Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
  • C12P13/00—Preparation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds
  • C12P13/04—Alpha- or beta- amino acids
  • C12P13/08—Lysine; Diaminopimelic acid; Threonine; Valine
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
  • C12N1/20—Bacteria; Culture media therefor
  • C12N1/205—Bacterial isolates
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12R—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES C12C - C12Q, RELATING TO MICROORGANISMS
  • C12R2001/00—Microorganisms ; Processes using microorganisms
  • C12R2001/01—Bacteria or Actinomycetales ; using bacteria or Actinomycetales
  • C12R2001/185—Escherichia
  • C12R2001/19—Escherichia coli

Definitions

• the invention relates to an improved process for the fermentative preparation of L-threonine using bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family.
• L-Threonine is used in animal nutrition, in human medicine and in the pharmaceuticals industry.
• L-threonine can be prepared by fermentation of strains of the Enterobacteriaceae family, in particular Escherichia coli. Because of the great importance of this amino acid, work is constantly being undertaken to improve the preparation processes . Improvements to the process can relate to fermentation measures, such as e.g. stirring and supply of oxygen, or the composition of the nutrient media, such as e.g. the sugar concentration during the fermentation, or the working up to the product form, by e.g. ion exchange chromatography, or the intrinsic output properties, i.e. those of genetic origin, of the bacterium itself.
• fermentation measures such as e.g. stirring and supply of oxygen, or the composition of the nutrient media, such as e.g. the sugar concentration during the fermentation, or the working up to the product form, by e.g. ion exchange chromatography, or the intrinsic output properties, i.e. those of genetic origin, of the bacterium itself.
• threonine can be prepared by fermentation of bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family, in particular Escherichia coli, in the batch process or fed batch process.
• all the nutrients are initially introduced directly at the start of the fermentation.
• an additional nutrient medium is fed to the culture. This feed can start directly at the start of culturing or after a certain culturing time has elapsed, for example when a component introduced with the first nutrient medium initially introduced has been consumed.
• the complete contents of the fermenter are harvested and the threonine contained in the fermentation broth is isolated and purified or otherwise processed.
• a nutrient medium is fed to the culture continuously, while culture broth is removed continuously or semi-continuously, so that the volume of the culture broth in the fermenter remains approximately constant.
• a continuous fermentation can be operated without limitation. Prolonging the fermentation has a significantly positive effect on the overall productivity of a fermenter (average amount of product produced per hour) , since the influence of the time between two fermentations on the overall productivity of a fermenter is reduced.
• JP62-289192 describes the improvement of a continuous process for the fermentative preparation of amino acids with CoryneJbacfceriurn glutamicum. Improvements were achieved by varying the carbon concentration in the nutrient solution fed in, the stirrer speed, the redox potential, the oxygen concentration and the intensity of the aeration.
• JP62-289192 relates to a continuous process for the fermentative preparation of amino acids with bacteria which produce amino acids, in which the process can be improved if the concentration of the source of carbon in the nutrient solution fed in continuously is above 10% and the redox potential in the culture is more than -200 mV. It is disclosed that the use of several fermenters can improve the utilization of the source of carbon if relatively large amounts of the starting substances remain in the culture broth removed.
• JP60180598 (abstract) L-threonine is produced with Brevibacterium lactofermentu in batch fermentations . At the end of the fermentation the cells are filtered off and employed in a new fermentation with fresh medium.
• EP-A-139592 describes a fed batch process for the fermentative preparation of amino acids. In this, culture broth is removed from the reactor and the cells are separated off by filtration, under growth limitation, and recycled into the process .
• US 5,260,216 describes a continuous, fermentative process for the preparation of amino acid using bacteria with cell recycling.
• culture broth is removed from the reactor continuously.
• air bubbles are separated off from the culture broth in order to increase the flow resistance of the liquids in the pipelines.
• Kiyoshi Toda 2003, Theoretical and Methodological Studies of Continuous Microbial Bioreactors, J. Gen. Appl . Microbiol., 49, 219-233, describes a continuous tryptophan process with cell recycling. Compared with a batch culture, it was possible to increase the cell concentration by a factor of 10 and the rate of production of tryptophan by a factor of 0.57 with this process.
• the invention provides a fermentation process, which comprises a procedure in which a) a bacterium of the Enterobacteriaceae family which produces L-threonine is inoculated and cultured in at least a first nutrient medium, b) at least a further nutrient medium or several further nutrient media is/are then fed continuously to the culture in one (Fl) or several feed streams (Fl+) , the further nutrient medium or the further nutrient media comprising at least one source of carbon, at least one source of nitrogen and at least one source of phosphorus, under conditions which allow the formation of L-threonine, and at the same time culture broth is removed from the culture according to the total of the removal stream F2 plus that of the cell-depleted removal stream F3 or according to the total of several removal streams (F2+) plus that of the cell- depleted removal stream F3 , which substantially corresponds/correspond to the feed stream Fl or the total of the feed streams Fl+, wherein c) the cells are completely or partly
• Fl a nutrient medium feed stream according to the invention
• F1+ several nutrient media feed streams according to the invention
• F2 a removal stream according to the invention
• F2+ several removal streams according to the invention
• F4 one or more removal streams for separating off cells
• the plant output of a fermenter which produces L-threonine can be increased by culturing by the batch process or fed batch process in the first step a) described above, at least one additional nutrient medium being employed if the fed batch process is used.
• at least one further nutrient medium or several further nutrient media are fed continuously to the culture in one or several feed streams and at the same time culture broth is removed from the culture with at least one or several removal streams, which substantially corresponds/correspond to the feed stream or the total of the feed streams.
• step b) in a step c) the cells or biomass contained in the removal stream or streams are completely or partly separated off from the removal stream or streams F4 by suitable processes with a return flow ratio, R, of greater than 0 and less than or equal to 1 (0 ⁇ R ⁇ 1) by appropriate processes and are recycled into the culturing step b) .
• R return flow ratio
• plant output is understood as meaning that in a plant, such as e.g. a fermenter, the weight or amount of a product, e.g. L-threonine, is prepared with a certain yield and with a certain rate or productivity or space/time yield. These parameters largely determine the costs or the profitability of a process.
• the return flow ratio, R is defined as the ratio of the cell-depleted removal stream according to the invention or the flow of the biomass-depleted permeate or sedi enter overflow (F3) to the total feed streams of the fermentation (Fl or F1+) .
• the return flow ratio should be in the range of 0 ⁇ R ⁇ 1, preferably between 0.1 ⁇ R ⁇ 1, 0 .2 ⁇ R ⁇ 1 , 0 . 3 ⁇ R ⁇ 1 , 0 . 4 ⁇ R ⁇ 1 , 0 . 5 ⁇ R ⁇ 1 , 0 . 6 ⁇ R ⁇ 1 , 0 . 7 ⁇ R ⁇ 1 , 0 . 8 ⁇ R ⁇ 1 , 0 . 9 ⁇ R ⁇ 1 .
• the biomass concentrations are increased compared with a free culture system. That is to say, if the same microorganism is employed, according to the invention the biomass concentrations are increased by at least 5%, preferably at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 50%, at least 80%, at least 100%, at least 150%, or even by at least 200% or more.
• "Free culture system” means a process without cell retention, that is to say with a free overflow.
• the biomass concentration in a free culture system typically remains less than 50 g/1, less than 40 g/1, less than 30 g/1, or even less than 20 g/1.
• Centrifuges, separators and settlers (after flocculation) as well as cross-stream, micro- and ultra-filters are suitable for separating off the cells (Biotechnologie [Biotechnology] , by H. Weide, J. Paca and W. A. Knorre, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, 1991) .
• the separating off of cells can take place here in one step or by several separation steps, which, for example, can be arranged sequentially.
• the biomass which has been separated off is then recycled into the fermenter.
• a culture broth is understood as meaning the suspension of a microorganism formed by culturing a microorganism - in the case of the present invention a bacterium which produces L-threonine - in a nutrient medium using a fermenter or culture vessel .
• the bacterium is inoculated in at least a first nutrient medium and cultured by the batch process or fed batch process. If the fed batch process is used, an additional nutrient medium is fed in after more than 0 to not more than 10 hours, preferably after 1 to 10 hours, preferentially after 2 to 10 hours and particularly preferably after 3 to 7 hours .
• the first nutrient medium comprises as the source of carbon one or more of the compounds chosen from the group consisting of sucrose, molasses from sugar beet or cane sugar, fructose, glucose, starch hydrolysate, lactose, galactose, maltose, xylose, cellulose hydrolysate, arabinose, acetic acid, ethanol and methanol, in concentrations of 1 to 100 g/kg or 1 to 50 g/kg, preferably 10 to 45 g/kg, particularly preferably 20 to 40 g/kg.
• Starch hydrolysate is understood according to the invention as the hydrolysis product of starch from maize, cereals, potatoes or tapioca.
• Organic nitrogen-containing compounds such as peptones, yeast extract, meat extract, malt extract, corn steep liquor, soya bean flour and urea
• inorganic compounds such as ammonia, ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium phosphate, ammonium carbonate and ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate and potassium sodium nitrate, can be used as the source of nitrogen in the first nutrient medium.
• the sources of nitrogen can be used individually or as a mixture in concentrations of 1 to 40 g/kg, preferably 10 to 30 g/kg, particularly preferably 10 to 25 g/kg, very particularly preferably 1 to 30 g/kg or 1 to 25 g/kg.
• Phosphoric acid alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts of phosphoric acid, in particular potassium dihydrogen phosphate or dipotassium hydrogen phosphate or the corresponding sodium-containing salts, polymers of phosphoric acid or the hexaphosphoric acid ester of inositol, also called phytic acid, can be used as the source of phosphorus in the first nutrient medium in concentrations of 0.1 to 5 g/kg, preferably 0.3 to 3 g/kg, particularly preferably 0.5 to 1.5 g/kg.
• the culture medium must furthermore comprise salts of metals, such as e.g. magnesium sulfate or iron sulfate, which are necessary for growth.
• essential growth substances such as amino acids (e.g. homoserine) and vitamins (e.g. thia ine) , are employed in addition to the above-mentioned substances.
• Antifoams such as e.g. fatty acid polyglycol esters, can be employed to control the development of foam.
• the additional nutrient medium which is used in a fed batch process in general comprises merely as the source of carbon one or more of the compounds chosen from the group consisting of sucrose, molasses from sugar beet or cane sugar, fructose, glucose, starch hydrolysate, lactose, galactose, maltose, xylose, cellulose hydrolysate, arabinose, acetic acid, ethanol and methanol, in concentrations of 300 to 700 g/kg, preferably 400 to 650 g/kg, and optionally an inorganic source of nitrogen, such as e.g. ammonia, ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium phosphate, ammonium carbonate, ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate or potassium sodium nitrate.
• sucrose molasses from sugar beet or cane sugar
• fructose glucose
• starch hydrolysate lactose
• lactose galactose
• these and other components can also be fed in separately.
• the constituents of the further nutrient medium can be fed to the culture in the form of a single further nutrient medium and in a plurality of further nutrient media.
• the further nutrient medium or the further nutrient media are fed to the culture in at least one (1) feed stream or in a plurality of feed streams of at least 2 to 10, preferably 2 to 7 or 2 to 5 feed streams.
• continuous means that the feed stream or the feed streams are substantially uninterrupted. That is to say, nutrient medium or nutrient media is/are added to the culture with at most short, individual pauses.
• the individual interruptions or pauses are up to a maximum of 0.5, a maximum of 1, a maximum of 2 or a maximum of 3 hours .
• the sum of the individual interruptions or pauses in the culturing according to step b) is a maximum of 10%, a maximum of 8%, a maximum of 6%, a maximum of 4%, a maximum of 2% or a maximum of 1% of the total time of the culturing according to step b) .
• the further nutrient medium or the further nutrient media comprises/comprise as the source of carbon one or more of the compounds chosen from the group consisting of sucrose, molasses from sugar beet or cane sugar, fructose, glucose, starch hydrolysate, maltose, xylose, cellulose hydrolysate, arabinose, acetic acid, ethanol and methanol, in concentrations of 20 to 700 g/kg, preferably 50 to 650 g/kg.
• the further nutrient medium or the further nutrient media furthermore comprises or comprise a source of nitrogen consisting of organic nitrogen-containing compounds, such as peptones, yeast extract, meat extract, malt extract, corn steep liquor, soya bean flour and urea, or inorganic compounds, such as ammonia, ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium phosphate, ammonium carbonate, ammonium nitrate and/or potassium nitrate or potassium sodium nitrate.
• the sources of nitrogen can be used individually or as a mixture in concentrations of 5 to 50 g/kg, preferably 10 to 40 g/kg.
• the further nutrient medium or the further nutrient media furthermore comprises or comprise a source of phosphorus consisting of phosphoric acid or the alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts of phosphoric acid, in particular potassium dihydrogen phosphate or dipotassium hydrogen phosphate or the corresponding sodium-containing salts, polymers of phosphoric acid or the hexaphosphoric acid ester of inositol, also called phytic acid, or the corresponding alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts.
• the sources of phosphorus can be used individually or as a mixture in concentrations of 0.3 to 3 g/kg, preferably 0.5 to 2 g/kg.
• the further nutrient medium or the further nutrient media must furthermore comprise salts of metals, such as e.g. magnesium sulfate or iron sulfate, which are necessary for growth, in concentrations of 0.003 to 3 g/kg, preferably in concentrations of 0.008 to 2 g/kg.
• metals such as e.g. magnesium sulfate or iron sulfate
• essential growth substances such as amino acids (e.g. homoserine) and vitamins (e.g. thiamine) are employed in addition to the above-mentioned substances.
• Antifoams such as e.g. fatty acid polyglycol esters, can be employed to control the development of foam.
• a single further nutrient medium is used, this is typically fed to the culture in one feed stream. If a plurality of further nutrient media are used, these are fed in a corresponding plurality of feed streams. If a plurality of further nutrient media are used, it should be noted that these in each case can comprise only one of the sources of carbon, nitrogen or phosphorus described, or also a mixture of the sources of carbon, nitrogen or phosphorus described.
• the nutrient medium fed in or the nutrient media fed in is/are adjusted such that there is a phosphorus to carbon ratio (P/C ratio) of not more than 4; of not more than 3; of not more than 2; of not more than 1.5; of not more than 1; of not more than 0.7; of not more than 0.5; of not more than 0.48; of not more than 0.46; of not more than 0.44; of not more than 0.42; of not more than 0.40; of not more than 0.38; of not more than 0.36; of not more than 0.34; of not more than 0.32; or of not more than 0.30 mmol of phosphorus / mol of carbon.
• P/C ratio phosphorus to carbon ratio
• the feed stream or the total of the feed streams in the process according to the invention are fed in at a rate corresponding to an average residence time of less than 30 hours, preferably less than 25, very particularly preferably less than 20 hours.
• the average residence time here is the theoretical time the particles remain in a continuously operated culture.
• the average residence time is described by the ratio of the volume of liquid in the reactor and the amount flowing through (Biotechnologie [Biotechnology] ; H. Weide, J. Paca and W. A. Knorre; Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena; 1991) .
• Intensive growth at the start of culturing according to step (a) is usually a logarithmic growth phase.
• the logarithmic growth phase is in general followed by a phase of less intensive cell growth than in the logarithmic phase.
• At least one further nutrient medium or several further nutrient media are fed continuously to the culture in one or several feed streams and at the same time culture broth is removed from the culture with one or several removal streams, which substantially corresponds/correspond to the feed stream or the total of the feed streams, the cells being completely or partly separated off from the removal stream or streams F4 and recycled into the culturing step b) with a return flow ratio, R, of greater than 0 and less than or equal to 1 (0 ⁇ R ⁇ 1) .
• Substantially here means that the total of the removal stream F2 plus F3 or the total of the removal streams F2+ plus F3 corresponds to 80% - 120%, 90% - 110% or 95% - 105% of the feed stream Fl or of the total of the feed streams F1+.
• the removal can be realized industrially by pumping off and/or by draining off the culture broth.
• the concentration of the source of carbon during the culturing according to step b) and/or c) is in general adjusted to not more than 30 g/1, to not more than 20 g/1, to not more than 10 g/1, preferably to not more than 5 g/1, particularly preferably to not more than 2 g/1.
• This concentration is maintained for at least 75%, preferably for at least 85%, particularly preferably for at least 95% of the time of the culturing according to step b) and/or c) .
• the concentration of the source of carbon is determined here with the aid of methods which are prior art.
• ⁇ -D-Glucose is determined e.g. in a YSI 02700 Select glucose analyzer from Yellow Springs Instruments (Yellow Springs, Ohio, USA) .
• FIG. 1 is a diagram which shows the feed and the removal and return flow streams of a process according to the invention.
• the symbols denote the following:
• Fl a nutrient medium feed stream according to the invention
• F1+ several nutrient media feed streams according to the invention
• F2 a removal stream according to the invention
• F2+ several removal streams according to the invention
• F4 one or several removal streams for separating off cells
• cells are completely or partly separated off from the removal stream (F4) with a return flow ratio, R, of 0 ⁇ R ⁇ 1 by appropriate processes and are recycled as F5 into the culturing step (b) .
• This return flow ratio is equivalent to a recycling of greater than 0% up to and including 100% of the removed cells or biomass, preferably of 10% up to and including 100%, of 20% up to and including 100%, of 30% up to and including 100%, of 40% up to and including 100%, of 50% up to and including 100%, of 60% up to and including 100%, of 70% up to and including 100%, of 80% up to and including 100%, or of 90% up to and including 100%.
• the separating off of cells can take place here e.g.
• the separating off of the biomass takes place in one step to 100%, some of the biomass retained can be recycled back into the culture vessel/the fermenter, and in particular corresponding to a return flow ratio R of 0 ⁇ R ⁇ 1.
• the return flow ratio R can be determined by a particular fraction of the centrifugate being recycled. Particular fractions can furthermore be mixed with one another in order to establish a desired return flow ratio.
• the return flow ratio is adjusted by determining the biomass concentration in the culture vessel or fermenter and/or determining the biomass concentration in the return flow.
• the biomass concentration is determined by the techniques conventionally used, such as e.g. counting the cell titer in a calibrated counting chamber, cytometrically with or without staining of the cells, determination of the optical density of the culture or by determination of the dry biomass.
• counting of the cell titer can also be automated, for example by determining the biomass concentration in a filtrate or centrifugate stage by optical methods, such as photometry or cytometry, or by using physical methods, such as, for example, determination of the conductivity or the absorption of radiation of the near infra-red or middle infra-red range.
• the culture broth removed can be provided with oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas until the concentration of the source of carbon falls below 2 g/1; below 1 g/1; or below 0.5 g/1.
• the yield is at least 31%, at least 33%, at least 35%, at least 37%, at least 38%, at least 40%, at least 42%, at least 44%, at least 46% or at least 48%.
• the yield is defined here as the ratio of the total amount of L-threonine formed in a culturing to the total amount of the source of carbon employed or consumed.
• L-threonine is formed with a space/time yield of at least 1.5 to 2.5 g/1 per h, of at least 2.5 to 3.5 g/1 per h, of at least 2.5 to more than 3.5 g/1 per h, of at least 3.5 to 5.0 g/1 per h, of at least 3.5 to more than 5.0 g/1 per h, or of at least 5.0 to 8.0 g/1 per h or more, such as, for example, at least 9 g/1 per h.
• the space/time yield is defined here as the ratio of the total amount of threonine formed in a culturing to the volume of the culture over the total period of time of culturing.
• the space/time yield is also called the volumetric productivity.
• the product is of course prepared in a certain yield and in a certain space/time yield (volumetric productivity) .
• L- threonine can be prepared in a yield of at least 31% and a space/time yield of at least 1.5 to 2.5 g/1 per h. Further couplings of yield with space/time yield, such as, for example, a yield of at least 37% and a space/time yield of at least 2.5 g/1 per h, automatically result from the above statements .
• the culturing in steps a) and b) is carried out under conditions which allow the formation of L-threonine: During the culturing the temperature is adjusted in a range from 29 to 42 S C, preferably 33 to 40 a C. The culturing can be carried out under normal pressure or optionally under increased pressure, preferably under an increased pressure of 0 to 1.5 bar.
• the oxygen partial pressure is regulated at 5 to 50%, preferably approx. 20% atmospheric saturation. During this procedure the culture is stirred and supplied with oxygen. Regulation of the pH to a pH of approx. 6 to 8, preferably 6.5 to 7.5, can be effected with 25% aqueous ammonia.
• the process according to the invention is operated for at least approx. 72 hours, preferably 100 to ⁇ 300 hours, particularly preferably 200 to ⁇ 300 hours.
• the volume of the culture is exchanged at least by half, at least once, at least 2 times, at least 3 times, at least 4 times, at least 6 times, at least 8 times, at least 10 times, at least 12 times .
• the L-threonine can be isolated, collected or concentrated and optionally purified.
• Separation methods such as, for example, centrifugation, filtration, decanting, flocculation or a combination thereof are employed for the removal or separating off of the biomass .
• the broth obtained is then thickened or concentrated by known methods, such as, for example, with the aid of a rotary evaporator, thin film evaporator, falling film evaporator, by reverse osmosis, by nanofiltration or a combination thereof.
• This concentrated broth is then be worked up by methods of freeze drying, spray drying, spray granulation or by other processes to give a preferably free-flowing, finely divided powder.
• This free-flowing, finely divided powder can then in turn by converted by suitable compacting or granulating processes into a coarse-grained, readily free-flowing, storable and largely dust-free product.
• the water is removed in total to the extent of more than 90% by this means, so that the water content in the product is less than 10%, less than 5%.
• L-threonine and other amino acids can be carried out by anion exchange chromatography with subsequent ninhydrin derivation, as described by Spackman et al. (Analytical Chemistry, 30: 1190-1206 (1958)) or it can be carried out by reversed phase HPLC, as described by Lindroth et al . (Analytical Chemistry 51: 1167-1174 (1979)).
• Bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family which produce L- threonine chosen from the genera Escherichia, Erwinia, Providencia and Serratia are suitable for carrying out the process according to the invention.
• the genera Escherichia and Serratia are preferred.
• the species Escherichia coli and of the genus Serratia in particular the species Serratia marcescens are to be mentioned.
• the bacteria contain at least one copy of a thrA gene or allele which codes for a threonine-insensitive aspartate kinase I - homoserine dehydrogenase I.
• feed back resistant or also desensitized variants are referred to in the literature.
• Such bacteria are typically resistant to the threonine analogue ⁇ -amino- ⁇ - hydroxyvaleric acid (AHV) (Shiio and Nakamori, Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 33 (8), 1152-1160 (1969)).
• Biochemical studies on "feed back" resistant aspartate kinase I - homoserine dehydrogenase I variants are described, for example, by Cohen et al .
• Vectors which can be used are plasmids such as are described, for example, in US 5,538,873.
• Vectors which can also be used are phages, for example the phage Mu, as described in EP 0 332 448, or the phage lambda ( ⁇ ) .
• Such expression cassettes or promoters can also be used, as described in EP 0 593 792, to overexpress plasmid-bound genes.
• lacI Q allele By using the lacI Q allele, the expression of plasmid-bound genes can in turn be controlled (Glascock and Weickert, Gene 223, 221-231 (1998)).
• By removal of the attenuator of the threonine operon Park et al .
• the intracellular concentration of the particular aspartate kinase I - homoserine dehydrogenase I protein variant is increased by at least 10% compared with the starting strain.
• thrA-allele is described in US 4,278,765 and is obtainable in the form of the strain MG442 from the Russische Nationalsammlung furrant Mikroorganismen [Russian National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms] (VKPM, Moscow, Russia) under the Accession Number CMIM B-1628.
• Other suitable thrA alleles are described in
• WO 00/09660 and WO 00/09661 are obtainable from the Korean Culture Center of Microorganisms (KCCM, Seoul, Korea) under the Accession Numbers KCCM 10132 and KCCM 10133.
• a further suitable thrA allele is present in the strain H-4581, which is described in US 4,996,147 and is obtainable under the Accession Number Ferm BP-1411 from the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba Ibaraki, Japan) .
• further thrA alleles are described in US 3,580,810 and are obtainable in the form of the strains ATCC 21277 and ATCC 21278 deposited at the ATCC.
• a further allele is described in US 3,622,453 and is obtainable from the ATCC in the form of the strain KY8284 under the Accession Number ATCC 21272. Furthermore, WO 02/064808 describes a further thrA allele which is deposited at the KCCM in the form of strain pGmTN-PPC12 under the Accession Number KCCM 10236.
• thrA alleles which code for "feed back" resistant aspartate kinase I - homoserine dehydrogenase I variants can be isolated using the adequately known methods of conventional mutagenesis of cells using mutagenic substances, for example N-methyl-N' -nitro-N- nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) or ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) or mutagenic rays, for example UV rays, and subsequent selection of threonine analogues (for example AHV-resistant variants) .
• MNNG N-methyl-N' -nitro-N- nitrosoguanidine
• EMS ethyl methanesulfonate
• mutagenic rays for example UV rays
• Shiio and Nakamori for example, treat a cell suspension of Escherichia coli with 0.5 mg/ml MNNG in a 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer of pH 7 at room temperature (i.e. in general approx. 16 to 26 ⁇ C) for approx. 15 minutes to generate mutations.
• Miller recommends, for example, a treatment for 5 to 60 minutes with 30 ⁇ l EMS per 2 ml of cell suspension in 0.1 M TRIS buffer at pH 7.5 at a temperature of 37 a C.
• AHV-resistant mutants takes place on minimal agar, which typically contains 2 to 10 mM AHV.
• the corresponding alleles can then be cloned and subjected to a sequence determination and the protein variants coded by these alleles can be subjected to a determination of the activity.
• the mutants produced can also be used directly.
• the word "directly” means that the mutants produced can be employed for the preparation of L-threonine in a process according to the invention or that further modifications can be carried out on these mutants to increase the output properties, such as, for example, attenuation of the threonine degradation or overexpression of the threonine operon.
• kits such as, for example, the "QuikChange Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit” from Stratagene (La Jolla, USA) described by Papworth et al . (Strategies 9(3), 3-4 (1996)) .
• mutagenesis methods can of course also be used on other genes, alleles or strain or objectives and tasks, such as, for example, the production and isolation of mutants which are resistant to L-threonine.
• thrA alleles which code for aspartate kinase I - homoserine dehydrogenase I variants which, in the presence of 10 mM L-threonine, have at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55% or at least 60% of the homoserine dehydrogenase activity and/or which, in the presence of 1 mM L-threonine, have at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75% or at least 80% of the homoserine dehydrogenase activity, compared with the activity in the absence of L- threonine, are preferred.
• the aspartate kinase activity of the aspartate kinase I - homoserine dehydrogenase I variants mentioned in the presence of 10 mM L-threonine is at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75% or at least 80% of the activity in the absence of L-threonine.
• Bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family which contain a stop codon chosen from the group consisting of opal, ochre and amber, preferably amber in the rpoS gene, and a t-RNA suppressor chosen from the group consisting of opal suppressor, ochre suppressor and amber suppressor, preferably amber suppressor, are moreover suitable.
• the amber mutation preferably lies at position 33 according to the amino acid sequence of the RpoS gene product.
• supE is preferably employed as the amber suppressor.
• a strain which contains the mutation described in the rpoS gene and the suppressor supE is obtainable under the Accession Number DSM 15189 from the Deutsche Sammlung fur Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen [German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures] (Braunschweig, Germany) .
• the nucleotide sequence of the rpoS gene can be found in the prior art.
• the nucleotide sequence of the rpoS gene corresponding to Accession No. AE000358 is shown as SEQ ID NO. 1.
• the amino acid sequence of the associated RpoS gene product or protein is shown in SEQ ID NO. 2.
• the nucleotide sequence of an rpoS allele which contains a stop codon of the amber type at the position of the nucleotide sequence corresponding to position 33 of the amino acid sequence of the RpoS gene product or protein, corresponding to SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO. 2 respectively, is reproduced in SEQ ID NO. 3.
• the suppressor supE is described in the prior art and is shown as SEQ ID NO. 4.
• Aerobic culture conditions are understood as meaning those under which the oxygen partial pressure in the fermentation culture is greater than (>) 0% during 90%, preferably 95%, very particularly preferably 99% of the duration of the fermentation.
• a strain is, for example, the strain KY10935 described by Okamoto (Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 61(11), 1877- 1882 (1997)).
• the allele tdh-1 : :catl212 which codes for a defective threonine dehydrogenase, is obtainable from the E. coli Genetic Stock Center (New Haven, Conn. , USA) under the Accession Number CGSC 6945.
• Bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family which have an at least partial need for isoleucine ("leaky phenotype") which can be compensated by addition of L-isoleucine in a concentration of at least 10, 20 or 50 mg/1 or L-threonine in a concentration of at least 50, 100 or 500 mg/1 are moreover suitable.
• Need or auxotrophy is in general understood as meaning the fact that as a result of a mutation, a strain has completely lost a wild-type function, for example an enzyme activity, and requires the addition of a supplement, for example an amino acid, for growth.
• a partial need or partial auxotrophy is referred to if, as a result of a mutation, a wild-type function, for example the activity of an enzyme from the biosynthesis pathway of an amino acid, is impaired or attenuated but not eliminated completely.
• Strains with a partial need typically have, in the absence of the supplement, a growth rate which is reduced, i.e. greater than (>) 0% and less than ( ⁇ ) 90%, 50%, 25% or 10%, compared with the wild-type. In the literature, this relationship is also called "leaky” phenotype or “leakiness” (Griffiths et al.: An Introduction to Genetic Analysis. 6 th edition, 1996, Freeman and Company, New York, USA) .
• Threonine-secreting or -producing strains with a need for isoleucine in general have an attenuated threonine deaminase (E.C. Number 4.3.1.19), which is coded by the ilvA gene . Threonine deaminase is also known by the name threonine dehydratase.
• a further attenuated ilvA gene is described, for example, in WO 00/09660 and deposited in the form of the strain DSM 9807 under the Accession Number KCCM -10132 at the KCCM. Further attenuated ilvA genes are described by Komatsubara (Bioprocess Technology 19, 467-484 (1994)).
• the amino acid sequence of a suitable and new threonine deaminase comprises, for example, the sequence of SEQ ID NO. 6, which can contain any amino acid apart from glutamic acid at position 286. Exchange of glutamic acid for lysine is preferred (E286K) .
• amino acid means, in particular, the proteinogenic L-amino acids, including their salts, chosen from the group consisting of L-asparagine, L-threonine, L- serine, L-glutamate, L-glycine, L-alanine, L-cysteine, L- valine, L-methionine, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, L-histidine, L-lysine, L-tryptophan, L- proline and L-arginine.
• SEQ ID NO. 8 shows the amino acid sequence of a threonine deaminase which contains the amino acid lysine at position 286; the associated nucleotide sequence is shown as SEQ ID NO. 7. This contains the nucleobase adenine at position 856.
• threonine deaminase is the variant described by Lee et al . (Journal of Bacteriology 185 (18), 5442-5451 (2003)), in which serine is exchanged for phenylalanine at position 97 (S97F) .
• threonine dea inases are the variants described by Fischer and Eisenstein (Journal of Bacteriology 175 (20) , 6605-6613 (1993)), which have at least one of the amino acid exchanges chosen from the group consisting of: exchange of asparagine at position 46 for aspartic acid (N46D) , exchange of alanine at position 66 for valine (A66V) , exchange of proline at position 156 for serine (P156S) , exchange of glycine at position 248 for cysteine (G248C) and exchange of aspartic acid at position 266 for tyrosine (D266Y) .
• the amino acid exchanges chosen from the group consisting of: exchange of asparagine at position 46 for aspartic acid (N46D) , exchange of alanine at position 66 for valine (A66V) , exchange of proline at position 156 for serine (P156S) , exchange of glycine at position 248 for cyst
• alleles in which the expression of the ilvA gene is in general completely eliminated can be isolated.
• This method can also be applied to other genes, alleles or open reading frames, such as, for example, the tdh gene, which codes for threonine dehydrogenase.
• Threonine- resistant strains and the preparation thereof are described, for example, by Astaurova et al . (Prikladnaya Biokhimia Microbiologiya (1985) ,21 (5) , 485 as the English translation: Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology (1986) , 21, 485-490)) .
• the mutant described by Austaurova is resistant towards 40 mg/ml L-threonine.
• the strain 472T23 which can grow in the presence of 5 mg/ml L-threonine and at the same time is resistant to L-homoserine, is described in US 5,175,107.
• the strain 472T232 is obtainable under the Accession Number BKIIM B- 2307 from the VKPM and under the number ATCC 9801 from the ATCC.
• the strain DSM 9807 which can grow on a solid nutrient medium which comprises 7% L-threonine, is described in WO 00/09660.
• the strain DSM 9807 is obtainable under the Accession Number KCCM-10132 from the KCCM.
• strain DSM 9906 which can grow in a medium which comprises 60% to 70% of an L-threonine fermentation mother liquid, is described in WO 01/14525.
• the strain DSM 9906 is obtainable under the Accession Number KCCM-10168 from the KCCM.
• EP 0 994 190 A2 discloses that the enhancement of the rhtB gene effects resistance to L-homoserine and L-threonine, in particular to L-homoserine, and improves threonine production.
• EP 1,013,765 Al discloses that an enhancement of the rhtC gene causes resistance to L-threonine and improves threonine production.
• a strain which can grow on a minimal agar in the presence of a concentration of at least 30 mg/ml L-threonine is called resistant to L-threonine.
• an enhancement of the rhtB gene effects resistance to L-homoserine and improves threonine production.
• a strain which can grow on a minimal agar in the presence of a concentration of at least 5 mg/ml L-homoserine is called resistant to L-homoserine.
• strains which are resistant to 10 mg/ml L-homoserine and resistant to 50 mg/ml L-threonine.
• US 4,996,147 describes the strain H- 4581, which is resistant to 15 g/1 homoserine.
• the strain H-4581 is obtainable under the Accession Number FERM BP- 1411 from the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology.
• EP 1 016 710 A2 discloses that an enhancement of the open reading frame or gene yfiK or yeaS effects resistance to L- threonine and L-homoserine.
• TGI a strain called TGI
• a stop codon chosen from the group consisting of opal, ochre and amber, preferably amber in the rpoS gene, and a t-RNA suppressor chosen from the group consisting of opal suppressor, ochre suppressor and amber suppressor, preferably amber suppressor.
• b) are not capable, under aerobic culture conditions, of breaking down threonine, preferably by attenuation of threonine dehydrogenase,
• a threonine-insensitive aspartate kinase I - homoserine dehydrogenase I which is optionally present in overexpressed form, b) are not capable, under aerobic culture conditions, of breaking down threonine, preferably by attenuation of threonine dehydrogenase,
• a stop codon chosen from the group consisting of opal, ochre and amber, preferably amber in the rpoS gene, and a t-RNA suppressor chosen from the group consisting of opal suppressor, ochre suppressor and amber suppressor, preferably amber suppressor.
• bacteria employed for the process according to the invention can furthermore have one or more of the following features:
• PEP carboxykinase which is coded by the pckA gene, as described, for example, in WO 02/29080,
• Enhancement of the regulator RseB which is coded by the rseB gene, as described, for example, in EP 1382685.
• the regulator RseB has been described by Missiakas et al. (Molecular Microbiology 24(2), 355-371 (1997)), De Las Penas et al. (Molecular Microbiology 24(2): 373-385 (1997)) and Collinet et al. (Journal of Biological Chemistry 275(43) : 33898-33904 (2000)).
• the associated nucleotide or amino acid sequences are available under the Accession Number AE000343 in public databanks.
• sucrose • Ability to be able to use sucrose as a source of carbon. Genetic determinants for sucrose utilization are described in the prior art, for example in FR-A-2559781, by Debabov (In: Proceedings of the IV International Symposium on Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms 1982. Kodansha Ltd, Tokyo, Japan, p 254-258), Smith and Parsell (Journal of General Microbiology 87,129-140 (1975)) and Livshits et al . (In: Conference on Metabolic Bacterial Plasmids . Tartusk University Press, Tallin, Estonia (1982), p 132-134 and 144-146) and in US 5,705,371.
• the genetic determinants for sucrose utilization by the strain H155 described by Smith and Parsell were transferred by conjugation into a mutant of Escherichia coli K-12 which is resistant to nalidixic acid and the corresponding transconjugants were deposited on 16th March 2004 at the Deutsche Sammlung fur Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen [German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures] (Braunschweig, Germany) as DSM 16293.
• Genetic determinants for sucrose utilization are also contained in the strain 472T23, which is described in US 5,631,157 and is obtainable from the ATCC under the name ATCC 9801.
• a further genetic determinant for sucrose utilization has been described by Bockmann et al . (Molecular and General Genetics 235, 22-32 (1992)) and is known under the name esc system.
• diaminosuccinic acid resistance a diaminosuccinic acid-resistant strain DSM 9806 is obtainable under the Accession Number KCCM-10133 from the KCCM.
• fluoropyruvic acid-sensitive strain DSM 9806 is obtainable under the Accession Number KCCM-10133 from the KCCM.
• the glutamic acid-resistant strain DSM 9807 is obtainable under the Accession Number KCCM-10132 from the KCCM.
• a strain with an at least partial need for methionine is, for example, the strain H-4257, which is described in US 5,017,483 and is obtainable under the Accession Number FERM BP-984 from the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology.
• the need can be compensated by addition of at least 25, 50 or 100 mg/1 L-methionine.
• a strain with an at least partial need for m-diaminopimelic acid is, for example, the strain H-4257, which is described in US 5,017,483 and is obtainable under the Accession Number FERM BP-984 from the National Institute of Advanced industrial Science and Technology.
• the need can be compensated by addition of at least 25, 50 or 100 mg/1 m-diaminopimelic acid.
• L-lysine-resistant strain H-4581 is obtainable under the Accession Number FERM BP-1411 from the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology.
• Enhancement of pyruvate carboxylase which is coded by the pyc gene.
• Suitable pyc genes or alleles are, for example, those from Corynebacterium glutamicum (WO 99/18228, WO 00/39305 and WO 02/31158), Rhizobium etli (US 6,455,284) or Bacillus subtilis (EP 1092776).
• the pyc gene from further microorganisms which contain pyruvate carboxylase endogenously such as, for example, Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum or Pseudomonas fluorescens, can also be used.
• sucrose-containing nutrient media are used, the strains are equipped with genetic determinants for sucrose utilization.
• enhancement in this connection describes the increase in the intracellular activity or concentration of one or more enzymes or proteins in a microorganism which are coded by the corresponding DNA, for example by increasing the number of copies of the open reading frame, gene or allele or open reading frames, genes or alleles by at least one (1) copy, using a potent promoter or a gene or allele which codes for a corresponding enzyme or protein with a high activity, and optionally combining these measures.
• Endogenous genes or endogenous nucleotide sequences are understood as meaning the genes or open reading frames or alleles or nucleotide sequences present in the population of a species .
• plasmids are used to increase the number of copies, these are stabilized, if appropriate, by one or more of the genetic loci chosen from the group consisting of the parB locus of the plasmid Rl described by Ras ussen et al . (Molecular and General Genetics 209 (1), 122-128 (1987)), Gerdes et al. (Molecular Microbiology 4 (11), 1807-1818 (1990)) and Thistedt and Gerdes (Journal of Molecular Biology 223 (1), 41-54 (1992)), the flm locus of the F plasmid described by Loh et al .
• Microbiology 12 (1), 131-141 (1994) ) and the parA locus of the plasmid Rl described by Gerdes and Molin (Journal of Molecular Biology 190 (3), 269- 279 (1986)), Dam and Gerdes (Journal of Molecular Biology 236 (5), 1289- 1298 (1994)) and Jensen et al (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95 (15), 8550-8555 (1998).
• the activity or concentration of the corresponding protein or enzyme is in general increased by at least 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, 150%, 200%, 300%, 400% or 500%, up to a maximum of 1,000% or 2,000%, based on that of the wild-type protein or the activity or concentration of the protein in the starting microorganism.
• expression of the genes or the catalytic or functional properties of the enzymes or proteins can be increased.
• the two measures can optionally be combined.
• the number of copies of the corresponding genes can be increased by at least one (1) , or the promoter and regulation region or the ribosome binding site upstream of the structural gene can be mutated.
• Expression cassettes which are incorporated upstream of the structural gene act in the same way.
• inducible promoters it is additionally possible to increase the expression in the course of fermentative L- threonine production.
• the expression is likewise improved by measures to prolong the life of the m-RNA.
• the enzyme activity is also increased by preventing the degradation of the enzyme protein.
• the genes or gene constructs can either be present in plasmids with a varying number of copies, or can be integrated and amplified in the chromosome. Alternatively, an overexpression of the genes in question can furthermore be achieved by changing the composition of the media and the culture procedure.
• the term "attenuation" in this connection describes the reduction or elimination of the intracellular activity or concentration of one or more enzymes or proteins in a microorganism which are coded by the corresponding DNA, for example by using a weak promoter or an open reading frame or a gene or allele which codes for a corresponding enzyme or protein with a low activity or inactivates the corresponding enzyme or protein or gene and optionally combining these measures .
• the activity or concentration of the corresponding protein or enzyme is in general reduced to 0 to 75%, 0 to 50%, 0 to 25%, 0 to 10% or 0 to 5% or 0 to 1% or 0 to 0.1% of the activity or concentration of the wild-type protein or of the activity or concentration of the protein in the starting microorganism.
• expression of the genes or open reading frames or the catalytic or functional properties of the enzymes or proteins can be reduced or eliminated.
• the two measures can optionally be combined.
• the reduction in gene expression can take place by suitable culturing, by genetic modification (mutation) of the signal structures of gene expression or also by the antisense-RNA technique.
• Signal structures of gene expression are, for example, repres ⁇ or genes, activator genes, operators, promoters, attenuators, ribosome binding sites, the start codon and terminators.
• Missense mutations leads to an exchange of a given amino acid in a protein for another, this being, in particular, a non-conservative amino acid exchange.
• the functional capacity or activity of the protein is impaired by this means and reduced to a value of 0 to 75%, 0 to 50%, 0 to 25%, 0 to 10%, 0 to 5%, 0 to 1% or 0 to 0.1%.
• Nonsense mutation leads to a stop codon in the coding region of the gene and therefore to a premature interruption in the translation. Insertions or deletions of at least one base pair in a gene lead to frame shift mutations, which lead to incorrect amino acids being incorporated or translation being interrupted prematurely. If a stop codon is formed in the coding region as a consequence of the mutation, this also leads to a premature termination of the translation. Deletions of at least one (1) or more codons typically also lead to a complete loss of the enzyme activity or function.
• Strains which are suitable for the process according to the invention are, inter alia, the strain BKIIM B-3996 described in US 5,175,107, the strain KCCM-10132 described in WO 00/09660, and isoleucine-needing mutants of the strain kat-13 described in WO 98/04715.
• strains can be adapted to the process according to the invention with the measures mentioned, for example by incorporation of a stop codon into the rpoS gene, for example an amber codon at the site corresponding to position 33 of the amino acid sequence of the RpoS protein, and simultaneous incorporation of a corresponding t-RNA suppressor, for example supE, or by other measures, such as, for example, overexpression of the thrA allele, attenuation of the threonine breakdown which takes place under aerobic culture conditions, introduction of a mutation into the ilvA gene which causes an at least partial need for isoleucine or growth in the presence of at least 5 g/1 threonine.
• the properties or features mentioned can be transferred into desired strains by transformation, transduction or conjugation.
• isolated genetic material typically DNA
• a recipient strain In the method of transformation, isolated genetic material, typically DNA, is inserted into a recipient strain.
• bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family such as e.g. Escherichia coli
• the DNA for this purpose is incorporated into plasmid or phage DNA in vitro and this is then transferred into the recipient strain.
• the corresponding methods and working instructions are adequately known in the prior art and are described in detail, for example, in the handbook by J. Sambrook (Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed. , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 1989) .
• Defined mutation can be transferred into suitable strains with the aid of the method of gene or allele exchange using conditionally replicating plasmids.
• a defined mutation at least the position in the chromosome, preferably the exact position of the change in the nucleobase(s) and the nature of the change (substitution, i.e. transition or transversion, insertion or deletion), is known.
• the corresponding DNA is initially sequenced with the usual methods.
• a usual method for achieving a gene or allele exchange is that described by Hamilton et al. (Journal of Bacteriology 171: 4617-4622 (1989)), in which the pSClOl derivative pMAK705, which replicates sensitively to heat, is used.
• Alleles can be transferred from the plasmid into the chromosome with this method. Chromosomal alleles can be transferred to the plasmid in the same manner .
• Other methods described in the prior art such as, for example, that of Martinez-Morales et al. (Journal of Bacteriology 181: 7143-7148 (1999)), that of Boyd et al. (Journal of Bacteriology 182: 842-847 (2000)) or the method described in WO 01/77345 can likewise be used.
• This method can be employed, inter alia to insert rpoS alleles which contain, for example, stop codons, suppressor genes, such as, for example, supE, attenuated tdh alleles which contain, for example, deletions, attenuated ilvA alleles, thrA alleles which code for "feed back" resistant aspartate kinase I - homoserine dehydrogenase I variants, the rhtA23 mutation, attenuated pck alleles, attenuated alleles of the ytfP ORF, attenuated yjfA ORFs, attenuated poxB alleles or attenuated yjgF ORFs into desired strains.
• suppressor genes such as, for example, supE, attenuated tdh alleles which contain, for example, deletions, attenuated ilvA alleles, thrA alleles which code for "
• a genetic feature is transferred from a donor strain into a recipient strain using a bacteriophage.
• This method belongs to the prior art and is described in textbooks such as, for example, that of E. A. Birge (Bacterial and Bacteriophage Genetics, 4th ed. , Springer Verlag, New York, USA, 2000) .
• the bacteriophage Pi is typically used for generalized transduction (Lennox,
• Resistance-imparting or other dominant genetic properties such as, for example, antibiotics resistance (for example kanamycin resistance, chloramphenicol resistance, rifampicin resistance or borrelidin resistance) , resistance to antimetabolites (for example ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -hydroxyvaleric acid resistance, ⁇ -methyl-serine resistance or diaminosuccinic acid resistance) , resistance to metabolites (for example threonine resistance, homoserine resistance, glutamic acid resistance, methionine resistance, lysine resistance or aspartic acid resistance) or also the ability to utilize sucrose, can be transferred into suitable recipient strains with the aid of transduction.
• antibiotics resistance for example kanamycin resistance, chloramphenicol resistance, rifampicin resistance or borrelidin resistance
• antimetabolites for example ⁇ -amino- ⁇ -hydroxyvaleric acid resistance, ⁇ -methyl-serine resistance or diaminosuccinic acid resistance
• resistance to metabolites for example threonine resistance
• the method of transduction is also suitable for inserting so-called non-selectable genetic properties, such as, for example, auxotrophies or needs for amino acids (for example the need for isoleucine, the need for methionine or the need for m-diaminopimelic acid) , needs for vitamins or sensitivity to antimetabolites (for example fluoropyruvic acid sensitivity) into recipient strains.
• E. coli strains which contain the transposon TnlO or TnlOkan in an interval of approximately one minute on the chromosome are used for this purpose. These strains are known under the term
• F fertility
• Hfr high frequency of recombination
• F 1 F prime
• the method of conjugation has been employed, for example, to transfer the mutation thrClOlO described by Theze and Saint-Girons (Journal of Bacteriology 118, 990-998 (1974)) into the strain MG442 (Debabov, Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology 79, 113-136 (2003).
• Conjugative plasmids which carry the ability to utilize sucrose are described in the prior art, for example by Schmid et al . (Journal of Bacteriology 151, 68-76 (1982)) or Smith and Parsell (Journal of General Microbiology 87, 129-140 (1975)) and Livshits et al .

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