EP1712738B1 - Turbosoufflante à basse solidité - Google Patents

Turbosoufflante à basse solidité Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1712738B1
EP1712738B1 EP06251914.5A EP06251914A EP1712738B1 EP 1712738 B1 EP1712738 B1 EP 1712738B1 EP 06251914 A EP06251914 A EP 06251914A EP 1712738 B1 EP1712738 B1 EP 1712738B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fan
airfoil
tip
tips
solidity
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EP06251914.5A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP1712738A3 (fr
EP1712738A2 (fr
Inventor
John Jared Decker
William Joseph Solomon
Peter Nicholas Szucs
Virginia Louise Wilson
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General Electric Co
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General Electric Co
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12—Blades
    • F01D5/14—Form or construction
    • F01D5/141—Shape, i.e. outer, aerodynamic form
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02K—JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02K3/00—Plants including a gas turbine driving a compressor or a ducted fan
    • F02K3/02—Plants including a gas turbine driving a compressor or a ducted fan in which part of the working fluid by-passes the turbine and combustion chamber
    • F02K3/04—Plants including a gas turbine driving a compressor or a ducted fan in which part of the working fluid by-passes the turbine and combustion chamber the plant including ducted fans, i.e. fans with high volume, low pressure outputs, for augmenting the jet thrust, e.g. of double-flow type
    • F02K3/06—Plants including a gas turbine driving a compressor or a ducted fan in which part of the working fluid by-passes the turbine and combustion chamber the plant including ducted fans, i.e. fans with high volume, low pressure outputs, for augmenting the jet thrust, e.g. of double-flow type with front fan
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2240/00—Components
    • F05D2240/20—Rotors
    • F05D2240/30—Characteristics of rotor blades, i.e. of any element transforming dynamic fluid energy to or from rotational energy and being attached to a rotor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2250/00—Geometry
    • F05D2250/70—Shape
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T50/00—Aeronautics or air transport
    • Y02T50/60—Efficient propulsion technologies, e.g. for aircraft
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S416/00—Fluid reaction surfaces, i.e. impellers
    • Y10S416/05—Variable camber or chord length

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to gas turbine engines, and, more specifically, to turbofan aircraft engines.
  • a turbofan engine air is pressurized in a compressor and mixed with fuel in a combustor for generating hot combustion gases.
  • a high pressure turbine (HPT) extracts energy from the combustion gases to power the compressor.
  • a low pressure turbine (LPT) extracts additional energy from the combustion gases to power the fan disposed upstream from the compressor.
  • the primary design objective of aircraft turbofan engines is to maximize efficiency thereof for propelling an aircraft in flight, and correspondingly reduce fuel consumption.
  • the various cold and hot section rotor and stator components which define the internal flow passages for the pressurized air and combustion gases, and which extract energy from those gases, are specifically designed for maximizing the efficiency thereof while correspondingly obtaining a long useful life.
  • the turbofan itself includes a row of large fan rotor blades extending radially outwardly from the perimeter of a supporting rotor disk.
  • the fan is powered by the LPT for pressurizing the incident air for producing a majority of propulsion thrust discharged from the fan outlet.
  • Some of the fan air is channeled into the compressor wherein it is pressurized and mixed with fuel for generating the hot combustion gases from which energy is extracted in the various turbine stages, and then discharged through a separate core engine outlet.
  • Turbofan engines are continually being developed and improved for maximizing their thrust capability with the greatest aerodynamic efficiency possible. Since the fan produces a substantial amount of thrust during operation, noise is also generated therefrom and should be reduced as much as possible consistent with the various competing design objectives.
  • fan blades are typically designed for maximizing the aerodynamic loading thereof to correspondingly maximize the amount of propulsion thrust generated during operation.
  • fan loading is limited by stall, flutter, or other instability parameters of the air being pressurized.
  • turbofan engines are designed with a suitable value of stability and stall margin over their operating cycle from takeoff to cruise to landing of the aircraft to ensure acceptable operation and performance of the engine without overloading the capability of the turbofan.
  • turbofan engines have relatively large diameter turbofans which rotate at sufficient rotary velocity to create supersonic velocity of the blade tips relative to the incident air stream.
  • the blade tips are therefore subject to the generation of shock waves as the air is channeled and pressurized in the corresponding flow passages defined between adjacent fan blades.
  • each fan blade is specifically tailored and designed from its radially inner platform to its radially outer tip and along its circumferentially opposite pressure and suction sides which extend in chord axially between the opposite leading and trailing edges thereof.
  • the pressure side of one airfoil defines with the suction side of an adjacent airfoil the corresponding flow passage from root to tip of the blades through which the air is channeled during operation.
  • Each airfoil is typically twisted with a corresponding angle of stagger from root to tip, with airfoil tips being aligned obliquely between the axial and circumferential directions of the fan.
  • the incoming ambient air flows at different relative velocities through the inter-blade flow passages from root to tip of the blades including subsonic airflow at the blade roots and radially outwardly thereof up to the supersonic velocity of the air at the blade tips in various portions of the operating range.
  • Fan stall margin is a fundamental design requirement for the turbofan and is affected by the aerodynamic fan loading, the fan solidity, and the fan blade aspect ratio. These are conventional parameters, with the fan loading being the rise in specific enthalpy across the fan blades divided by the square of the tip speed.
  • Blade solidity is the ratio of the blade chord, represented by its length, over the blade pitch, which is the circumferential spacing of the blades at a given radius or diameter from the axial centerline axis.
  • blade pitch is the circumferential length at a given diameter divided by the number of blades in the full fan blade row.
  • the fan blade aspect ratio is the radial height or span of the airfoil portion of the blade divided by its maximum chord.
  • a large diameter turbofan having twenty-two fan blades in the full row has a relatively high solidity at the blade tips of about 1.29. These fan blades are used in a high bypass ratio turbofan engine with a bypass ratio over 7, with the corresponding pressure ratio over the fan blades being relatively high in value and greater than about 1.5.
  • the large fan diameter effects supersonic velocity of the blade tips during operation which correspondingly generates normal shock waves at the airfoil tips during operation which affect performance.
  • the resulting turbofan design is a highly complex design with three dimensional variation of the pressure and suction sides of the individual airfoils across their axial chord and over their radial span. And, the individual fan blades cooperate with each other in the full row of blades to define the inter-blade flow passages and to effect the resulting aerodynamic performance and stall margin of the entire fan.
  • EP 1,106,836 A2 relates to a double bowed compressor airfoil and discloses features generally corresponding to those of the preamble of claim 1 herein.
  • US 6,059,532 relates to an axial flow turbo-machine fan blade having a shifted tip center of gravity axis which is shifted relative to an elastic axis.
  • the present invention provides a fan for a gas turbine engine, the fan being in accordance with claim 1 herein.
  • FIG. 1 Illustrated in Figure 1 is a gas turbine engine 10 configured for powering an aircraft 12 in flight, and suitably mounted therein.
  • the engine is axisymmetrical about a longitudinal or axial centerline axis and includes a fan or turbofan 14 suitably mounted coaxially inside a surrounding annular fan casing 16.
  • ambient air 18 enters the inlet end of the fan 14 and is pressurized thereby for producing propulsion thrust for propelling the aircraft in flight.
  • a portion of the fan air is suitably channeled in turn through a low pressure or booster compressor 20 and a high pressure compressor 22 which further pressurize the air in turn.
  • the pressurized air is mixed with fuel in an annular combustor 24 for generating hot combustion gases 26 which are discharged in the downstream direction.
  • a high pressure turbine (HPT) 28 first receives the hot gases from the combustor for extracting energy therefrom, and is followed in turn by a low pressure turbine (LPT) 30 which extracts additional energy from the combustion gases discharged from the HPT.
  • HPT is joined by one shaft or rotor to the high pressure compressor 22, and the LPT is joined by another shaft or rotor to both the booster compressor 20 and the fan 14 for powering thereof during operation.
  • the exemplary turbofan engine 10 illustrated in Figure 1 may have any conventional configuration and operation for powering an aircraft in flight from takeoff to cruise to landing, but is modified as further described hereinbelow for increasing the aerodynamic efficiency of the fan 14 while maintaining suitable stability and stall margin thereof during the operating cycle.
  • FIGs 1 and 2 illustrate an exemplary embodiment of the turbofan 14 which includes a row of fan rotor blades 32 extending radially outwardly in span from the perimeter rim of a supporting rotor disk 34.
  • each blade includes an airfoil 36 extending outwardly from a platform 38 defining the radially inner boundary of the fan air flowpath, which platform may be integrally formed with the airfoil or a separate component.
  • Each blade also includes an integral dovetail 40 extending radially inwardly from the airfoil below the platform for mounting each blade in a corresponding dovetail slot in the rim of the rotor disk.
  • the fan blades may be made from suitable high strength materials like titanium or carbon fiber composites.
  • suitable high strength materials like titanium or carbon fiber composites.
  • the majority of the blade may be formed of carbon fiber composite reinforced with titanium shields along the leading and trailing edges, and along the tip.
  • each airfoil 36 has a suitable aerodynamic configuration including a generally concave pressure side 42 and a circumferentially opposite, generally convex suction side 44.
  • the opposite sides of each airfoil extend radially in span from the inner root end thereof at the platform 38 to the radially outer distal tip 46 disposed closely adjacent to the fan stator casing 16 for providing a relatively small tip clearance or gap therebetween.
  • each airfoil extends axially in chord C between opposite leading and trailing edges 48,50, with the chord varying in length over the span of the airfoil.
  • adjacent airfoils 36 define circumferentially therebetween corresponding flow passages 52 for pressurizing the air 18 during operation.
  • Each of the airfoils 36 includes stagger or twist represented by the stagger angle A from the axial or longitudinal axis, which stagger increases between the root and tip of the airfoil.
  • the stagger angle A at the blade tip may be substantial, and about 60 degrees, to position the leading edge 48 of one airfoil circumferentially adjacent but axially spaced from the suction side 44 of the next adjacent airfoil aft from the leading edge thereof to define a corresponding mouth 54 for the flow passage between the opposing pressure and suction sides of the adjacent airfoils.
  • the contours and stagger of the adjacent airfoils over the radial span of the blades cause each flow passage to converge or decrease in flow area to a throat 56 of minimum flow area spaced aft from the mouth along most, if not all, of the radial span.
  • the relatively high airfoil stagger A also positions the trailing edge 50 of one airfoil 36 circumferentially adjacent to the pressure side 42 of the next adjacent airfoil while also being spaced axially therefrom in the tip region to define a corresponding discharge or outlet 58 for the corresponding flow passage between adjacent airfoils.
  • the incoming air 18 is channeled in the corresponding flow passages 52 between adjacent airfoils as they rotate clockwise in Figures 1 , 3 , and 4 for pressurizing the air to produce the propulsion thrust during operation.
  • Figures 1-4 illustrate in general the typical configuration of a modern turbofan aircraft engine having a row of fan blades with corresponding stagger or twist from root to tip.
  • turbofan for balancing fan efficiency with stability and stall margin and with aero-mechanical parameters affecting flutter and noise and with mechanical strength of the fan blade subject both to centrifugal force during operation and aerodynamic loading.
  • Figure 4 illustrates schematically a method of improving aerodynamic efficiency of the turbofan engine 10 illustrated in Figure 1 by derivation for example.
  • Modern turbofan engines are typically derived from existing engines having proven experience in commercial service. Corresponding changes or modifications thereof may then be effected in accordance with conventional design practices, which, however, must be balanced in view of the various competing parameters such as efficiency and stall margin, for example. Further increasing efficiency and aerodynamic loading typically requires reduction in stall margin, and must therefore be balanced for overall performance.
  • FIG 4 illustrates schematically a pre-existing or conventional design of a fan 60 for use in the type of turbofan engine illustrated in Figure 1 .
  • This pre-existing fan has a full complement of only twenty-two fan blades of suitably large outer diameter D for effecting supersonic airflow at the tips during operation.
  • the pre-existing fan 60 also has a corresponding solidity which is a conventional parameter equal to the ratio of the airfoil chord C, as represented by its length, divided by the circumferential pitch P or spacing from blade to blade at the corresponding span position or radius.
  • the circumferential pitch is equal to the circumferential length at the specific radial span divided by the total number of fan blades in the blade row. Accordingly, the solidity is directly proportional to the number of blades and chord length and inversely proportional to the diameter as shown schematically in Figure 4 .
  • the solidity of the blades at the airfoil tips is generally similar in magnitude to the relative Mach number of the flow stream at the airfoil tips.
  • the tip solidity of the pre-existing fan 60 is relatively high at about 1.29 and corresponds well with a similar tip relative Mach number of also about 1.29.
  • tip solidity for maintaining good efficiency in a supersonic blade tip design subject to shock in the flow passages between the adjacent airfoils, and therefore increasing solidity is one option, of the various design parameters for a modern turbofan, in producing a derivative fan. Or, tip solidity may remain the same, or equal, in the derivative fan.
  • solidity may be decreased by decreasing the number of fan blades, decreasing the airfoil chord, or increasing the outer diameter of the fan.
  • the fan outer diameter is typically a given parameter for a specifically sized turbofan engine.
  • reducing solidity by reducing the length of the chord is detrimental to turbofan efficiency, whereas reducing the blade count to reduce solidity can improve turbofan efficiency.
  • Figure 4 illustrates schematically these various options in turbofan design based on the blade solidity. Decreasing solidity by reducing the chord to diameter C/D ratio maintains constant the number of fan blades, for example twenty-two, yet analysis indicates a reduction in efficiency.
  • chord to diameter C/D ratio may remain constant or equal between the turbofan designs, with instead the number of fan blades being reduced to twenty or eighteen in the preferred embodiments.
  • aerodynamic efficiency may be improved in the turbofan engine 10 illustrated in Figure 1 by deriving the fan 14 from the pre-existing fan 60 and reducing the solidity at the airfoil tips by reducing the number of blades from twenty-two to either twenty or eighteen, for example, while maintaining substantially equal or constant the same ratio of the tip chord over the tip diameter C/D in the derived fan 14 as originally found in the pre-existing fan.
  • the reduction in number of fan blades increases the circumferential pitch P between the airfoils and increases the flow area of the flow passages 52, in particular at the throats 56 thereof, for reducing flow blockage during operation, and specifically at the airfoil tips subject to supersonic operation.
  • the derived turbofan 14 illustrated in Figures 1-4 includes no more than twenty of the fan blades 32 effected by reducing the tip solidity which has a relatively low magnitude at the tips 46 to position the leading edge 48 of each tip 46 circumferentially near the trailing edge 50 of the next adjacent tip 46, and correspondingly increase the width of the throat 54 normal or perpendicular between the opposing pressure and suction sides of adjacent airfoils.
  • the reduction in fan blade number while maintaining substantially constant the chord to diameter C/D ratio at the airfoil tips has significant advantages in the new turbofan including an increase in efficiency while maintaining adequate stability and stall margin, as well as reducing noise, as well as reducing weight and cost due to the fewer fan blades.
  • Figure 3 is a front view of the turbofan 14, with Figure 4 being a top planiform view which illustrate the substantial change in appearance of the turbofan as opposed to typical high solidity turbofans in which the adjacent fan blades substantially overlap each other circumferentially due to the high solidity and high stagger of the airfoils.
  • tip solidity of the turbofan illustrated in Figures 3 and 4 is relatively low in magnitude, while still being greater than about 1.0 to provide a circumferential gap G between the leading and trailing edges 48,50 of adjacent tips 46.
  • the configuration of the flow passage 52 illustrated in Figure 4 is particularly important to efficient operation of the fan, and in particular at the airfoil tips subject to supersonic flow.
  • the specific profiles of the pressure and suction sides of the individual airfoils, the lateral thickness of the airfoil, the root to tip stagger A of the airfoils and, of course, the reduced solidity due to the reduction in blade count while maintaining equal the chord to diameter C/D ratio are all used to define each flow passage 52.
  • the airfoil tips 36 are locally angled and vary in width between the leading and trailing edges 48,50 to typically converge the flow passage 52 at the airfoil tips from the mouth 54 to the throat 56 and then diverge the flow passage also at the tip from the throat 56 to the outlet 58.
  • the mouth and throat of the flow passages at the airfoil tips may be coincident in one plane at the leading edges, with the flow passages still diverging aft from the throats at the leading edges to the passage outlets at the trailing edges.
  • the convergence angle or slope between the mouth and the throat, and the divergence angle or slope between the throat and the outlet may be specifically designed for maximizing efficiency during supersonic operation of the blade tips in which aerodynamic shock is generated as the airflow is reduced in speed in the converging portion to choked flow of Mach 1 at the throat 56 followed in turn by subsonic diffusion in the diverging portion of the flow passage from or aft of the throat to the outlet.
  • the ratio of the flow area at the passage outlet 58 over the flow area at the throat 56 is a conventional measure of effective camber of the airfoils.
  • the actual amount of airfoil camber at the tips thereof may be increased slightly over a conventional turbofan design to allow the turbofan to tolerate the lower tip solidity during part-speed operation.
  • a modern turbofan is designed for an operating range from takeoff to cruise to landing, with cruise operation being predominant and for which maximum efficiency and operability is desired.
  • part-speed performance must also be considered in good turbofan design and accommodated by the higher camber introduced at the blade tips for the low solidity turbofan design.
  • part-speed operability may be improved by increasing the camber of the airfoils 36 at the tips 46 thereof in conjunction with the reduction in solidity by reduction in blade count.
  • the turbofan design may itself be otherwise conventional except as modified in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • the airfoils 36 illustrated in Figures 1-4 are relatively large in diameter for supersonic tip operation in a modern turbofan engine with a substantial pressure ratio of about 1.5.
  • the corresponding bypass ratio of the fan air which bypasses the core engine is about 7.5 or greater.
  • the airfoils may be provided with suitable aerodynamic sweep which is preferably forward or negative (S-) at the tips 46 of the airfoils, and preferably negative along both the leading and trailing edges 48,50 thereof.
  • the individual airfoils may have a large chord barreling near their midspan as illustrated in Figure 2 with aft or positive aerodynamic sweep (S+) along a portion of the leading edge above the midspan if desired.
  • S+ positive aerodynamic sweep
  • Aerodynamic sweep is also a conventional term of art and is disclosed in detail in U.S. Patent 5,167,489 , also incorporated herein by reference.
  • the forward tip sweep in the fan blades improves efficiency during supersonic operation of the blade tips.
  • FIGs 1 and 2 also illustrate that the turbofan includes an annular tip shroud 62 suitably mounted flush inside the fan stator casing 16 and directly surrounding the airfoil tips 46 which are positioned closely adjacent thereto to define a correspondingly small tip clearance therewith.
  • the tip shroud 62 may be conventional in configuration, such as a lightweight honeycomb structure, with a substantially smooth inner surface facing the blade tips.
  • the low solidity turbofan enjoys improved efficiency while maintaining adequate stability and stall margin without the need for stability enhancing features such as annular grooves which could otherwise be formed in the tip shroud.
  • the fan casing 16 is spaced radially outwardly from an inner casing 64 which surrounds the core engine to define an annular bypass duct 66 radially therebetween.
  • the aft end of the bypass duct 66 defines the outlet for a majority of the fan air used in producing propulsion thrust for the engine.
  • a row of outlet guide vanes 68 Spaced downstream or aft from the row of fan blades 32 is a row of outlet guide vanes 68 extending radially inwardly from the fan casing 16 to join the inner casing 64.
  • the number of vanes 68 is preferably more than twice the number of the fan blades 32 for reducing noise from the fan during operation.
  • Figure 2 illustrates another feature which may be introduced into the turbofan.
  • the airfoil tips 46 may have an axially arcuate contour radially outwardly between the leading and trailing edges, and the adjacent tip shroud 62 may have a complementary axially arcuate contour radially inwardly for maintaining a substantially uniform tip clearance radially therebetween, and axially between the leading and trailing edges 48,50 of the airfoils.
  • the forward portion of the airfoil tip 46 is convex followed in turn by a concave aft portion.
  • the tip shroud 46 has a forward concave portion followed by a convex aft portion for reducing tip losses and flow blockage during supersonic operation of the fan blades in particular.
  • blade platforms 38 illustrated in Figure 2 may be fluted for further improving aerodynamic performance of the turbofan. Fluted platforms or radially inner endwalls are disclosed in more detail in U.S. Patent 6,561,761 , also incorporated herein by reference.
  • the twenty-two fan blades in the pre-existing turbofan 60 illustrated in Figure 4 is already a relatively low number of fan blades in a modern turbofan engine.
  • reducing tip solidity by reducing blade count instead of the chord to diameter C/D ratio permits a further improvement of turbofan efficiency as disclosed above, and in two embodiments analyzed using modern computational flow dynamics analysis and tested, only twenty or only eighteen of the fan blades 32 may be used in the improved turbofan design, with the chord to diameter C/D ratio at the airfoil tips 46 being the same or equal in both species or designs.
  • the individual fan blades may be scaled in size with the constant chord to diameter C/D ratio, the collective assembly of fan blades in the resulting turbofan cannot be scaled in view of the desirable reduction in tip solidity by the corresponding reduction in blade count.
  • Figures 1-4 illustrate one embodiment or species in which tip solidity is reduced through blade count reduction from twenty-two to twenty, with a corresponding tip solidity no greater than about 1.2.
  • Figures 5 and 6 illustrate a second embodiment or species of the turbofan, designated 70, having low solidity due to a further reduction in blade count to only eighteen fan blades 32 with the same chord to diameter C/D ratio at the airfoil tips as that found in the first embodiment, with both embodiments having a solidity greater than about 1.0.
  • Aerodynamic loading is a conventional parameter defined by the ratio of the specific enthalpy rise axially across the airfoils 36 over the square of velocity of the airfoil tips 46 at a corresponding design point, like cruise operation.
  • a modern turbofan has the highest aerodynamic loading found in fans of any type, and are well contrasted with non-aircraft engine fans typically found in automobiles and appliances and other commercial applications.
  • the aerodynamic loading of the turbofans illustrated in the several Figures may have a value of at least about 0.29, and cooperates with the relatively high pressure ratio of the fans greater than about 1.5, and the high bypass ratio of the turbofan engine for producing substantial propulsion thrust during operation.
  • the fan blades have relatively large diameter and are rotated for achieving supersonic tip velocities thereof.
  • the converging-diverging flow passages 52 illustrated in Figure 4 are specifically sized and configured for receiving supersonic flow of the incident ambient air 18 at the leading edges 48, which will be followed in turn by shock in the passages, and subsonic diffusion aft of the throats 56.
  • the slope angles of the opposing pressure and suction sides of the adjacent airfoils may be selected for creating a specifically converging portion of each flow passage between the mouth 54 and the throat 56, and a specifically diverging portion between the throat 56 and outlet 58 for maximizing efficiency of flow diffusion in the subsonic flow following the choked flow at the flow passage throat.
  • the blade row includes only twenty fan blades 32, and the tip solidity is about 1.17.
  • the adjacent airfoils 36 in this embodiment have a circumferential gap G near or at the tips 46, followed radially inwardly by slight circumferential overlap between the airfoils, with the trailing edge 50 of the leading airfoil being hidden behind the leading edge 48 of the following airfoil when viewed from the front.
  • the circumferential gap reappears and increases towards and near the airfoil roots.
  • adjacent airfoils may have the tip gap over the top ten percent of the radial span, circumferential overlap over the next 40 percent of the span, with additional circumferential gap over the bottom 50 percent of the span.
  • the blade row includes only eighteen fan blades 32 with an even lower tip solidity of about 1.05 due to the reduction in blade count, with the chord to diameter C/D ratio at the blade tips being substantially the same as that in both the first embodiment disclosed above as well as in the pre-existing fan 60 illustrated schematically in Figure 4 .
  • the circumferential gap G between adjacent airfoils 36 extends the full radial span from root to tip 46 of the airfoils, without any circumferential overlap therebetween as viewed from the front.
  • the magnitude of the circumferential gap G is substantially smaller than the magnitude of the circumferential pitch P of the blades, which eighteen blades complete the full row thereof with a correspondingly larger pitch attributed to the reduction in blade count.
  • the inter-blade flow passages 52 are formed between the adjacent airfoils and enjoy the advantage of the reduced throat blockage thereof, and enhanced performance at supersonic airflow at the blade tips.
  • the Figure 6 embodiment has a suitably configured converging-diverging flow passage 52 between the adjacent airfoils for providing choked flow at the throat between the mouth and outlet, and subsonic diffusion aft of the throat.
  • Computational flow dynamic analysis predicts an additional increase in aerodynamic efficiency of the eighteen count turbofan illustrated in Figures 5 and 6 over the twenty count turbofan illustrated in Figures 3 and 4 , while still maintaining an adequate stability and fan stall margin over the operating range. And, both embodiments have improved efficiency over the pre-existing, twenty-two count fan 60 illustrated in Figure 4 designed in accordance with conventional high solidity teachings.
  • the low solidity by reduced blade count turbofan disclosed above may be used in various designs of modern turbofan aircraft gas turbine engines for improving efficiency thereof. Particularly advantage is obtained for relatively large diameter transonic turbofans in which the blade tips are operated with supersonic airflow.
  • the engine illustrated in Figure 1 is used for powering the fan 14 for producing propulsion thrust for powering the aircraft 12 in flight.
  • the airfoil tips 46 are rotated for achieving supersonic flow of the air 18 at the leading edges 48 thereof.
  • the airfoils 36 are aerodynamically loaded to propel the aircraft at cruise with increased efficiency due to the low solidity by blade count reduction, while maintaining stability and stall margin of the fan.
  • the twenty and eighteen blade count turbofans disclosed above have been analyzed with modern computational flow dynamic analysis, and have been tested in scale model to confirm the increase in aerodynamic efficiency thereof while maintaining adequate stability and stall margin.
  • the analysis and test also confirm reduction in acoustic signature or noise.
  • the reduced blade count correspondingly reduces engine weight and cost.

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Claims (10)

  1. Soufflante (14, 70) pour un moteur à turbine à gaz (10), comprenant :
    un carter annulaire (16) ;
    un disque (34) disposé coaxialement dans ledit carter (16) et comprenant une rangée de pales de soufflante (32) s'étendant radialement vers l'extérieur depuis son pourtour périmétrique ;
    chacune desdites pales (32) comprenant un profil aérodynamique (36) ayant des côtés de refoulement et d'aspiration (42, 44) opposés au plan circonférentiel et s'étendant radialement en envergure d'une emplanture à une pointe (46) et s'étendant axialement à la corde entre des bords d'attaque et de fuite opposés (48, 50), lesdits profils aérodynamiques (36) définissant des passages d'écoulement correspondants (52) entre eux pour l'air de pressurisation (18) ;
    chacun desdits profils aérodynamiques (36) comprenant un décalage augmentant entre ladite emplanture et ladite pointe (46) pour positionner le bord d'attaque (48) d'un profil aérodynamique adjacent au plan circonférentiel du côté d'aspiration (44) du profil aérodynamique adjacent suivant afin de définir une bouche (54) pour ledit passage d'écoulement (52) entre eux, ledit passage d'écoulement (52) convergeant vers une gorge (56) à l'arrière de ladite bouche (54) ; et
    caractérisée en ce qui :
    ladite rangée ne comprend pas plus de vingt et pas moins de dix huit desdites pales de soufflante (32) qui ont une solidité définie par le rapport de ladite corde de profil aérodynamique au pas circonférentiel, ladite solidité au niveau desdites pointes (46) de ladite rangée de pales de soufflante ayant une grandeur inférieure à celle qui se situe à mi-chemin de ladite rangée de pales de soufflante qui n'est pas supérieure à environ 1,2 et est supérieure à environ 1,0 pour positionner le bord d'attaque (48) de chaque pointe (46) circonférentiellement proche du bord de fuite (50) de la pointe adjacente suivante (46) .
  2. Soufflante selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle :
    ledit décalage des profils aérodynamiques positionne le bord de fuite (50) d'un profil aérodynamique (36) adjacent au plan circonférentiel du côté de refoulement (42) du profil aérodynamique adjacent suivant (36) afin de définir une sortie (58) pour ledit passage d'écoulement (52) entre eux ; et
    lesdites pointes (46) des profils aérodynamiques varient en largeur entre lesdits bords d'attaque et de fuite (48, 50) pour faire converger ledit passage d'écoulement (52) de ladite bouche (54) à ladite gorge (56) et faire diverger ledit passage d'écoulement de ladite gorge (56) à ladite sortie (58) .
  3. Soufflante selon la revendication 2, dans laquelle lesdits profils aérodynamiques (36) comprennent une flèche aérodynamique avant au niveau de leurs dites pointes (46).
  4. Soufflante selon la revendication 3, dans laquelle lesdits passages d'écoulement convergent-divergent (52) au niveau desdites pointes des profils aérodynamiques sont calibrés et configurés pour recevoir un écoulement supersonique dudit air au niveau desdits bords d'attaque (48), le tout étant suivi d'un choc dans ceux-ci, et avec une diffusion subsonique à l'arrière de ladite gorge (56) .
  5. Soufflante selon la revendication 4, dans laquelle ladite solidité de pointe comprend le rapport de la corde au diamètre ayant une valeur permettant de former un intervalle circonférentiel entre lesdits bords d'attaque et de fuite (48, 50) de pointes adjacentes (46).
  6. Soufflante selon la revendication 5, comprenant en outre :
    un carénage de pointes annulaire lisse (62) monté à l'intérieur dudit carter (16) et entourant lesdites pointes (46) des profils aérodynamiques et positionné étroitement adjacent à ceux-ci pour définir avec eux un petit jeu correspondant des pointes avec eux ; et
    une rangée d'aubes de guidage de sortie (68) s'étendant radialement vers l'intérieur depuis ledit carter (16) et espacées à l'arrière de ladite rangée de pales, et qui sont au nombre de plus de deux desdites pales de soufflante (32) pour réduire le bruit provenant de ladite soufflante.
  7. Soufflante selon la revendication 6, dans laquelle :
    ladite rangée de pales comprend seulement vingt pales de soufflante (32) ; et
    les profils aérodynamiques adjacents (36) ont ledit intervalle circonférentiel à proximité desdites pointes (46), suivi radialement vers l'intérieur d'un chevauchement circonférentiel entre eux et suivi encore radialement vers l'intérieur par un intervalle circonférentiel à proximité desdits emplantures.
  8. Soufflante selon la revendication 7, dans laquelle ladite solidité au niveau desdites pointes (46) est d'environ 1,17.
  9. Soufflante selon la revendication 6, dans laquelle :
    ladite rangée de pales comprend seulement dix huit pales de soufflante (32) ; et
    ledit intervalle circonférentiel entre profils aérodynamiques adjacents (36) s'étend de leur emplanture à leur pointe (46).
  10. Soufflante selon la revendication 9, dans laquelle ladite solidité au niveau desdites pointes (46) est d'environ 1,05.
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US7374403B2 (en) 2008-05-20
EP1712738A3 (fr) 2012-12-12
JP2006291955A (ja) 2006-10-26
EP1712738A2 (fr) 2006-10-18
US20060228206A1 (en) 2006-10-12
JP5177959B2 (ja) 2013-04-10

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