EP1628012A2 - Cylinder head for a multi-cylinder internal combustion engine - Google Patents
Cylinder head for a multi-cylinder internal combustion engine Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1628012A2 EP1628012A2 EP05016739A EP05016739A EP1628012A2 EP 1628012 A2 EP1628012 A2 EP 1628012A2 EP 05016739 A EP05016739 A EP 05016739A EP 05016739 A EP05016739 A EP 05016739A EP 1628012 A2 EP1628012 A2 EP 1628012A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- cooling water
- cylinder head
- combustion chamber
- cylinder
- chamber roof
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 9
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001174 ascending effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000930 thermomechanical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads
- F02F1/24—Cylinder heads
- F02F1/26—Cylinder heads having cooling means
- F02F1/36—Cylinder heads having cooling means for liquid cooling
- F02F1/40—Cylinder heads having cooling means for liquid cooling cylinder heads with means for directing, guiding, or distributing liquid stream
Definitions
- the invention relates to a cylinder head for a water-cooled multi-cylinder internal combustion engine with bores for receiving bolts for connection to a crankcase and with a bottom and a ceiling defining a cooling water channel, the gas exchange channels and per cylinder from a spark plug or an injection nozzle receiving shaft is interspersed, wherein the bottom is provided in the region of the bores containing transverse planes with supply openings for cooling water, which flows through the cylinder head in the longitudinal direction.
- thermo-mechanical problems This also leads to higher temperatures in the region of the combustion chamber roof and thus to a shorter service life of the cylinder head.
- an inefficient cooling is added, which occurs especially in engines with longitudinal flow, since the cooling water tends to ascend to the ceiling rather than to flow along the thermally loaded floor of the cooling channel along.
- the invention has for its object to optimize the cooling water flow in a cylinder head of the type mentioned, so that it is preferably performed on the combustion chamber roof.
- this object is achieved in that in the transverse planes containing the bores of the cylinder head intermediate decks are arranged, which guide the cooling water flow directed upward from the supply openings against the adjacent combustion chamber roof.
- the intermediate decks with the adjacent combustion chamber roof define a shallow wide gap for the passage of the cooling water. Due to the small gap dimensions, very high flow velocities occur, as a result of which the heat transfer and thus the cooling of the combustion chamber roof is substantially improved.
- stiffening ribs of the longitudinal cooling water flow is repeatedly deflected down to the underlying combustion chamber roof down.
- the cylinder head shown in the drawing for a water-cooled multi-cylinder internal combustion engine is provided with a plurality of holes 1, which serve to receive screws to connect the cylinder head with a crankcase. These holes 1 are each arranged in pairs in the parting plane between two combustion chambers.
- two such combustion chambers are shown schematically, which are connectable via valves (not shown) with four gas exchange channels 2.
- Each combustion chamber opens a shaft 3 for receiving a spark plug.
- the cylinder head has a bottom 4 and a ceiling 5, which delimit a cooling water channel 6.
- two feed openings 7 for cooling water are arranged in the region of the transverse planes containing the bores 1 and communicate with corresponding cooling water passages of the crankcase (not shown).
- the cooling water flows through the cylinder head in the longitudinal direction and exits at the end face.
- a chain case cavity 8 is formed, which serves to receive a drive chain for the camshaft.
- the combustion chambers of the internal combustion engine are limited by a combustion chamber roof 9, in which the gas exchange channels 2 and the shaft 3 for the spark plug open.
- the combustion chamber roofs are the most thermally stressed areas of the cylinder head and are cooled by the water flowing through the cooling water channel 6.
- web-like intermediate decks 10 which extend in the transverse direction, are arranged in the transverse planes of the cylinder head containing the bores 1. These intermediate decks 10 guide the cooling water flow directed upward from the supply openings 7 sideways against the two adjacent combustion chamber roofs 9.
- the intermediate decks 10 define a flat, wide gap with the adjacent combustion chamber roof 9, which increases the flow velocity of the cooling water and thus improves the heat transfer.
- stiffening ribs 11 are formed in the transverse planes containing the holes 1. Through these stiffening ribs 11, the cooling water flowing through the channel 6 is repeatedly deflected downwards to the combustion chamber roof 9 located underneath in order to cool it.
- the intermediate decks 10 prevent the water flowing into the cylinder head from the supply ports 7 from rising up to the ceiling 5 of the cooling water passage 6, but are directed to the adjacent combustion chamber roof. Due to the small dimensions of the limited by the intermediate deck 10 and the adjacent combustion chamber roof 9 gap very high flow velocities, whereby the heat transfer from the combustion chamber roof to the cooling water is improved.
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft einen Zylinderkopf für eine wassergekühlte Mehrzylinder-Brennkraftmaschine mit Bohrungen zur Aufnahme von Schrauben zur Verbindung mit einem Kurbelgehäuse und mit einem Boden und einer Decke, die einen Kühlwasserkanal begrenzen, der von Gaswechselkanälen und pro Zylinder von einem eine Zündkerze oder eine Einspritzdüse aufnehmenden Schacht durchsetzt ist, wobei der Boden im Bereich der die Bohrungen enthaltenden Querebenen mit Zuführöffnungen für Kühlwasser versehen ist, das den Zylinderkopf in Längsrichtung durchströmt.The invention relates to a cylinder head for a water-cooled multi-cylinder internal combustion engine with bores for receiving bolts for connection to a crankcase and with a bottom and a ceiling defining a cooling water channel, the gas exchange channels and per cylinder from a spark plug or an injection nozzle receiving shaft is interspersed, wherein the bottom is provided in the region of the bores containing transverse planes with supply openings for cooling water, which flows through the cylinder head in the longitudinal direction.
Es sind bereits zahlreiche Bauarten von Zylinderköpfen für wassergekühlte Mehrzylinder-Brennkraftmaschinen bekannt, die in dem Bereich über jedem Brennraumdach mit Trennwänden oder sonstigen Leiteinrichtungen zur Beeinflussung der Kühlwasserströmung versehen sind. Durch diese Strömungsleiteinrichtungen soll eine besonders gute Kühlung des Brennraumdaches erzielt werden.There are already numerous types of cylinder heads for water-cooled multi-cylinder internal combustion engines known, which are provided in the area above each combustion chamber roof with partitions or other guide devices for influencing the cooling water flow. By this Strömungsleiteinrichtungen a particularly good cooling of the combustion chamber roof to be achieved.
Um die Herstellungskosten zu verringern, wird bei der Entwicklung neuer Motoren gerne auf kostengünstige Aluminiumsekundärlegierungen zurückgegriffen. Man erkauft sich diesen Kostenvorteil allerdings mit Einbußen bei der Festigkeit und/oder der Wärmeleitfähigkeit der Legierung. Dies führt insbesondere beim Zylinderkopf zu Problemen, da die spezifischen Leistungen von Verbrennungsmotoren stetig steigen und durch die geringe Wärmeleitfähigkeit der Legierung ein Hitzestau eintritt, der zu sehr hohen Temperaturen führen kann. Zum Ausgleich der geringeren Festigkeit der Legierung sind dickere Wandstärken des Zylinderkopfes erforderlich. Dies führt aber zu längeren Wärmeleitwegen und somit zu erhöhten Temperaturen im Bereich des Brennraumdaches, was ein Problem für die Festigkeit des Zylinderkopfes darstellt. Ähnlich verhält es sich mit der geringeren Wärmeleitfähigkeit von kostengünstigen Aluminiumlegierungen. Diese führt ebenfalls zu höheren Temperaturen im Bereich des Brennraumdaches und somit zu einer geringeren Lebensdauer des Zylinderkopfes. Zu diesen thermo-mechanischen Problemen kommt noch eine uneffiziente Kühlung hinzu, die insbesondere bei Motoren mit Längsdurchströmung auftritt, da das Kühlwasser die Neigung hat, eher an der Decke aufzusteigen anstatt an dem thermisch belasteten Boden des Kühlkanals entlang zu strömen.In order to reduce manufacturing costs, the development of new engines is often based on low-cost aluminum secondary alloys. However, this cost advantage is achieved by sacrificing the strength and / or the thermal conductivity of the alloy. This leads in particular to the cylinder head to problems, since the specific performance of internal combustion engines steadily increase and due to the low thermal conductivity of the alloy enters a heat accumulation, which can lead to very high temperatures. To compensate for the lower strength of the alloy thicker wall thicknesses of the cylinder head are required. However, this leads to longer Wärmeleitwegen and thus to elevated temperatures in the region of the combustion chamber roof, which is a problem for represents the strength of the cylinder head. The situation is similar with the lower thermal conductivity of inexpensive aluminum alloys. This also leads to higher temperatures in the region of the combustion chamber roof and thus to a shorter service life of the cylinder head. To these thermo-mechanical problems is still an inefficient cooling is added, which occurs especially in engines with longitudinal flow, since the cooling water tends to ascend to the ceiling rather than to flow along the thermally loaded floor of the cooling channel along.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, bei einem Zylinderkopf der eingangs genannten Bauart die Kühlwasserströmung zu optimieren, so daß diese bevorzugt auf das Brennraumdach geführt wird.The invention has for its object to optimize the cooling water flow in a cylinder head of the type mentioned, so that it is preferably performed on the combustion chamber roof.
Erfindungsgemäß wird diese Aufgabe dadurch gelöst, daß in den die Bohrungen enthaltenden Querebenen des Zylinderkopfes Zwischendecks angeordnet sind, die den von den Zuführöffnungen nach oben gerichteten Kühlwasserstrom seitwärts gegen das benachbarte Brennraumdach führen.According to the invention, this object is achieved in that in the transverse planes containing the bores of the cylinder head intermediate decks are arranged, which guide the cooling water flow directed upward from the supply openings against the adjacent combustion chamber roof.
Durch die Zwischendecks wird der von den Zuführöffnungen nach oben gerichtete Kühlwasserstrom daran gehindert, zum Dach des Kühlkanals aufzusteigen, er wird vielmehr direkt auf das benachbarte Brennraumdach geführt, wodurch dessen Kühlung wesentlich verbessert wird.By the intermediate decks of the supply openings directed upward cooling water flow is prevented from ascending to the roof of the cooling channel, it is instead guided directly to the adjacent combustion chamber roof, whereby its cooling is substantially improved.
Vorzugsweise begrenzen die Zwischendecks mit dem benachbarten Brennraumdach einen flachen breiten Spalt für den Durchtritt des Kühlwassers. Durch die geringen Spaltmaße entstehen sehr hohe Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten, wodurch die Wärmeübertragung und damit die Kühlung des Brennraumdachs wesentlich verbessert wird.Preferably, the intermediate decks with the adjacent combustion chamber roof define a shallow wide gap for the passage of the cooling water. Due to the small gap dimensions, very high flow velocities occur, as a result of which the heat transfer and thus the cooling of the combustion chamber roof is substantially improved.
Zur weiteren Verbesserung der Kühlung des Brennraumdachs ist vorgesehen, daß am Dach des Kühlkanals quer zu der längsgerichteten Kühlwasserströmung verlaufende Versteifungsrippen ausgebildet sind. Durch diese Versteifungsrippen wird der längsgerichtete Kühlwasserstrom wiederholt nach unten zu dem darunter befindlichen Brennraumdach hin abgelenkt.To further improve the cooling of the combustion chamber roof is provided that are formed on the roof of the cooling channel transverse to the longitudinal cooling water flow extending stiffening ribs. By these stiffening ribs of the longitudinal cooling water flow is repeatedly deflected down to the underlying combustion chamber roof down.
Ein bevorzugtes Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung ist in der Zeichnung dargestellt und wird nachfolgend näher erläutert. Es zeigt:
- Fig. 1 eine perspektivische Unteransicht eines Zylinderkopfes bzw. einen Schnitt in der Schraubenebene,
- Fig. 2 eine perspektivische Unteransicht bzw. einen Längsschnitt durch den Zylinderkopf nach Fig. 1,
- Fig. 3 einen Querschnitt durch den Zylinderkopf in der Schraubenebene, und
- Fig. 4 einen Längsschnitt durch den Zylinderkopf.
- 1 is a perspective bottom view of a cylinder head or a section in the screw plane,
- 2 is a perspective bottom view and a longitudinal section through the cylinder head of FIG. 1,
- 3 shows a cross section through the cylinder head in the screw plane, and
- Fig. 4 is a longitudinal section through the cylinder head.
Der in der Zeichnung dargestellte Zylinderkopf für eine wassergekühlte Mehrzylinder-Brennkraftmaschine ist mit mehreren Bohrungen 1 versehen, die zur Aufnahme von Schrauben dienen, um den Zylinderkopf mit einem Kurbelgehäuse zu verbinden. Diese Bohrungen 1 sind jeweils paarweise in der Trennebene zwischen zwei Brennräumen angeordnet. In den Fig. 1 und 2 sind zwei solche Brennräume schematisch dargestellt, die über (nicht gezeigte) Ventile mit vier Gaswechselkanälen 2 verbindbar sind. In jeden Brennraum mündet ein Schacht 3 zur Aufnahme einer Zündkerze. Der Zylinderkopf weist einen Boden 4 und eine Decke 5 auf, die einen Kühlwasserkanal 6 begrenzen. Im Boden 4 des Zylinderkopfs sind im Bereich der die Bohrungen 1 enthaltenden Querebenen jeweils zwei Zuführöffnungen 7 für Kühlwasser angeordnet, die mit entsprechenden Kühlwasserkanälen des (nicht gezeigten) Kurbelgehäuses in Verbindung stehen. Das Kühlwasser durchströmt den Zylinderkopf in Längsrichtung und tritt an dessen Stirnseite aus. In dem Zylinderkopf ist ferner ein als Kettenkasten bezeichneter Hohlraum 8 ausgebildet, der zur Aufnahme einer Antriebskette für die Nockenwelle dient.The cylinder head shown in the drawing for a water-cooled multi-cylinder internal combustion engine is provided with a plurality of
Die Brennräume der Brennkraftmaschine werden von einem Brennraumdach 9 begrenzt, in das die Gaswechselkanäle 2 und der Schacht 3 für die Zündkerze münden. Die Brennraumdächer sind die thermisch am stärksten belasteten Bereiche des Zylinderkopfes und werden von dem den Kühlwasserkanal 6 durchströmenden Wasser gekühlt. Zur Steigerung der Kühlwirkung sind in den die Bohrungen 1 enthaltenden Querebenen des Zylinderkopfes stegartige Zwischendecks 10 angeordnet, die sich in Querrichtung erstrecken. Diese Zwischendecks 10 leiten den von den Zuführöffnungen 7 nach oben gerichteten Kühlwasserstrom seitwärts gegen die beiden benachbarten Brennraumdächer 9. Die Zwischendecks 10 begrenzen mit dem benachbarten Brennraumdach 9 einen flachen breiten Spalt, wodurch die Strömungsgeschwindigkeit des Kühlwassers erhöht und damit der Wärmeübergang verbessert wird. An der Decke 5 des Kühlwasserkanals 6 sind in den die Bohrungen 1 enthaltenden Querebenen Versteifungsrippen 11 ausgebildet. Durch diese Versteifungsrippen 11 wird das den Kanal 6 durchströmende Kühlwasser wiederholt nach unten zu dem darunter befindlichen Brennraumdach 9 hin abgelenkt, um dieses zu kühlen.The combustion chambers of the internal combustion engine are limited by a
Die Zwischendecks 10 verhindern, daß das aus den Zuführöffnungen 7 in den Zylinderkopf einströmende Wasser bis zur Decke 5 des Kühlwasserkanals 6 aufsteigt, sondern es wird direkt auf das benachbarte Brennraumdach geleitet. Durch die geringen Abmessungen des von dem Zwischendeck 10 und dem benachbarten Brennraumdach 9 begrenzten Spalts entstehen sehr hohe Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten, wodurch der Wärmeübergang vom Brennraumdach zum Kühlwasser verbessert wird.The
- 11
- Bohrungen für ZylinderkopfschraubenHoles for cylinder head bolts
- 22
- Gaswechswechselkanäle mit VentilführungenGas exchange channels with valve guides
- 33
- Schacht für ZündkerzeShaft for spark plug
- 44
- Bodenground
- 55
- Deckeblanket
- 66
- KühlwasserkanalCooling water channel
- 77
- Zuführöffnungen für Kühlwasser in den ZylinderkopfFeed openings for cooling water in the cylinder head
- 88th
- Hohlraumcavity
- 99
- BrennraumdachCombustion chamber roof
- 1010
- Zwischendecksteerage
- 1111
- Versteifungsrippestiffening rib
Claims (3)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE200410040227 DE102004040227A1 (en) | 2004-08-18 | 2004-08-18 | Cylinder head for a water-cooled multi-cylinder internal combustion engine |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1628012A2 true EP1628012A2 (en) | 2006-02-22 |
| EP1628012A3 EP1628012A3 (en) | 2008-11-05 |
| EP1628012B1 EP1628012B1 (en) | 2016-12-28 |
Family
ID=34993160
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP05016739.4A Active EP1628012B1 (en) | 2004-08-18 | 2005-08-02 | Cylinder head for a multi-cylinder internal combustion engine |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1628012B1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE102004040227A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP3409934A1 (en) * | 2017-05-29 | 2018-12-05 | Hyundai Motor Company | Water jacket for cylinder head |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102007048021A1 (en) * | 2007-10-06 | 2009-04-09 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Liquid-cooled cylinder head for internal-combustion engine, has outer channels comprising cross section reduced towards inlet side in outlet channel area, where outer channels for each cylinder are merged with those of adjacent cylinders |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS61149551A (en) * | 1984-12-20 | 1986-07-08 | Mazda Motor Corp | Cylinder head structure of engine |
| DE19508986C1 (en) * | 1995-03-13 | 1996-04-11 | Daimler Benz Ag | Cylinder head for water=cooled multi=cylinder IC engine |
| DE19644409C1 (en) * | 1996-10-25 | 1998-01-29 | Daimler Benz Ag | Cylinder head of multi=cylinder internal combustion engine |
| DE29723356U1 (en) * | 1997-05-28 | 1998-08-13 | Daimler Benz Ag | Cooling circuit for an internal combustion engine |
Family Cites Families (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AT172839B (en) * | 1949-08-15 | 1952-10-25 | Daimler Benz Ag | Cooling of liquid-cooled cylinder heads of internal combustion engines |
| AT188147B (en) * | 1953-12-04 | 1956-12-27 | Hans Dipl Ing Dr Techn List | Cylinder head for liquid-cooled four-stroke internal combustion engines |
| FR1356796A (en) * | 1963-05-16 | 1964-03-27 | Beteiligungs & Patentverw Gmbh | Cylinder head |
| US3818878A (en) * | 1973-04-23 | 1974-06-25 | Gen Motors Corp | Improved cylinder head cooling |
| JPH06330812A (en) * | 1993-05-26 | 1994-11-29 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | Cylinder head for internal combustion engine |
| JPH11173211A (en) * | 1997-12-08 | 1999-06-29 | Daihatsu Motor Co Ltd | Cooling water jacket structure for cylinder head |
| JP3596305B2 (en) * | 1998-09-25 | 2004-12-02 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Engine cylinder head |
| DE19943003C1 (en) * | 1999-09-09 | 2000-11-09 | Porsche Ag | Cylinder head for water-cooled internal combustion engine has control mechanism operating next to hot spot in cooling channel causing cross-flow of cooling water in cylinder head |
| AT5301U1 (en) * | 2001-01-29 | 2002-05-27 | Avl List Gmbh | CYLINDER HEAD FOR MULTIPLE CYLINDERS |
| JP2003184643A (en) * | 2001-12-20 | 2003-07-03 | Isuzu Motors Ltd | Cooling water passage structure for cylinder head |
| AT6342U1 (en) * | 2002-07-23 | 2003-08-25 | Avl List Gmbh | CYLINDER HEAD FOR A LIQUID-COOLED MULTI-CYLINDER INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE |
| US6817322B2 (en) * | 2002-09-03 | 2004-11-16 | Caterpillar Inc. | Cylinder head |
| AT6654U1 (en) * | 2002-10-31 | 2004-01-26 | Avl List Gmbh | CYLINDER HEAD FOR A LIQUID-COOLED MULTI-CYLINDER INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE |
-
2004
- 2004-08-18 DE DE200410040227 patent/DE102004040227A1/en not_active Ceased
-
2005
- 2005-08-02 EP EP05016739.4A patent/EP1628012B1/en active Active
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS61149551A (en) * | 1984-12-20 | 1986-07-08 | Mazda Motor Corp | Cylinder head structure of engine |
| DE19508986C1 (en) * | 1995-03-13 | 1996-04-11 | Daimler Benz Ag | Cylinder head for water=cooled multi=cylinder IC engine |
| DE19644409C1 (en) * | 1996-10-25 | 1998-01-29 | Daimler Benz Ag | Cylinder head of multi=cylinder internal combustion engine |
| DE29723356U1 (en) * | 1997-05-28 | 1998-08-13 | Daimler Benz Ag | Cooling circuit for an internal combustion engine |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP3409934A1 (en) * | 2017-05-29 | 2018-12-05 | Hyundai Motor Company | Water jacket for cylinder head |
| US10330042B2 (en) | 2017-05-29 | 2019-06-25 | Hyundai Motor Company | Water jacket for cylinder head |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP1628012A3 (en) | 2008-11-05 |
| EP1628012B1 (en) | 2016-12-28 |
| DE102004040227A1 (en) | 2006-02-23 |
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