EP1626824A1

EP1626824A1 - Method for the production of individualized vehicle parts, especially individualized shell parts made from serially produced standard parts, and shell parts produced according to said method

Info

Publication number: EP1626824A1
Application number: EP04711311A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Stefan Bartscher; Gero Kempf; Maik Hammer; Tobias LÖBEL
Original assignee: Bayerische Motoren Werke AG
Current assignee: Bayerische Motoren Werke AG
Priority date: 2003-05-28
Filing date: 2004-02-14
Publication date: 2006-02-22
Anticipated expiration: 2024-02-14
Also published as: DE502004007843D1; EP1626824B1; CN1795066A; WO2004105976A1; DE10324244A1; ES2309499T3; US20060090530A1; JP2007512960A; CN100382910C; KR20060014060A

Abstract

Disclosed is a method for producing vehicle parts, particularly shell parts for vehicles, according to which a three-dimensionally preformed semi-finished or finished standard part, especially a standard shell part, is produced for a serially manufactured vehicle type. An individualized part is then produced from the preformed standard part (1) by subsequently embossing a three-dimensional contour (2) into the standard part by means of a spike-type reshaping tool (14) which is pressed against the standard part from one side while being displaced relative to said standard part.

Description

Process for the production of individualized vehicle parts, in particular individualized outer skin parts from mass production

Standard parts as well as outer skin parts manufactured according to this process

The present invention relates to a method for producing outer skin parts for vehicles according to the preamble of patent claim 1 and to an outer skin part made according to this method according to patent claim 31.

Vehicle body parts, such as bonnets, roofs, fenders, side parts, trunk lids, etc. are usually produced by deep drawing from flat starting sheets. The tools of deep-drawing presses are known to be very expensive and can therefore only be used profitably with relatively large quantities. In addition, the sheet geometries that can be produced with conventional deep-drawing presses are limited in terms of their complexity. However, vehicle designers are increasingly demanding more design freedom, which cannot always be met with conventional deep-drawing tools. Modern vehicle designs are characterized, for example, by transitions between convex and concave component sections as well as by strongly accentuated character lines or edges with sometimes very narrow radii of curvature. Even here, conventional deep-drawing processes occasionally reach production limits. The so-called "Dieless Forming Technology", which is known for example from US Pat. No. 6,216,508 B1, takes a completely different path. As the name suggests, the sheet metal is formed "Dieless", ie without a shape in the conventional sense. In the case of dieless forming, as described in US Pat. No. 6,216,508 B1, a flat sheet metal plate is clamped in a holding device in its edge region. A forming mandrel is used for the machining, which is arranged essentially perpendicular to the clamped sheet metal blank and which can be moved in the X and Y directions. An infeed movement in the Z direction is possible, either by moving the infeed dome or by vertically moving the sheet metal plate clamped in the holding device.

The basic principle of Dieless Forming, as is known from US 6,216,508 B1, is that a flat sheet metal plate, i.e. a non-preformed sheet is formed into a three-dimensional component by means of the forming dome. For this purpose, the forming mandrel is pressed against the sheet metal blank. By meandering or spiraling down the entire sheet metal blank, a three-dimensional sheet metal part can be produced from the flat sheet metal blank by an incremental feed of the forming dome. One advantage of the Dieless Forming process compared to conventional deep-drawing processes is that even very complex component geometries can be produced.

A major disadvantage of the Dieless Forming process described in US Pat. No. 6,216,508 B1, however, is the very long production time. If you want to manufacture a large, complex sheet metal part, for example a body part for a vehicle, from a flat sheet metal board using the Dieless Forming process, this is extremely time-consuming. In the Dieless Forming process described in US Pat. No. 6,216,508 B1, the forming mandrel has to travel the entire sheet metal blank contour by contour in a meandering or spiral manner, which takes a very long time in comparison to conventional deep drawing. The production of a body part of a vehicle, for example an engine hood, takes a few seconds or fractions of seconds using conventional deep-drawing processes. If one tried to manufacture such a body part completely using the Dieless Forming process as described in US Pat. No. 6,216,508 B1, this would take many minutes, depending on the component, even up to several hours. Another problem that arises in the manufacture of complete components by using the Dieless Forming process is that the incremental deformation of a sheet, that is to say "track by track", causes very strong changes in the crystal structure of the sheet. Attempts have been made demonstrated that in complex body parts, which are made entirely of "Dieless Forming" from flat, ie not preformed, starting sheets, there are often strong surface roughnesses. The roughness of the component surface is often so strong that the sheet metal part cannot usually be painted immediately after its production, but has to be reworked before painting, e.g. by filling and sanding the surface or by other "smoothing" processes has faced numerous unresolved problems with Dieless Forming technology, so the Dieless Forming process has so far not been able to establish itself in motor vehicle construction, particularly in the series production of body parts.

As already mentioned above, there is the dilemma that conventional body drawing processes cannot produce body designs of any complexity. Another problem is that, due to the expensive tools, deep-drawing processes are only possible in large-scale production, i.e. are profitable from certain minimum lot sizes.

In the case of premium vehicles in particular, many customers have very special equipment requirements that cannot usually be satisfied with the special equipment program that is usually offered. Many vehicle manufacturers therefore already offer so-called "individual or small series vehicles" for individual vehicle types. In the body area, however, these individual or small series vehicles often differ little or little from normal series vehicles. The reason for this is that an individual design of the Body outer skin has so far not been able to cover costs. The "individualization" in vehicles of this type is nowadays limited, compared to conventional series vehicles, to the range of unusual materials for the interior and to unusual colors. The object of the invention is to provide a method with which components, in particular outer skin parts for vehicles and in particular those for small or Small series vehicles, customer requirements can be manufactured individually and at the same time inexpensively or to create an outer skin part that meets these requirements.

This object is achieved by the features of claim 1 and claim 31. Advantageous refinements and developments of the invention can be found in the subclaims.

As already mentioned, the basic principle of the Dieless Forming process is known per se and e.g. in the aforementioned US 6,216,508 B1. It is expressly pointed out that the entire technical content of US Pat. No. 6,216,508 B1 is to be the subject of the present patent application, even if the essence of the invention is not directed to the method described in US Pat. No. 6,216,508 B1. In the examination procedure of the present patent application, all features disclosed in US Pat. No. 6,216,508 B1 should therefore be able to be used on their own or in combination with other features of US Pat. No. 6,216 508 B1 or the present text. The Dieless Forming process itself does not have to be explained in detail in this text.

Although the following description of the invention relates primarily to series outer skin parts made of sheet metal, it is expressly pointed out that the invention is not limited to workpieces made of sheet metal. An application of the invention is basically for all types of components, such as Structural parts, possible. The invention is also not limited to sheet metal components. Rather, an application of the invention is also possible for workpieces made of plastic, in particular for parts made of thermoplastic, or other materials.

The essence of the invention consists primarily in meeting individual customer requirements by using a “series outer skin part” produced in series production Post-processing is "individualized" with a "forming tool" that is pressed against the series outer skin part and moved relative to the series outer skin part.

An essential difference from US Pat. No. 6,216,508 B1 is that the finishing is carried out on a "preformed series part" which, in its entirety, is not produced by the process described in US Pat. No. 6,216 508 B1, but by another manufacturing process, such as, for example Only a partial area or several partial areas of this preformed series part are reworked with the above-mentioned forming tool, but not the entire series part.

The preformed “series part”, which in itself can already be a semi-finished or finished body shell, is additionally “pre-machined” with a “geometry” or “contour” that differs from conventional series vehicles before being installed in a body shell. Semi-finished or finished body-in-white parts such as bonnets, tailgates, doors, side panels, fenders, roofs, etc. can be used to create character lines, lettering, etc. be impressed. Furthermore, character lines or component edges already present in the series outer part can be traced or deepened and thus more pronounced than is possible or is the case with the series outer skin parts used for conventional series vehicles. Such post-processing with a forming tool can be used to produce an infinite number of design modifications from conventional series outer skin parts, and so inexpensively as was previously not possible. By offering series-like vehicles in small series or as individual vehicles, it is easier to meet customers' wishes for customization, particularly in the case of high-priced vehicles. With such a differentiation, vehicles acquire an individual "design note" and thus stand out visually from the other vehicles of the respective vehicle type.

Experiments have shown that, in contrast to the production of complete sheet metal parts from flat starting sheets by Dieless Forming, as is described in US Pat. No. 6,216,508 B1, only post-processing is required "Preformed" sheet metal parts (series outer skin parts) do not experience the surface problems described at the outset. In particular, in the case of "minor" post-processing, for example in the production of character lines or in the accentuation of already existing component structures, there is only a relatively minor change in the crystal structure of the sheet metal , The surface quality in the area of such character lines, which were produced by post-processing in accordance with the invention, is so good that an expensive surface post-treatment, as is required in the prior art, is superfluous. The component can therefore be fed to a conventional painting process immediately after finishing.

The invention is expressly not limited to the production of outer skin parts for small series or individual vehicles. Vehicles are often subjected to a "model revision" - a so-called "facelift" - in the course of their product life cycle. As part of model revisions, the outer skin parts of the vehicles are occasionally revised to a certain extent or made more appealing. So far, it has been necessary to purchase new press tools or to adapt existing press tools according to the new design, which is regularly associated with very high tool costs. With the method explained in more detail below, it is now possible to rework or rework outer skin parts produced with the “old” pressing tools. In this way, additional character lines, beads, etc. can be embossed into the “old outer skin parts”, which means a “model revision "made possible at a much lower cost than was previously the case.

Another important advantage of the invention is that a corresponding "rework station" can be integrated into an existing production line without problems. Series parts intended for individual vehicles or for individualized vehicles or for a model revision are reworked in the "rework station". Series parts for conventional series vehicles pass through the rework station without being reworked. Post-processing according to the invention is of course also possible outside the production line in separate processing stations. As already mentioned, the basic principle of the method according to the invention is to emboss a three-dimensional contour into a sheet metal part by means of a shaping tool, which can be designed like a mandrel, for example. The forming tool is also referred to below as a “forming mandrel”, which, however, is not to be understood as restrictive in the sense of a specific tool shape.

The end of the "forming mandrel" is pressed against the component during the finishing of a component, which can be designed, for example, as a tip or as a rounded tip. At the same time, the component and the forming mandrel are displaced relative to one another. As a result, the geometry of the end of the Forming dome and depending on the contact pressure and the "clamping or support state" of the component to be machined an "indentation or bulge" or, generally speaking, a three-dimensional contour. The contour to be produced can be, for example, the shape of a groove, a bead or have a different shape.

The invention encompasses both "one-curve post-processing" and to a certain extent "incremental post-processing".

In "one-curve post-processing", the forming tool used is attached to the component to be post-processed, pressed against the component, and then the forming tool is moved relative to the component with a single movement. Post-processing is thus carried out by the forming tool "in one go "is moved, whereby the desired geometry, eg a bead, a character line or the like is stamped into the component.

In contrast, the forming tool during "incremental post-processing" is moved several times relative to the component to be post-processed and incrementally fed. A geometry produced in a first post-processing step, such as a bead, can be made in one go by a corresponding infeed movement - essentially perpendicular to the component to be post-processed In a further reworking step, a geometry produced in a first reworking step, such as, for example, a bead, can be moved relative to by a slight shift the component and essentially transversely to the direction of travel of the first reworking step can be “widened” and thus become more pronounced. By meandering guidance of the forming dome or by repeated movement of “machining trajectories” lying next to one another, larger three-dimensional bulges, such as, for example, pronounced suction channels, can also be “ Powerdome "of a hood or structural increases in general.

As already explained, however, the essence of the invention does not consist, as in US Pat. No. 6,216,508 B1, in the production of complete body parts by means of the dieless forming process; this would be far too time consuming and unprofitable. The essence of the invention is rather the "subsequent" processing or individualization of individual areas of semi-finished or finished components, in particular of body-in-white parts.

In this context, “finished” means that the body-in-white part would in itself be ready for painting, but had previously been reworked in one component area or in several component areas. In principle, however, it is also conceivable to finish already finished outer skin components by reworking according to the invention “ individualize "or differentiate. "Semi-finished" means that the body-in-white part is further processed after the post-processing according to the invention, for example by post-treating the surface, trimming or bending component edges, drilling holes, thread cutting or the like and only then painting.

Before the post-processing according to the invention, the series outer skin or the body shell part is clamped in a holding device. The holding device can be formed, for example, by a large number of individual “holding points” or “holding sections”. It is also possible to use suction cup-like holding elements. Suction cup-like holding elements have the advantage that the risk of damage to the outer skin sheet metal part, in particular the risk of damage to the component surface, is reduced during clamping and during machining, since the workpiece is not clamped between two holding elements but is fixed by negative pressure. The workpiece, ie the serial outer skin part, is preferably clamped in before the post-processing in such a way that its geometry in the edge region does not change as a result of the post-processing. In other words, the postprocessing should not change connection dimensions or gap dimensions, which arise when the outer skin part is later installed in a body, with respect to the “normal series vehicle”.

Depending on the complexity of the "subsequently" manufactured component geometry, the series outer skin part can either be held exclusively by means of a holding device, for example in its edge area. During more complex component geometries or with three-dimensional contours that have a strong surface gradient, especially with relatively "sharp" edges , one or more "counterholders" or support elements can be used. Such counterholders or support elements are pressed against the series outer skin part from the side opposite the forming mandrel, ie "from behind". Edge-shaped or arched “support elements” can be used as counterholders. Alternatively, the counterholders can also have the shape of a

Adopt "die" which has a "negative shape" corresponding to the three-dimensional contour to be produced. However, such a counter-holder does not necessarily have to be used.

If two counterholders are used, one counterholder is preferably arranged on the left in the travel direction of the forming tool and the other counterholder in the travel direction on the right next to the geometry to be produced. The shape of the geometry to be produced can already be influenced by the choice or the change in the spacing of the counterholders from one another and by the lateral spacing of the counterholders, which will be explained in more detail later.

The forming mandrel can, for example, have a smooth, convexly curved tool tip. It can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. The tool tip can also be formed by a rotatably mounted ball which rolls on the series outer skin part during the machining of the series outer skin part. which reduces the mechanical stress on the series outer skin part in the deformation area. Alternatively, a "rolling mandrel" can also be used, in which the tool tip is formed by a wheel or by a roller. Multiple mandrels or multi-armed forming mandrels can also be used. However, the forming mandrel does not necessarily have to have a round or rounded tip Rather, a forming mandrel with a relatively sharp-edged tip can also be used. Alternatively, the tip can also be flat, wheel-shaped, plow-shaped or similar to a ship's hull. A forming mandrel with a faceted tool tip is also conceivable.

The forming mandrel does not necessarily have to be made of steel or tool steel. Forming mandrels made of plastic, wood, ice, sand, concrete or other materials are also conceivable. The tool tip of the forming dome can be hardened, unhardened, coated or uncoated. It can e.g. be provided with a wear-resistant single or hybrid coating. The forming mandrel can be guided in up to six axes relative to the component in order to achieve the desired “shape result”. The shaping mandrel or the tool tip of the forming mandrel can also be rotated or oscillated about the longitudinal axis of the forming mandrel during post-processing.

A mandrel with or without lubrication can be used. For example, a lubrication system can be integrated in the forming mandrel. The lubrication system can also be arranged on the outside of the forming mandrel. The lubrication system ensures that the "processing point", i.e. the point at which the forming mandrel touches the series outer skin part, is constantly supplied with sufficient lubricant. A lubricating oil can be used as the lubricant.

Furthermore, a forming mandrel can be used, the tool tip of which can be adjusted during the machining process. For example, it can be provided that the width of the tool tip can be changed transversely to the direction of travel of the tool mandrel during the machining process. In this way, geometries with variable "width" can be produced in a single operation. The travel speed with which the forming mandrel is moved relative to the series outer skin part during the reworking does not have to be constant. Rather, the travel speed can be varied as a function of the instantaneous “degree of deformation” of the series outer skin part. With smaller degrees of deformation, a higher travel speed can be selected, with larger degrees of deformation a lower travel speed.

Both the forming mandrel and the "workpiece" can be heated or cooled as required or have an ambient temperature during processing. For serial outer skin parts made of sheet metal, but especially for "workpieces"

Plastic, it can be advantageous to the mandrel or the tool tip of the

To heat the forming dome during the processing of the serial outer skin part.

Heating the forming dome leads to heat input into the area of the workpiece to be formed, which increases its ductility, which facilitates the forming. Especially in the case of plastic parts

Forming made easier.

Alternatively or in addition to this, the series outer skin part can also be preheated or heated directly during the post-processing. The standard outer skin part can be heated by hot air, radiant heaters, lasers or another heat source. Series outer skin parts can be preheated to just below a material-specific "softening temperature" during post-processing and / or locally heated to a suitable "forming temperature" by means of a heated forming dome or selective additional heating at the point of engagement.

The workpiece can also be pretreated by other methods before post-processing. For example, it can be irradiated, coated, etched, hardened, roughened, smoothed, polished, sprayed with lubricating liquid or ground. It can also be pretreated by sandblasting before finishing. The finishing of the series outer skin part is preferably controlled fully automatically. The forming mandrel can either be designed as a machining tool of a CNC machine tool, similar to that in US Pat. No. 6,216,608 B1, or it can be arranged on an arm of a correspondingly programmed machining robot. Of course, such a “processing station” can have further “tools”, for example a laser cutting device with which the outer skin sheet metal part can also be trimmed.

The invention is explained in more detail below in connection with the drawing. Show it:

Fig. 1 an outer skin part with a molded bead, by a

Post processing was made according to the invention;

Fig. 2, 3 sections through the outer skin part of Figure 1;

4 shows the basic principle of the reworking of a series outer skin part according to the invention;

Fig. 5 shows the basic principle of post-processing according to the invention

Use of a die-like counterholder;

Fig. 6-8 Different cross sections of a molded bead subsequently stamped into a prefabricated component;

Fig. 9-11 embodiments in which the component to be reworked is supported by counterholders;

12 shows a schematic illustration of a possible movement of the forming tool;

13 shows an exemplary embodiment in which a front flap is reworked; and Fig. 14 a die-like counterholder.

Figure 1 shows a series outer skin sheet metal part 1 of a vehicle. The series outer skin sheet metal part 1 of FIG. 1 is a “door outer skin”. A molded bead 2 was “subsequently” incorporated into the series outer skin sheet metal part 1, which will be explained in more detail in connection with the following figures.

Figure 2 shows a section through the outer skin part 1 of Figure 1 along the section line A - A. The molded bead 2 has a length I and a depth t. The depth t of the shaped bead 2 has its maximum in the area of the z-axis of FIG. 2 and decreases towards the ends of the shaped bead 2.

FIG. 3 shows a cross section through the outer skin part 1 along the section line BB of FIG. 1. It can be seen that the shaped bead 2 is relatively sharp-edged. Such strongly accented character lines are difficult or impossible to produce with conventional deep-drawing processes.

FIG. 4 schematically describes the post-processing operation of the series outer skin part 1. The series outer skin part 1 is clamped into a holding device 3 (not shown in more detail here) or fixed to a holding device 3. In the exemplary embodiment shown here, the series outer skin part 1 is fastened to the holding device 1 only in its edge regions. Subsequently, a forming dome 4 is brought up to the series outer skin part 1 and pressed against the series outer skin part 1 with a predetermined pressing force. In a next step, the forming mandrel 4 is moved in the direction of arrow 5 relative to the series outer skin part 1. At the same time, a "feed movement" of the forming dome 4 takes place relative to the series outer skin part 1, as a result of which the molding bead 2 is impressed into the series outer skin part 1 through the tip 6 of the forming dome 4.

FIG. 5 shows an exemplary embodiment in which a matrix-like counter-holder 7 is used to press against the side of the series outer skin part 1 opposite the forming mandrel 4. The series outer skin part 1 is thus by supported matrix-like counter-holder 7, which enables the production of a sharp-edged contour, as shown in Figure 5, easily. The die-like counterholder can be a component-specific tool or a "universal tool" that can also be used for the individualization of other series outer skin components.

FIGS. 6-8 show different cross sections A-A, B-B and C-C of a molded bead 2 subsequently embossed into a series outer skin part 1.

Figure 6b shows a cross section along the section line A-A. FIGS. 6a, 6b show an exemplary embodiment in which a strongly accented molded bead 2 was subsequently embossed into the series outer skin part 1, the “tip” of the molded bead 2 being softly rounded,

Figure 7b shows the cross section B-B. In this area the molded bead 2 is less accentuated. The “tip” of the shaped bead 2 here has a larger radius of curvature than in FIG. 6b.

Figure 8b shows the cross section C-C. The shaped bead 2 is again more strongly accentuated in this area. Similar to FIG. 6b, the “tip” of the shaped bead 2 has a relatively small radius of curvature.

FIG. 9 shows an embodiment in which the series outer skin part 1 is supported from the side opposite the forming mandrel 4 during the finishing by two counter-holders 8, 9 of essentially the same width. The contour of the series outer skin part is indicated by 1 'before the post-processing. The “tip” of the forming dome 4 is more strongly accentuated here than in the case of the forming mandrel 4 shown in FIG 9 at a distance L2. The counterholders 8, 9 thus have a distance L3 which is equal to the sum of the distances L1 and L2. L1 is smaller than L2 here. The support is thus asymmetrical with respect to the position of the tip of the forming dome 4. By changing the distances L1, L2 or L3, the Supporting or clamping state of the series outer skin part 1 and thereby also the shape of the molded bead to be produced can be changed.

Figure 10 shows an embodiment in which the counter-holder 8 is wider than the counter-holder 9. Here, the support with respect to the tip of the forming dome 4 is only slightly asymmetrical. Here, L1 is only slightly larger than L2. In comparison to FIG. 9, the tip of the forming dome 4 is blunt here, which results in a correspondingly less accentuated bulge.

Figure 1 1 shows an embodiment in which the counterholders 8, 9 are arranged at a relatively small distance L3 from each other. This enables relatively large degrees of deformation and, as can be seen from the drawing, the production of a relatively strongly accented molded bead.

Figure 12 shows the path of the forming tool using the example of a series outer skin part 1, such as a bonnet into which two character lines 2a, 2b are embossed. The forming tool (not shown) is first lowered onto the serial outer skin part 1 from a point in space 10, which is referred to here as the “starting point” of the traversing movement After the production of the character line 2a, the forming tool is raised and reaches the space point 11. From there, the forming tool is moved to the space point 12. Then it is lowered again onto the series outer skin part 1 and moved along the character line 2b to be produced 2b, the forming tool is raised and reaches space point 13.

FIG. 13 shows the “bonnet” 1 of FIG. 12 after the production of the character lines 2a and 2b. In addition, a central bead 2c was embossed into the bonnet sheet by the same method, which protrudes upward from the bonnet, similar to that in FIG. 6 -8 is shown. FIG. 14 shows a die 14 which can be used to produce a shaped bead, such as the shaped bead 2c in FIG. 13. The die 14 is pressed against the series outer skin part (not shown here), namely from the side opposite the forming tool 4. The die 14 is provided for the partial support of the forces exerted by the forming tool 4 on the series outer skin part. The matrix 14 can be U-shaped, as in FIG. 14, that is to say open on one side. Alternatively, it can also be closed, comparable to a plate with an elongated hole. However, the invention is by no means limited to a specific form of the die, but covers all the forms of the die. As can be seen from FIG. 14, the inner edge of the die 14 is flattened obliquely inwards in the “inlet area” of the forming tool 4. In contrast, in the lateral areas 16 of the die 14 the inner edge is essentially perpendicular to the support surfaces 17, 18 of the die 14, which press against the series outer skin part "from behind" during the finishing process and thereby support the forces exerted by the forming tool. For the sake of completeness, the travel path 19 of the forming tool should also be mentioned, which extends essentially centrally with respect to the two legs of the die 14.

Claims

claims

1. A method for the production of vehicle parts, in particular outer skin parts for vehicles, wherein a three-dimensionally pre-shaped semi-finished or finished series part (1), in particular a series outer skin part, is produced for a vehicle type manufactured in series production, characterized in that the pre-formed series part (1) an individualized part is produced by subsequently using a mandrel-like forming tool (4), which is pressed against the series part (1) from one side and at the same time moved relative to the series part (1), into a three-dimensional contour (2) Series part (1) is embossed.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the starting material is a sheet and the series part (1) and the outer skin part to be produced therefrom are each sheet metal parts.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the starting material is a plastic material and the series part (1) and the outer skin part to be produced therefrom are each plastic parts.

4. The method of claim 1 or 3, wherein the starting material is a thermoplastic.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the series part (1) is held during the deformation by the mandrel-like forming tool (4) in edge regions of the series part (1) by a holding device.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the holding device has a plurality of breakpoints.

7. The method according to claim 6, wherein breakpoints are provided, which are each formed by a suction cup-like holding element, which hold the series part by negative pressure.

8. The method according to any one of claims 5 to 7, wherein the series part (1) during the deformation by the mandrel-like forming tool (4) held only in its edge areas by the holding device and is neither supported nor held in the intermediate component areas.

9. The method according to any one of claims 5 to 7, wherein the series part (1) during the deformation by the mandrel-like forming tool (4) held by the holding device and in the intermediate component area is supported at least at one point by a counter-holder (7), which on the one opposite the mandrel-like forming tool (4)

Side of the series part (1) is arranged.

10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the counter-holder (7) is a matrix-like component that functions as a negative mold with respect to the three-dimensional contour to be produced.

11. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the mandrel-like forming tool (4) has a smooth, convexly curved tool tip.

12. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the tool tip of the mandrel-like. Forming tool (4) is formed by a rotatably mounted ball that rolls on the series part (1) during the processing of the series part (1).

13. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the mandrel-like forming tool (4) has an adjustable tool tip, the width of which is changed transversely to the direction of travel of the mandrel-like forming tool (4) relative to the series part (1) during the machining process.

14. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the mandrel-like forming tool is heated during the deformation of the series part (1) at least in the region of the tool tip.

15. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the series part (1) is heated or heated during the deformation by a heating source.

16. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the forming tool during the deformation of the series part (1) about a longitudinal axis of the

Forming tool is rotated.

17. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the forming mandrel is oscillated about a longitudinal axis of the forming dome during the deformation of the series part (1).

18. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein design-relevant, line-like character contours are impressed into the series part (1) with the mandrel-like forming tool (4).

19. The method according to any one of claims 1, 2 or 5 to 18, wherein the series part is a pressed part which is produced by means of a compression mold.

20. The method according to any one of claims 1, 2 or 5 to 19, wherein the series part is a sheet metal part produced by deep drawing.

21. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein a contour already present in the series part by post-processing with the mandrel-like

Forming tool (4) is tightened or deepened.

22. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 21, wherein the series part (1) is a front hood, tailgate, door, a side part, fender or roof.

23. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 22, wherein the mandrel-like forming tool (4) is arranged on an arm of a robot.

24. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 23, wherein the mandrel-like forming tool is part of a CNC machine tool.

25. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 24, wherein the mandrel-like forming tool rotates around its longitudinal axis during processing of the series part (1), whereby a contact similar to drilling friction results between the tip of the forming dome and the series part (1).

26. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 25, wherein the series part (1) is held during the deformation so that its geometry in its edge regions is not changed in relation to its initial state, in particular that there are connection dimensions or gap dimensions that differ result in later installation in a body-in-white, do not change in its initial state with respect to the series part.

27. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 26, wherein the three-dimensional contour (2) to be subsequently produced in the series part (1) by one-off

Method of the mandrel-like forming tool (4) is produced in a single train.

28. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 26, wherein the three-dimensional contour (2) to be subsequently produced in the series part (1) is produced by repeated processes and incremental infeed of the mandrel-like forming tool (4).

29. The method according to claim 28, wherein the mandrel-like forming tool (4) is fed from one reworking step to the next reworking step substantially perpendicularly with respect to the series part (1), so that the contour is deepened from one reworking step to the next reworking step.

30. The method according to claim 28 or 29, wherein the mandrel-like forming tool (4) is fed from one reworking step to the next reworking step substantially transversely to the direction of travel of the forming tool (4), so that the contour is widened from one reworking step to the next reworking step.

31. Outer skin part, which is made from a series part (1) according to the method described in one of claims 1 to 30.

32. outer skin part according to claim 31, wherein the series part (1) is made of sheet metal.

33. outer skin part according to claim 31, wherein the series part (1) is made of plastic.