Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
  • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
  • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
  • G01S13/88—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications
  • G01S13/887—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for detection of concealed objects, e.g. contraband or weapons
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
  • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
  • G01S13/02—Systems using reflection of radio waves, e.g. primary radar systems; Analogous systems
  • G01S13/04—Systems determining presence of a target
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
  • G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
  • G01S7/02—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S13/00
  • G01S7/024—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S13/00 using polarisation effects
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
  • G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
  • G01S7/02—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S13/00
  • G01S7/41—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S13/00 using analysis of echo signal for target characterisation; Target signature; Target cross-section
  • G01S7/417—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S13/00 using analysis of echo signal for target characterisation; Target signature; Target cross-section involving the use of neural networks

Definitions

• Patent Number 6,825,456 which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application Serial Number 09/318,196, entitled “Object Detection System", filed on May 25, 1999 and issued on January 29, 2002 as U.S. Patent Number 6,342,696. The specifications of all said applications are incorporated herein by reference.
• the present invention is a method and apparatus for remotely detecting the presence of an object, including but not limited to a concealed weapon such as a gun or bomb.
• the invention further comprises novel signal processing methods and apparatuses for providing high reliability object detection.
• the present invention is a method of determining the presence of an object associated with a target, the method comprising the steps of: illuminating the target with polarized illuminating radiation; collecting first radiation reflected from the target which has a same polarization as the illuminating radiation; collecting second radiation reflected from the target
• the employing step preferably comprises employing a weighted plurality of criteria of the collected radiation converted to a time domain by a Chirp-Z Transform process.
• the employing step preferably comprises employing a magnitude spread of one or both of the first radiation and the second radiation at a plurality of times.
• the employing step further preferably comprises employing a plurality of criteria selected from the group consisting of a first magnitude of the first radiation at zero time after conversion to the time domain by the Chirp-Z Transform process, a second magnitude of the second radiation at zero time after conversion to the time domain by the Chirp-Z Transform process, and a difference between the first magnitude and the second magnitude.
• the employing step optionally comprises employing a time of arrival difference between the first radiation and the second radiation and or a measurement of the shape of a curve, preferably the ratio of the peak value of the curve to the total area under the curve, of one or both of the first radiation and the second radiation in the time domain or frequency domain.
• the method is preferably repeated a plurality of times, and further comprises the step of combining results of each performance of the method.
• the method preferably further comprises the step of training a neural network on calibration data, and the employing step preferably further comprises the step of using the neural network to autonomously determine presence of the object.
• the target preferably comprises a person and the object preferably comprises a concealed weapon, preferably selected from the group consisting of a knife, firearm, gun, bomb, explosive device, and suicide vest.
• the present invention is also an apparatus for detecting an object associated with a target, the apparatus comprising a transmit antenna for illuminating the target with polarized illuminating radiation, a first receive antenna for collecting first radiation reflected from the target which has a same polarization as the illuminating radiation, a second receive antenna for collecting second radiation reflected from the target which has an opposite polarization from the illuminating radiation, and a processor for employing a weighted plurality of criteria of the first radiation and the second radiation to determine a presence of the object.
• the processor preferably employs a weighted plurality of criteria of the collected radiation converted to the time domain by a Chirp-Z Transform process, and preferably employs a magnitude spread of one or both of the first radiation and the second radiation at a plurality of times.
• the processor also preferably employs a plurality of criteria selected from the group consisting of a first magnitude of the first radiation at zero time after conversion to the time domain by the Chirp-Z Transform process, a second magnitude of the second radiation at zero time after conversion to the time domain by the Chirp-Z Transform process, and a difference between the first magnitude and the second magnitude.
• the processor further preferably employs a time of arrival difference between the first radiation and the second radiation, preferably employs a shape of a curve of one or both of the first radiation and the second radiation in the time domain or frequency domain, and preferably employs a variation in time of one or both of the first radiation and the second radiation.
• the processor preferably combines results from a plurality of applications of the illuminating radiation to the target.
• a single dual-polarized antenna optionally comprises said first receive antenna and said second receive antenna.
• the target is preferably a person.
• the object is preferably a concealed weapon, preferably selected from the group consisting of a knife, firearm, gun, bomb, explosive device, and suicide vest.
• the processor preferably employs a neural network to automatically detect the presence of the object, preferably assigning a value to each of the criteria and determining the presence of the object based on a combination of values of the criteria.
• An object of the present invention is to provide a detection device which is preferably compact, lightweight, long-range, portable and battery-operable. This enables a preferred embodiment of the device to be hand-carried unit that could be used by law enforcement officers and/or military or security personnel, for example to determine if a particular individual is armed.
• An advantage of the present invention is that the power levels radiated by the present invention are preferably much lower than conventional radar systems or those generated by x-ray or other imaging systems that are currently employed to detect objects at the entry of an airport or a courtroom.
• the average power density at the target is orders of magnitude below the safety limit for non-ionizing radiation.
• Figure 1a illustrates a simple wave
• Figure 1b illustrates a simple wave that is vertically polarized
• Figure 1c illustrates a simple wave that is horizontally polarized
• Figure 2 provides a block diagram of one embodiment of a transmission and detection circuit
• Figure 3 portrays persons carrying a gun in different locations on the body
• Figure 4a is a graph showing the radar cross section of a handgun, plotting reflected energy in dBsm versus frequency;
• Figure 4b is a graph showing the radar cross section of a human body, plotting reflected energy in dBsm versus frequency;
• Figures 5 and 6 are graphs which supply information concerning the reflectivity of the human body when illuminated with radio waves in the 2.59 to 3.95 GHz and 7.0 to 10.66 frequency bands;
• Figure 7 is a pictorial representation of a preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention.
• the two graphs at the right of the drawing show that an object such as a weapon may be detected by comparing the time domain difference in amplitudes of two sets of waveforms which correspond to reflected radio waves having different polarizations.
• the two waveforms represent the vertically and horizontally polarized radio waves reflected back to the detector;
• Figures 8 and 9 are actual test equipment plots of two pairs of time domain waveforms generated during a handgun detection experiment.
• the person was not carrying a gun; in Figure 9, the same person was carrying a handgun, and the distance between the maxima of the two curves is much closer;
• Figure 10 is a general illustration of the phase and amplitude response used for the Complex Chirp-Z Transforms that are employed in a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG 11 depicts an operational system flow diagram of a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
• DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS (BEST MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION)
• the present invention comprises methods and apparatus for detecting the presence of an object at a distance.
• One embodiment of the invention may be used to locate a concealed firearm and/or bomb carried by a person.
• the invention may be used to help keep weapons out of any secure area or "Safe ZoneTM," such as a school, bank, airport, embassy, prison, courtroom, office building, retail store or residence.
• Safe Zone 1M is a Trade and Service Mark owned by the Assignee of the present Patent Application, The MacAleese Companies, doing business as Safe ZoneTM Systems, Incorporated.
• the object is preferably associated with a target, for example a person approaching a doorway, and is detected preferably using polarized low power radio waves.
• target means something toward which illuminating radiation is pointed, including but not limited to a person, backpack, luggage, bag, shrub, and the like.
• object means a physical item that is carried on, worn, concealed on, physically attached to, or coupled or otherwise associated with a target, including but not limited to a weapon, knife, firearm, gun, pistol, rifle, bomb, suicide vest, shrapnel, wiring, and the like.
• the shape of a simple radio signal can be depicted as a repeated up and down movement or vibration, as shown in Figure 1a. This up and down motion of the wave takes place in three dimensions.
• the simple wave (W) propagates. A wave which is polarized parallel to the plane of propagation is called a horizontally polarized wave. A wave which is polarized perpendicular to the plane of propagation is called a vertically polarized wave. The height or intensity of the wave W is called the amplitude (A) of the wave.
• Figure 1b exhibits a wave which is vertically polarized
• Figure 1c depicts a wave which is horizontally polarized.
• Vertical and horizontal polarizations are said to be orthogonal forms of polarization.
• Other terms that may be used to describe the relationship between waves that are vertically and horizontally polarized are perpendicular, opposite, cross-polarized, or main and complementary.
• the term primarily used in this document to denote orthogonal polarizations is cross- polarized, or cross-pol or X-pol for short.
• the idea of polarization is applicable to all forms of transverse electromagnetic waves, whether they are radio waves at microwave frequencies, or light waves such as those emitted by a flashlight.
• the power levels radiated by the present invention are much lower than conventional radar systems or than those generated by x-ray or other imaging systems that are currently employed to detect objects at the entry of an airport or a courtroom.
• the average power density at the target for the preferred embodiment of this invention is orders of magnitude below the safety limit for non ⁇ ionizing radiation.
• the present invention preferably operates in the GHz frequency bands.
• Different radio frequencies offer different benefits and disadvantages for object detection.
• operating frequencies of radio devices are regulated by the Federal Communications Commission.
• Each country across the globe has similar regulatory bodies that allocate and administer the use of the radio spectrum.
• the specification includes specific references to particular frequency ranges, the system may be beneficially implemented using a wide variety of electromagnetic radiation bands and is not limited by the specifically disclosed ranges.
• FIG. 2 presents a non-limiting example of a schematic block diagram of circuitry for implementing a preferred embodiment of the invention.
• Low power radio transmitter 12 is coupled via first directional coupler 13 to modulator 14, filter 16, and transmitter output amplifier 18, which is connected to transmit/receive antenna 80 through transmit/receive switch 20 and pre-selector 22.
• Transmit/receive switch 20 is also synchronized with range gate switch 90 through controller 26.
• Transmit/receive antenna 80 and receive antenna 82 which detects energy at an orthogonal polarization, collect energy reflected back from the target.
• a single dual-polarized antenna may optionally be used.
• Polarity selection switch 24 in the receive path selects either the horizontally or vertically polarized antenna or port.
• Transmit/receive antenna 80 preferably both transmits the signal in horizontal polarization and receives the reflected horizontal or co-pol signal, and receive antenna 82 preferably receives the vertical or X-pol reflected signal in vertical polarization.
• Polarity switch 24 determines which signal is fed to the receiver at any given time.
• Pre-selector filters 22, 23 are bandpass filters to prevent out of band signals from entering the receiver and possibly causing spurious responses or saturating the amplifiers and thereby preventing normal operation.
• Pre-selector filter 22 in the co-pol path also attenuates undesirable harmonics of the transmitter from being transmitted.
• Controller or processor 26 preferably comprising start/stop/slope programming, is used to control transmitter 12 in conjunction with local oscillator 30.
• the output of pulse waveform generator 28 is connected to modulator 14.
• the output of local oscillator 30 is fed to mixer 32 via second directional coupler 11.
• An output of transmit/receive switch 20 is also fed to mixer 32 through polarity selection switch 24, filter 36 and receive low-noise amplifier 34.
• a preferably digital output from processor 26 is conveyed to intermediate frequency gain control amplifier 40, which also receives the main signal input from a mixer 32 through band pass filter 41.
• the output from amplifier 40 then passes through range gate switch 90, high pass filter 42 and to power divider 44.
• Range gate control 21 and range gate switch 90 provide time gating so that only a signal from a reflector (i.e. target or object) that is at the desired distance from the apparatus is processed. Signals from other objects that arrive at different times are ignored.
• Power divider 44 splits the signal into two outputs. One output is amplitude demodulated in detector 46, producing narrow pulses which are passed through filter 48, video amplifier 50, gated sample and hold stretcher 52, and then digitized in analog- to-digital converter 54 before being fed back to processor 26.
• the second output from power divider 44 is fed via power splitter 64 to phase detectors 65, 66 so that the phase shift of the returned signal can be measured at the same time as the amplitude.
• phase information is very important in order to perform complex frequency to time domain transforms
• the phase of the reflected signals is preferably measured. As phase is a relative term, this is accomplished by first establishing a reference signal by mixing samples of the transmit and local oscillator signals. A sample of the transmit signal is taken from transmitter 12 through directional coupler 13 and fed to mixer 9 along with a sample of the local oscillator signal taken from local oscillator 30 through directional coupler 11. The output of mixer 9 is band pass filtered by filter 8 and then limited by limiter amplifier 7 to stabilize its amplitude over the tuning range. The limited signal is fed to quadrature hybrid 72 which outputs two signals that are equal in amplitude but phase shifted relative to each other by 90°.
• phase detector 65 One of the outputs is fed to first phase detector 65 and the other output is fed to second phase detector 66.
• Two offset phase detectors are used to unambiguously cover a range of 360 degrees.
• the outputs of phase detectors 65, 66 are analog and subsequently digitized in analog-to-digital converters 68 and 70.
• the digitized signals are fed to controller 26 for subsequent processing.
• decibels are used to compare two levels of radiated or reflected power. As an example, if a person listening to a radio is very close to the antenna tower of a radio station, the power level would be very high. If the same person were many miles away from the same antenna tower, the strength of the received radio waves would be much lower because of the increased distance. Decibels could be used to quantify this ratio of power levels as a single number. Unlike common fractions, which are simply one number divided by another number, decibels are a logarithmic form of measurement, which is highly useful since they are used to compare very large differences in numbers. Since radiated power levels can vary over such large ranges, a logarithmic scale is used instead of a more common linear scale. The difference in two power levels in decibels is calculated as follows:
• the "radar cross section”, or RCS is a measure of the size of an object.
• RCS Radio wave cross section
• Some portion of those transmitted waves pass through the object, another portion of those waves are absorbed by the target, and a third portion of the transmitted waves are reflected back toward the transmitter.
• the larger the portion of reflected waves the greater is the radar cross section of an object.
• An object that has a relatively large radar cross section is therefore relatively easier to detect, compared to an object that has a smaller radar cross section.
• the magnitude of the measured radar cross section of an object depends largely on its reflectivity, and on the spatial orientation of the object. For example, suppose a radar station on the shoreline is looking for ships at sea nearby.
• a ship which is traveling parallel to the coastline is easier to detect than a similar vessel that is sailing away from land, since the radar waves that hit the first ship broadside bounce back to the radar station with greater intensity than those which reflect off of the smaller stern of the second ship.
• the first ship which is oriented "sideways" to the direction of travel of the radar waves, has a larger radar cross section than the second ship, whose stern presents a smaller target to the radar waves.
• FIG. 3 is a pictorial rendition of two persons carrying handguns. On the left side of the figure, a person is shown with a gun held in place either in front or in back of a belt.
• FIG. 1 On the right side of the figure, another person is shown with a gun carried in a bag, pouch, or holster situated on the hip at the person's side. Note that in order for the radar cross sections of the guns in both positions to be similar, the figure must be turned, or facing a different direction, relative to the detector.
• the radar cross section when compared to one (1) square meter is expressed in a decibel unit of measurement, "dBsm", as follows:
• A is the area of the target in square meters and G is the gain of the target on reflection. This expression assumes that the area is flat relative to the wavelength of operation, and that the area is uniformly illuminated by radio waves. If the side of a square area is "a" in meters, then the area becomes “a 2 " in square meters. For a surface which is flat relative to the wavelength of operation,
• wavelength ⁇ is equal to 0.3/f meters and f is frequency in GHz.
• Table 1 The data in Table 1 is the radar cross section of a metal .357 caliber handgun illuminated by electromagnetic radio waves in several frequency bands. These data were established to calibrate the detector equipment and to provide reference measurements. The test configuration was: one port RCS measurement, 16 averages, time domain gating, and reduced IF bandwidth. TABLE 1
• Figure 4a provides data on the radar cross section (RCS) of a .357 caliber pistol for transmitted radiation spanning the 2650 to 3000 MHz frequency range.
• the curve shows that for a gun oriented in the broadside position, meaning that the longest dimension of the gun extends sideways in the plane of the transmitted radio wave, the RCS varies from about -8 dBsm to -11 dBsm over this frequency range.
• Figure 4b represents a body return, or the RCS of a human body without a weapon, in the same frequency band as Figure 4a.
• the average radar cross section across the band is -3 dBsm or approximately 8 dB stronger than the average gun return of -11 dB.
• Figures 5 and 6 provide measurements of the reflection of radio waves of a person in the test chamber.
• Figure 5 contains empirical data that indicates that when a person is illuminated with radiation, about 63% of the radio wave energy is reflected back from the body between 2.59 to 3.95 GHz.
• Figure 6 shows that about 32% is reflected back between 7.0 to 10.66 GHz.
• the present invention preferably relies on the physical phenomenon of reflection in which a horizontally polarized incident beam will be partially reflected back as vertical polarization.
• the percentage of energy converted to vertical polarization depends on the shape of the object in the plane normal to the direction of incidence. If the object has a cross sectional shape that has both vertical and horizontal components, then a vertically polarized component will be realized even though the object is irradiated by horizontally polarized waves.
• This vertically polarized component is referred to herein as the "cross-pol”
• the horizontally polarized reflection is referred to as the "co-pol”.
• the difference in backscatter between a .357 hand gun and the human body is approximately -8 dB on the average. In arithmetic terms this means that the combined gun plus body signal will increase only 1.4 dB over the case without a gun. Given that the human body variance is on the order of 6dB, it is not hard to understand why a gun would be difficult to detect.
• the major bones in the human body are vertical so it is not surprisingly then that the cross section is higher for incident vertical polarization. This is also true for the vast majority of zippers in clothing. If incident horizontal polarization is used, the body cross section reduces by approximately 6 dB, and the now vertically polarized cross polarization reduces a like amount.
• Figure 7 depicts typical operation of a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
• Persons entering a protected space, or "Safe ZoneTM” are illuminated with radio waves which are in this instance horizontally polarized. A portion of these radio waves are absorbed, while some are reflected back toward the transmitter.
• the transmitter illuminates a person without a gun
• the two curves in the upper graph in Figure 7 result. These two curves represent the amplitude of the horizontally polarized energy reflected back to the detector (the upper curve labeled " ⁇ ") and the amplitude of the vertically polarized energy reflected back to the detector (the lower curve labeled " ⁇ ") in the time domain after applying a Chirp-Z transform (as described below).
• the lower graph shown in Figure 7 contains two curves produced when a person is carrying a handgun that is sensed by the detector in the time domain.
• the two curves represent the energy level of horizontally polarized radio waves reflected from the person (the upper curve labeled "y") and the energy level of vertically polarized radio waves reflected back from the person (the lower curve labeled " ⁇ ") in the time domain.
• the gap between the maximum amplitude of the curves, labeled "Delta B,” is usually somewhat narrower than the gap in the upper graph, labeled "Delta A".
• the component of vertically polarized energy that is reflected back from the object increases.
• Figures 8 and 9 are measured time domain test equipment plots of two pairs of waveforms generated during a handgun detection experiment.
• the person was not carrying a gun, and the maximum values of the two curves are 29.6 dB apart.
• the incident polarization is horizontal and thus the receive polarization for horizontal is greater than the receive polarization for vertical.
• Figure 9 the same person was carrying a handgun, and the distance between the maximum values of the two curves is now only 7.9 dB, indicating the presence of a gun.
• Another criteria which is preferably used in the present invention is the relative timing of the peaks of the two return signals changes.
• a good portion of the vertically polarized signal which is mostly created by the weapon, moves forward in time relative to the horizontal return, which is mainly reflected from the body.
• Such a time shift is another parameter which contributes to the probability of the detection of a weapon.
• measuring the ratio of the peak value to the area under the curve for each return preferably contributes to determining the probability of object detection.
• the absolute amplitude of the co-pol return tends to be greater when a person is armed due to the reflection from the weapon but this, in itself, is not a heavily weighted parameter because of the variation in the sizes of different people. If the co-pol return were significantly greater than the value that is normal for a very large person, then this alone would indicate an abnormality with a particular individual, possibly indicating a concealed object. This parameter is of great significance when a person is wearing a bomb comprising shrapnel.
• the present invention is preferably implemented by solving an algorithm which uses a standard set of stored values that represent the signals which are reflected from persons who are not carrying concealed weapons.
• This data which is preferably measured and compiled using a number of persons, furnishes the information represented in the upper graph shown in Figure 7, and in Figure 8.
• a standard set of stored values that represent the signals which are reflected from persons who are carrying concealed weapons is also used.
• This data which is also preferably measured and compiled using a number of persons, furnishes the information represented in the lower graph shown in Figure 7, and in Figure 9.
• the detector is capable of adapting to its environment by progressively and continuously learning about the reflected signals that are produced by many persons entering the "Safe ZoneTM" who are not carrying weapons. This can be accomplished by utilizing one of any number of learning systems, including but not limited to a neural network.
• U.S. Patent Number 6,342,696, entitled “Object Detection System” discloses novel methods and apparatuses for detecting concealed weapons, including utilization of a time domain method in which the amplitude difference between the co-polarized and cross-polarized returns from a target area is used to determine if a weapon is present.
• CZT is a mathematical expression that is used to convert information about frequency to information about time, i.e. to convert from the frequency domain to the time domain.
• the CZT is a generalization of the Z transform, which is a discrete form of the Laplace Transform. Measuring the phase of the polarized waves reflected from a person who may be carrying a concealed weapon is important because the polarized waves reflected from a concealed weapon and the polarized waves reflected from a human body behave quite differently.
• the reflections from a concealed weapon while not constant, vary within a relatively confined range.
• the reflections from a human body vary in time because the body has depth and the reflections are generated at various depths in the body; the reflections are therefore non-planar.
• the centroid of the transformed return is at a point that is below the surface of the body.
• the present invention preferably exploits this characteristic by using signal processing methods to distinguish the relatively compacted signals from a concealed weapon from the generally time/distance varying signals from a human body.
• the result of using the non-planar data is a reduction in the return from the human body, increasing system sensitivity and the ability of the invention to detect concealed weapons.
• the CZT helps to separate a first signal which is generated by radiation reflected from an object from a second signal generated by radiation reflected from a target such as a human body.
• phase detector has been introduced into the instrumentation; see Figure 2.
• the phase detector is actually built in two sections, each being fed with identical signals that are offset 90° from each other.
• Such a quadrature detector is required to eliminate the ambiguities in the phase detector as a single section unit repeats the values at different quadrants of the circle. Since only one frequency exists at a given time, it was preferred to measure the phase relative to the transmitter signal.
• the phase measurement preferably of the cross-pol returned signal, is preferably performed at the IF signal.
• the phase measurement can be performed at the radio frequency (RF) signal without any significant difference; however, it is more difficult and expensive to obtain accurate measurements at RF.
• a phase discriminator is used to measure the phase of the returned signal relative to the transmitted signal.
• coherency can be maintained preferably by employing an additional channel to provide a reference at the precise IF of the return signal. This is accomplished preferably by sampling both the transmit and local oscillators and mixing them to produce the phase detector reference. Noise is minimized because the delay in receiving the return is only nanoseconds due to the close proximity of the target.
• a single phase detection channel is preferably used and is time multiplexed to permit separate phase measurements of the co- and cross-polarity channels.
• An alternative method to create a stable reference is to employ a stable oscillator operating at the IF and synthesize the local oscillator using the IF reference and transmit oscillators.
• FIG. 10 Generalized depictions of sample cross-pole amplitude and phase responses from a human body are presented in Figure 10. This information is processed using a Complex Chirp-Z Transform.
• the waveforms in Figure 10 can be defined as follows:
• a f jifl amplitude response of the bandpass filter in the frequency domain
• Aw amplitude response of the cross-pole return in the frequency domain
• f frequency in gigahertz
• t time in nanoseconds
• the frequency band of interest is broken into segments or bins.
• the number of bins "N" can be any practical value, from zero to a number approaching infinity.
• the data acquired from the radar signal consists of the magnitude and phase of the reflected signal at each frequency. In order to be useful, these values must be converted into values representing magnitude vs time.
• radar parameters :
• N number of frequency samples at which measurements are made;
• F_step size of frequency steps between samples; and
• F_span total frequency span (N x F_step).
• IDFT Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform
• X(k) are the N frequency samples (complex) and x(n) are the N time samples.
• the IDFT gives us 128 time samples each spaced 1 nanosecond apart from time 0 to 128 ns.
• This method proves to be inadequate for two reasons. First, we are not interested in all of the time from 0 to 128 ns, but only on the very small (-10 ns) time slice where the reflections from the target and object are present. Second, the 1 ns time resolution is too coarse to make the precision time measurements which are preferable for the present invention.
• the Chirp-Z operates on the same principle as the IDFT, but permits the ability to zoom in on a region of interest.
• the forward (time to frequency) Chirp-Z Transform is given by:
• a 0 determines the Chirp-Z initial radius
• W 0 determines the "spiral factor" of the Chirp-Z transform
• ⁇ 0 determines the starting position as a fraction of the whole interval
• ⁇ o determines the step size as a fraction of a whole interval
• N is the number of input (time) values
• M is the number of output (frequency) values.
• a 0 and W 0 are preferably set to 1.
• the above equations are for the forward (time to frequency) Chirp-Z Transform.
• the data processing for the CWD system preferably comprises the following steps: 1. Acquire the frequency magnitude and phase values; 2. Apply a Hamming window to the values; 3. Convert the magnitude and phase values into real and imaginary values; 4. Conjugate the complex values; 5. Perform the Chirp-Z transform; 6. Conjugate the result; and 7. Convert the result from real and imaginary values into magnitude values.
• the main advantage of the Chirp-Z Transform over the Fast Fourier Transform is that very accurate time shift data is available with a resolution of tens of picoseconds. This provides information on the spatial position of the generation of the cross-pol return relative to the co-pol return with a resolution of less than 1 inch. This in turn provides information as to whether the cross-pol was generated within the body of a human or by an object in front of, or otherwise on the surface of, the body.
• the neural network described below preferably utilizes this information as part of the decision making process.
• a preferred embodiment of the present invention employs an antenna that has dual feeds, one for the co-pole and the other for the cross-pole, using two separate antennas.
• the first antenna transmits preferably horizontally polarized waves and receives in the same polarity (co-pol).
• the second antenna preferably only receives in the opposite polarity (cross-pol) and does not transmit.
• Normally such radars use two receiver channels to keep the two received signals separated.
• the present apparatus may multiplex the signals and use a microwave switch to alternately connect the receiver channel to each of the antennas, thereby saving the cost of a second receiver. This savings is quite substantial.
• This approach can be applied as well to an antenna design that uses a separate feed for each polarity.
• Time multiplexing is preferably accomplished by adding a SP2T switch at the input to the receiver where each input is fed by each antenna.
• the transmitted signal is preferably a burst of pulses separated by a period, such as about 1 microsecond, as opposed to a single pulse.
• the returns from each pulse in the group are averaged to negate any unexplained occasional strange readings.
• a group of preferably 3 to 5 pulses is adequate for this application.
• the readings can be taken in a variety of sequences as long as a set is completed in less than an arbitrary time of preferably one millisecond.
• This allows the system to be designed in the most simplified form, as it will not matter if the co- and cross-pol measurements are made at each frequency, or if all the co-pol measurements are made first on one frequency sweep and then the cross-pol measurements on an alternate frequency sweep.
• the latter method allows the use of a polarity switch to select the co-pol return and then the cross-pol return and use only one receiver to measure both.
• a relatively slow switch with a switching time of 50 to 100 nanoseconds, can then be used.
• a repetition rate of preferably approximately 10 KHz would allow a measurement sweep to be completed in a reasonable time.
• a weighting function is preferably applied to the various types of data collected.
• the values of both the magnitude and phase of the co- and cross-polarity returns provide some indication as to the amount of metal (or other radar reflective material) on a person, even though a larger person produces a return that is about 3 dB greater than a smaller person.
• a person with a bomb may produce a much greater return than a large person.
• a plurality of frequency sweeps for each reading in the course of approximately 300 milliseconds is preferably taken, and an average is preferably calculated.
• a safe subject no weapon of any kind produces a significant variation in the five values (large standard deviation), while a person with a weapon creates a much tighter pattern.
• the former condition can have a spread of 5 or more dB, while the latter typically shows a spread of less than 3 dB. Thus this standard deviation is valuable data.
• the present invention preferably assigns points to a number of such parameters, although other parameters may be used.
• the first preferred parameter is the magnitude of the co-polarity return. This in itself is a poor discriminator but it serves as the reference for the other measurements. Points are only assigned to this parameter when its value is extremely large indicating that there is a gross abnormality associated with this subject. For example if the co-pol magnitude is greater than -47 dBm, three points may be assigned; if it is greater than -50 dBm, two points may be assigned; and if it is greater than -55 dBm, one point may be assigned. The unit dBm is an absolute measure of the power relative to one milliwatt.
• the second preferred parameter is the magnitude of the complex cross-polarity return.
• the X-pol magnitude is greater than -60 dBm, 2 points may be assigned, and if it is greater than -62 dBm, 1 point may be assigned.
• the third preferred parameter is the resulting difference between the magnitudes of the co-polarity and complex cross polarity returns. For example, if the difference is less than 5 dB, four points may be assigned; if the difference is less than 8 dB, two points may be assigned; and if the difference is less than 10 dB, one point may be assigned.
• the fourth preferred parameter is the time shift between the cross-pol and co-pol signals.
• a fifth preferred parameter is the shape of the cross-pol waveform; the greater the spread in time of the transformed signal, the greater the probability that the returns are the result of several significant reflectors on this subject.
• each is preferably assigned a number of points.
• each preferred parameter is preferably then added, and if the total is more than an arbitrary or statistically determined upper threshold, it is declared that the person has a weapon or other object; if the total is between a lower threshold and the upper threshold a caution (i.e., retest) is preferably reported, and if the total is less than the lower threshold, it is preferably declared that the person is safe. Preferably two successive "cautions" results in a decision for a weapon or object.
• a running total of preferably three successive "snapshots" of the target is preferably performed.
• the snapshots are preferably taken in about 1/4 second increments.
• a set of "snapshots” is preferably completed in less than 3 seconds and is taken in slightly different positions as the person moves through the range gate. This is much more meaningful as a weapon may be missed in one position and detected in the others.
• the target may optionally be asked to rotate a certain amount, for example 120 degrees, with readings taken at each position.
• more than one apparatus may be placed in different positions and preferably illuminate the target simultaneously from different orientations. If any one of the three snapshots determines that there is a weapon, then preferably the declaration is that there is a weapon.
• the declaration of a weapon may be determined according to the criteria that each of the snapshots has a minimum number of points for three successive snapshots.
• the above process describes a manual implementation of a pattern recognition system. The points assigned to each parameter and their variation with values of those parameters are manually assigned as a result of subjective human decisions.
• the next step in achieving a more accurate method of determining the weighting of the parameter values (point assignments) is to use an artificial intelligence or a pattern recognition technique, preferably artificial neural net processing.
• the present invention utilizes software entitled "Pattern Recognition Workbench” (PRW), but any similar such software can be applied.
• the program is trained by entering the data plus the correct answer; the program then evaluates the data and determines the optimal weighting of each parameter to maximize accuracy.
• a data set can be 100% correct.
• the output is computer code which is stored in the computer that will do the actual processing.
• the internal computer then operates in a "hands off' mode to render decisions on any new data accumulated.
• the results are astonishing and have improved the prediction accuracy from about 80% for the manually selected weighting to better than 98% for the artificial intelligence selected weighting. This is because the neural network learns when there is an error; for example, when more people of varying sizes and shapes are tested and some do not fit the existing pattern.
• the present invention may be employed to detect and/or locate any number of objects, including but not limited to distinctly shaped merchandise or inexpensive tags attached to merchandise as an inventory control and anti-shoplifting system.
• the invention may optionally be incorporated into an automatic door control system, for example one comprising automatic door opening, closing, or locking equipment.
• the system may also be employed as a bomb or explosive detection device. Detection of other objects is a matter of determining which band of frequencies would yield maximum information for the object in question and then accumulate sufficient data to train the artificial neural net.
• Targets which were tested for detection include a variety of weapons, including a .22 caliber pistol, a Glock 9mm semiautomatic pistol, an Uzi assault rifle, and a variety of terrorist style bombs including those comprising nails as shrapnel, slingshot balls as shrapnel and explosive simulation packets without shrapnel.
• Table 2 displays sample test data regarding the detection of a variety of weapons in accordance with the present invention using the 9.5 to 10.7 GHz frequency band and illuminated with horizontal polarization. Data were taken for front views only. This data was taken using 12 different people whose size and weight spanned from about 100 pounds to 220 pounds and heights from about 5'0" to 6'2". As shown, the system was correct for 115 out of 116 safe cases thereby yielding only one false positive and zero false negatives out of 283 weapon cases. (NA means not applicable.)

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