EP1716395A2 - Method and device for determining parameters of a fluctuating flow - Google Patents
Method and device for determining parameters of a fluctuating flowInfo
- Publication number
- EP1716395A2 EP1716395A2 EP05706185A EP05706185A EP1716395A2 EP 1716395 A2 EP1716395 A2 EP 1716395A2 EP 05706185 A EP05706185 A EP 05706185A EP 05706185 A EP05706185 A EP 05706185A EP 1716395 A2 EP1716395 A2 EP 1716395A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- electrodes
- flow
- electrode
- electrode arrangement
- correlation
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
- G01F1/00—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow
- G01F1/56—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow by using electric or magnetic effects
- G01F1/64—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow by using electric or magnetic effects by measuring electrical currents passing through the fluid flow; measuring electrical potential generated by the fluid flow, e.g. by electrochemical, contact or friction effects
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
- G01F1/00—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow
- G01F1/704—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow using marked regions or existing inhomogeneities within the fluid stream, e.g. statistically occurring variations in a fluid parameter
- G01F1/708—Measuring the time taken to traverse a fixed distance
- G01F1/712—Measuring the time taken to traverse a fixed distance using auto-correlation or cross-correlation detection means
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
- G01F1/00—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow
- G01F1/74—Devices for measuring flow of a fluid or flow of a fluent solid material in suspension in another fluid
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01P—MEASURING LINEAR OR ANGULAR SPEED, ACCELERATION, DECELERATION, OR SHOCK; INDICATING PRESENCE, ABSENCE, OR DIRECTION, OF MOVEMENT
- G01P5/00—Measuring speed of fluids, e.g. of air stream; Measuring speed of bodies relative to fluids, e.g. of ship, of aircraft
- G01P5/08—Measuring speed of fluids, e.g. of air stream; Measuring speed of bodies relative to fluids, e.g. of ship, of aircraft by measuring variation of an electric variable directly affected by the flow, e.g. by using dynamo-electric effect
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01P—MEASURING LINEAR OR ANGULAR SPEED, ACCELERATION, DECELERATION, OR SHOCK; INDICATING PRESENCE, ABSENCE, OR DIRECTION, OF MOVEMENT
- G01P5/00—Measuring speed of fluids, e.g. of air stream; Measuring speed of bodies relative to fluids, e.g. of ship, of aircraft
- G01P5/18—Measuring speed of fluids, e.g. of air stream; Measuring speed of bodies relative to fluids, e.g. of ship, of aircraft by measuring the time taken to traverse a fixed distance
- G01P5/22—Measuring speed of fluids, e.g. of air stream; Measuring speed of bodies relative to fluids, e.g. of ship, of aircraft by measuring the time taken to traverse a fixed distance using auto-correlation or cross-correlation detection means
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for determining parameters of a fluctuating flow of a fluid in a line, at least three electrodes being provided at a distance from one another in the flow direction.
- the invention also relates to a device for determining parameters of a fluctuating flow of a fluid in a line, at least three electrodes being provided at a distance from one another in the flow direction.
- Non-contact capacitive sensors for detecting the fill level of a dielectric medium in the interior of containers with non-metallic walls are known and can be found, for example, in the chemical or pharmaceutical industry. Such a sensor is described, for example, in DE 19949985 C2.
- a structure consisting of a plurality of sensor fields arranged in matrix form can be found in DE 10008093 AI.
- a large number of capacitive sensors use remote probes to determine the fill level (cf. DE 69001151 T2, DE 19938270 AI, DE 19757190 AI, DE 19721255 AI, or DE 19613813 C2) or other non-contact methods (cf. DE 19754093 C2, DE 19516809 Cl, or DE 10063557 AI).
- DE 19916979 A1 discloses methods for filling level measurement with a large number of capacitive sensors arranged alongside one another along a filling path.
- US 5722290 A describes the construction of a capacitive level meter with a ring oscillator.
- DE 69530863 T2 describes a level sensor based on a transit time measurement, which can also be used as a linear displacement transducer.
- EP 0760467 AI also describes a level measurement in a pipe using a capacitive method.
- Methods and devices for determining density profiles in closed conveying devices also belong to the prior art. These methods include the class of electrical capacitance tomography sensors (ECT). An example is shown in EP 0326266, in which corresponding reconstruction methods are also disclosed.
- ECT electrical capacitance tomography sensors
- No. 4,568,874 A discloses an arrangement in which the presence of a liquid is determined with the aid of at least three electrode rings, the sensitivity being reduced by conductive deposits in the tube. The order is not used for speed measurement but only for density measurement. Determination of the dielectric property of the material flow at the observation points.
- US 4568874 A the method of "active guarding" is used, in which auxiliary electrodes are acted upon by the potential of the receiving electrodes in order to avoid interference effects or to shift the sensitivity range: a method which is complex in terms of circuit technology.
- DE 4025952 AI describes the measurement of the flow velocity of fine-grained bulk materials in a pneumatic or hydraulic suspension by means of a contactless measurement using capacitive sensors.
- Two sensor electrodes are spatially opposite a sensor electrode on the outside of a measuring tube, an AC voltage being applied in phase opposition to the sensor electrodes. Downstream or upstream thereof, two transmitter electrodes and a sensor electrode are again provided, with the feed being carried out at a different frequency.
- Statistical fluctuations are recorded using phase-sensitive rectifiers and signal processing by means of cross-correlation, and the flow velocity is deduced from these.
- a similar measuring arrangement with two pairs of electrodes is known from DE 3909177 AI.
- statistical fluctuations of the mass flow here coal dust, are recorded and evaluated after high signal amplification with the aid of phase-sensitive rectifiers and a transit time correlator.
- a measuring arrangement described in WO 01/65212 A1 uses two spaced-apart, ring-shaped capacitance sensors, each surrounding a flow tube, with at least three electrodes each. Flow parameters are obtained by recording changes in capacitance at the two sensors and cross-correlation.
- EP 0108876 A1 describes a device in which the spatial averaging is carried out by dividing the electrodes in a pseudo-random manner along the tube, in order to obtain sufficiently large signals on the one hand and to reduce the averaging effect on the other hand.
- a dielectric property of the material to be conveyed is determined at at least two points in the flow direction. This dielectric property is required to have temporal fluctuations at each observation point. These fluctuations in the dielectric property can be of natural origin (e.g. concentration fluctuations in turbulent flow) or intentionally introduced (e.g. injecting another medium into the material flow).
- Another difficulty is that the formation of stray fields provides a far-reaching sensitivity that goes beyond the desired observation area of the measuring arrangement.
- the distance between the two observation points must be chosen to be large.
- a large distance particularly in turbulent flow conditions, means that fluctuations during the movement from an observation point upstream to an observation point downstream are greatly changed (rheological decay of the fluctuation), as a result of which the signal sharpness of the correlation result decreases.
- the invention provides in a device of the type mentioned at the outset that, according to the invention, a first, upstream transmission electrode arrangement and a second, downstream transmission electrode arrangement are supplied with alternating voltage signals, and detection signals resulting from displacement currents at a reception electrode arrangement located between the transmission electrodes are detected and are subjected to a time-discrete cross correlation, the throughput times of the fluctuations detected by the electrodes being determined from the results.
- a device of the type specified at the outset which is characterized according to the invention by a first, upstream transmission electrode arrangement (S1) and a second, downstream transmission electrode arrangement (S 2 ) and a reception electrode arrangement (E) located between the transmission electrodes , wherein these electrode arrangements are provided on the circumference of a flow of a fluid carried in a line, and a receiving and evaluating device for detecting the received signals (s e ) caused by displacement currents, for carrying out a time-discrete cross-correlation and for determining the throughput times of the electrodes fluctuations recorded from the cross-correlation values.
- the present invention differs from many of the known devices in that the electrode means are not arranged orthogonally to the direction of flow and in that a common receiving electrode can be used for both measuring points.
- the resulting advantages are discussed in detail in the detailed description of the invention.
- the present invention also offers the advantage that the coupling capacitances are measured in the direction of flow, which increases the local sensitivity. Furthermore, the spatial extent (space requirement) of the device can be reduced compared to known capacitive flow sensors. The measurements can be carried out under dynamic conditions (flowing material to be conveyed) or under static conditions (stationary material to be conveyed), with only the density or density profile being able to be determined for static conditions
- the nature and the rheological properties of the loaded substance are not a limitation, since the measurement is based on a non-contact, capacitive method.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic side view of a pipe section with an electrode arrangement in the sense of the invention
- FIG. 2 in a view like FIG. 1, another embodiment of an electrode arrangement according to the invention
- FIG. 4 shows a representation similar to FIG. 2 with the coupling capacitances drawn in between the electrodes
- FIGS. 6 is a view of a tube similar to FIGS. 2 and 4,
- FIG. 1 shows a tube made of insulating material, on the outside of which an annular receiving electrode E and two annular transmitting electrodes Si and S 2 are arranged.
- each transmitting electrode is subdivided into eight individual electrodes, which are seated on the outside of a tube according to FIG. 3a, but are incorporated into a tube according to FIG. 3b.
- the transmitting device and the receiving device can in principle be interchanged, since the coupling capacities remain identical.
- the use of a common receiving device is recommended.
- the further descriptions of the invention therefore relate to this preferred embodiment with a plurality of transmitting devices and a common receiving device.
- the arrangement of the electrodes and the corresponding evaluation described in the invention result in good decoupling of the transmitter devices, since the field lines emanating from a transmitter end at the receiver without first penetrating into the effective range of the second transmitter.
- the two transmission devices can be at a very short distance from one another in the flow direction, or at least separated by the receiving device, can be set up without causing significant cross-talk.
- the small distance that can be achieved with the principle on which the invention is based enables a non-invasive measurement of the conveying speed even in the case of flows in which fluctuations, for example due to mixing (e.g. strongly turbulent flows), occur in a short time (or on a short conveyor length).
- the averaging effect that occurs at large distances is greatly reduced. This causes spatially small Storurige ⁇ correspondingly increased signal amplitudes.
- the design is selected so that electrodes and evaluation electronics can be used for the capacitive measurement of all specified conveying properties and conveying parameters.
- the physical principle on which the invention is based is the change in coupling capacitances by means of dielectrics with relative dielectric numbers different from 1.
- FIG. 1 The simplest embodiment of the subject matter of the invention is shown in FIG. 1, the speed being determined using correlative methods.
- FIG. 2 With the refined geometry according to FIG. 2, a density measurement and a measurement of the propagation behavior of the conveyed material in the flow direction can be implemented in addition to the speed measurement.
- FIG. 14 shows a block diagram of the measuring circuit in the time multiplex variant.
- a switching device 2 Via a switching device 2, a high-frequency signal from a source 1, in the simplest case, square-wave signals, is passed to the transmission electrodes S1, S2 via a control circuit AST, in the simplest case circuit by AND gate.
- a displacement current i flows through capacitive coupling and is supplied to an evaluation circuit 8 with a measuring converter 6 and subsequent analog-digital conversion ADC.
- the transducer has a very low input impedance (Ri ⁇ 1/100. L / (2. ⁇ .fC)), where f is the frequency of the high-frequency signal and C describes the coupling capacity between the transmitting and receiving electrodes.
- f the frequency of the high-frequency signal
- C describes the coupling capacity between the transmitting and receiving electrodes.
- the control and evaluation logic 8 first ensures that the electrodes S1, S2 located upstream and downstream are cyclically actuated one after the other and the corresponding displacement current i is measured.
- the shift current i is directly proportional to the respective coupling capacitance 9 or 10.
- a specific number N of measured values which follow one another in time is stored in a memory of the control and evaluation logic 8.
- Measurement data of the coupling capacity 10 are stored in a field X, data of the coupling capacity 9 in a field Y.
- the discrete-time cross-correlation is defined as follows:
- the correlation function ⁇ XY is then a measure of the signal similarity.
- a fluctuation in the medium flowing past first becomes effective in the coupling capacity 9 belonging to the upstream and after the speed-dependent cycle time T in the coupling capacity 10 belonging to the downstream. That shift k which leads to a maximum in the correlation function ⁇ Y is the cycle time T proportional ,
- ⁇ f corresponds to the sampling time (i.e. the time interval between two measurements of the same transmitter electrode).
- the cross correlations are formed in each case between all measurement data belonging to the respective segments of the first measurement level and all measurement data belonging to the respective segments of the second measurement level.
- the sensitivity is no longer the same across the entire pipe, but is increased at certain points and reduced at others - spatial resolution is thus possible.
- the term "pipe” used in the invention is not limited to bodies with a round or rectangular circumference and can be used for the transport of liquids, powders, gases and solids.
- the section of the pipe on which the measurement of the conveying properties is carried out can differ from the rest of the pipe system in terms of material, structure and properties such as conductivity and elasticity. Regardless of the structure of the rest of the pipe system, the pipe section of the measuring section must consist of at least partially non-conductive material.
- Capacitive level measurements of vessels are primarily used for vertical containers and belong to the state of the art.
- the principle of the capacitive level measurement on horizontally lying or inclined pipes is to be given, since the electrode arrangement according to the invention is also suitable for this.
- FIGS. 3a and 3b Two exemplary embodiments of the pipe section used for level measurement are given in FIGS. 3a and 3b.
- 3a is an embodiment which consists of a non-conductive tube, on the surfaces of which electrodes are applied.
- Fig. 3b shows an embodiment in which the pipe section described consists of continuous metal strips (electrodes), which by non-conductive material such. B. plastic are interrupted.
- a structure according to FIG. 3b also offers a functional tube in the sense of transporting or storing liquids, powders, gases and solids.
- the embodiments from FIGS. 3a and 3b can be used in such a way that the capacitances between corresponding electrodes and the receiving electrode (see FIG. 4) can be viewed for measurements.
- the substance i pipe the fill level of which is to be determined, has a certain relative dielectric constant which is different from the dielectric constant of another medium in the pipe (for example air). Physically, a change in the dielectric constant means a change in the capacitance between the transmitting and receiving device.
- a distribution similar to that shown in FIGS. 5a to 5c can be assumed for liquids, powders and solids. The presence of the substance in the tube, coupled with its own relative dielectric, alters the value of the capacitance between the transmit and receive devices.
- a filling means an increase in capacitance of C ⁇ _E mp f and C 8 _Empf and a minimal influence on the capacities C2_Empf and CV_Empf, while C3_Em f, CjjEmpf, Csempf and C6_Empf almost remain unchanged.
- C2_Em P and G / npf is already greatly increased and in Fig. 5c all capacities except for C4_Em P f and Csj ⁇ mpf are significantly increased by the material inside the tube.
- FIG. 3b For the construction of the pipe section, an arrangement according to FIG. 3b is to be preferred to that of FIG. 3a, since the influence of the pipe itself only goes into the measurement to a smaller extent and more precise measurements can be assumed.
- FIG. 6 shows the principle used.
- the change in shape of the interference with the distance covered illustrates the usefulness of transmitters located close to one another.
- a signal UEX, I proportional to the coupling capacitance is to be tapped at the receiving device if (only) the electrode E x , ⁇ sends.
- the z. B. is obtained from the cross-correlation of corresponding signals t ⁇ & ⁇ and TE 2 , an average conveying speed can be calculated by a known method.
- a “low speed profile” can be determined by correlating signals that are arranged at different distances from the receiving device in the direction of flow.
- the arrangement thus becomes sensitive to disturbances in layers of the material to be conveyed which are further away from the edge of the conveying tube (see FIG. 8b).
- the measurement of the propagation behavior of the material to be conveyed in the direction of flow is based on the same principle as the measurement of the level or density profile. By means of correlation, a maximum similarity can be sought in the signal profiles in the density profiles of both areas of action. If a change in the position of the fluctuation relative to the electrodes is observed from one observation control to the next (rotary offset), it can be assumed that the material is rotating in the direction of flow (e.g.
- FIG. 10a and 10b show exemplary electrode geometries of the subject matter of the invention, which are embodied here as a so-called “flexprint” and can be mounted on an existing pipe of a system by wrapping.
- FIG. 10a there are four to the receiving electrode in the flow direction 10b shows the electrode configuration for two transmitting devices with 16 electrodes each, this embodiment as a flexprint represents a cost-effective and robust embodiment of the geometry according to FIG Cables (connections) to the electrode areas can be led out to a soldering area for a (flat ribbon) cable on the flexprint (not shown in the figures).
- the electrode arrangement in particular the receiving electrode, can the receiving electrode e insulation applied (e.g. B. wrapped) on which an electrical shield (see. Fig. 11a and b) is applied, for. B. a metal foil placed on common ground).
- Such shielding also serves to minimize the emission of electromagnetic waves from the transmission devices to the outside.
- the variant of the invention explained in FIGS. 12 and 13 provides for the adaptation of the distance between the electrodes, depending on the ampute of the correlation function.
- the transmitting electrodes are applied to carrier rings which can be displaced on the tube and which can be shifted in their position, for example by means of a spindle drive, manually or automatically, controlled by the measurement results.
- the distance between the two levels is changed from a minimal to a maximum position and the correlation functions of corresponding electrodes for each position educated.
- the distance between the measurement levels at which the correlation functions (on average) clearly detectable peaks Hefert is used for the measurement of the conveying properties.
- the dependence of the determined AmpHtude on the distance between a transmitting electrode and the receiving electrode is shown in FIG. 13, for example.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Measuring Volume Flow (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Electric Means (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT0018904A AT505013B1 (en) | 2004-02-10 | 2004-02-10 | DEVICE FOR MEASURING CONVEYING CHARACTERISTICS IN TUBES |
PCT/AT2005/000044 WO2005075945A2 (en) | 2004-02-10 | 2005-02-10 | Method and device for determining parameters of a fluctuating flow |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1716395A2 true EP1716395A2 (en) | 2006-11-02 |
Family
ID=34831633
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP05706185A Withdrawn EP1716395A2 (en) | 2004-02-10 | 2005-02-10 | Method and device for determining parameters of a fluctuating flow |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7368922B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1716395A2 (en) |
AT (1) | AT505013B1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2005210509B9 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2005075945A2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
AT503444B1 (en) * | 2006-03-28 | 2007-10-15 | Univ Graz Tech | ADAPTIVE PROCESS FOR IMPROVING FUNCTIONAL SAFETY IN CROSS CORRELATION FLOW METERS |
AT504403B1 (en) * | 2006-10-16 | 2010-09-15 | Univ Graz Tech | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR MEASURING TWO PARTIAL CAPACITIES |
NL1032693C2 (en) * | 2006-10-17 | 2008-04-22 | Nedap Nv | Milk meter. |
AT505193B8 (en) * | 2006-11-14 | 2009-06-15 | Univ Graz Tech | DEVICE AND METHOD FOR RELIABLE DETERMINATION OF THE MASS FLOW IN SCREW CONVEYORS |
AT505522B1 (en) * | 2007-08-09 | 2011-04-15 | Univ Graz Tech | DEVICE FOR DETERMINING FLOW PARAMETERS OF A PARTICLE FLUIDUM FLOW |
DE102008036212B3 (en) * | 2008-08-02 | 2010-01-14 | Swr Engineering Messtechnik Gmbh | Measuring device for measuring flow rate of flowable bulk material that is conveyed by conveyer device, has two sensors arranged one behind other in direction of flow under given distance |
US9259168B2 (en) * | 2011-10-04 | 2016-02-16 | The Ohio State University | Adaptive electrical capacitance volume tomography |
ES2689104T3 (en) * | 2013-02-01 | 2018-11-08 | Rocsole Ltd. | Method and apparatus for determining the location of an interface of interest, and computer program |
EP2965072B1 (en) * | 2013-03-07 | 2020-06-17 | Rocsole Ltd | Method and apparatus for investigating permittivity in a target domain |
GB201402183D0 (en) * | 2014-02-07 | 2014-03-26 | Ind Tomography Systems Plc | Measurement device and method |
FR3028315B1 (en) * | 2014-11-07 | 2018-06-01 | Capaab | IMPROVED SYSTEM FOR MEASURING THE GAS RATE IN A FLUID FLOW |
GB201519363D0 (en) * | 2015-11-02 | 2015-12-16 | Ind Tomography Systems Plc | Measurement apparatus |
DE102018107450A1 (en) * | 2018-03-28 | 2019-10-02 | Endress+Hauser Flowtec Ag | Device for determining a level of a liquid in a measuring tube, and flowmeter with such a device |
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DE3235750C2 (en) * | 1982-09-27 | 1984-12-13 | Endress U. Hauser Gmbh U. Co, 7867 Maulburg | Sensor for the detection of random signals suitable for correlative signal processing |
US4568874A (en) * | 1983-02-17 | 1986-02-04 | Drexelbrook Controls, Inc. | RF Admittance apparatus and method for monitoring the contents of a pipe |
DE3433148C2 (en) * | 1984-09-10 | 1987-01-22 | Endress U. Hauser Gmbh U. Co, 7867 Maulburg | Arrangement for detecting spatial inhomogeneities in a dielectric |
DE3627162A1 (en) * | 1986-08-11 | 1988-02-25 | Endress Hauser Gmbh Co | ARRANGEMENT FOR THE CONTACTLESS MEASUREMENT OF THE VOLUME OR MASS FLOW OF A MOVING MEDIUM |
GB2214640B (en) | 1988-01-20 | 1992-05-20 | Univ Manchester | Tomographic flow imaging system |
DE3822076C1 (en) * | 1988-06-30 | 1990-02-08 | Endress U. Hauser Gmbh U. Co, 7864 Maulburg, De | |
DE3909177A1 (en) * | 1988-07-19 | 1990-01-25 | Freiberg Brennstoffinst | Arrangement for measuring the rate of flow in the case of the pneumatic and hydraulic conveyance of fine (small) grained bulk materials |
FR2647898A1 (en) | 1989-05-31 | 1990-12-07 | Jaeger | DEVICE FOR MEASURING THE LEVEL AND / OR VOLUME OF A CAPACITIVE PROBE LIQUID |
DD290952A5 (en) | 1989-12-27 | 1991-06-13 | Brennstoffinstitut Freiberg,De | ARRANGEMENT FOR DETERMINING THE FLOW SPEED OF TWO AND MULTIPLE PHASE FLOWS IN TUBE SYSTEMS |
DE4025052A1 (en) * | 1990-08-07 | 1992-02-13 | Siemens Ag | Sampling flue gas stream, esp. for sulphur di:oxide determn. - involves ammonia removal using nitrogen oxide(s) removing catalyst |
DE4442711A1 (en) * | 1994-12-01 | 1996-06-05 | Claas Ohg | Capacitive measuring device |
US5609059A (en) | 1994-12-19 | 1997-03-11 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Electronic multi-purpose material level sensor |
US5722290A (en) * | 1995-03-21 | 1998-03-03 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Closed-field capacitive liquid level sensor |
DE19516809C1 (en) | 1995-05-08 | 1996-09-05 | Heinz Dipl Ing Ploechinger | Capacitive liq. level sensor based on cores of flexible ribbon cable for e.g. milk tank |
DE19531124C2 (en) * | 1995-08-24 | 1997-08-14 | Krohne Ag | Method for determining the phase proportion of a medium in open and closed lines |
DE19613813C2 (en) | 1996-04-07 | 1999-06-02 | Schaudt Gmbh | Device for measuring the level of liquids of low conductivity, especially water |
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DE19757190A1 (en) | 1997-12-22 | 1999-06-24 | Abb Research Ltd | Capacitive level sensor with integrated dirt film detection |
US5944955A (en) * | 1998-01-15 | 1999-08-31 | Honeywell-Measurex Corporation | Fast basis weight control for papermaking machine |
FR2780499B1 (en) * | 1998-06-25 | 2000-08-18 | Schlumberger Services Petrol | DEVICES FOR CHARACTERIZING THE FLOW OF A POLYPHASIC FLUID |
DE19916979A1 (en) | 1999-04-15 | 2000-11-02 | Sican Gmbh | Level measurement method and level sensor |
DE19938270A1 (en) | 1999-08-12 | 2001-02-15 | Abb Research Ltd | Capacitive level sensor with dielectric coating |
DE19949985C2 (en) | 1999-10-15 | 2001-08-16 | Sie Sensorik Ind Elektronik Gm | Capacitive sensor for the detection of the level of a medium in a container |
DE10008093B4 (en) | 2000-02-22 | 2007-07-05 | Ifm Electronic Gmbh | Capacitive level gauge |
WO2001065212A1 (en) * | 2000-03-03 | 2001-09-07 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Capacitance meter |
DE10063557B4 (en) | 2000-12-20 | 2007-01-04 | Abertax Research And Development Ltd. | Method and device for measuring water levels |
-
2004
- 2004-02-10 AT AT0018904A patent/AT505013B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2005
- 2005-02-10 US US10/588,814 patent/US7368922B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-02-10 AU AU2005210509A patent/AU2005210509B9/en not_active Ceased
- 2005-02-10 WO PCT/AT2005/000044 patent/WO2005075945A2/en active Application Filing
- 2005-02-10 EP EP05706185A patent/EP1716395A2/en not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO2005075945A2 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US7368922B2 (en) | 2008-05-06 |
AU2005210509B9 (en) | 2009-12-10 |
WO2005075945A2 (en) | 2005-08-18 |
US20070186679A1 (en) | 2007-08-16 |
AT505013B1 (en) | 2008-10-15 |
AT505013A4 (en) | 2008-10-15 |
AU2005210509B2 (en) | 2009-07-23 |
WO2005075945A3 (en) | 2005-10-13 |
AU2005210509A1 (en) | 2005-08-18 |
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