EP1706536A1 - Procede de reduction de reversion de blancheur de pates mecaniques et de pates chimiques a haut rendement - Google Patents

Procede de reduction de reversion de blancheur de pates mecaniques et de pates chimiques a haut rendement

Info

Publication number
EP1706536A1
EP1706536A1 EP04805192A EP04805192A EP1706536A1 EP 1706536 A1 EP1706536 A1 EP 1706536A1 EP 04805192 A EP04805192 A EP 04805192A EP 04805192 A EP04805192 A EP 04805192A EP 1706536 A1 EP1706536 A1 EP 1706536A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
process according
modifying agent
phenolic
oxidized
agent
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP04805192A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Johanna Buchert
Liisa Viikari
Stina GRÖNQVIST
Mikael Svedman
Aarto Paren
Veli-Matti Vuorenpalo
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Kemira Oyj
Yara Suomi Oy
Original Assignee
Kemira Agro Oy
Kemira Oyj
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Kemira Agro Oy, Kemira Oyj filed Critical Kemira Agro Oy
Publication of EP1706536A1 publication Critical patent/EP1706536A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • D21C9/00—After-treatment of cellulose pulp, e.g. of wood pulp, or cotton linters ; Treatment of dilute or dewatered pulp or process improvement taking place after obtaining the raw cellulosic material and not provided for elsewhere
    • D21C9/001—Modification of pulp properties
    • D21C9/002—Modification of pulp properties by chemical means; preparation of dewatered pulp, e.g. in sheet or bulk form, containing special additives
    • D21C9/005—Modification of pulp properties by chemical means; preparation of dewatered pulp, e.g. in sheet or bulk form, containing special additives organic compounds
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H21/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties
    • D21H21/14—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties characterised by function or properties in or on the paper
    • D21H21/143—Agents preventing ageing of paper, e.g. radiation absorbing substances
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • D21C5/00—Other processes for obtaining cellulose, e.g. cooking cotton linters ; Processes characterised by the choice of cellulose-containing starting materials
    • D21C5/005—Treatment of cellulose-containing material with microorganisms or enzymes
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H11/00—Pulp or paper, comprising cellulose or lignocellulose fibres of natural origin only
    • D21H11/16—Pulp or paper, comprising cellulose or lignocellulose fibres of natural origin only modified by a particular after-treatment
    • D21H11/20—Chemically or biochemically modified fibres

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to fibrous products.
  • the present invention concerns a process for reducing the susceptibility of lignocellulosic material to unwanted brightness reversion, in particular to brightness reversion caused by light or heat.
  • US 6,599,326 discloses inhibition of pulp and paper yellowing using hydroxylamines and other coadditives.
  • Chemical pulps or papers, especially kraft pulps or papers, which may still contain traces of lignin, have enhanced resistance to yellowing when they contain an effective stabilizing amount of a N,N-dialkylhydroxylamine, an ester, amide or thio substituted N,N-dialkylhydroxylamine or N,N-dibenzylhydroxylamine or an ammonium salt thereof.
  • This performance is often further enhanced by the presence of one or more coadditives selected from the group consisting of UN absorbers, polymeric mhibitors, nitrones, fluorescent whitening agents and metal chelating agents.
  • Combinations of hydroxylamines or their salts, benzotriazole or benzophenone UN absorbers and a metal chelating agent are, according to the cited patent, considered particularly effective.
  • the method aims at effectively reducing both light- and heat-induced brightness reversion of mechanical pulps and high- yield chemical pulps.
  • the invention is based on the finding that the reactions that take place during oxidation, in particular enzymatic oxidation, of lignin appear to be similar to the reactions that cause brightness reversion. Therefore, the initial reaction causing brightness reversion can be activated by enzymatic or chemical means and simultaneously immediately blocked by targeted functionalization, by retarding or stopping the reactions.
  • the present invention provides a method of modifying fibres by bonding of new compounds to the oxidized fibres via radical pathways.
  • the aim of the bonding of the compounds is to stabilize the structure by forming a colourless lignin derivative unable to participate in yellowing reactions.
  • new fibrous products with modified properties are produced by activating the fibres of the matrix with an oxidizing agent capable of oxidizing phenolic or similar structural groups, which may undergo reactions conducive to the formation of coloured sites on the fibres, and attaching to the oxidized sites at least one modifying agent to block the reactivity of the oxidized sites.
  • the activation is preferably carried out enzymatically although it is equally possible to use chemical agents for achieving oxidation/radicalization.
  • the modifying agent has at least one functional site or reactive structure, which provides for binding of the modifying compound to the lignocellulosic fibre material, in particular at the oxidized phenolic groups or corresponding chemical structures of the fibres, which have been oxidized during the activation step.
  • the present invention provides a process for producing a fibre material having increased resistance to brightness reversion, comprising a lignocellulosic fibrous matrix with phenolic or similar structural groups and a modifying agent reducing the susceptibility of yellowing, including the steps of - reacting the lignocellulosic fibrous matrix with an oxidizing agent in the presence of a catalyst capable of catalyzing the oxidation of phenolic or similar structural groups by said oxidizing agent to provide an oxidized fibre material, and - contacting the oxidized fibre material with a modifying agent containing at least one first functional site, which is capable of bonding to oxidized fibre material, said modifying agent being capable of imparting to the lignocellulosic fibre material improved resistance to brightness reversion caused by light or heat or combinations thereof.
  • catalyst is to be given a broad interpretation in the present context, and it covers any agent capable of possibly - but not exclusively - in combination with a separate oxidation agent, of achieving oxidation of the phenolic or similar groups.
  • Another embodiment of the invention provides a method of reducing light or heat induced brightness reversion of mechanical or high- yield chemical pulp, comprising the steps of enzymatically or chemically oxidizing phenolic groups of the pulp and bonding to the oxidized phenolic groups a substance capable of forming a colourless lignin derivative unable to participate in yellowing reactions.
  • the present invention provides important advantages. Importantly, the invention makes it possible to produce novel kinds of fibrous materials having improved brightness reversion.
  • the modifying agents can be reliable attached to the fibres, and the improved resistance to yellowing will not be significantly impaired by, e.g., extensive washing of the fibres prior to forming the material into a paper or cardboard web.
  • Figure 1 depict in graphical form yellowing of spruce TMP samples as function of irradiation energy.
  • the invention generally relates to a method of producing fibre compositions with reduced susceptibility to yellowing.
  • the fibre matrix comprises fibres containing phenolic or similar structural groups, which are capable of being oxidized by suitable oxidizing agents.
  • Such fibres are typically "lignocellulosic" fibre materials, which include fibre made of annual or perennial plants or wooden raw material by, for example, mechanical, chemimechanical or chemical pulping.
  • RMP refiner mechanical pulping
  • PRMP pressurized refiner mechanical pulping
  • TMP thermomechanical pulping
  • GW groundwood
  • PGW pressurized groundwood
  • CMP chemithermomechanical pulping
  • a woody raw material derived from different wood species as for example hardwood and softwood species, is refined into fine fibres in processes, which separate the individual fibres from each other.
  • the fibres are typically split between the lamellas along the interlamellar lignin layer, leaving a fibre surface, which is at least partly covered with lignin or lignin-compounds having a phenolic basic structure
  • chemical pulps are included if they are susceptible to brightness reversion and have a residual content of lignin sufficient to give at least a minimum amount of phenolic groups necessary for providing binding sites for the modifying agent.
  • concentration of lignin in the fibre matrix should be at least 0.1 wt-%, preferably at least about 1.0 wt-%.
  • An essential feature of the invention is to block brightness reversion by modifications of phenolic hydroxyls, alfa-carbonyls and/or alfa-hydroxyls on the fibres.
  • lignin structures to enzymatic oxidation to yield oxidized groups of the aforesaid kind, the normal reactions causing brightness reversion can be attained. These reactions are then stopped by bonding a desired compound to the activated, oxidized groups.
  • the lignocellulosic fibre material is reacted with a substance capable of catalyzing the oxidation of phenolic or similar structural groups to provide an oxidized fibre material.
  • the substance is an enzyme and the enzymatic reaction is carried out by contacting the lignocellulosic fibre material with an oxidizing agent, which is capable - in the presence of the enzyme - of oxidizing the phenolic or similar structural groups to provide an oxidized fibre material.
  • oxidizing agents are selected from the group of oxygen and oxygen-containing gases, such as air, and hydrogen peroxide.
  • Oxygen can be supplied by various means, such as efficient mixing, foaming, gases enriched with oxygen or oxygen supplied by enzymatic or chemical means, such as peroxides to the solution. Peroxides can be added or produced in situ.
  • the oxi dative enzymes capable of catalyzing oxidation of phenolic groups are selected from, e.g. the group of phenoloxidases (E.C.I.10.3.2 benzenediol: oxygen oxidoreductase) and catalyzing the oxidation of o- and p-substituted phenolic hydroxyl and amino/amine groups in monomeric and polymeric aromatic compounds.
  • the oxidative reaction leads to the formation of phenoxy radicals.
  • Another groups of enzymes comprise the peroxidases and other oxidases.
  • Peroxidases are enzymes, which catalyze oxidative reaction using hydrogen peroxide as their electron acceptor
  • oxidases are enzymes, which catalyze oxidative reactions using molecular oxygen as their electron acceptor.
  • the enzyme used may be for example laccase, tyrosinase, peroxidase or oxidase, in particular, the enzyme is selected from the group of laccases (EC 1.10.3.2), catechol oxidases (EC 1.10.3.1), tyrosinases (EC 1.14.18.1), bilirubin oxidases (EC 1.3.3.5), horseradish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7), manganase peroxidase (ECl.11.1.13) and lignin peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.14).
  • laccases EC 1.10.3.2
  • catechol oxidases EC 1.10.3.1
  • tyrosinases EC 1.14.18.1
  • bilirubin oxidases EC 1.3.3.5
  • horseradish peroxidase EC 1.11.1.7
  • manganase peroxidase ECl.11.1.13
  • lignin peroxidase EC 1.11.1.14
  • the amount of the enzyme is selected depending on the activity of the individual enzyme and the desired effect on the fibre.
  • the enzyme is employed in an amount of 0.0001 to 10 mg protein/g of dry matter fiber.
  • Different dosages can be used, but advantageously a dosage of about 1 to 100,000 nkat/g, more advantageously 10-500 nkat/g.
  • chemical agents such as alkali metal persulphates and hydrogen peroxide and other per-compounds, can be used for achieving oxidization of the phenolic groups and for forming phenoxy radicals.
  • the dosage of the chemical agent is, depending on the chemical agent and on the pulp (i.e. on the amount of phenolic groups contained therein), typically in the range of about 0.01 to 100 kg/ton, preferably about 0.1 to about 50 kg/ton, e.g. about 0.5 to 20 kg/ton.
  • no separate oxidation agent needs to be added.
  • the per-compound will achieve the aimed oxidation of the phonolic groups.
  • the activation treatment is carried out in a liquid medium, preferably in an aqueous medium, such as in water or an aqueous solution, at a temperature in the range of 5 to 100 °C, typically about 10 to 85 °C. Normally, a temperature of 20 - 80 °C is preferred.
  • the consistency of the pulp is, generally, 0.5 to 95 % by weight, typically about 1 to 50 % by weight, in particular about 2 to 40 % by weight.
  • the pH of the medium is preferably slightly acidic, in particular the pH is about 2 to 10, in the case of phenoloxidases.
  • the chemical agents are usually employed at slightly acidic conditions, such as at pH 3 to 6. Peroxidases are typically employed at pH of about 3 to 12.
  • the reaction mixture is stirred during oxidation.
  • Other enzymes can be used under similar conditions, preferably at pH 2 - 10.
  • a modifying agent capable of reducing the susceptibility to yellowing of lignocellulosic fibres is bonded to the oxidized phenolic or similar structural groups of the matrix.
  • a modifying agent typically exhibits at least one first functional site, which is compatible with the fibrous matrix, and at least one second functional site or structure providing for the above technical effect, as will be explained in more detail below.
  • the first functional site comprises in particular functional groups, which are capable of contacting and binding to the fibre at the oxidized phenolic or similar structural groups or at its vicinity.
  • the bond formed between the oxidized phenolic or similar residue can be covalent or ionic or even based on hydrogen bonding.
  • Typical functionalities of the first functional site include reactive groups, such as hydroxyl (including phenolic hydroxy groups), carboxy, anhydride, aldehyde, ketone, amino, amine, amide, imine, imidine and derivatives and salts thereof, to mention some examples.
  • the modifying agent is chemically or physically bonded to the fibre matrix to such an extent that at least an essential part of it cannot be removed.
  • One criterion, which can be applied to test this feature, is washing in aqueous medium, because often the fibrous matrix will be processed in an aqueous environment, and it is important that it retains the new and valuable properties even after such processing.
  • at least 10 mol-%, in particular at least 20 mol-%, and preferably at least 30 mol-%, of the modifying agent remains attached to the matrix after washing or leaching in an aqueous medium.
  • the modifying agent is activated with an oxidizing agent.
  • the interaction of the oxidized lignocellulosic material and the modifying agent, resulting in bonding of the modifying agent to the lignocellulosic material typically takes place in liquid phase, usually in water or in another aqueous medium.
  • the pulp or other lignocellulosic fibrous matrix is suspended in the medium and it is contacted with the modifying agent or a precursor thereof, which is dissolved or dispersed in the same medium.
  • the conditions can vary freely, although it is preferred to carry out the contacting under mixing or stirring.
  • the temperature is generally between the melting point and the boiling point of the medium; preferably it is about 5 to 100 °C.
  • the pH of the medium can be neutral or weakly alkaline or acidic (pH typically about 2 to 12). It is preferred to avoid strongly alkaline or acidic conditions because they can cause hydrolyzation of the fibrous matrix. Normal pressure (ambient pressure) is also preferred, although it is possible to carry out the process under reduced or elevated pressure in pressure resistant equipment. Generally, the consistency of the fibrous material is about 0.5 to 95 % by weight during the contacting stage.
  • the first and the second stages of the process are carried out in the same reaction medium, without separating the fibrous matrix after the oxidation step.
  • the conditions can, though, even in this embodiment be different during the various processing stages.
  • the first and the second stages of the process are carried out sequentially or simultaneously.
  • the first step of the process aims at the formation in the fibrous substrate of phenoxy radicals, which are capable of binding modifying agents.
  • Some modifying agents will form substrates for the oxidative enzymes used in the invention, and in that case, it is preferred to first add the oxidative enzymes and to allow the enzyme interact with the fibrous substrate containing phenolic or similar groups, e.g. for 0.1 to 180 minutes, in particular about 1 to 30 minutes to achieve oxidation of the phenolic groups, and to add the modifying agents after the enzymatic oxidation.
  • Example 3 shows, reasonably good results are obtained with the simulataneous application of oxidation agent and modifying agent, although the best results are attained when steps one and two are carried our sequentially.
  • the modifying agent is an aliphatic or aromatic, monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic substance.
  • the aliphatic compound can be an unsaturated carboxylic acid, advantageously a monocarboxylic unsaturated fatty acid, having 4 to 30 carbon atoms.
  • the modifying agent can be a monocarboxylic, unsaturated fatty acids containing a minimum of two double bonds, preferably two conjugated double bonds. Such fatty acids have an even number of carbon atoms, typically in the range of 16 to 22. It is also possible to use lower alkanols, i.e. alcoholic compounds comprising 1 to 6, in particular 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Examples include n- and i-propanol and n- and t-butanol.
  • Examples of particularly suitable compounds are constituted by linoleic and linolenic acid. It would appear that the unsaturated fatty acid bonds to the oxidized groups or structure via one of the double bonds.
  • antioxidants such as tocopherol and beta-carotene.
  • the compound can have special properties, such as capability to trap radicals and form colourless substituents.
  • the modified fibre having new properties is generally separated from the liquid reaction and further used in target applications.
  • the following non-limiting examples illustrate the invention:
  • a 5 g portion of bleached spruce TMP was suspended in water.
  • the pH of the suspension was adjusted to pH 4.5 by addition of acid.
  • the suspension was stirred at RT.
  • Laccase dosage was 1000 nkat/g of pulp dry matter and the final pulp consistency was 7.5 %.
  • 0.15 mmol linoleic acid/g of pulp dry matter was added to the pulp suspension.
  • the pulp suspension was filtered and the pulp was washed thoroughly with water.
  • Handsheets were prepared. For comparison purposes, reference treatments were carried out using the same procedure as described above but without addition of laccase or linoleic acid or both.
  • Sample A Peroxide bleached aspen-CTMP-pulp was treated with sodium persulphate (dosage 5 kg/ton of pulp) and linoleic acid (5 kg) at 80 °C, at pH 5 for 60 minutes. The treatment was carried out at a consistency of 10 .
  • Sample B The pulp sample was treated in the same way as Sample A except that ammonium persulphate (5 kg) was used instead of Na-persulphate.
  • Sample C The pulp sample was treated in the same way as Samples A and B except that hydrogen peroxide was used instead of persulphate.
  • the pH of the test was 4.
  • Sample D The pulp sample was treated as Sample A but t-butanol (5 kg) was used instead of linoleic acid.
  • Sample E The pulp sample was treated in the same way as Sample A, but no linoleic was added. After the treatment with persulphate, a separate treatment was made with linoleic acid (5 kg) at 80 °C at a consistency of 10 %. The duration of the treatment was 30 min, and the pH was 5
  • Sample F The sample was prepared as Sample D, but without using any t-butanol.
  • the brightness stability of the samples treated by the present invention has been improved by even more than 4 units.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Paper (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de réduction de la sensibilité d'une matière lignocellulosique au jaunissement non désiré, en particulier au jaunissement provoqué par la lumière et la chaleur. Selon l'invention, les fibres sont activées par voie enzymatique ou chimique puis sont mises en contact avec un agent de modification assurant une liaison à la matière en fibre oxydée, améliorant ainsi la résistance à la réversion de blancheur de ladite matière en fibre lignocellulosique. L'invention permet ainsi de retarder, voire de supprimer la réversion de blancheur provoquée par la lumière ou la chaleur ou par une combinaison de celles-ci.
EP04805192A 2003-12-23 2004-12-23 Procede de reduction de reversion de blancheur de pates mecaniques et de pates chimiques a haut rendement Withdrawn EP1706536A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FI20031904A FI20031904A (fi) 2003-12-23 2003-12-23 Menetelmä lignoselluloosatuotteen muokkaamiseksi
PCT/FI2004/000797 WO2005061782A1 (fr) 2003-12-23 2004-12-23 Procede de reduction de reversion de blancheur de pates mecaniques et de pates chimiques a haut rendement

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1706536A1 true EP1706536A1 (fr) 2006-10-04

Family

ID=29763592

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP04805192A Withdrawn EP1706536A1 (fr) 2003-12-23 2004-12-23 Procede de reduction de reversion de blancheur de pates mecaniques et de pates chimiques a haut rendement

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US20070163735A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1706536A1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2007515570A (fr)
CN (1) CN1898436A (fr)
BR (1) BRPI0418128A (fr)
CA (1) CA2549650A1 (fr)
FI (1) FI20031904A (fr)
WO (1) WO2005061782A1 (fr)

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FI122175B (fi) * 2003-12-23 2011-09-30 Teknologian Tutkimuskeskus Vtt Menetelmä kuitutuotteen valmistamiseksi
FI121892B (fi) * 2003-12-23 2011-05-31 Teknologian Tutkimuskeskus Vtt Menetelmä kuituyhdistelmätuotteiden valmistamiseksi
PL3862485T3 (pl) 2005-05-02 2024-05-13 International Paper Company Materiały lignocelulozowe i wytworzone z nich produkty
EP2090646A1 (fr) 2008-01-22 2009-08-19 Thermphos Trading GmbH Composition de traitement de surface contenant des composés d'acide phosphonique
EP2082991A1 (fr) 2008-01-22 2009-07-29 Thermphos Trading GmbH Procédé de traitement de l'eau
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US9512237B2 (en) 2009-05-28 2016-12-06 Gp Cellulose Gmbh Method for inhibiting the growth of microbes with a modified cellulose fiber
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CN104060491B (zh) 2009-05-28 2017-04-12 Gp纤维素股份有限公司 来自化学牛皮纸纤维的改性纤维素及其制造和使用方法
CN102230297B (zh) * 2011-06-13 2013-01-09 东北林业大学 植物纸浆纤维改性方法和滤纸及其制备方法
MX364379B (es) 2013-03-14 2019-04-24 Gp Cellulose Gmbh Un metodo para preparar una fibra kraft altamente funcional y de baja viscosidad, usando una secuencia de blanqueamiento acido, y una fibra hecha por el proceso.
EP2971338A2 (fr) 2013-03-15 2016-01-20 GP Cellulose GmbH Fibre kraft à faible viscosité ayant une teneur en carboxyle améliorée et procédés de production et d'utilisation de celle-ci
CA3040734A1 (fr) 2016-11-16 2018-05-24 Gp Cellulose Gmbh Cellulose modifiee a base de fibres chimiques et procedes de fabrication et d'utilisation de ladite cellulose modifiee
CN116397456A (zh) 2017-03-21 2023-07-07 国际纸业公司 气味控制纸浆组合物
CN107044069A (zh) * 2017-03-28 2017-08-15 广西金桂浆纸业有限公司 纸杯原纸的制作工艺
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FI20031904A (fi) 2005-06-24
FI20031904A0 (fi) 2003-12-23
US20070163735A1 (en) 2007-07-19
CN1898436A (zh) 2007-01-17
BRPI0418128A (pt) 2007-04-17
CA2549650A1 (fr) 2005-07-07
WO2005061782A1 (fr) 2005-07-07
JP2007515570A (ja) 2007-06-14

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