EP1671333A1 - Verfahren und einrichtung zur erzeugung von alfvén-wellen - Google Patents
Verfahren und einrichtung zur erzeugung von alfvén-wellenInfo
- Publication number
- EP1671333A1 EP1671333A1 EP04761035A EP04761035A EP1671333A1 EP 1671333 A1 EP1671333 A1 EP 1671333A1 EP 04761035 A EP04761035 A EP 04761035A EP 04761035 A EP04761035 A EP 04761035A EP 1671333 A1 EP1671333 A1 EP 1671333A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- field
- magnetic
- magnetic field
- alfven
- matter
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03H—PRODUCING A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03H1/00—Using plasma to produce a reactive propulsive thrust
- F03H1/0081—Electromagnetic plasma thrusters
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21K—TECHNIQUES FOR HANDLING PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
- G21K1/00—Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating
- G21K1/08—Deviation, concentration or focusing of the beam by electric or magnetic means
- G21K1/093—Deviation, concentration or focusing of the beam by electric or magnetic means by magnetic means
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21K—TECHNIQUES FOR HANDLING PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
- G21K1/00—Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21K—TECHNIQUES FOR HANDLING PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
- G21K1/00—Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating
- G21K1/08—Deviation, concentration or focusing of the beam by electric or magnetic means
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
- H05H1/54—Plasma accelerators
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for generating Alfven waves, whereby ionizable matter is provided, which passes through a magnetic field. Furthermore, the invention relates to a device for generating Alfven waves, with a device for providing ionizable matter, a magnetic nozzle made up of at least one device for generating a magnetic primary field and a coil for generating a magnetic secondary field, and a channel for guiding the ionizable Matter through the magnetic fields, and electrical utilities. Finally, the invention relates to an engine for a vehicle using an above-mentioned device for generating Alfven waves.
- Alfven waves are magneto-hydro-dynamic waves, which were named after the Swedish physicist Hannes Olof Gösta Alfven, for whom he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1970.
- the Alfven waves are low-frequency waves in electrically conductive liquids or magnetized plasmas, which are caused by the change in the strength or geometry of a magnetic field.
- the Alfven waves propagate at finite speed, the so-called Alfven speed.
- An Alfven wave is the wave-like propagation of a disturbance in the magnetic field. In a vacuum, an Alfven wave spreads at the speed of vacuum light. If the magnetic field interacts with an ionizable material, for example a plasma, the Alfven velocity is determined by the mass or charge density of the dielectric medium.
- Alfven waves The interaction of matter with the magnetic field allows Alfven waves to transport mass and thus also energy and momentum.
- the so-called Alfven limit plays a role for such mass transport, within which the field strength must be greater than the kinetic energy of the material to be transported.
- the effect of material transport by Alfven waves was first detected spectroscopically in the atmosphere of exotic stars and later in laboratory experiments.
- Alfven waves are omnipresent in plasmas of space and result from the interaction between magnetic fields and currents flowing in them.
- Alfven waves typically occur at low frequency in magnetized conductive media, e.g. stellar atmospheres. The waves not only transport electromagnetic energy, but also contain information about the changes in plasma currents and the topology of the associated magnetic field.
- Alfven waves have only been used in processes for use in fusion reactors.
- US 4,661,304 shows the generation of Alfven waves with the aid of a resonance coil mechanism for generating over-resonance-high cyclonic frequencies in a fusion reactor.
- a similar construction based on several coils arranged in a circle to achieve high temperatures in a fusion reactor is described in the Russian patent specification SU 1 485 436.
- the transport of energy through Alfven waves was used. There is no direct use of mass transport by Alfven waves (see also H. Alfven, "Spacecraft Propulsion: New Methods", _Science_, Vol. 176, pp.
- Alfven shafts for driving vehicles, especially space vehicles have not yet been used, and two principles are currently used as electric recoil drives for vehicles, especially space vehicles, but their usability is restricted due to the relatively high power requirement due to the mass of external energy sources.
- the energy contained in the fuel for chemical drives must come from an electric drive external energy source.
- electromagnetic drives are used despite the high mass of the electrical energy source.
- electric drives the ion portion of a gas excited in various ways is accelerated by electric fields. Due to the physical distance between the electrodes, through which the acceleration path is defined, multiplied by the cross-section of the emission beam, only low shear densities are possible with energetically acceptable potential differences, which determines the efficiency.
- the magnetic field is only used as a static nozzle with hot walls. Particles bound in the field interact with each other due to their Larmor frequency. The field strength falling from the gradient also causes the binding forces to become smaller, so that the particles are inelastically scattered out of the bond to the field after n-order collisions and are pressed out of the nozzle-shaped field due to the thermodynamic pressure.
- the plasma to be expanded from the field is thermally excited by an arc.
- the main difference to pure arc engines is that the plasma temperature is not limited by the thermal load capacity of the nozzle walls.
- plasma engines are also referred to as magneto-plasma dynamic drives or MPD engines.
- Classic MPD engines can be divided into two groups, namely their own field and foreign field engines.
- Eigenfeld engines the field of the magnetic nozzle is induced by the high discharge current of the arc, so there is a magnet but no coil.
- foreign field engines the entire discharge current is used for heating, since the field of the magnetic nozzle is built up by a coil through an external field.
- a magnetic plasma engine is e.g. from the US 6 334 302 B1 and known under the name VASIMR (Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket).
- a plasma is passed through at least two magnetic ring coils and thermally excited in this magnetic field.
- the high-frequency field oscillation heats the plasma in a kind of magnetic bottle through vibrations of the magnetic field.
- the geometry of the magnetic field which is variable in strength, is basically preserved, which is why energy transport is used, but not material transport through the magnetic field.
- US 4,412,967 A describes a particle accelerator using the principle of the Alfven waves. Such a particle beam can be used as a drilling tool or weapon.
- the present invention has for its object to provide a method and a device for generating Alfven waves through which mass is transported.
- the object of the invention is achieved in that the magnetic field consists of a magnetic primary field which is periodically deformed by at least one oscillating magnetic secondary field which is polarized opposite to the primary field, as a result of which Alfven waves are formed in the ionizable material in this magnetic field, which spread at a speed that depends on the mass density of the matter passing through the magnetic field and the field strength of the magnetic field, the field strength of the magnetic field being greater than the kinetic energy of the matter in the magnetic field, so that mass is transported by the Alfven waves ,
- the method according to the invention uses Alfven waves for the transport of mass for the first time.
- a material beam generated in this way can be used, for example, to produce drives for vehicles, in particular space vehicles such as space satellites, using the recoil principle.
- space vehicles such as space satellites
- the Alfven waves are caused by periodic changes in the field geometry of a magnetic primary field. This periodic change in the geometry of the primary field is caused by at least one second, oppositely polarized, periodically changed magnetic field, which is referred to below as a secondary field, which is caused by a secondary coil.
- the oscillating secondary field is generated by supplying the secondary coil with an oscillating signal.
- the frequency and form of the control signal of the secondary coil depend on the type of application and the special properties of the field coils used. Basically, if the frequency of the oscillations of the secondary field is higher, you will come to an area where the working paths become shorter, since the full deformation paths of the magnetic field can no longer be used for mass transport. Due to the superimposition of the magnetic fields, the field lines of the primary field, on the side opposite the secondary coil, are pressed outwards, thus creating a funnel-shaped primary field. This field funnel leads to a reduction in the volume enclosed by the magnetic field. The ionizable matter in the magnetic field is thus compressed and pressed out of the field.
- the matter interacting with the magnetic field is divided on the one hand into the emission mass and to a lesser extent into Lorentz particles.
- the Lorentz particles are in the area of higher flux densities and are bound to the field lines.
- the remaining particles, however, are not bound to the field lines and can therefore be called quasi free particles.
- the quasi free particles are on the Lorentz particles '' scattered.
- the forces arising from the Lorentz particles, which act on the enclosed matter can also be called wall forces.
- the magnetic wall forces In contrast to classic magneto-plasma dynamic engines, the magnetic wall forces not only fulfill the function of a nozzle, but are also responsible for the compression of the emission mass due to their dynamics.
- the so-called Alfven limit is within which the magnetic field strength must be greater than the kinetic energy of the interacting partial to take into account. If this condition is not met, the Alfven waves cannot be used to transport mass. For this condition it is necessary to consider the sizes in the phase space. If the kinetic energy of the particle is larger than the magnetic field, the particles are not bound to the magnetic field and therefore cannot follow it. However, if the particles are bound in the magnetic field as defined above, which is determined by the Alfven limit, the particles are transported through the magnetic field. The mathematical foundations for this will be explained in more detail later. The magnetic field deforms with the speed of propagation of the Alfven waves, the so-called Alfven speed.
- the Alfven speed is less than or equal to the speed of sound of the matter in the magnetic field. This represents the case of elastic compression of the enclosed medium. In the case of this elastic compression, apart from inevitable friction losses, the medium does not heat up, but rather an internal mechanical overpressure arises in relation to the ambient pressure. In the case of an Alfven speed, which is less than or equal to the speed of sound of the matter in the magnetic field, the kinetic impulse is thus transmitted largely elastically. With such an elastic acceleration of the emission mass, no particularly high outflow velocities are possible, since the internal sound velocity is not exceeded at the initial temperature of the medium to be transported.
- This method can primarily be used for operation with conductive liquids, since the high density of matter associated with this, combined with a possibly low ion content, does not permit high alf velocities anyway.
- the Alfven speed with which the Alfven waves propagate is greater than the speed of sound of the matter in the magnetic field, it is compressed inelastically and thus heated.
- the size of the elastically transportable impulse is determined by the respective modulus of elasticity and thus the speed of sound.
- the inelastic portion of the over the Alfven waves and the Lorentz Particle transported momentum is converted into incoherent inner movement, i.e. into heat.
- the material thermally excited in this way not only receives a higher temperature, but also a higher speed of sound, with which it expands from the field funnel of the magnetic nozzle. It is therefore heated directly via the field forces available as a magnetic nozzle without an external heating mechanism.
- inelastic compression the relationship between the compression time and the energy losses due to radiation resulting from heating is important.
- the running time of the Alfven waves which depends on the way to work and the Alfven speed, should be coordinated so that less energy is emitted during the period than is supplied by the pulse. Thermal excitation through inelastic compression of the emission mass is suitable for applications in high vacuum, since a low mass density is necessary to achieve high Alfven speeds.
- the primary magnetic field is essentially constant. This is achieved by an essentially constant supply of the one coil for generating the primary magnetic field, which is why the circuitry complexity is low.
- the constant primary magnetic field can also be generated by permanent magnets. If, in the case of the generation of the primary magnetic field with the help of a coil, the so-called primary coil, the magnetic primary field is periodically switched off, the thermal heating can be reduced by the ohmic resistance of the primary coil. The frequency and duration of the shutdown must be selected accordingly so that the thermal energy can be dissipated during the shutdown phases.
- the magnetic secondary field is maintained during the switched-off primary field, which is why it is preferably also switched off during the switch-off periods of the primary field.
- the primary field and possibly also the secondary field are switched off by a corresponding control device, which is connected to the supply devices for the coils for generating the primary field and secondary field.
- the magnetic field is focused in the axial and / or radial direction according to a further feature of the invention.
- Various methods can be used for focusing, for example magnetic methods, but also special arrangements and mechanical configurations of the field coils.
- the magnetic strength of the primary magnetic field can be changed while the secondary magnetic field is switched on. The primary field is only changed to a small extent.
- the geometry of the mutually deformed fields can be influenced and thus optimized by this temporary reduction or increase in the primary field.
- the Alfven waves are phase-delayed.
- this phase delay which can be achieved, for example, by a delayed voltage rise when the secondary coil is switched on, the period of the deformation phase of the primary field can be extended.
- Such an influence on the Alfven waves makes sense if the Alfven speed is too high.
- Such a slowdown in the field deformation can be advantageous, for example, when the method according to the invention is used hydrodynamically. This allows variations in the sound field or optimizations in efficiency to be achieved.
- the method for generating Alfven waves can be used to drive vehicles, in particular space vehicles. Any ionization mechanism that ionizes a gas in a container is used as the plasma source.
- the Alfven waves oscillate reduce the volume of the medium flowing in from the plasma source faster than it can relax from the funnel-shaped magnetic field. The high pulse supplied during the short pulse duration of the magnetic field heats up the plasma, which leads to a higher sound and thus expansion speed of the plasma.
- a plasma jet that has already been accelerated by another mechanism can also be given additional acceleration by the Alfven waves.
- Applications of such engines range from position control of satellites to rocket propulsion for space missions and much more. Since the present method can be applied to any ions or plasma sources, any high-frequency sources that do not have a discharge gap and thus do not have any electrodes exposed to corrosion can also be used. This results in corrosion-free electromagnetic drive systems that have a longer service life.
- the Alfven waves generate a particle beam of high kinetic energy, which can be used, for example, in the military field, for example for switching off satellites.
- the high energy particle beam is advantageously generated by a single pulse of the secondary coil while the primary magnetic field is activated.
- the Alfven waves can deliver additional impulses to an accelerated mass.
- any accelerated medium can be post-accelerated using the present method.
- the device could be combined with an arc engine and the matter accelerated thereby could be additionally accelerated.
- phonons are generated or amplified in the matter in the magnetic field or that phonons are generated or amplified in a surrounding medium via the matter in the magnetic field. Phonons are amplified by the fact that the sound field within the material surrounded by the magnetic field is influenced by the effect of the Alfven waves.
- the object according to the invention is also achieved by an above-mentioned device for generating Alfven waves, in which the at least one secondary coil is polarized opposite to the device for generating the primary field and supplied with an oscillating electrical signal , whereby the magnetic primary field is periodically deformed by the magnetic secondary field and Alfven waves are formed in the ionizable matter in this magnetic field, which propagate with the Alfven velocity, the field strength of the magnetic field being greater than the kinetic energy of the magnetic field matter is, so that by the Alfven- Waves mass is transported.
- the essential design features therefore consist of two differently polarized field coils, through which a deformation of the magnetic field and thus the Alfven waves are formed.
- the device for generating the magnetic primary field can be formed by a coil or a permanent magnet.
- the coils for forming the magnetic field are advantageously liquid-cooled. Liquid cooling can reduce the high operating temperatures and thus increase the mechanical strength. A further improvement and a reduction in the electrical resistance of the coils is achieved by using superconducting coils.
- the device for providing ionizable material can be formed by a container with ionizable gas and an injector device for introducing the ionizable gas into the magnetic field. Such a plasma generator is particularly suitable for use of the device in space as a drive for space vehicles.
- the Alfven waves can compress this liquid located in the magnetic field.
- This variant in which the liquid is used as a throughput mass, which contains dissolved ions, is particularly suitable as a hydrodynamic drive, for example for watercraft, such as Submarines.
- the advantage of this is that water can be moved without moving parts of the drive. Due to its relatively good electrical conductivity, salt water is an ideal medium. Only the dissolved ions are directly influenced by the Alfven wave, which, due to the scattering with the remaining particles, causes only a small flow in the emission direction. Nevertheless, there are also applications for this variant.
- the device can be used as a particularly quiet and difficult to locate submarine drive or as a hydrodynamic pump. Since such a pump itself has no moving parts, such a variant for the transport of liquids with particularly high safety requirements is appropriate.
- such pumps can be used to transport liquids in bioreactors. Since no rotational movement has to be transmitted to the container via a bearing, the safety risk of a leakage point is reduced and at the same time the cost factor, which normally arises from the regular replacement of the bearings, is eliminated. There are also no mechanically moving parts that can damage the biomass.
- a device for phase delaying the Alfven waves generated is provided.
- Such a phase delay can result in a reduction in the Alfven speed, which can be advantageous in some cases.
- devices for focusing the magnetic field can be provided. These can be realized magnetically or mechanically by arranging the magnet coils accordingly.
- the focusing device can be formed by the primary coil and possibly a secondary coil with a magnetic core made of different materials, for example based on an FFAG (Fixed Field Alternating Gradient) core.
- a magnetic shield is advantageously provided, which protects sensitive, in particular electronic, assemblies from the relatively high magnetic fields of the coils. The usual magnetically conductive shielding materials are used.
- the magnetic shield includes a shield plate arranged on the side of the magnetic field opposite the direction of exit of the Alfven waves, additional focusing of the magnetic field is achieved.
- a control device is provided which is connected to the electrical supply devices for the coils.
- Such a control circuit can by a microprocessor with appropriate interfaces to the supply units of the Coils are formed.
- the control device can be formed by a computer, design variants being possible starting from a microcontroller via a microcomputer to a computer unit.
- the object according to the invention is also achieved by an engine for a vehicle with an above-mentioned device.
- the device for providing ionizable matter is formed by a plasma generator and a thrust is generated with the help of the Alfven waves according to the recoil principle, suitable engines for vehicles, in particular spacecraft such as rockets or satellites, can be created.
- the preferred working range for operation with ionized gas is in the area of inelastic compression of the emission mass.
- the Alfven waves reduce the containment volume of the medium flowing in from any plasma source faster than it can relax from the funnel-shaped magnetic field.
- the high pulse supplied during the short pulse duration heats up the plasma, which leads to a higher speed of sound and thus expansion of the plasma.
- Any ionization mechanism can serve as the plasma source, the power used for this being limited to the ionization of the gas.
- the thermal sink for the primary acceleration mechanism is generated according to the Carnot principle by the Alfven waves. Nevertheless, a plasma beam that has already been accelerated by another mechanism can experience additional acceleration due to the action of Alfven waves.
- the main advantage is that high outflow speeds can be reached, which is why such a plasma engine based on Alfven waves is particularly suitable for propulsion for spacecraft.
- the engines can be used to control the position of satellites, whereby the low mass throughput of such engines increases the lifespan of modern satellites, which is normally limited by the internal fuel supply. Path and position controls are necessary to compensate for gravitational anomalies, solar wind, etc. Likewise, such engines can be used as a so-called kick booster for driving satellites for transportation to its target location.
- the device for providing ionizable material is formed by a device for supplying electrically conductive liquid
- the engines can be used to drive vehicles in the water, for example for submarines.
- the device for providing ionizable matter is formed by an electric arc engine
- the matter already accelerated by the electric arc engine can be additionally accelerated according to the afterburner principle.
- Other applications, such as for the production of plasma beams of high kinetic energy as a weapon or as a pump without moving parts are also possible.
- the present invention is explained in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, which show diagrams and exemplary embodiments. 1 shows a schematic view of a device for generating Alfven waves;
- 2a and 2b are two schematic views to illustrate the mechanism of action in the deformation of the magnetic fields; 3a to 3d different waveforms of the current for supplying the secondary coil; 4 is a block diagram of a plasma drive according to the invention. Work;
- FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a hydrodynamic drive according to the present invention.
- FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of a practical experimental setup for testing the function of the method according to the invention
- 7 shows a block diagram of a device for generating Alfven waves
- FIG. 8 shows a block diagram of a further device for generating Alfven waves
- FIG. 1 shows the section through a magnetic nozzle 1 of a device for generating Alfven waves, one being Primary coil 2 is provided for generating a magnetic primary field.
- Primary coil 2 is provided for generating a magnetic primary field.
- secondary coil 3 which is polarized opposite to the primary coil 2 and is supplied with an oscillating electrical signal. This creates a magnetic field that is periodically deformed.
- a tube 4 is passed through the coils 2, 3 and terminates with the primary coil 2.
- the central tube 4 contains an ionization mechanism, for example based on an electrical discharge.
- the ionizable matter is passed through the tube 4 into the magnetic field.
- a liquid containing dissolved ions can also be used.
- the magnetic primary field can also be built up by permanent magnets. The mechanism of action can be better seen from FIGS. 2a and 2b, which schematically show the magnetic nozzle 1 in the case of different switching states of the secondary coil 3. 2a, the secondary coil 3 is switched off and the primary coil 2 supplies a magnetic field which, due to the shielding plate 5, runs in a funnel shape towards the opening of the tube 4.
- the material passed through the tube 4 follows this funnel-shaped course at the opening of the tube 4.
- the magnetic field of the primary coil 2 deforms and the field lines narrow at the outlet of the tube 4, as a result of which the material transported by the Alfven waves is constricted accordingly.
- the result is an oscillating flow of ionized matter.
- the Alfven waves enable mass transport. To do this, the magnetic field strength must be greater than the kinetic energy of the interacting particles.
- the Alfven limit therefore determines whether the Alfven waves can transport mass at all.
- the cross section is essential for whether the Alfven waves can compress the emission mass at all. This limit is generally considered uncritical.
- the compressibility of the enclosed medium depends on the Alfven speed depending on the speed of sound of the enclosed medium.
- FIGS. 3a to 3d show different forms of the current for controlling the secondary coil 3, which can be adapted to the respective applications.
- the steepness of the rising and possibly also the falling edge should advantageously be reduced. This results, so to speak, in a trapezoidal course of the current for controlling the secondary coil 3. This allows voltage peaks to be reduced.
- a sinusoidal alternating current can also be used to control the secondary coil 3. Improvements can also be achieved by using asymmetrical control signals.
- FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of a plasma engine based on the present invention, which already includes Described magnetic nozzle 1, comprising the primary coil 2 and at least one secondary coil 3, which is polarized opposite to the primary coil 2 and is supplied with an oscillating electrical signal.
- a tube 4 is passed through the coils 2, 3 and terminates in the area of the primary coil 2.
- the device 8 for providing ionizable material is provided by a fuel tank 9 and a control valve 10 for supplying an ionization chamber 11 with fuel formed from the fuel tank 9.
- the emission mass is passed from the fuel tank 9 via the control valve 10 into the ionization chamber 11.
- the ionized fuel flows as a plasma through the tube 4 into the magnetic nozzle 1, which is formed by the primary field generated by the primary coil 2.
- the primary field Due to the interaction with the secondary field generated by the oscillatingly supplied secondary coil 3, the primary field is periodically deformed by the opposite polarity of the secondary field, as a result of which the magnetic nozzle 1 is pulsedly narrowed by the action of the Alfven waves that occur, which results in an acceleration mechanism.
- This acceleration mechanism is supported by the presence of the shielding plate 5, since the secondary field cannot spread in the opposite direction to the primary coil 2.
- the plasma source shown as a device 8 for providing ionizable material is only one possible alternative. In principle, the system can also do other things Contains devices 8 for the provision of ionizable material The coils 2, 3 but also other components are supplied with corresponding electrical energy by an electrical supply device 6.
- FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of a further embodiment of a device according to the invention for generating Alfven waves, in which the device 8 for providing ionizable material consists of an inlet channel 12, through which ionizable liquid can flow.
- the throughput mass of the liquid flowing in through the inlet channel 12 is set via a control valve 13 and passed on into the tube 4.
- an electrode 14 polarized as a cathode and concentrically with it an electrode 15 designed as an anode to form a discharge gap.
- the electrodes 14, 15 are connected to the electrical supply device 6.
- the throughput mass flows through the inlet channel 12 via the control valve 13 into the tube 4 of the magnetic nozzle 1.
- the magnetic nozzle 1 is pulsedly narrowed by the action of the resulting Alfven waves, which results in an acceleration mechanism.
- the ion density at the entrance of the magnetic nozzle 1 can be increased via the discharge gap formed between the electrodes 14, 15.
- the individual components can in turn be controlled accordingly by a control device 7.
- Such a magneto-hydro-dynamic variant can be used, for example, to form a drive for submarines or for hydrodynamic pumps.
- the mass per oscillation cycle is therefore also decisive for the relationship between mass and volume.
- technical factors must also be taken into account when changing the shape of the magnetic field.
- the signal response time and the cutoff frequency of the secondary coil 3 determine the time period that is required for the formation of the secondary field.
- the speed at which the geometry of the primary field changes can be lower than the actual Alfven speed v Alfv ⁇ n . Since the speed of propagation of the disturbance to the field geometry of the primary field caused by the secondary coil 3 is decisive, the time constant tau, which is caused by the relationship, must therefore be taken into account
- the "technical" Alfven speed V A i f ⁇ n depends on how quickly the fault spreads and is due to the charging time of the secondary coil 2.
- the path describes the running path of the Alfven wave as the mean deformation path of the field. If this technical Alfven speed is lower than the physically possible Alfven speed, VMfenit) is the relevant value.
- the Alfven speed v A ⁇ fv ⁇ n now defines how quickly the magnetic field can change its geometry. Now it is crucial that matter can be transported with the Alfven wave, at least in the area of high field density. As already mentioned above, the Alfven limit must be taken into account, which is exceeded when the kinetic energy of an interacting particle is greater than the local magnetic field strength. To do this, the kinetic particle energy must first be determined from the initial temperature. The thermal particle velocity results from:
- Inclusion volume x loss factor, contains ratio between minimum and actual ion density, can also be described as a cross section. J and J 0 can be represented as the value x of 1. These parameters are only important if the ion or plasma source does not guarantee a complete or sufficient ion density. Since the actual acceleration mechanism is decoupled from this source, the latter can be energetically optimized to provide a minimum ion density. This represents a secondary parameter for the mechanism itself, which may need to be taken into account. If the magnetic field changes its shape so that the magnetic nozzle becomes narrower, there is spatial compression of the mass contained therein, the compression speed being the Alfven speed equivalent.
- Def represents the deformation factor for the ratio of the force supplied by an impulse to the elastically transportable and thus resulting force.
- v R describes the ⁇ v, i.e. the change in speed along a reference distance of 1 m. Accordingly, all quantities related to the original equation can be derived from this factor as follows
- dl elast represents the elastic part within the total deformation path.
- Def therefore always has the value 1. This makes it clear that a dimensionless factor can be defined from the ratio of the path lengths. It represents the impulse from the Alfven wave is supplied, I res is the proportion of which can be transported elastically through the compressed medium.
- v c ion sound velocity
- v t average particle velocity of the ions
- ion and electron temperatures are assumed to be the same.
- the electrons have a higher temperature than the ions, which is why a standardization of the temperatures can be considered a "worst-case" assumption.
- the distribution of the pulses in the plasma depends on the mass of the particles and the electron gas therefore does not make a significant contribution to the As a further worst-case condition, the total pulse can be assumed that the electrons take up a larger proportion than they should due to their mass, and the pulse proportion of the photons in the plasma can also be included there a lower momentum per particle, which reduces the resulting ion sound velocity.
- the compression phase is broken down into time increments, resulting in temperature and sound velocity curves. The same principles are applied as in the overall calculation described. Average temperature, outflow speed and thrust during the compression phase are then determined from the course data.
- the relaxation phase following the compression is also assumed to be adiabatic. In contrast to the compression phase, there is no need to dissolve any impulses supplied by the Alfven wave, which is why the volume change during the relaxation period can be used as a basis.
- V a initial volume
- the change in volume is integrated in time steps, from which the corresponding mean values from the courses are then determined.
- an oscillation cycle is divided into a zero phase and a switching phase according to the phase geometry of a control signal, an asymmetrical duty cycle with a shorter zero phase proving advantageous.
- the initial situation applies during the zero phase, the secondary coil 3 is not polarized against the primary coil 2, the primary field is not deformed by the secondary field and plasma flows from the source into the magnetic nozzle.
- the switching phase is divided into a compression phase and a relaxation phase.
- the magnetic nozzle is deformed by the secondary field, the plasma is heated by inelastic compression, which means that it expands at an accelerated rate.
- the magnetic nozzle remains deformed by the secondary field and the heated plasma expands during the relaxation, cooling it down.
- the peak values that occur are greater than the mean values calculated over the periods.
- the zero phase must also be taken into account for the mean values during an entire oscillation cycle. The values for thrust and outflow speed are then added up to the time unit of one second.
- the first column shows some values for a configuration in the lower power range, which has already been experimentally tested with a prototype (see below).
- the 2nd column shows the corresponding values for a configuration in the planned high-performance range.
- nitrogen is assumed to be the working gas. Accepted as working gas in the high-performance variant argon.
- the cut-off frequency which depends on the properties of the coil, gives 2.4. aifrtn t ti 1, 79049306.10 3 1, 02765843.10 5 m / s at a speed of sound in the initial situation of v c 5.95518008 10 2 6.65915895 10 3 m / s follows after 6.3. a compressibility factor of Def 9.03973057.10 ° 2, 38154512.10 2 and from a total pulse of 2, 09422856.10 "8 1.5.10- 9 kg.m supplied during a running time of the Alfven wave of 8, 37758064.10 " 6 4.6157.10 '8 s / s after 6.4.
- the relaxation phase results from 9.1. a final value of 3.71829384.10 1 1.2964.10 5 m / s and an integrated mean value of 1.04113686.10 2 1.6229.10 5 m / s Overall, this results in an average expansion speed of 3. 50228722.10 2 1.3144.10 5 m / s With an ion content of 1.0 100.0% and a throughput mass per oscillation cycle of M 1.0.10 "8 1.0.10 " 14 kg, we get a non-ionized residual gas mass per oscillation cycle of 9.9.10 "9 0.0.100 kg and according to 5.1. an emission mass of 9, 912181891.10 ⁇ 9 1.0.10 "14 kg per oscillation cycle including ion content, which results in an emission mass per second of 9, 912181891.10 " 7 1.0.10 "7 kg
- the time components of an oscillation cycle are composed
- the switching phase is divided into
- a symmetrical duty cycle is used in accordance with the experimental conditions, while in the second example, asymmetrical phase geometry is already used. Due to the worst-case conditions mentioned, the values listed in the first column are below those actually measured.
- the permanent thrust was measured at 1.4 mN. It should be noted that the boot strap effects, such as the proportion of the cold gas thrust and the effect of the ion source, were not included in the calculation. These were when measuring Effects, however, are insignificant, since the ion source worked with an input power of 1 W, for example, so that this had no significant contribution to increasing the ion temperature.
- different reference ion densities are assumed and set at different mass flow rates in relation to a low ionization rate of 1%.
- the resulting mass losses due to incoherent expansion are mainly responsible for the resonance range observed during the measurement, which is shown by a thrust minimum in the working range around 400 Hz.
- the reference ion densities are values extrapolated from the data of other MPD systems and define the ion density that is at least necessary to comply with the condition defined in the second limit value. If the ion or plasma source is sufficiently powerful as an ancillary system to ensure the corresponding minimum ion density, it is therefore not necessary in the present system to achieve complete ionization through such an ancillary system. Since the actual acceleration mechanism, unlike competing systems, works independently of the ion or plasma source, the energy required for the latter can also be optimized to a minimum in other power ranges.
- FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of the test set-up in which a prototype of the device according to the invention for generating Alfven waves was used in practice.
- the device 20 for generating Alfven waves according to the present invention was placed in a vacuum chamber 21 by suspension and connected to a device 8 for providing ionizable matter, in the given case a nitrogen bottle, via valves, which are not described in more detail.
- FIG. 7 shows a device 20 for generating Alfven waves using a high-voltage discharge path as an ion source, wherein nitrogen N 2 is supplied via a feed line and the switching valve 25 to the anode 27 and high voltage is applied between the anode 27 and the cathode 29, whereby in the discharge area, the nitrogen N 2 flowing through is ionized by collisions of the electrons.
- Control electronics 26, which are connected to a computer unit 23, are used to control the primary coil 2 and the secondary coil 3.
- FIG. 8 shows a variant of the device 20 for generating Alfven waves with a high-frequency ion source, with the corresponding high-frequency energy between the anode 27 and the cathode 29 being supplied via a high-frequency generator 28 for generating the ionizable material.
- a high-frequency electrical vortex field induced that accelerates the discharge electrons to the accelerating cathode 30 until they can ionize the nitrogen N 2 .
- the prototype is designed for a lower performance range. The goal was to achieve a proof-of-principle and to obtain basic data for further technical optimizations.
- the device has no active cooling system and has been operated continuously for up to 1 minute. The cooling took place accumulatively, so that thermal regeneration intervals had to be taken into account between the individual operating times.
- the secondary coil 3 was controlled with a rectangular current signal, the oscillation frequency being 100 Hz. The edges of the rectangular signal were flattened.
- the length of the suspensions of the device 20 in the vacuum chamber 21 was 0.44 m and the mass of the device 20 6 kg.
- the pressure in the vacuum chamber 21 was 3.1 x 10 "3 mbar.
- the working pressure of the nitrogen N 2 was 5 mbar.
- the outflow velocities v 0 in known plasma engines are in the range of 30-50 km / s and in electric engines up to 80 km / s.
- Typical thrust values for plasma engines are 250-300 mN for electric engines below 50 mN.
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AT0144803A AT502984B8 (de) | 2003-09-15 | 2003-09-15 | Verfahren und einrichtung zur erzeugung von alfven-wellen |
PCT/AT2004/000313 WO2005027142A1 (de) | 2003-09-15 | 2004-09-15 | Verfahren und einrichtung zur erzeugung von alfvén-wellen |
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EP1671333A1 true EP1671333A1 (de) | 2006-06-21 |
EP1671333B1 EP1671333B1 (de) | 2010-05-19 |
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US (1) | US7482597B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1671333B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2007506016A (de) |
KR (1) | KR20070019954A (de) |
AT (2) | AT502984B8 (de) |
AU (1) | AU2004273099B2 (de) |
CA (1) | CA2538827A1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE502004011183D1 (de) |
IL (1) | IL174274A (de) |
NO (1) | NO20061648L (de) |
NZ (1) | NZ546592A (de) |
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Cited By (2)
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CN109785718A (zh) * | 2019-01-24 | 2019-05-21 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | 一种模拟地球磁尾三维磁重联的地面模拟装置及方法 |
WO2022198251A1 (de) * | 2021-03-22 | 2022-09-29 | Manfred Hettmer | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur bereitstellung elementarer stoffe |
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US20110278260A1 (en) * | 2010-05-14 | 2011-11-17 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Inductive plasma source with metallic shower head using b-field concentrator |
US9299536B2 (en) * | 2013-10-17 | 2016-03-29 | Varian Semiconductor Equipment Associates, Inc. | Wide metal-free plasma flood gun |
CN103796407A (zh) * | 2014-01-23 | 2014-05-14 | 电子科技大学 | 一种缓解空间等离子体对高速飞行器再入通信影响的装置 |
JP2015145675A (ja) * | 2015-03-10 | 2015-08-13 | 瑞穗 新谷 | Ufoの飛行原理に基づくufo飛行装置 |
CN109677645B (zh) * | 2019-01-24 | 2021-10-22 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | 模拟三维非对称磁重联的等离子体模拟装置及其实现方法 |
US11555738B2 (en) * | 2019-04-01 | 2023-01-17 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | System and method of generating phonons |
DE102020128964A1 (de) * | 2020-11-03 | 2022-05-05 | NeutronStar Systems UG (haftungsbeschränkt) | Antriebssystem für Raumfahrzeuge |
WO2022243543A1 (en) * | 2021-05-20 | 2022-11-24 | Neutronstar Systems Ug | Thermal management system for spacecraft thruster |
CN114352493B (zh) * | 2021-12-06 | 2024-09-10 | 兰州空间技术物理研究所 | 一种用于射频阴极的集成化气体分配及离子收集组件 |
US20230191916A1 (en) * | 2021-12-20 | 2023-06-22 | Micah Skidmore | Novel electromagnetic propulsion and levitation technology |
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US4263097A (en) * | 1977-02-23 | 1981-04-21 | General Atomic Company | Method and apparatus for driving a continuous current in a toroidal plasma |
US4267488A (en) * | 1979-01-05 | 1981-05-12 | Trisops, Inc. | Containment of plasmas at thermonuclear temperatures |
US4412967A (en) * | 1980-04-09 | 1983-11-01 | Winterberg Friedwardt M | Multistage high voltage accelerator for intense charged particle beams |
USRE34806E (en) * | 1980-11-25 | 1994-12-13 | Celestech, Inc. | Magnetoplasmadynamic processor, applications thereof and methods |
US4458148A (en) * | 1981-06-22 | 1984-07-03 | Omega-P, Inc. | Method and apparatus for separating substances of different atomic weights using a plasma centrifuge |
SE459378B (sv) * | 1988-05-05 | 1989-06-26 | Alfred Sillesen | Saett i en pulsad accelerator foer accelerering av magnetiserat roterande plasma |
US5003225A (en) * | 1989-01-04 | 1991-03-26 | Applied Microwave Plasma Concepts, Inc. | Method and apparatus for producing intense microwave pulses |
WO1994006150A1 (en) * | 1992-09-02 | 1994-03-17 | The University Of North Carolina At Chapel Hill | Method for plasma processing at high pressures |
DE4445762A1 (de) * | 1994-12-21 | 1996-06-27 | Adolf Slaby Inst Forschungsges | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Bestimmen absoluter Plasmaparameter |
US6897616B2 (en) * | 2002-06-20 | 2005-05-24 | Raphael A. Dandl | Slow-wave induction plasma transport |
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CN109785718A (zh) * | 2019-01-24 | 2019-05-21 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | 一种模拟地球磁尾三维磁重联的地面模拟装置及方法 |
WO2022198251A1 (de) * | 2021-03-22 | 2022-09-29 | Manfred Hettmer | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur bereitstellung elementarer stoffe |
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AU2004273099B2 (en) | 2009-09-24 |
NZ546592A (en) | 2007-09-28 |
IL174274A (en) | 2010-12-30 |
AU2004273099A1 (en) | 2005-03-24 |
AT502984A1 (de) | 2007-06-15 |
US7482597B2 (en) | 2009-01-27 |
US20060289117A1 (en) | 2006-12-28 |
JP2007506016A (ja) | 2007-03-15 |
DE502004011183D1 (de) | 2010-07-01 |
ZA200603012B (en) | 2007-04-25 |
EP1671333B1 (de) | 2010-05-19 |
NO20061648L (no) | 2006-04-11 |
AT502984B8 (de) | 2008-10-15 |
KR20070019954A (ko) | 2007-02-16 |
WO2005027142A1 (de) | 2005-03-24 |
ATE468590T1 (de) | 2010-06-15 |
CA2538827A1 (en) | 2005-03-24 |
AT502984B1 (de) | 2008-09-15 |
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