EP1637326A2 - Offset printing group having a flexible covering on a transfer cylinder - Google Patents

Abstract

The printer has a transfer cylinder (22) with elastic cover (26). The diameter of the sleeve face of the cylinder with the non-stressed cover mounted thereon is greater between the two ends of the cylinder than the diameter at the two ends. A counter pressure cylinder (23) forms a print gap with the transfer cylinder. The diameter differences can be fixed in dependence on the geometric properties of the transfer cylinder.

Description

The invention relates to a printing unit of an offset printing machine with at least one forme cylinder and a transfer cylinder according to the preamble of claim 1.

In printing units which have a flexible transfer cylinder with rubber (cloth) cover, the nip of the transfer cylinder paper can cause wave or even wrinkling of the paper. This is the case with small diameter / bale width ratios, in particular so with single-circumference transfer cylinders and double- or multi-width paper webs (i.e., 2 ... n printing plates wide). The wave formation can lead to passer problems, z. B. to a distortion of the image. The wrinkling leads to waste.

The reason is that due to the compressive stress of the cylinder bends, the pressure in the middle of the bale is therefore another (usually smaller) than at the end of the bale. This results in local differences in the pressure development (ie the effective diameter of the transfer cylinder) over the bale width, and thus inhomogeneous paper transport behavior.

DE 44 36 973 A1 discloses a blanket with varying profile.

EP 1 428 658 A1 shows a convex forme cylinder.

DE 2 151 650 shows a transfer cylinder with a convex lateral surface.

Post-published WO 2005/005157 A1 describes a transfer cylinder a convex bale on which a single, trained as a sleeve elevator is arranged with different thicknesses.

DE 200 23 414 U1 shows a printing unit in which the transfer cylinder is covered in the axial direction with several metal blankets

The invention has for its object to provide a printing unit of an offset printing machine with at least one forme cylinder.

The object is achieved by the features of claim 1.

To eliminate the formation of wrinkles or reduce the formation of waves, the printing cylinder is cambered, and thus has (also) a non-constant diameter in the printing area of the bale.

In the transfer cylinder, the local diameter is selected as a function of the location on the cylinder axis such that the settlement differences induced by the deflection (due to the compressive stress) are substantially compensated, but at least reduced to such an extent that no wrinkling or troublesome wave formation occurs , As a rule, the transfer cylinder is convexly cambered.

The optimum profile of the crown depends on the effective diameter of the blanket cylinder change, .DELTA.D _more, at a Eindrückungsänderung the blanket, .DELTA.s, within the typographically relevant Eindrückungsbereiches [S _min S _max ...] from. Since ΔD _effective / Δs depends on the rubber blanket, a selected crowning _profile is generally only favorable for one type of blanket or blanket class (ie within a certain value range of _ΔD / Δs).

The size of the indentation changes over the bale width depend on the deflection, and thus on the line forces (and the cylinder arrangement). The line forces in turn result from the surface pressure required in the respective nips and the spring characteristic of the rubber blanket. Thus, given a given crown, there is also a favorable rubber type or a blanket class, characterized by its spring characteristic.

An additional advantage of a (convex) crowning is also a smaller variation of the compressive stress across the bale width. Basically, however, can be achieved by bombing a rubber blanket over the bale width constant effective diameter at the same time constant compressive stress. Only a compromise is possible.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, it is therefore provided that a surface profile of the transfer cylinder is designed so that the pressure differences that occur as a result of cylinder deflection due to the compressive stress on the bale width, balanced in one (or more) nip (s) or significantly reduced become.

Conveniently, the surface profile of the transfer or impression cylinder is designed so that wrinkling of the paper is prevented by the variation of the resultant of the local diameter and the local pressure effective diameter of the cylinder in one or more nips over the bale width is sufficiently low.

Furthermore, the surface profile is expediently designed so that the wave formation is eliminated or reduced to such an extent that as a result no more relevant register deviations arise and that sliding is prevented.

Preferably, the surface profile for a particular type of rubber blanket or a optimized blanket class, wherein the blanket a certain range of ΔD _effective / ΔS, wherein ΔD _wirk the Wirkdurchmesseränderung of the blanket cylinder at one Eindrückungsänderung .DELTA.s of the blanket, within the pressure technically relevant Eindrückdungsbereiches [S _min ... S _max ], or The surface profile is optimized for a specific line force range in the nip.

It may also be advantageous if the surface profile is optimized for a certain line force range in the nips, with a specific nip arrangement around the cylinder.

It may also be useful if the surface profile is optimized for a particular type of rubber blanket or blanket class by its spring characteristic field and the surface pressures necessary in the nips.

It may also be expedient if the surface profile is optimized for a rubber type or a blanket class, which generates a surface pressure of less than 60 N / cm ² at a depression of 0.20 mm.

Finally, it may be useful if both cylinders are cambered so that in the mating results in a local pressure in the nip, which results in a sufficiently small variation of the resulting effective diameter over the bale width due to the local diameter to wrinkles or waves of the paper and Passer problems or pushing to avoid.

In a satellite printing unit, instead of (or in addition to) the transfer cylinder, in particular the blanket cylinder, the impression cylinder can also be cambered.

Optionally, the forme cylinder is cambered to pressure differences (and so that effective diameter differences) to compensate for the transfer cylinder, which can lead to sliding or Farbübertragungsstörungen. If a crowning of the forme cylinder is required, this is usually concave.

It should be mentioned below that the starting point here is, in particular, an elevator or blanket whose properties are essentially disclosed in the description with reference to FIGS. 11 to 18.

In a printing unit of a printing machine z. B. by flexing the elastic lifts heat, which is usually evenly distributed in the axial direction of the cylinder and also at least partially removed.

If now printed in the printing unit in the axial direction of a part-wide substrate, heat is generated in the non-printing areas, but there is no longer dissipated (eg., As a result of evaporation of ink and fountain solution or transport away by the substrate).

Therefore arise in the axial direction strong temperature differences, especially on the transfer cylinder, which can lead to quality losses in the printed product or other pressure difficulties.

It is therefore proposed the temperature, in particular cooling at least one cylinder or at least one arranged in the axial direction of the cylinder zone, whereby the print quality can be significantly increased. The tempered zones may in particular be a width of a lift, e.g. a blanket or a printing plate.

From DE 691 07 317 T2, a printing blanket is known, which consists of several layers and in extreme cases has a total thickness of 0.55 to 3.65 mm. The Elastic modulus of cellular rubber sheets is between 0.2 to 50 MPa and from 0.1 to 25 MPa. The special structure of the blanket and the properties of the layers a blanket is achieved, which, when pressed together, does not tend to lateral displacement or protuberance.

DE 19 40 852 A1 discloses a printing blanket for offset printing, which has a total thickness of approximately 1.9 mm. A shear modulus as stress at 0.25 mm deformation is given at approximately 4.6, 1.9 and 8.23 kg / cm ² in the case of a thickness of the printing blanket. The goal here is to achieve a rapid recovery after a depression and a narrow thickness tolerance.

CH 426 903 discloses an offset printing blanket, with usual indentation depths of 0 to 0.1 mm being present. An increase in the indentation from 0.05 to 0.1 mm requires or has a consequence in the surface pressure of about 20.6 N / cm ² . That is, in this range for the indentation depth and surface pressures of up to about 40 N / cm ^{2 there} would be a linearized "spring characteristic" with a slope of about 412 N / cm ² / mm.

Also in CH 467 169 offset printing blankets are described with Eindrücktiefen from 0 to 0.1 mm, the linearized "spring characteristics" in the said range have a slope of, for example, 496 N / cm ² / mm.

For the transfer of color or other fluids between two rolls of a printing press, z. B. in the inking and / or dampening unit, and in particular in the offset process between printing cylinders, resorted to hard-soft regularly on the combination of materials. The surface pressure required for the ink transfer is achieved by pressing a yielding, z. B. elastomeric layer (soft elastomeric cover / elevator, blanket, metal blanket, sleeve) on a cooperating roller with largely incompressible and non-elastic surface area achieved.

For the uniform transition of the fluid is a given in narrow ranges of contact force and their constancy is an essential criterion. Now occur fluctuations in the distance of the cooperating rollers, z. B. by imbalance or by disturbances in the unwinding of the rolls induced vibrations, so the contact pressure (surface pressure) and thus the transfer behavior for the fluid changes. At points of interrupted or reduced contact, e.g. at the plate or blanket clamping channel, thus, for example, reduces the surface pressure periodically, resulting in a vibration excitation of the printing cylinder results. In the field of printing technology, this is expressed by changes in the color intensity in the printed image. If, for example, the contact force has changed permanently due to external conditions (long-wave interference), there is a risk of a print product that is too pale or too color-intensive until the time of a correction (waste). If the contact force changes dynamically due to oscillations (short-wave interference), this manifests itself in the formation of visible stripes in the printed product.

The achievable with the present invention consist in particular that a lower sensitivity to changes or fluctuations in the contact force (surface pressure) is achieved, and thus a high quality of the printed product is easier to achieve and can be maintained. Special elevators, an optimized design of the cylinders and their arrangement can reduce the influence of the cylinder movements on the ink transfer. In a particularly favorable embodiment with narrow points interrupted or reduced contact the vibration excitation itself is also reduced.

The transfer of the fluid is influenced considerably less by vibrations due to the design of the elevator and / or the arrangement of the rollers relative to one another. The same applies z. B. also for induced by process changes disturbances (speed, changing material thickness of a web, hiring / stopping other rollers), for distance deviations due to inaccuracies in the delivery (Stops, finite rigidity, manufacturing tolerances) as well as changes in the lift due to wear (long-wave) and / or incomplete recovery after passing through the nip (shortwave or longwave).

This is achieved, in particular, by the elevator being designed in such a way or the roller being designed with a corresponding elevator that a dependence of the resulting surface pressure on variation of the indentation is considerably flatter than usual. A spring characteristic, ie a slope in the dependence of the surface pressure of the indentation is at least in an advantageous range for the indentation in pressure-on position highest 700 (N / cm ² ) / mm. Favorable are less than 400 (N / cm ² ) / mm.

An advantageous range of relative indentation of the elevator in the operating state (pressure on position) is z. B. between 10% and 25% between forming and transfer cylinders and 25% to 35% between transfer cylinder and paper. In particular, however, depending on the nature of the two co-acting rollers different areas for relative indentation may be preferred in order to achieve optimum results in terms of the required transition of the fluid with the smallest possible influence of fluctuations.

The surface pressure varies in pressure-on position in an advantageous embodiment highest in a range between 60 and 220 N / cm ² , or different sub-ranges for fluids, eg. As printing inks, with greatly different rheological properties and / or different printing processes. Especially in these areas or partial areas, the curve should fulfill the condition on the slope.

The width of the contact zone in the nip resulting from the pressing of the rollers has hitherto been kept as small as possible. A widened nip point brings a higher line force and thus a greater static deflection with it. This However, the disadvantage is overcompensated by the elevator according to the invention or the arrangement. The press-in of the elevator is, for example, at least 0.18 mm, in an advantageous embodiment at least 0.25 mm. The resulting width of the nip is z. B. in an advantageous embodiment at least 10 mm, in particular greater than or equal to 12 mm. This can be achieved a favorable surface pressure.

In the event that a vibration caused by a disturbance, for. B. an interruption, is induced on one of the lateral surfaces of directly or via a web acting together rollers, by the execution of the elevator and / or the arrangement of the rollers to each other, the excitation of this vibration or its amplitude can be reduced. This applies in particular to an embodiment, wherein a width of the interruption in the circumferential direction is at most in the ratio 1: 3 to the width of the nip (impression strip) resulting from the pressing.

In general, the elevator or the layer allows the use of slimmer or even longer impression cylinders, d. H. a relation to the diameter large length of the cylinder.

Embodiments of the invention are illustrated in the drawings.

Fig. 1

eine schematische Zylinderanordnung eines Druckwerks;

Fig. 2

ein erstes, schematisches Ausführungsbeispiel eines Übertragungszylinders mit einem darauf angeordneten Aufzug;

Fig. 3

ein zweites, schematisches Ausführungsbeispiel eines Übertragungszylinders mit einem darauf angeordneten Aufzug;

Fig. 4

ein drittes, schematisches Ausführungsbeispiel eines Übertragungszylinders mit einem darauf angeordneten Aufzug;

Fig. 5

ein viertes, schematisches Ausführungsbeispiel eines Übertragungszylinders mit einem darauf angeordneten Aufzug;

Fig. 6

ein fünftes, schematisches Ausführungsbeispiel eines Übertragungszylinders mit einem darauf angeordneten Aufzug;

Fig. 7

ein sechstes, schematisches Ausführungsbeispiel eines Übertragungszylinders mit einem darauf angeordneten Aufzug;

Fig. 8

ein siebtes, schematisches Ausführungsbeispiel eines Übertragungszylinders mit einem darauf angeordneten Aufzug;

Fig. 9

einen Aufzug mit einem Drucktuch in einer perspektivischen Ansicht;

Fig. 10

eine schematische Darstellung eines sechsplattenbreiten Druckwerks mit einer zweidrittelbreiten Bahn;

Fig. 11

eine schematische Darstellung der Linienkraft zwischen zwei Walzen unter Verwendung eines konventionellen Aufzuges;

Fig. 12

eine schematische Darstellung der Linienkraft zwischen zwei Walzen unter Verwendung eines erfindungsgemäßen Aufzuges;

Fig. 13

die gemessene Flächenpressung bei Variation der Einpressung;

Fig. 14

ein Ausführungsbeispiel für eine Druckeinheit;

Fig. 15

ein Ausführungsbeispiel für eine Druckeinheit;

Fig. 16

ein Ausführungsbeispiel für eine Druckeinheit;

Fig. 17

ein Ausführungsbeispiel für eine Druckeinheit;

Fig. 18

eine schematische Darstellung eines Aufzuges mit Trägerschicht.

Show it:

Fig. 1

a schematic cylinder arrangement of a printing unit;

Fig. 2

a first, schematic embodiment of a transfer cylinder with an elevator disposed thereon;

Fig. 3

a second, schematic embodiment of a transfer cylinder with an elevator disposed thereon;

Fig. 4

a third, schematic embodiment of a transfer cylinder with an elevator disposed thereon;

Fig. 5

a fourth, schematic embodiment of a transfer cylinder with an elevator disposed thereon;

Fig. 6

a fifth, schematic embodiment of a transfer cylinder with a lift arranged thereon;

Fig. 7

a sixth, schematic embodiment of a transfer cylinder with an elevator disposed thereon;

Fig. 8

a seventh, schematic embodiment of a transfer cylinder with a lift disposed thereon;

Fig. 9

an elevator with a blanket in a perspective view;

Fig. 10

a schematic representation of a six-plate wide printing unit with a two-thirds wide web;

Fig. 11

a schematic representation of the line force between two rollers using a conventional elevator;

Fig. 12

a schematic representation of the line force between two rollers using a lift according to the invention;

Fig. 13

the measured surface pressure with variation of the insertion;

Fig. 14

an embodiment of a printing unit;

Fig. 15

an embodiment of a printing unit;

Fig. 16

an embodiment of a printing unit;

Fig. 17

an embodiment of a printing unit;

Fig. 18

a schematic representation of a lift with carrier layer.

First, reference is made to the embodiments according to FIGS. 1 and 9.

Fig. 1 shows a three-cylinder printing unit or a printing unit 20 of an otherwise not shown offset printing machine, which may be part of a larger printing unit such as in particular a nine-cylinder satellite printing unit, as further explained below, but also as a three-cylinder printing unit is operable. The printing unit 20 is in particular three times wide, d. H. for the printing of six axially juxtaposed newspaper pages executed. It comprises a forme cylinder 21, a transfer cylinder 22 abutting thereon and an impression cylinder 23 forming a printing nip 19 with the transfer cylinder 22, in particular a satellite cylinder 23. A web 24 to be printed is guided between transfer cylinder 22 and impression cylinder 23. The form cylinder 21 is associated with a not shown inking unit and also not shown dampening unit.

The circumference of the forme cylinder 21 is preferably for receiving two stationary printed pages, z. As newspaper pages in broadsheet format, by means of two in the circumferential direction on the forme cylinder 21 successively fixable elevators in the form of flexible printing plates, in particular printing plates, formed. The folded at the ends of the printing plates are circumferentially on the forme cylinder 21 over there trained grooves 25 can be mounted and individually exchanged as each in the axial direction equipped with a pressure side single pressure plate. The printing plates or printing plates are not shown in the figures.

The length of the usable bale of the forme cylinder 21 is in the axial direction for receiving z. B. six juxtaposed standing printed pages, especially newspaper pages in broadsheet format, measured.

The transfer cylinder 22 is occupied in the longitudinal direction side by side with three elevators 26. They extend in the circumferential direction substantially to the full extent. The elevators 26 are alternately offset from each other, whereby the vibration behavior is favorably influenced.

The elevators 26 provided on the transfer cylinder 22 are shown schematically in FIG. The designed as a blanket lift 26 is designed as a so-called. Metal blanket 26 with an arranged on a support plate 27 elastic and / or compressible layer 28. A backing plate 27 for a rubber blanket consists i. d. R. from a flexible, but otherwise dimensionally stable material, e.g. made of metal, z. B of an aluminum alloy, but in particular stainless steel, and has two opposite, to be fastened in or on the cylinder 22 ends 29; 30, these ends 29; 30 bent for training as suspension legs. The leading end 29 is bent for example by 45 ° and the trailing end 30 by 90 °.

The folded ends 29; 30 of the elevators 26 are each inserted on the circumference of the cylinder 22 in the paraxial grooves 31 formed there, wherein the ends 29; 30 be held for example by their shape, friction or deformation. However, they can also be fixed by means of spring force, by pressure medium or an effective during operation centrifugal force operable means. The grooves 25 for juxtaposed in the axial direction printing plates on the forme cylinder 21 are each arranged in alignment as a continuous groove, while the grooves 31 are not continuous for the arranged on the transfer cylinder 22 elevators 26, but alternately offset by 180 °.

Reference is now made to FIGS. 2 to 8, which show various embodiments of the transfer cylinder 22 with a lift 26 arranged thereon in a highly schematic representation, wherein the differences provided in the diameter of the lateral surface are realized in different ways.

As outer surface of the cylinder is understood here the outside of the bale with a lift.

In all the embodiments shown, the diameter of the lateral surface of the cylinder 22 in the center of the cylinder 22 is greater than at the two ends. Furthermore, in all embodiments, the crowning of the cylinder 22 along the cylinder axis is preferably carried out symmetrically to the cylinder center.

The different diameter can be realized, on the one hand, that the bale of the transfer cylinder 22, seen in the axial direction, has the corresponding different shape and the elevator or the lifts have the same thickness, cf. z. 4, 5, 6 and 7. An outer surface of the bale of the transfer cylinder or counter-pressure cylinder is arranged in the circumferential direction to an axis of rotation of the transfer cylinder 22 or impression cylinder 23 to a possibly present channel equidistant. A profiling of a lateral surface of the transfer cylinder 22 or counter-pressure cylinder 23 is arranged rotationally symmetrical in the circumferential direction to a rotational axis of the transfer cylinder 22 or impression cylinder 23 except for an optionally present channel. Another possible solution is that the bale of the transfer cylinder 22 in axial direction in the region of the elevator or elevators same diameter and the elevator or elevators have different diameters, see. z. 2 and 3. A third possibility is that both the bale of the transfer cylinder 22 and the elevator or the elevators in the axial direction have the same diameter or thickness and between bales of the transfer cylinder 22 and the elevator or the Elevators an underlay or intermediate layer is arranged, which generates the desired diameter differences in the axial direction (Fig. 8).

Fig. 2 shows an embodiment in which the bale of the transfer cylinder 22 in the axial direction has a constant diameter and the (single) elevator 32 has a convex lateral surface.

Fig. 3 shows an embodiment in which the bale of the transfer cylinder 22 in the axial direction also has constant diameter and three elevators 33, 34 and 35 are arranged side by side in the axial direction, the central elevator 34 has a larger diameter than the two arranged laterally Elevators 33 and 35, each with the same diameter. The lateral surface of the transfer cylinder 22 is thus formed like a step or has two paragraphs.

Fig. 4 shows an embodiment in which the lateral surface of the bale of the transfer cylinder 22 seen in the axial direction is convex and the (single) elevator 36 in the axial direction has constant material thickness.

5 shows an exemplary embodiment with three elevators 37, 38 and 39, each of equal thickness, lying next to one another in the axial direction. The bale of the transfer cylinder 22 has the axial length of the elevators 37, 38, 39 respectively corresponding to a middle and two lateral cylindrical portions, wherein the diameter of the central portion is greater than the diameter of the two lateral sections. The lateral surface of the transfer cylinder 22 is thus formed like a step or has two paragraphs.

Fig. 6 shows an embodiment in which the lateral surface of the bale of the transfer cylinder 22 seen in the axial direction has two rising towards the center straight sections, wherein the (single) elevator 40 seen in the axial direction has constant thickness; the straight sections are thus arranged in a triangular shape.

Fig. 7 shows an embodiment in which the lateral surface of the bale of the transfer cylinder 22 seen in the axial direction has three straight sections, namely a section with a positive slope, a central portion which is axis-parallel, and another portion with a negative slope. Corresponding to the three sections, three elevators 41, 42 and 43 are provided which, when viewed in the axial direction, each have the same thickness.

Fig. 8 shows an embodiment in which the lateral surface of the bale of the transfer cylinder 22 seen in the axial direction has the same diameter, that is cylindrical, and the (single) elevator 44 seen in the axial direction has the same strength. The desired different diameter of the lateral surface of the transfer cylinder 22 is achieved here by the fact that between ball and elevator 44, a pad 45 is arranged, the lateral surface seen in the axial direction is convex. This pad 45 has a calibrated thickness and may be formed as a self-adhesive film. In an alternative, not shown, two or more documents 45 may be provided, if necessary, different thickness.

As far as in the foregoing, the different diameter of the lateral surface of the transfer cylinder 22 is achieved by different thickness of the elevator or the lifts, such. B. in the case of Fig. 2, this is preferably realized in that the carrier plate 27 (FIG. 9) of the respective elevator receives the corresponding shape, that is to say it is especially convex in axial direction. Are seen in the axial direction several elevators of different thickness provided, such. B. in the case of Fig. 3, this is advantageously realized by the fact that the corresponding carrier plates 27 have different thickness.

The differences in diameter of the lateral surface of the cylinder 22 and the differences in thickness of the lifts or documents are determined depending on the geometric properties of the transfer cylinder 22. However, the diameters and thicknesses differ by at least 0.01 mm, preferably by at least 0.02 mm, possibly by at least 0.05 mm, but by less than 0.5 mm, preferably by less than 0.2 mm, if necessary by less than 0.1 mm. Preferably, the difference between the minimum and maximum diameters in the printing area is between 0.02 and 0.7 mm.

As far as the transfer cylinder 22 seen in the axial direction has a curvature, such. As in the case of Fig. 2, 4 or 8, the surface profile of the forme cylinder 21 along the cylinder axis in the printing area can deviate parabolic or with a constant radius of curvature of the cylindrical ideal shape.

As far as in the embodiments described above, only the transfer cylinder 22 reference is made, it should be noted that if necessary, the lateral surface of the impression cylinder 23 may have different diameters in the axial direction. In this case, the structures described in connection with the transfer cylinder 22 should be implemented accordingly, as far as applicable. The same applies to the forme cylinder 21, the i. d. R., however, will be crowned concave.

It should be noted that the present invention is particularly applicable to relates to such a printing unit having at least two pairs of two cylinders each, namely a transfer cylinder and an associated form cylinder, wherein the transfer and forme cylinders are designed with a width for the printing of six axially juxtaposed newspaper pages, and the transfer cylinder in one Pressure on position with a cylinder designed as a satellite cylinder pressure forming a pressure point cooperate. Such a cylinder satellite unit, which enables a simple, cost-effective and space-saving design with simultaneously high variability in the product or intermediate product, is disclosed in WO 03/031180 A2, to which reference is expressly made with regard to the details.

Here, the printing unit is designed in particular as a nine-cylinder satellite printing unit, which has a high precision in the color register and on the other a low-vibration construction result. The printing unit has in this case four star-shaped printing units with a common inner, designed as a satellite cylinder printing cylinder and in each case a subsequent transfer cylinder and in each case a voltage applied to the transfer cylinder form cylinder. By means of the printing units, ink is applied from an inking unit to a web via a forme cylinder. The printing unit, which can be designed as offset printing unit for the wet offset, in addition to the inking unit on a dampening unit and the transfer cylinder. The transfer cylinder forms a pressure point with the pressure cylinder forming an abutment.

Reference is now made to Fig. 10, which illustrates a six-plate wide printing unit 20 of an offset printing machine with a two-thirds width web 46 as an exemplary embodiment. With regard to the basic structure of the printing unit 20, reference may be made to the description in conjunction with FIGS. 1 and 9. This three-cylinder pressure unit 20 may be arranged in particular in a nine-cylinder satellite pressure unit.

As shown in Fig. 10, in the axial direction of the transfer cylinder 22, three elevators 26a; 26b; 26 c (blankets) arranged, each comprising a dimensionally stable support plate made of stainless steel, see. Description of FIG. 9. The forme cylinder 21 has in the axial direction of the forme cylinder 21 six (not shown) printing plates and thus has a length corresponding to six pages standing or lying newspaper pages.

The transfer cylinder 22 has a tempering or cooling device (not shown in more detail), which enables targeted temperature control or cooling of certain sections of the transfer cylinder 22. For this purpose, the transfer cylinder 22 in three zones 47; 48; 49, wherein seen in the axial direction of the transfer cylinder 22, the positions and widths of these zones 47; 48; 49 those of the elevators 26a; 26b; 26c correspond. Each tempered or temperature-controlled zone 47; 48; 49 thus corresponds to the width of the corresponding elevator 26a; 26b; 26c.

In the case of the embodiment, a cooling of each zone 47 takes place; 48; 49 from the inside, by within the transfer cylinder 22 in the region of each zone 47; 48; 49 and from the adjacent zone 47; 48; 49 each separated or separable as the temperature control a suitable liquid is arranged. Each zone 47; 48; 49 is basically independent of the other zone 47; 48; 49 tempered, where quite two zones 47; 48; 49 can be tempered together, ie in particular the zones 47; 48 in the region of the web 46 with one temperature and the zone 49 at a different temperature. The temperature can be controlled by applying the respective zone or zones 47; 48; 49 are controlled with temperature control of different temperature and / or amount.

For supplying the temperature control means, a common line is provided which supplies temperature control means from outside the cylinder 22. For supplying the temperature control to the respective zone 47; 48; 49, a valve arrangement is provided, the temperature control either the respective zone 47; 48; 49 and the respective zones 47; 48; 49 feeds.

Such a valve device can be arranged inside or outside the cylinder 22.

In an alternative embodiment, a first and a second line is provided, which separated from outside of the transfer cylinder 22 tempering the respective zone 47; 48; 49 and the respective zones 47; 48; 49 feeds.

As an alternative or in addition to cooling of the transfer cylinder 22, cooling can also take place via the existing spray dampening unit (see description of FIG. 1), in which case also the non-printing areas (in the region of the non-existing printing material) of the forme cylinder 21 provided with so-called dummy plates be applied with dampening solution, but not with color.

It should be noted that it may be sufficient if not all zones 47; 48; 49 are temperature controlled, but one or two zones 47; 48; 49 remain without targeted tempering.

In principle, it is also possible to control the temperature of the cylinders from the outside, either via the dampening solution mentioned above or by arranging air outside the cylinder as the temperature control means and by selectively flowing the cylinder with this air, or by arranging liquid outside the cylinder as the temperature control means is and the cylinder is acted upon indirectly and / or directly from the outside with this liquid.

The temperature control can also be designed such that within at least one tempered zone in the axial direction of the cylinder different amount of heat or by means of the dampening unit different amount of fountain solution is transferable.

It is understood that in the case of a satellite printing unit, all transfer cylinders 22 all printing units 20 in the axial direction of the transfer cylinder 22 in juxtaposed zones 47; 48; 49 divided can be tempered.

While it is assumed in the foregoing of a temperature of the transfer cylinder 22, it should be noted that a corresponding temperature, in addition or alternatively, the forme cylinder 21 and / or the impression cylinder 23 is also possible and may be useful.

Conveniently, the possibility of temperature control to the particular circumstances is adaptable and it is therefore provided that, in accordance with the occupancy of the printing unit and / or the substrate width, the temperature of the cylinder set and / or selectable.

Reference is now made to FIGS. 11 to 18.

A work machine, z. B. a printing machine such as the printing unit shown in Figure 1, has rolling rollers 22 rolling against each other; 23, which in the region of their touch a nip 19, z. B. a nip 19, form. This can be in the case of the printing press rollers 21; 22 an inking unit, a coating unit, or cylinder 21; 22 be a printing unit. In the embodiment shown in Figure 11, the cylinder 21; 22 is a forme cylinder 21 having an effective diameter D _wPZ and a transfer cylinder 22 of an offset printing unit. One of the cylinders 21; 22, z. As the transfer cylinder 22 has on the lateral surface of a substantially incompressible, non-elastic core with a diameter D _GZK a lift 26 or coating 26 with a soft, elastomeric layer 28 of a thickness t. A total thickness T of the elevator 26 is z. B. from the thickness t of the layer 28 and a thickness of an optionally associated with the layer 28 is substantially incompressible, inelastic support layer 27, in particular a support plate 27, for example, a metal plate 27, (shown by way of example in Fig. 18) together. If the elevator 26 has no additional carrier layer 27, then the thickness t corresponds to the total thickness T. The layer 28 can be constructed as a heterogeneous layer 28 of multiple layers, which in total have the required property for the layer 28. Core and elevator 26 or coating 26 together form an effective diameter D _{wGZ of} the transfer _cylinder 22. The effective diameter D _{wPZ is} determined by the effective for rolling lateral surface of the forme cylinder 21 and optionally includes an applied on the outer surface of a base body elevator, z , B. a printing form. The hard surface cylinder 21 may also be designed as an impression cylinder 21 cooperating with the transfer cylinder 22. However, the embodiment of the layer 26 set forth below is not dependent on the design of the rollers 21; 22 as a transfer and forme cylinder 21; 22 or bound to the execution with a printing forme.

Depending on the provision of the two cylinders 21; 22, d. H. whose center distance A, "dips" the largely incompressible, non-elastic lateral surface of the forme cylinder 21 in the soft layer 28 and causes the undisturbed course of the layer 28 a depression S. Due to the restoring forces leads to a fluctuating or changing depression S i. d. R. to a fluctuating or changing surface pressure P in the nip 19 and causes the o. G. Problems in the quality of color transfer and ultimately in the printed product.

In Fig. 11, a profile for a surface pressure P in Nipp 19 of the two rollers 21 and 22 is shown schematically. The surface pressure P extends over the entire area of the contact zone, wherein it reaches a maximum surface pressure P _max at standstill at the level of a connecting plane V of the axes of rotation. This shifts in production to the incoming gap side due to the viscous force component. In projection onto a plane E perpendicular to the connection plane V, the contact zone and thus the profile has a width B. The maximum surface pressure P _max is ultimately responsible for the color transfer and adjust accordingly.

Compared to FIG. 11, FIG. 12 schematically shows the profile of the surface pressure P in the case of a larger indentation S, which at the same time causes a broadening of the width B. If, however, the maximum surface pressure P _max are nevertheless to be achieved, the integration of the surface pressure P over the entire width B leads to an increase in a force between the two rollers 21; 22nd

The absolute height of the surface pressure P in the nip 19 and its variation in the variation of the indentation S is largely determined by a spring characteristic of the layer 28 or the elevator 26 used with the layer 28. The spring characteristic represents the surface pressure P as a function of the indentation S. FIG. 13 shows, by way of example, some spring characteristics of conventional elevators 26, in particular blankets 26 with a corresponding layer 28. The values are determined on a quasi-static stamp test bench in the laboratory. They are to be transferred in a suitable way to otherwise determined values.

It can be seen from Fig. 13 that a slope ΔP / ΔS of the spring characteristic determines the fluctuation in the surface pressure P when the depression S (for example, vibration) changes. In a variation ΔS of the indentation by an average indentation value S, the magnitude of a fluctuation ΔP of the required maximum surface pressure P _max in the nip 19 about the average surface pressure P is approximately proportional to the slope ΔP / ΔS of the spring characteristics at the point S. For example, FIG an elevator a (FIG. 13) a reduction of the indentation S from -0.16 mm to -0.14 mm on the surface pressure P by a reduction of approximately 50 N / cm ² , and a reduction of the indentation S of -0, 11 mm to -0.09 mm on the surface pressure P by reducing by about 25 N / cm ² off. An elevator b has a lower pitch.

Lifts 26, which either as a whole or its layer 28 as such a large Slope .DELTA.P / .DELTA.S, in particular in the range of the required maximum surface pressure P _max in the pressure-relevant area, are referred to hereinafter as "hard", those with a small pitch .DELTA.P / .DELTA.S as "soft".

The elevator 26 or the layer 28 is now executed as a "soft" elevator 26 or "soft" layer 28. Compared to a "hard" elevator 26 or a hard layer 28 performs a same relative movements of the rollers 21; 22 (or change of the distance A) thus in a soft elevator 26 to a smaller change in the surface pressure P and thus to a reduction in the fluctuations in the color transfer. The soft elevator 26 thus causes a lower sensitivity of the printing process to vibrations and / or deviations at intervals from a desired value. Due to smaller changes in the surface pressure P due to relative movements of the rollers 21; 22 are z. B. vibration strip in the printed product in soft elevators 26 and 26 with elevators 26 with soft layer visible only at higher vibration amplitudes.

The surface pressure varies in pressure-on position in an advantageous embodiment highest in a range between 60 and 220 N / cm ² . For fluids, e.g. As printing inks, with very different rheological properties, different areas within the above-mentioned area for the surface pressure may be preferred. Thus, the range for the wet offset (color and dampening) z. B. between 60 and 120 N / cm ² , in particular from 80 to 100 N / cm ² , while in the case of dry offset (no dampening solution, only paint on form cylinder) z. B. between 100 and 220 N / cm ² , in particular 120 to 180 N / cm ² varies, especially in these areas, the slope should meet the condition of the slope.

The pressure-relevant area for the maximum surface pressure P _max is advantageously between 60 to 220 N / cm ² . For fluids, e.g. As printing inks, with very different rheological properties, different areas within the above-mentioned area for the surface pressure may be preferred. So varies the area for the Wet offset z. B. between 60 and 120 N / cm ² , in particular from 80 to 100 N / cm ² (shaded in Fig. 13 shown), while in the case of dry offset z. B. between 100 and 220 N / cm ² , in particular from 120 to 180 N / cm ² varies. Thus, in an advantageous embodiment, a soft elevator 26 (or its layer 28) at least in the range of 80 to 100 N / cm ^2, a slope .DELTA.P / .DELTA.S of z. B. ΔP / ΔS <700 (N / cm ² ) / mm, especially ΔP / ΔS <500 (N / cm ² ) / mm, in particular less than 400 (N / cm ² ) / mm. The slope .DELTA.P / .DELTA.S should be smaller by a factor of at least two in the relevant area for the surface pressure P than is currently the case for elevators 26 in offset printing.

In an advantageous embodiment, as schematically indicated in FIG. 12, the layer 28 has a greater thickness t or the elevator 26 has a greater total thickness T than hitherto customary. The thickness t of the layer 28 which is functional in terms of elasticity or compressibility amounts, for example, to 1.3 to 6.3 mm, in particular 1.7 to 5.0 mm, in particular more than 1.9 mm. In addition, if necessary, the strength of one or more u. U. connected to the layer 28, substantially incompressible and inelastic layers on the core-facing side, which are connected to the layer 28 for the purpose of dimensional and / or dimensional stability (not shown). In addition, support layers (eg, woven fabrics), which are referred to as inelastic, can come about in the area of the surface of the elevator 26, for example. The carrier layer 27 or support layers, which are functionally not functional for the "softness" of the elevator 26 but rather for the dimensional stability, may also be arranged between the "soft" layers 26. It can, for example, be designed as a metal, in particular stainless steel sheet, about 0.1 to 0.3 mm thick. As a fabric, this may be from 0.1 to 0.6 mm, depending on the design of the elevator 26. The stated thickness t of the layer 28 in the case of multiple layers of layers 28 refers to the sum of the "partial layers" functionally responsible for the above-described characteristic (dependence on surface pressure / indentation) and the elasticity or compressibility. An elevator 26 then has, for example together with carrier layer (s) 27, the total thickness T of 2.0 to 6.5 mm, in particular 2.3 to 5.9 mm up.

The elastic layer 28 or its thickness t is understood as meaning the layer 28 or the sum of the layers 28 whose material has a modulus of elasticity in the radial direction of less than 50 N / mm ² . In contrast, the layers possibly provided for support (fabric) or dimensional stability (support) have significantly greater modulus of elasticity, e.g. B. greater than 70 N / mm ² , in particular greater than 100 N / mm ² or even greater 300 N / mm ² . At least one partial layer of the layer 28, referred to here as an elastic layer, is made of porous material in an advantageous embodiment.

The elastic layer 28 may also include a covering layer 18 indicated by dashed lines in FIG. 18, the elastic modulus of which in the radial direction is less than 50 N / mm ² . A cover layer 18 is generally used to form a closed surface and contributes in this case to the formation of "softness". In other cases, cover layers 18 larger elastic modulus, z. B. greater than 70 N / mm ² , in particular greater than 100 N / mm ² or even greater than 300 N / mm ² used, and then for this reason not the elastic and / or compressible layer 28 attributed.

The "soft" elevator 26 (or layer 28) is preferably operated with a higher indentation S in comparison to conventional indentations S (shown schematically in FIG. 12 in comparison to FIG. 11), ie the two rollers 21; 22 are related to their respective effective but undisturbed diameter D _wGZ , D _wPZ further hired. As a result, an optimal maximum surface pressure P _{max is} achieved despite a smaller pitch .DELTA.P / .DELTA.S. The employment of the rollers 21; 22 to each other in an advantageous embodiment such that the indentation S to at least 0.18 mm, z. B. to 0.18 to 0.60 mm, in particular 0.25 to 0.50 mm, amounts.

A relative indentation S *, ie related to the thickness t of the layer 28 Indentation S, lies z. B. without regard to the specific embodiment of the rollers 21; 22 z. B. between 10% and 35%, but especially between 13% and 30%.

A width B of the contact _zone resulting from indentation S of the layer 28 in a projection perpendicular to a connecting plane V of its axes of rotation is advantageously at least 5% of the undisturbed effective diameter D _{wGZ of} the roller 22 with layer 28.

As described above, the design and / or arrangement of the "soft" elevator 26 is particularly advantageous when one of the two cooperating rollers 21; 22 (or both) at least one interference affecting the unwinding 25; 31 has on its effective lateral surface. This disorder 25; 31 can as interruption 25; 31, an axially extending butt 25; 31 of two ends 29; 30 of one or more elevators 26 be. In particular, the disorder 25; 31 but by one or more axially extending channel 25; 31 for attachment of ends 29; 30 of one or more elevators 26 caused. This channel 25; 31 has an opening towards the lateral surface, through which the ends 29; 30 are guided. Inside, the channel 25; 31 a device for clamping and / or tensioning of the elevator 26 and the elevators 26 have.

When rolling over the channel 25; 31 and the channels 25; 31 vibrations are stimulated. Is a width B25; B31 of the channel 25; 31 seen in the circumferential direction is greater than the width B of the contact zone, so is the passage of the channel 25; 31 excited a vibration with increased amplitude, since due to the above-mentioned larger width B of the contact zone, a greater line force between the two rollers 21; 22 acts. Nevertheless, the increase of the vibration amplitudes due to the higher line force is less than the decrease of the vibration sensitivity due to the softness of the layer 28, so that overall a reduction of the sensitivity to vibrations results.

Of particular advantage is the width B25; B31 of the channel 25; 31 smaller than the width B of the contact zone. In this case, at least always based areas of co-operating lateral surfaces in the contact zone from each other, it also results in a reduction in the height and a flatter course (broadening of the pulse) for the force of the impact excitation. Softer lifts 26 or softer layers 28 result in narrow channels 25; 31 thus to a weakening and a temporal extension of the channel impact.

In the case of the transfer cylinder 22, ends of a metal blanket may be disposed in the channel 31. The layer 28 is in this case on a dimensionally stable support 27, for. As a thin metal plate (a plate), applied, the folded ends are arranged in the channel 31. The channel 31 can then extremely narrow in the circumferential direction, z. B. less than or equal to 5 mm, in particular less than or equal to 3 mm. Also in the case of the forme cylinder 21, the channel 25 in an advantageous embodiment with a width in the circumferential direction is less than or equal to 5 mm, in particular less than or equal to 3 mm executed.

Conversely, as a result of the larger contact zone (impression strip width) in comparison to conventional applications, the permissible ratio B25: B or B31: B is reduced. A version in which the width B25; B31 of the channel 25; 31 in the region of its opening or mouth to the lateral surface of the core or main body in the circumferential direction at most in the ratio 1: 3 to the resultant by the pressing width B of the contact zone (impression strip) is.

The soft layer 28 preferably has a reduced damping constant compared to commonly used materials, so that no higher flexing heat is generated despite the higher loading and unloading speeds due to the higher indentation S when unrolling. Likewise, the must Layer 28 be designed such that a sufficiently fast recovery or springing takes place after passing through the nip 19 in the starting position, so that, for example, when in contact with a paint roller or another cylinder already present the output strength.

FIGS. 14 and 15 show a printing unit 20 configured in an advantageous manner with the layer 28, designed as a so-called double printing unit 20. The forme cylinder 21 associated transfer cylinder 02 of a first cylinder pair 21; 22 acts via a printing material 24; 46, z. B. a web 24; 46 with a likewise designed as a transfer cylinder 22 impression cylinder 22 together, which is also associated with a forme cylinder 21. All four cylinders 21; 22 are mechanically driven independently of one another by means of different drive motors 17 (FIG. 14). In a modification, forming and transfer cylinders 21; 22 in pairs coupled by a paired drive motor 17 (on the forme cylinder 21 on the transfer cylinder 22 or parallel) driven (FIG. 15).

The forme cylinder 21 and the transfer cylinder 22 are in a first embodiment as a cylinder 21; 22 double circumference, ie with a circumference of substantially two stationary printed pages, in particular of two newspaper pages executed. They are with effective diameters D _wGZ ; D _{wPZ made} between 260 to 400 mm, in particular 280 to 350 mm. On the lateral surface of the core, the transfer cylinder 22 in each case has at least one elevator 26 with a total thickness T of 2.0 to 6.5 mm, in particular of 2.3 to 5.9 mm. The slope .DELTA.P / .DELTA.S of the spring characteristic is at least in the pressure-relevant area (see above) below 700 (N / cm ² ) / mm, in particular below 500 (N / cm ² ) / mm. Forming and transfer cylinder 21; 22 are set in pairs in such a way that the width B of the contact zone between the forming and transfer cylinders 21; 22 in Anstelllage 10 to 25 mm, in particular 12 to 21 mm. This configuration largely minimizes sensitivity to vibration and inaccuracy. The individual drives by the drive motors 17 support this by the mechanical decoupling.

In a second embodiment, not shown, the forme cylinder 21 and the transfer cylinder 22 as a cylinder 21; 22 simple circumference, ie with a circumference of substantially a standing pressure side, especially from a newspaper page executed. They are with effective diameters D _wGZ ; D _{wPZ running} between 150 to 190 mm. On the lateral surface of the core, the transfer cylinder 22 in each case has at least one elevator 26 with a total thickness T of 2.0 to 6.5 mm, in particular of 2.3 to 5.9 mm. The slope ΔP / ΔS of the spring characteristic is again below 700 (N / cm ² ) / mm, in particular below 500 (N / cm ² ) / mm, at least in the pressure-relevant area (see above). Forming and transfer cylinder 21; 22 are set in pairs in such a way that the width B of the contact zone between the forming and transfer cylinders 21; 22 in Anstelllage 7 to 18 mm, in particular 9 to 15 mm.

In a third embodiment, not shown, the form cylinder 21 as a cylinder 21 simple circumference with effective diameters D _wPZ between 150 to 190 mm, and the transfer cylinder 22 as a cylinder 22 double circumference with effective diameters D _wGZ between 260 to 400 mm, in particular 280 to 350 mm executed. On the lateral surface of the core, the transfer cylinder 22 has at least one elevator 26 of total thickness T from 2.0 to 6.5 mm, in particular from 2.3 to 5.9 mm. The slope ΔP / ΔS of the spring characteristic is again below 700 (N / cm ² ) / mm, in particular below 500 (N / cm ² ) / mm, at least in the pressure-relevant area (see above). Forming and transfer cylinder 21; 22 are set in pairs in such a way that the width B of the contact zone between the forming and transfer cylinders 21; 22 in Anstelllage 8 to 20 mm, in particular 9 to 17 mm.

In Fig. 16 and 17, a printing unit 20 is shown, which is either part of a larger printing unit, such. B. a five-cylinder, nine-cylinder or ten-cylinder printing unit, is, or is operable as a three-cylinder printing unit 20. The transfer cylinder 22 acts here with a cylinder leading to no ink 23, z. B. a counter-pressure cylinder 23, in particular a satellite cylinder 23, together. The "soft" lateral surface of the transfer cylinder 22 now interacts with the "hard" lateral surface of the forme cylinder 21 on one side, and with the "hard" lateral surface of the satellite cylinder 23 on the other side. In one embodiment (Figure 16) with transmission and satellite cylinders 23 driven at least independently of each other, the one or more satellite cylinders 23 have their own drive motor 17, while the pair of forming and transfer cylinders 21; 22 mechanically coupled by a common drive motor 17 (FIG. 16), or are driven mechanically independent of each other by a separate drive motor 17 (FIG. 17).

Form cylinder 21, transfer cylinder 22 and satellite cylinder 23 are in a first embodiment for Fig. 16 or 17 as a cylinder 21; 22; 23 double circumference with effective diameters D _wGZ ; D _wPZ ; D _{wSZ made} between 260 to 400 mm, especially 280 to 350 mm. On the lateral surface of the core, the transfer cylinder 22 in each case has at least one elevator 26 with a total thickness T of 2.0 to 6.5 mm, in particular of 2.3 to 5.9 mm. The slope .DELTA.P / .DELTA.S of the spring characteristic is at least in the pressure-relevant area (see above) below 700 (N / cm ² ) / mm, in particular below 500 (N / cm ² ) / mm. Forming and transfer cylinder 21; 22 and transfer cylinder 22 and satellite cylinder 23 are each paired in such a manner employed that the width B of the contact zone in Anstelllage each 10 to 25 mm, in particular 12 to 21 mm.

In a second embodiment of Fig. 16 or 17, forme cylinder 21, transfer cylinder 22 and satellite cylinder 23 are cylinders 21; 22; 23 simple circumference, ie with a circumference of substantially a standing pressure side, in particular from a newspaper page executed. They are with effective diameters D _wGZ ; D _wPZ ; D _{wSZ performed} between 120 to 180 mm, in particular 130 to 170 mm.

On the lateral surface of the core 04, the transfer cylinder 22 in each case has at least one elevator 26 of a total thickness T of 2.0 to 6.5 mm, in particular of 2.3 to 5.9 mm. The slope ΔP / ΔS of the spring characteristic is again below 700 (N / cm ² ) / mm, in particular below 500 (N / cm ² ) / mm, at least in the pressure-relevant area (see above). Forming and transfer cylinder 21; 22 and transfer cylinder 22 and satellite cylinder 23 are each paired in such a manner employed that the width B of the contact zone in Anstelllage each 7 to 18 mm, in particular 9 to 15 mm.

In addition, the changes implied by the greater softness (greater indentation S, changed development behavior, greater strength t or T) must be taken into account in the design of the printing press. A printing press that works with soft and stronger lifts 26 and 28 layers thus has z. B. changed, esp. Enlarged cylinder undercuts (unwinding, cloth thickness) and changed gaps on arrival or shutdown on (cloth thickness, indentation). For this purpose, larger Zylinderverstellwege the pressure-off position (greater indentation) are required.

The aforementioned elevator 26 or the layer 28 is z. B. in a printing unit with one or more long but slim cylinders 21; 22 arranged.

Thus, the forme cylinder 21 and the transfer cylinder 22 z. B. in the region of their bales each have a length which four or more widths of a printed page, z. B. a newspaper page, z. B. 1100 to 1,800 mm, in particular 1,500 to 1,700 mm corresponds. The diameter D _wGz ; D _wPZ at least of the _forme cylinder 01; 16 is z. B. 150 to 190 mm, in particular 145 to 185 mm, which corresponds in scope substantially a length of a newspaper page ("single circumference"). For other sizes, the device is advantageous in which the ratio between the diameter and length of the cylinder 21, 22; 23 is less than or equal to 0.16, in particular less than 0.12 or even less than or equal to 0.08.

In another embodiment of the printing unit, the length of the bale of the forming and transfer cylinder 21; 22 z. B. 1,850 to 2,400 mm, in particular 1,900 to 2,300 mm and is in the axial direction for receiving z. B. dimensioned at least six juxtaposed standing printed pages in broadsheet format. The diameter of at least the forme cylinder 21 is z. B. at 260 to 340 mm, in particular 280 to 300 mm, which corresponds in scope substantially two lengths of a newspaper page ("double circumference"). A ratio of the diameter D _wGZ ; D _wPZ at least of the _forme cylinder 21 to its length is here at 0.11 to 0.17, in particular at 0.13 to 0.16.

17

Antriebsmotor

18

Deckschicht

19

Walzenspalt, Nippstelle, Druckspalt, Nipp

20

Druckwerk, Doppeldruckwerk

21

Zylinder, Walze, Formzylinder

22

Zylinder, Walze, Übertragungszylinder

23

Zylinder, Gegendruckzylinder, Übertragungszylinder, Satellitenzylinder

24

Bahn, Bedruckstoffbahn

25

Nuten, Störung, Unterbrechung

26

Aufzüge, Gummituch, Metalldrucktuch, Überzug

26a

Aufzug, Gummituch

26b

Aufzug, Gummituch

26c

Aufzug, Gummituch

27

Trägerplatte, Trägerschicht, Metallplatte

28

Schicht

29

Ende, vorlaufend

30

Ende, nachlaufend

31

Nuten, Störung, Unterbrechung

32

Aufzug

33

Aufzug

34

Aufzug

35

Aufzug

36

Aufzug

37

Aufzug

38

Aufzug

39

Aufzug

40

Aufzug

41

Aufzug

42

Aufzug

43

Aufzug

44

Aufzug

45

Unterlage

46

Bahn, zweidrittelbreite Bahn, Bedruckstoff

47

Zone

48

Zone

49

Zone

a

Aufzug

A

Achsabstand

b

Aufzug

B

Breite, Berührungszone

B25

Breite

B31

Breite

D_wGZ

Durchmesser

D_wPZ

Durchmesser

D_wSZ

Durchmesser

E

Ebene

P

Flächenpressung

P_max

Flächenpressung, maximale

t

Stärke

T

Gesamtstärke

S

Eindrückung

V

Verbindungsebene

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

17

drive motor

18

topcoat

19

Nip, Nippstelle, pressure nip, Nipp

20

Printing unit, double printing unit

21

Cylinder, roller, forme cylinder

22

Cylinder, roller, transfer cylinder

23

Cylinder, impression cylinder, transfer cylinder, satellite cylinder

24

Web, substrate web

25

Grooves, interference, interruption

26

Lifts, blanket, metal blanket, plating

26a

Elevator, blanket

26b

Elevator, blanket

26c

Elevator, blanket

27

Support plate, support layer, metal plate

28

layer

29

End, leading

30

End, trailing

31

Grooves, interference, interruption

32

elevator

33

elevator

34

elevator

35

elevator

36

elevator

37

elevator

38

elevator

39

elevator

40

elevator

41

elevator

42

elevator

43

elevator

44

elevator

45

document

46

Web, two-thirds wide web, substrate

47

Zone

48

Zone

49

Zone

a

elevator

A

Wheelbase

b

elevator

B

Width, touch zone

B25

width

B31

width

D _wGZ

diameter

D _wPZ

diameter

D _wsz

diameter

e

level

P

surface pressure

P _max

Surface pressure, maximum

t

Strength

T

total thickness

S

depression

V

connecting plane

Claims (124)

Printing unit (20) of an offset printing machine having at least one forme cylinder (21) and a transfer cylinder (22), wherein the transfer cylinder (22) comprises at least one elastic elevator (26; 32; 33,34,35; 36,37,38,39; 40 , 41, 42, 43, 44), characterized in that a diameter of the lateral surface of the transfer cylinder (22) with an unloaded elevator (26; 32; 33, 34, 35; 36; 37, 38, 39; 41, 42, 43, 44) between both ends of the transfer cylinder (22) is greater than a diameter at both ends. Printing unit according to claim 1, characterized in that with the transfer cylinder (22) an impression cylinder (23) is arranged forming a pressure gap (03). Printing unit according to claim 2, characterized in that a diameter of the lateral surface of the impression cylinder (23) between both ends of the impression cylinder (23) is greater than a diameter at both ends. Printing unit according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the impression cylinder (23) as a second transfer cylinder (23) or as a steel cylinder, in particular as a satellite cylinder (23) is formed. Printing unit according to claim 1 or 4, characterized in that in the axial direction of the transfer cylinder (22), the lateral surface of the transfer cylinder (22) is convex. Printing unit according to claim 1 or 4, characterized in that in the axial direction, the lateral surface of the transfer cylinder (22) of the transfer cylinder (22) has at least two straight sections. Printing unit according to claim 6, characterized in that in the axial direction of the transfer cylinder (22) two straight sections, in particular triangular are arranged. Printing unit according to Claim 6, characterized in that three straight sections are arranged in the axial direction of the transfer cylinder (22), in particular a section with a pitch greater than 0, a section with a pitch equal to 0 and a section with a pitch smaller than 0. Printing unit according to claim 1 or 4, characterized in that in the axial direction of the transfer cylinder (22), the lateral surface of the transfer cylinder (22) has at least one shoulder. Printing unit according to claim 1 or 4, characterized in that in the axial direction of the transfer cylinder (22), the lateral surface of the transfer cylinder (22) is formed like a step. Printing unit according to claim 1 or 4, characterized in that at least one elevator (32) in the axial direction of the transfer cylinder (22) has different thickness. Printing unit according to claim 1 or 4, characterized in that in the axial direction of the transfer cylinder (22) at least two elevators (33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43) are arranged. Printing unit according to claim 12, characterized in that these elevators (33, 34, 35) have different thickness. Printing unit according to claim 1 or 4, characterized in that the bale of the transfer cylinder (22) in the axial direction of the transfer cylinder (22) in the region of the elevator (32; 44) or the elevators (33, 34, 35) has the same diameter. Printing unit according to claim 1, 3 or 4, characterized in that a diameter of the bale of the transfer cylinder (22) or impression cylinder (23) between both ends of the transfer cylinder (22) is greater than a diameter at both ends. Printing unit according to claim 15, characterized in that a bale of the transfer cylinder (22) in the axial direction of the transfer cylinder (22) is convex. Printing unit according to claim 15, characterized in that a bale of the transfer cylinder (22) in the axial direction of the transfer cylinder (22) has at least one shoulder. Printing unit according to claim 15, characterized in that a bale of the transfer cylinder (22) in the axial direction of the transfer cylinder (22) is formed like a step. Printing unit according to claim 1 or 4, characterized in that between a bale of the transfer cylinder (22) and the elevator (44) at least one support (45) is arranged. Printing unit according to claim 19, characterized in that a thickness of the base (45) or a sum of the thicknesses of the substrates (45) between both ends of the transfer cylinder (22) is greater than at both ends. Printing unit according to claim 19, characterized in that in the axial direction of the transfer cylinder (22), the pad (45) is convex. Printing unit according to claim 19, characterized in that in the axial direction of the transfer cylinder (22) at least two documents (45) are arranged. Printing unit according to claim 22, characterized in that these documents (45) have different thickness. Printing unit according to claim 1, characterized in that the forme cylinder (21) has six pressure plates in the axial direction of the forme cylinder (21). Printing unit according to claim 1, characterized in that the forme cylinder (21) has a length which corresponds to six pages of newspapers lying or lying. Printing unit according to Claim 1 or 4, characterized in that each elevator (26; 32; 33, 34, 35; 36; 37, 38, 39; 40, 41, 42, 43; 44) of the transfer cylinder (22) has a dimensionally stable support plate (27). Printing unit according to claim 26, characterized in that the carrier plate (27) is made of metal. Printing unit according to claim 26, characterized in that a thickness of the carrier plate (27) or the carrier plates (27) between both ends of the transfer cylinder (22) is greater than at both ends. Printing unit according to claim 26, characterized in that in the axial direction of the carrier plate (27), the carrier plate (27) is convex. Printing unit according to claim 26, characterized in that at least two support plates (27) are arranged in the axial direction. Printing unit according to claim 30, characterized in that these carrier plates (27) have different thickness. Printing unit according to claim 1, 3, 11, 13, 15, 20, 23, 28 or 31, characterized in that the diameters or thicknesses differ by at least 0.01 mm. Printing unit according to claim 1, 3, 11, 13, 15, 20, 23, 28 or 31, characterized in that the diameters or thicknesses differ by at least 0.02 mm. Printing unit according to claim 1, 3, 11, 13, 15, 20, 23, 28 or 31, characterized in that the diameters or thicknesses differ by at least 0.05 mm. Printing unit according to claim 1, 3, 11, 13, 15, 20, 23, 28 or 31, characterized in that the diameters or thicknesses differ by less than 0.5 mm. Printing unit according to claim 1, 3, 11, 13, 15, 20, 23, 28 or 31, characterized in that the diameters or thicknesses differ by less than 0.2 mm. Printing unit according to claim 1, 3, 11, 13, 15, 20, 23, 28 or 31, characterized in that the diameters or thicknesses differ by less than 0.1 mm. Printing unit according to claim 1, characterized in that the differences in diameter or differences in thickness depending on the geometric properties of the transfer cylinder (22) are fixed. Printing unit according to Claim 1 or 4, characterized in that a diameter of the forme cylinder (21) cooperating with this transfer cylinder (22) is smaller between both ends of the forme cylinder (21) than at both ends. Printing unit according to claim 1 or 4, characterized in that a surface profile of the transfer cylinder (22) is designed so that the pressure differences that occur due to the cylinder deflection due to the compressive stress on the bale width, in one (or more) nip (s) ( 19) be balanced or substantially reduced. Printing unit according to claim 1, 3 or 4, characterized in that the crowning of the transfer or counter-pressure cylinder (22; 23) along the cylinder axis is symmetrical to the cylinder center. Printing unit according to claim 1, 3 or 4, characterized in that the surface profile of the transfer or impression cylinder (22; 23) is designed so that wrinkling of the paper is prevented by varying the effective diameter resulting from the local diameter and the local pressure of the cylinder in one or more nips (19) over the bale width is sufficiently low. Printing unit according to claim 1, 3 or 4, characterized in that the surface profile of the transfer or counter-pressure cylinder (22; 23) is designed such that the wave formation is eliminated or reduced to such an extent that no relevant register deviations arise as a result. Printing unit according to Claim 1, 3 or 4, characterized in that the surface profile of the transfer or impression cylinder (22; 23) is convex in the printing area. Printing unit according to claim 1, characterized in that the surface profile of the forme cylinder (21) is designed so that sliding is prevented. Printing unit according to claim 39, characterized in that the surface profile of the forme cylinder (21) is made concave in the printing area. Printing unit according to claim 1, 3 or 4, characterized in that the surface profile of the transfer or counter-pressure cylinder (22; 23) deviates parabolically or with a constant radius of curvature from the cylindrical ideal shape along the cylinder axis in the printing area. Printing unit according to claim 1, 3 or 4, characterized in that the difference between the minimum and maximum diameter in the printing area is between 0.02 and 0.70 mm. Printing unit according to claim 1, 3 or 4, characterized in that the surface profile is optimized for a particular type of blanket or a specific blanket class, wherein the blanket a certain range of ΔD _effective / Δs, wherein ΔD _Wirk the Wirkdurchmesseränderung of the blanket cylinder (22) in the Eindrückungsänderung .DELTA.s of the blanket, within the pressure technically relevant Eindrückdungsbereiches [S _min ... S _max ] is. Printing unit according to claim 1 or 3, characterized in that the surface profile for a particular line force range in the nip (19) is optimized. Printing unit according to claim 1 or 3, characterized in that the surface profile for a particular line force range in the nips (19) is optimized for a particular nip arrangement around the cylinder. Printing unit according to claim 1 or 3, characterized in that the surface profile is optimized for a specific rubber type or blanket class by its spring characteristic field and in the nips (19) necessary surface pressures. Printing unit according to claim 1 or 3, characterized in that the surface profile is optimized for a rubber type or a blanket class, which generates a surface pressure of less than 60N / cm ² at a depression of 0.20 mm. Printing unit according to Claims 1 and 3, characterized in that both cylinders (22; 23) are crowned in such a way that a local pressure in the nip (19) results in the pairing, which due to the local diameter results in a sufficiently small variation of the resulting effective diameter gives the bale width, to avoid wrinkling or curling of the paper and Passerprobleme or sliding. Printing unit according to claim 1, characterized in that at least the forme cylinder (21) and / or the transfer cylinder (22) and / or the impression cylinder (23) is tempered. Printing unit according to claim 55, characterized in that at least the forme cylinder (21) and / or the transfer cylinder (22) and / or the impression cylinder (23) is cooled. Printing unit according to claim 55 or 56, characterized in that at least the forme cylinder (21) and / or the transfer cylinder (22) and / or the impression cylinder (23) in the axial direction at least one first zone (49) with a temperature control with a tempered at the first temperature and at least one other zone (47; 48), which is tempered with a temperature control at a second temperature or without tempering. Printing unit according to claim 55 or 57, characterized in that in the axial direction of the cylinder (21; 22; 23) at least three zones (47; 48; 49) are formed. Printing unit according to claim 55, characterized in that at least one cylinder (21) is tempered from the outside. Printing unit according to claim 55, characterized in that at least one cylinder (22) is tempered from the inside. Printing unit according to claim 59 and 60, characterized in that at least one cylinder (21) is tempered from the outside and that at least one cylinder (22) is tempered from the inside. Printing unit according to claim 60, characterized in that a liquid is arranged within the cylinder (22) as temperature control means. Printing unit according to claim 55, 57 or 60, characterized in that within the cylinder (21; 22; 23) in the axial direction of the cylinder (21; 22; 23) at least two zones (47; 48; 49) with temperature control means of different temperature and / or quantity can be acted upon. Printing unit according to claim 63, characterized in that within the cylinder (21; 22; 23;) in the axial direction of the cylinder (21; 22; 23) at least three zones (47; 48; 49) with tempering means of different temperature and / or quantity can be acted upon. Printing unit according to Claim 57 or 59, characterized in that air is arranged outside the cylinder (21; 22; 23) as the temperature control means, and the cylinder (21; 22; 23) has been specifically supplied with this air. Printing unit according to Claim 57 or 59, characterized in that fluid is arranged outside the cylinder (21; 22; 23) as the temperature control means and the cylinder (21; 22; 23) is acted upon indirectly and / or directly from the outside. Printing unit according to claim 57 or 59, characterized in that dampening means is arranged outside the cylinder (21; 22) as temperature control means and the cylinder (21; 22) acts indirectly and / or directly from the outside by means of a dampening unit, in particular spray dampening unit, centrifugal dampening unit or brush dampening unit is. Printing unit according to Claim 55, characterized in that a printing material (24; 46) having a first, maximum possible width can be processed in the printing nip (19) and in that a printing material (24; 46) or more in the axial direction of the cylinder (21; 22) juxtaposed printing materials (24; 46) are arranged, wherein the width of the pressure in the gap (19) arranged printing material (46) is less than the maximum possible width. Printing unit according to claim 55 or 68, characterized in that in the printing nip (19) an approximately half web (24; 46), in particular 3 newspaper pages wide web (24; 46) is arranged. Printing unit according to Claim 55 or 68, characterized in that a web (24, 46) approximately two-thirds, in particular 4 newspaper pages, is arranged in the printing nip (19). Printing unit according to claim 55 or 68, characterized in that in the printing nip (19) an approximately third, in particular 2 newspaper pages wide web (24, 46) is arranged. Printing unit according to claim 57 or 63, characterized in that a width of a zone (47; 48; 49) corresponds approximately to the width of two lying or stationary newspaper pages. Printing unit according to claim 1, 4 or 55, characterized in that in the axial direction of the transfer cylinder (22) at least three elevators (26a, 26b, 26c; 32; 33, 34, 35; 36; 37, 38, 39; 40, 41 , 42, 43, 44) are arranged. Printing unit according to claim 1, 3 or 55, characterized in that this printing unit (20) is arranged in a 9-cylinder satellite pressure unit. Printing unit according to Claim 74, characterized in that all the transfer cylinders (22) of all the printing units (20) can be temperature-controlled divided into zones (47, 48, 49) arranged next to one another in the axial direction of the transfer cylinder (22). Printing unit according to Claim 55, characterized in that the temperature of the cylinders (21; 22; 23) is determined and / or selected in accordance with the assignment of the printing unit (20) and / or the width of the substrate. Printing unit according to claim 57 or 58, characterized in that in the axial direction of the transfer cylinder (22) a width of the zone (47; 48; 49) of a width of the elevator (26a, 26b, 26c; 32; 33,34,35; 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44). Printing unit according to claim 1 or 4, characterized in that each elevator (26a, 26b, 26c; 32; 33, 34, 35; 36; 37, 38, 39; 40, 41, 42, 43; 44) of the transfer cylinder (22 ) has a layer (28). Printing unit according to claim 78, characterized in that the layer (28) has a dependence of the surface pressure (P) of the indentation (S), the slope (.DELTA.P / .DELTA.S) at least in a working range for the surface pressure of 100 N / cm ² less than 700 (N / cm ² ) / mm, in particular less than 400 (N / cm ² ) / mm. Printing unit according to claim 79, characterized in that the pitch in a second working range of 40 to 80 N / cm ^{2 is} less than 400 (N / cm ² ) / mm. Printing unit according to claim 79, characterized in that the pitch (.DELTA.P / .DELTA.S) when using the elevator in wet offset, ie it is used color and fountain solution, at least in the working range for the surface pressure of 80 to 100 N / cm ² less than 700 (N / cm ² ) / mm, in particular less than 400 (N / cm ² ) / mm. Printing unit according to Claim 79, characterized in that the pitch (ΔP / ΔS) when applying the elevator (26, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44) in dry offset, ie only paint application and no dampening solution, at least in the working area for the surface pressure of 120 to 150 N / cm ^{2 is} smaller than 800 (N / cm ² ) / mm, and for surface pressures of 150 to 180 N / cm ^{2 is} smaller than 1000 (N / cm ² ) / mm. Printing unit according to claim 79 or 82, characterized in that the pitch (ΔP / ΔS) when using the elevator (26; 32; 33,34,35; 36; 37,38,39; 40,41,42,43; 44 ) in dry offset, ie only inking and no fountain solution, for surface pressures of 150 to 180 N / cm ² less than 1000 (N / cm ² ) / mm, is. Printing unit according to Claim 79, characterized in that the differential quotient (ΔP / ΔS) is less than 700 (N / cm ² ) / mm, at least in an indentation range of 0.22 to 0.38 mm, less than in an advantageous embodiment 500 (N / cm ² ) / mm, and in a particularly advantageous embodiment, less than 250 (N / cm ² ) / mm. Printing unit according to claim 79, characterized in that the differential quotient (ΔP / ΔS) at least in a range for the indentation of 0.22 to 0.38 mm less than 500 (N / cm ² ) / mm, in particular less than 250 (N / cm ² ) / mm. Printing unit according to claim 79, characterized in that the layer (28) has a thickness (t) of at least 1.60 mm. Printing unit according to claim 79, characterized in that the layer (28) has a thickness (t) of more than 1.90 mm, in particular more than 2.2 mm. Printing unit according to claim 79, characterized in that the elevator (26; 32; 33, 34, 35; 36; 37, 38, 39; 40, 41, 42, 43; 44) is designed as a detachable elevator (26, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44). Printing unit according to Claim 86, characterized in that the elevator (26; 32; 33,34,35; 36; 37,38,39; 40,41,42,43; 44) has a layer adjacent to the layer (28) connected, substantially dimensionally stable carrier layer (27). Printing unit according to claim 86 or 87, characterized in that the elevator (26; 32; 33, 34, 35; 36; 37, 38, 39; 40, 41, 42, 43; 44) has a total thickness (T) of at least 2 , 00 mm. Printing unit according to claim 86 or 87, characterized in that the elevator (26; 32; 33, 34, 35; 36; 37, 38, 39; 40, 41, 42, 43; 44) has a total thickness (T) of more than 2.3 mm, in particular more than 2.5 mm. Printing unit according to Claim 1, characterized in that the two rollers (21; 22) are arranged in an adjusting position relative to one another such that a width (B) resulting from indentation (S) of the layer (06) is between a contact zone between the two rollers (21 22) perpendicular to a connecting plane (V) of its axes of rotation in the nip (19) is at least 5% of an undisturbed effective diameter (D _wGZ ) of the roller (22) with the layer (28). Printing unit according to claim 92, characterized in that the absolute indentation (S) is at least 0.18 mm. Printing unit according to claim 92, characterized in that the contact zone has at least the width (B) of 10 mm. Printing unit according to claim 1, characterized in that the Transfer cylinder (22) and the other roller (21; 23) are arranged in an Anstelllage so relative to each other that a depression (S) of the layer (28) by a substantially incompressible and non-elastic outer surface of the other roller (21, 23) in the nip (19) is at least 0.18 mm. Printing unit according to Claim 95, characterized in that a contact zone between the two rollers (21; 22) resulting from indentation (S) of the layer (28) is perpendicular to a connecting plane (V) of its axes of rotation in the nip (19) at least one width (B ) of 10 mm. Printing unit according to claim 95, characterized in that with the transfer cylinder (22) cooperating roller (21) is designed as a forme cylinder (21). Printing unit according to Claim 95, characterized in that the roller (23) which cooperates with the transfer cylinder (22) is designed as a satellite cylinder (23). Printing unit according to Claim 95, characterized in that at least one of the two rollers (021; 22) has at least one disturbance (25; 31) influencing the unwinding on its lateral surface. Printing unit according to claim 99, characterized in that the disturbance (25; 31) is formed by an opening of an axially extending channel (25; 31) or a plurality of axially extending openings for fastening ends of one or more elevators (26; 32; 33,34; 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44). Printing unit according to claim 96 and 100, characterized in that a width (B25; B31) of the channel (25; 31) in the region of its opening to the lateral surface in the circumferential direction to the width (B) of the contact zone highest in the ratio 1: 3 stands. Printing unit according to Claim 100, characterized in that the width (B25; B31) of the channel (25; 31) in the region of its opening to the lateral surface in the circumferential direction is at most 5 mm. Printing unit according to Claim 1 or 97, characterized in that the shaping and transfer cylinders (21; 22) are mechanically coupled by a common drive motor (17). Printing unit according to Claim 103, characterized in that the shaping and transfer cylinders (21, 22) are driven as cylinder pairs (21, 22) mechanically independently of one or more further cylinder pairs (21, 22) or a satellite cylinder (23). Printing unit according to Claim 1 or 97, characterized in that the shaping and transfer cylinders (21; 22) are each driven mechanically independently by their own drive motor (17). Printing unit according to Claim 98 or 103, characterized in that the satellite cylinder (18) has its own drive motor (17) which is mechanically independent of further cylinders (01; 02; 14; 16). Printing unit according to claim 95, characterized in that at least the transfer cylinder (22) is designed with a circumference of substantially two stationary printed pages in the newspaper format. Printing unit according to Claim 107, characterized in that the rollers (21; 22; 23) each have a length in the region of their bale which corresponds to at least five, in particular at least six, widths of a printed page in the newspaper format. Printing unit according to Claim 97, characterized in that at least the forme cylinder (21) is designed with a circumference of essentially one stationary printed page in the newspaper format. Printing unit according to Claim 107 or 109, characterized in that the rollers (21; 22; 23) in the region of their bale each have a length which corresponds to at least three, in particular at least four, widths of a printed page in the newspaper format. Printing unit according to claim 97, characterized in that a ratio between effective diameter and length of at least the forme cylinder (21) is less than or equal to 0.16. Printing unit according to claim 95, characterized in that the layer (28) is designed as an elevator according to one or more of claims 92 to 98. Printing unit according to claim 112, characterized in that the printing unit is designed as a printing unit for the wet offset, and the dependence of the surface pressure (P) on the indentation (S) at least in the range of 80 to 100 N / cm ² a slope (ΔP / ΔS) of less than 700 (N / cm ² ) / mm. Printing unit according to claim 112, characterized in that the printing unit is designed as a printing unit for the dry offset, and the dependence of the surface pressure (P) of the indentation (S) at least in the range of 120 to 180 N / cm ^{2 has} a slope (ΔP / ΔS) of less than 700 (N / cm ² ) / mm. Printing unit according to claim 95, characterized in that the two rollers (21; 22; 23) are arranged in an adjusting position corresponding to the arrangement according to claim 104 to each other. Printing unit according to Claim 100, characterized in that a width (B25; B31) of the channel (25; 31) in the region of its opening to the lateral surface in the circumferential direction to the width (B) of the contact zone is highest in the ratio 1: 3. Printing unit according to claim 78, characterized in that the elastic and / or compressible layer (28) has a modulus of elasticity of less than 50 N / mm ² . Printing unit according to claim 86 or 87, characterized in that as thickness (t) of the layer (28) in the radial direction only the layer is taken into account, which has a modulus of elasticity less than 50 N / mm ² . Printing unit according to claim 86 or 87, characterized in that as a thickness (t) of the layer (28) in the radial direction, the sum of the thicknesses of only layers is considered, which have a modulus of elasticity less than 50 N / mm ² . Printing unit according to claim 118 or 119, characterized in that the elastic and / or compressible layer (28) includes a voided layer having a modulus of elasticity less than 50 N / mm ² . Printing unit according to claim 118 or 119, characterized in that the elastic and / or compressible layer (28) has a voided layer with a modulus of elasticity less than 50 N / mm ² and one of the porous layer has different cover layer with a modulus of elasticity less than 50 N / mm ² . Printing unit according to claim 118 or 119, characterized in that the elevator (26; 32; 33,34,35; 36; 37,38,39; 40,41,42,43; 44) adjacent to the elastic and / or compressible layer (28) with a modulus of elasticity of less than 50 N / mm ^{2 has} a different cover layer from the porous layer with a modulus of elasticity greater than 50 N / mm ² , which is not. Printing unit according to claim 1 or 3, characterized in that a lateral surface of the bale of the transfer cylinder (22) or counter-pressure cylinder (23) in the circumferential direction to an axis of rotation of the transfer cylinder (22) or counter-pressure cylinder (23) is arranged equidistant except for an optionally present channel , Printing unit according to claim 1 or 3, characterized in that a profiling of a lateral surface of the transfer cylinder (22) or counter-pressure cylinder (23) in the circumferential direction to an axis of rotation of the transfer cylinder (22) or counter-pressure cylinder (23) are arranged rotationally symmetrical except for a possibly present.

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