 30 mm, preferably 20 mm, more preferably 10 mm and even more preferably 5 mm .
• the substrate could comprise any suitable shape typical of conventional forming tools that might be used in any of the forming methods previously mentioned. Also there is no particular requirement that the shape of the surface onto which the metallic glass is deposited to be of a certain kind.
• the metallic glass layer need not be deposited on the whole of the forming tool, merely on that face which comes into contact with the work-piece to be formed or modified, herein referred to as the working face.
• the working face is that face of the forming tool through which load is applied to the work-piece.
• the working face could be substantially planar or profiled, (in the sense that its shape face varies in at least two dimensions).
• the shape of the working face may be at least a segment of the surface of a cylinder, as would be the case with a work roll for a metal rolling mill.
• the substrate itself may be at least partly cylindrical or it could be a complete cylinder.
• a particular advantage of the invention is that the structured surface of the metallic glass layer can be provided with a very fine deterministic structure. It is a preferred embodiment of the invention that the structured surface be deterministic and a more preferred embodiment that the deterministic structured surface contain features which are sub-micron in size.
• a second aspect of the invention is a method of modifying the surface of a work-piece wherein at least one surface of the work-piece comes into contact with the structured surface of a forming tool at least once, characterised in that the forming tool is comprised of a substrate and a metallic glass layer on at least the working face of the forming tool and the metallic glass layer possesses a structured surface whereby the structured surface of the metallic glass layer reproduces in the surface of the work-piece.
• the nature of the metallic glass layer in terms of its composition and thickness are typically the same as those described above in connection with the forming tool.
• the structured surface can be stochastic in nature but it is preferred that it is deterministic and even more preferred that it contains features which are sub-micron in size.
• this method involves a plurality of contacts between the work-piece and forming tool. This is often desirable because the transfer of the structural features from the surface of the forming tool to the work-piece is rarely perfect and more than one impression may be needed to generate the final desired surface on the work-piece.
• the transfer of the structure from the forming tool to the work-piece may take place under very low loading such that there is little or no reduction in the thickness of the work-piece. This is particularly useful in embossing operations.
• a preferred embodiment involves the use of this method in the rolling of metal sheet where the forming tool is a work roll of a metal rolling mill.
• This embodiment is particularly suited to the rolling of aluminium and aluminium alloys.
• a further aspect of the invention is a method of structuring the outer surface of a forming tool characterised in that the forming tool comprises a substrate and a metallic glass layer comprising the steps of:
• the surface of metallic glasses can be heated up until they are soft and can then be pressed against a template, the template possessing on its surface the structure or pattern desired in the surface of the metallic glass. After coming into contact with the template, at least the outer surface of the metallic glass layer is cooled and separated from the template. Of course the bulk of the metallic glass layer itself will also cool to some extent, it may even cool at a rate similar to the cooling rate of the outer surface. The cooling rate is sufficient such that the amorphous state is retained throughout the metallic glass.
• the surface structure of the template which has been reproduced in the surface of the metallic glass, is retained after cooling in the outer surface of the metallic glass layer.
• the surface structure of the template contains large impressions or indentations then some of the bulk of the metallic glass layer may also be deformed so that the metallic glass layer as a whole displays the same external profile.
• a forming tool with a metallic glass layer thus formed is then used to modify the surface of the chosen work-piece.
• the template could be made from conventional materials such as copper, aluminium or steel but is preferably made from a material that is able to withstand the high temperatures and pressures involved. Therefore steel or nickel templates are preferred.
• a release agent may be applied to the surface of the template prior to coming into contact with the softened metallic glass.
• the metallic glass after coming into contact with the template, has to be cooled down at a rate fast enough to ensure that the metallic glass retains its amorphous structure below the glass transition temperature.
• the cooling rate necessary for this will depend on the metallic glass used but will normally be >10°C/sec, preferably >100°C/sec, more preferably >200°C/sec.
• effective cooling can be achieved by using forced gas, as for example air but in other situations it may be necessary to use means such as a fluid, as for example water or a water spray to bring about faster cooling rates.
• Other cooling means are solid materials having a high thermal conductivity such as metals, preferably copper and the like.
• Figure 1 is a schematic of a simple forming tool incorporating the metallic glass layer on its working face and a method of using the forming tool.
• Figure 2 is a schematic of one method of structuring the outer surface of a metallic glass layer, in this case in connection with a work roll suitable for metal sheet rolling.
• Figure 3 is an image of the structured surface of a template made of tungsten carbide used to create a structured surface in the surface of a piece of metallic glass.
• Figure 4 is an image of the structured surface of the metallic glass produced after coming into contact with the structured template having the surface of Figure 3.
• Figure 5 is an image of the surface of aluminium sheet formed after a flat aluminium sheet was pressed against the structured surface of the metallic glass.
• the forming tool (10) is made up of a substrate (11) and a metallic glass layer (13) on the working face (12) of the forming tool.
• the metallic glass layer has a structured surface (14).
• the structured surface (14) is brought into contact with the surface (16) of the work- piece (15).
• the work-piece (15) is supported on a base plate (17). With a sufficient load applied, the surface of the work-piece will be modified and the features of the structured surface of the forming tool will be reproduced in the surface of the work-piece.
• the profile of the working face as shown by line A-A', need not be flat but could be profiled.
• the base plate (17) could be a shaped die to match the profile of the forming tool.
• the surface of the work-piece may not be an exact replica of the structured surface of the forming tool and the forming action may be repeated a number of times, preferably 2, 3, 4 times or more, to ensure the final surface of the work-piece has the desired features.
• the forming tool (20) is in the form of a cylindrical work roll intended for further use in rolling metal sheet.
• the forming tool (20) comprises a cylindrical substrate (21) and a metallic glass layer (23) on the working face (22).
• the cylindrical forming tool is made to rotate and the outer surface (27a) at least of the metallic glass layer (23) is heated up by a suitable heater (24) to a temperature above the glass transition temperature of the metallic glass. Above the glass transition temperature the metallic glass layer, or at least its outer surface, is soft enough to be modified.
• the outer surface of the metallic glass layer is then brought into contact with a template (25).
• the template is a nickel shim which possesses, at least on one face a structured surface (26), either stochastic or deterministic in nature.
• the structured surface (26) of the template is brought into contact with the soft outer surface of the metallic glass and pressure is applied with the aid of two drive rolls (28a and 28b). After contact the outer surface of the metallic glass layer is modified and is converted into a structured outer surface (27b) of the metallic glass layer.
• the structured outer surface of the metallic glass layer is cooled down at a rate sufficiently fast to retain an amorphous structure throughout the metallic glass layer. It is possible, as well, to cool down the metallic glass layer from the working face side and the outer surface.
• This method may be a continuous system and it is within the bounds of the invention that the surface modification method herein described may be repeated a number of times.
• the structured outer surface (27b) of the metallic glass layer may, on further rotation, be heated up as before and structured a second or third time by contact with the template. In this way, if the initial structured surface of the metallic glass layer is not deemed to be adequate for its intended purpose it can be further improved and refined.
• the template may be fed round another series of rolls (not illustrated) back to the start in a continuous loop.
• the length of template may be carefully controlled to correspond to the diameter of the substrate cylindrical work roll, especially if the structure to be created is deterministic.
• the diameter of the cylindrical work roll is not critical.
• the forming tool and the template are separated in the region of point B.
• a suitable release agent is applied to the structured surface of the template to make separation easier.
• a typical heater would be an induction heater, heating by conduction or a convection heater such as an infrared heater but may also include for example contact heaters, flame heaters, Joule effect heaters, hot gas heaters, or any other adequate heating device.
• the structured surface of the metallic glass layer and the metallic glass layer itself may start to cool down even as the template and forming tool are in contact, i.e. before they are separated in this case.
• the cooling can be effected by the bulk of the substrate itself acting as a heat sink, which can be improved with the use of a cooling system built into the substrate. It is common for cylindrical work rolls to contain a chilled fluid such as a water system and this can be used to help provide the fast cooling required. Cooling can be further enhanced by forced gas, for example air cooling, applied on the exit side in the vicinity of the area marked B.
• the forming tool with its surface structured according to the method illustrated by Figure 2 can then be used in a conventional rolling mill to modify the structure of work-pieces such as steel, aluminium and copper sheet.
• work-pieces such as steel, aluminium and copper sheet.
• a tungsten carbide template with a structured surface was used to structure the surface of the metallic glass layer by heating both the template and the piece of metallic glass to a temperature of 380 0 C and bringing them into contact under a ramped pressure of 4 to 20MPa increasing over a duration of one second. The template and metallic glass were then separated and the metallic glass piece was allowed to cool down.
• the surface of the template consisted of a series of peaks and troughs with a depth to height value of around 9 ⁇ m.
• the topography of the template is shown in Figure 3 and the topography formed in the metallic glass surface is shown in Figure 4.
• the peak to trough distance in the metallic glass layer was also around 9 ⁇ m.
• the metallic glass piece with the structured layer on one surface was then used to stamp aluminium sheet.
• the aluminium sheet had a composition Fe 0.2%, Si 0.1 %, balance aluminium and impurities.
• the metallic glass piece was pressed against the aluminium sheet using a pressure of 70MPa for one second with the structured surface of the metallic glass piece facing the aluminium strip.
• Figure 5 shows the topography of the surface of the aluminium sheet thus formed.
• Comparison with Figure 3 shows that the structure from the template was very effectively transferred by the metallic glass piece into the surface of the aluminium sheet, albeit with a slightly smaller difference in height between peaks and troughs, the height being around 7 ⁇ m.
• the tool and processes according to the invention offer a range of advantages. They allow a greater degree of reproducibility from one manufactu- ring plant to another.
• two similar forming tools can be created in different locations because the same template can be used to produce almost identical tools.
• the template can be moved from one manufacturing plant to another and the working surface of the forming tool can be structured in exactly the same way at different locations. This will ensure consistency in the final form of the work-pieces being manufactured.
• the very first structured forming tool can be used as a master tool and it can be used to generate a number of templates for use in other locations, again making production consistent from one manufacturing facility to another.
• the processes described enable the creation of very small and deterministic surface features in a simple and effective way. This will have a wide range of benefits in many forming industries and has the potential to eliminate some subsequent processing steps. For example, if the forming operation also enables marking of the work-piece, a subsequent marking or printing step using another process can be dispensed with. This provides the user with the means to individualise their manufactured products more easily and distinctively.
• the tool and processes according to the invention facilitate longer forming tool life.
• the properties of the metallic glass layer are well suited to prolonging tool life. Their high elastic strain limits, combined with high strength and high toughness means that the metallic glass layer remains in the fully elastic range during forming operations, far away from the metallic glass yield strength. As a result the structured surface of the metallic glass layer retains its integrity for much longer than other forming tool protective layers. Furthermore, by re-heating the metallic glass surface layer and refurbishing the structure in exactly the same way as it had previously been formed, the life of the forming tool and its working surface can be further extended and any deterioration in the quality of the surface structure can be easily corrected. In addition, the same conditioning and refurbishing process allows the manufacturer to change the structure of the working surface with a minimum of effort. This provides enhanced flexibility in design and production scheduling.
• a forming tool according to the invention and the method of modifying the surfaces of work-pieces according to the invention may be used, by way of example, in the production of sheet and shaped parts for automotive use, the production of lithographic sheet, the production of coins and badges and the production of reflector sheet.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Metallurgy (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Laminated Bodies (AREA)
• Shaping Metal By Deep-Drawing, Or The Like (AREA)
• Chemically Coating (AREA)
• Polishing Bodies And Polishing Tools (AREA)

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• 2004
  • 2004-09-20 EP EP04405604A patent/EP1637247A1/de not_active Withdrawn
• 2005
  • 2005-09-08 EP EP05785271A patent/EP1796860B1/de not_active Not-in-force
  • 2005-09-08 AT AT05785271T patent/ATE403503T1/de active
  • 2005-09-08 WO PCT/EP2005/009630 patent/WO2006032369A1/en active IP Right Grant
  • 2005-09-08 DE DE602005008753T patent/DE602005008753D1/de active Active

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