Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C5/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms
  • C07C5/22—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms by isomerisation
  • C07C5/27—Rearrangement of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon skeleton
  • C07C5/2702—Catalytic processes not covered by C07C5/2732 - C07C5/31; Catalytic processes covered by both C07C5/2732 and C07C5/277 simultaneously
  • C07C5/2708—Catalytic processes not covered by C07C5/2732 - C07C5/31; Catalytic processes covered by both C07C5/2732 and C07C5/277 simultaneously with crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
  • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
  • B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
  • B01J29/08—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the faujasite type, e.g. type X or Y
  • B01J29/084—Y-type faujasite
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
  • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
  • B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
  • B01J29/40—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11, as exemplified by patent documents US3702886, GB1334243 and US3709979, respectively
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
  • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
  • B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
  • B01J29/65—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the ferrierite type, e.g. types ZSM-21, ZSM-35 or ZSM-38, as exemplified by patent documents US4046859, US4016245 and US4046859, respectively
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
  • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
  • B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
  • B01J29/70—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups B01J29/08 - B01J29/65
  • B01J29/7007—Zeolite Beta
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
  • B01J29/82—Phosphates
  • B01J29/84—Aluminophosphates containing other elements, e.g. metals, boron
  • B01J29/85—Silicoaluminophosphates [SAPO compounds]
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
  • B01J29/90—Regeneration or reactivation
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J38/00—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts, in general
  • B01J38/04—Gas or vapour treating; Treating by using liquids vaporisable upon contacting spent catalyst
  • B01J38/06—Gas or vapour treating; Treating by using liquids vaporisable upon contacting spent catalyst using steam
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J38/00—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts, in general
  • B01J38/04—Gas or vapour treating; Treating by using liquids vaporisable upon contacting spent catalyst
  • B01J38/12—Treating with free oxygen-containing gas
  • B01J38/30—Treating with free oxygen-containing gas in gaseous suspension, e.g. fluidised bed
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms
  • C07C2/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons
  • C07C2/04—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons by oligomerisation of well-defined unsaturated hydrocarbons without ring formation
  • C07C2/06—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons by oligomerisation of well-defined unsaturated hydrocarbons without ring formation of alkenes, i.e. acyclic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
  • C07C2/08—Catalytic processes
  • C07C2/12—Catalytic processes with crystalline alumino-silicates or with catalysts comprising molecular sieves
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2529/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
  • C07C2529/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites, pillared clays
  • C07C2529/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
  • C07C2529/08—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the faujasite type, e.g. type X or Y
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2529/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
  • C07C2529/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites, pillared clays
  • C07C2529/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
  • C07C2529/40—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2529/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
  • C07C2529/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites, pillared clays
  • C07C2529/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
  • C07C2529/70—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups C07C2529/08 - C07C2529/65
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2529/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
  • C07C2529/82—Phosphates
  • C07C2529/84—Aluminophosphates containing other elements, e.g. metals, boron
  • C07C2529/85—Silicoaluminophosphates (SAPO compounds)
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
  • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
  • Y02P20/584—Recycling of catalysts

Definitions

• the present invention relates generally to a method for the regeneration of zeolite catalysts, in order to maintain a high and stable activity of the catalyst.
• Said catalysts are used in converting of olefins or paraffins or aromatics in CFB (circulating fluidized bed ) reactor systems.
• Catalysts are usually regenerated at high temperatures of 500-800 °C with air.
• the purpose of catalyst regeneration is to burn off coke formed on the catalyst surface, because the coke decreases the activity of the catalyst, and the selectivity of the desired reaction is lower.
• the objective is typically to burn all or most of the coke in the catalyst. There are some reactions where catalysts regenerated in this manner are suitable, such as cracking of hydrocarbons.
• Coke is regarded to contain mostly very diverse carbonaceous compounds comprising poly-aromatic compounds, small aromatic compounds and non- aromatic compounds.
• the regeneration of ZSM-22 zeolite is known from Simon, M. et al (J. Catal. 147 (1994) 484), wherein ZSM-22 catalyst was deactivated in skeletal isomerization of butene.
• the regeneration temperatures were between 500 and 600 °C and the regeneration gas was oxygen with varying amounts of nitrogen (0-94 %).
• Oxidizing agents such as ozone and nitrous oxide, have also been used for the elimination of coke from zeolites. Oxidative treatment often has detrimental effects on the catalyst's active sites and the choice of operating conditions is important in limiting the undesired effects, which particularly water has on the active sites of the catalyst at high temperatures.
• FI 20002783 discloses skeletal isomerization of linear C -C 6 olefms to corresponding isoolefins.
• the reaction is suitably performed in a circulating fluidized bed reactor system (CFB) comprising a reactor part and a regeneration part, which enables continuous regeneration of the catalyst.
• CFB circulating fluidized bed reactor system
• During the regeneration typically all coke formed is removed from the zeolite catalyst and additionally a pre-treatment of the catalyst is required.
• Ferrierite is a zeolite wherein the unit cell formula is Na 2 Mg 2 [Al 6 Si 30 O 72 ] * 18H 2 O.
• the aluminium content and cations of ferrierite can be varied whereupon the formula can be written in following manner: (Me',Me") ⁇ / 3 (AlO 2 ) x (SiO 2 ) 36- ⁇ * 18H 2 O (x ⁇ 6).
• Ferrierites have two types of channels, which are intersecting. The pore dimensions of 10 - ring channels are 4.2 x 5.4 A, and 8 - ring channels are 3.5 x 4.8 A.
• ZSM-35 -zeolites differ from natural ferrierites with regard to their X-ray- diffraction patterns. Natural ferrierite exhibits a significant line at 11.33 A. which is not determined to be the significant line for ZSM-35 -zeolites (weak line at 11.3 - 11.5 A). This definition was later changed and now ZSM-35 is considered to be equivalent to its isotypes, which include ferrierite, ISI-6, NU-23 and Sr-D.
• Tectometallosilicates with ferrierite crystal structure have X-ray diffraction patterns, which do not differ significantly from ZSM-35 (the d- value 11.3 is weak or medium).
• Tectometallosilicates having a ferrierite structure are defined to be ferrierite, Fl ⁇ -9, ISI-6, NU-23, ZSM-21, ZSM-35 and ZSM-38.
• Zeolite based catalysts having pore sizes of at least about 4.5 A and a pore structure characterised by intersecting 10-ring and 8-ring channels are defined as ferrierite, dachiardite, epistilbite, heulandite, and stilbite.
• ZSM-22 zeolite belongs to Theta-1 group (TON) of molecular sieves.
• ZSM-22 has one-dimensional 10-ring channels (dimensions 4.4x5.5 A). Its unit cell has the following fomiula: Na n [Al n Si 24-n O 48 ]. ⁇ 4 H 2 O with n ⁇ 2.
• ZSM-22 has a relative low aluminium content and moderate acidity.
• ZSM-23 zeolite belongs to MTT type of molecular sieves.
• ZSM-23 has one- dimensional 10-ring channels (dimensions 4.5x5.2 A). Its unit cell has following formula: Na n [Al n Si 24-ri O 4 s3. ⁇ 4 H 2 O with n ⁇ 2.
• SAPO-11 belongs to AEL structure group. It has one-dimensional 10-ring channels (dimensions 4.0x6.5 A).
• ZSM-5 has MFI structure. ZSM-5 has a three dimensional structure with 10-ring channels (5.1x5.5 A and 5.3x5.6 A). Its unit cell has following formula: Na n (H 2 O)i 6 [Al n Si9 6-n Oi9 2 ] with n ⁇ 27.
• Y-zeolite belongs to the faujasite (FAU) group. It has a three-dimensional structure with 12-ring channels (7.4x.7.4 A). Faujasite has a unit cell formula: (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , a + 2 ) 29 (H2 ⁇ ) 24 o[Al5 8 Si 13 O 3 84].
• Isomerization is considered as a reaction wherein the molecular formula of a substance does not change but its structure changes. Isomerization is divided to many groups and the dividing can be made after the group of molecules that are isomerized (paraffin isomerization, olefin isomerization). In these reactions linear paraffins or olefins are reacted to branched paraffins or olefins (or vica verca). The dividing can also be made after the reaction type (skeletal isomerization, double bond isomerization, etc.). Here the expression "skeletal isomerization" is used for a reaction wherein one n-olefin reacts to one isoolefin (or vice verca).
• oligomerization is considered as a reaction wherein two olefins, either linear or branched, react together to form diisoolefin.
• oligomerization three or more olefins react together to fomi an oligomer.
• Dimerization and oligomerization can also be performed for olefins containing different amounts of carbon atoms.
• Alkylation is considered as a reaction wherein a branched paraffin or an aromatic is alkylated with an olefin to yield an alkylate or alkylaromatics.
• An object of the invention is a method for the regeneration of zeolite catalysts in order to maintain a high and stable activity of the catalyst.
• a further object of the invention is to provide a zeolite catalyst with high activity and stability, for converting of olefms or paraffins or aromatics in CFB reactor systems.
• the method for the regeneration of zeolite catalysts is performed continuously in a regeneration part of a CFB reactor.
• the regeneration conditions are chosen as follows: 1) to maintain the amount of coke in the catalyst in an optimal range, and 2) to modify the nature of coke formed during the reaction.
• the method for the regeneration of zeolite catalysts is performed either with an inert regeneration gas at a temperature higher than the reaction temperature, or with an inert regeneration gas containing equal or less than 10 mol-% of oxygen at a temperature higher than the reaction temperature, or with air at a temperature below 490 °C, preferably below 470 °C, and particularly preferably at a temperature of 300-450 °C, or with water vapour at a temperature higher than the reaction temperature, in a CFB reactor system, wherein a reaction involving hydrocarbons and requiring activity and high selectivity of the catalyst, is perfomied.
• the reaction involving hydrocarbons is selected from isomerization of olefins, isomerization of paraffins, dimerization, oligomerization and alkylation, particularly skeletal isomerization of olefinic C 4 -C 1 0 hydrocarbons, preferably of olefinic C 4 -C 7 hydrocarbons.
• suitable inert regeneration gases are paraffins, such as methane, butane and mixtures thereof like natural gas, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and the like.
• a zeolite catalyst means a catalyst containing a zeolite as an active component and usually a carrier.
• the zeolite can be modified with different means including ion exchange, calcination treatment and dealumination known from the state of the art.
• Zeolite catalysts may have metals in ionic, oxide or in reduced form. The metal can also be in the framework of the zeolite.
• the carrier is selected from silica, alumina, clay and any other suitable carriers.
• Zeolites according to invention have acid sites. Those acid sites can be formed in the removal of templates, acid treatments, ammonium ion exchange and calcination treatments, ion exchange of cations and calcinations or in the reduction of metals.
• medium and large pore zeolites having a one, two or three-dimensional structure and containing 8-12 rings, preferably 10-rings, or 8- rings and 10-rings, are suitable zeolite catalysts for the hydrocarbon reactions referred to herein.
• the framework aluminium content of the catalyst is preferably equal or less than 6 wt-%.
• Preferably the pore size of the zeolite is equal or less than 0.8 nm.
• Suitable zeolite catalyst are selected from the group consisting of ferrierite, ZSM- 22, ZSM-23, ZSM-5, SAPO-11, Beta- and Y-zeolites, and they are presented in following Table 1 and said zeolite catalysts are usually on a carrier. Said zeolites may be used in reactions selected from olefin and paraffin isomerization reactions, olefin dimerization and oligomerization reactions and alkylation reactions.
• the zeolite catalysts presented above are particularly suitable in CFB reactor systems.
• the CFB reactor system is described for example in FI 20002783 in detail, which is incorporated herein by reference.
• the principle of the CFB reactor system is illustrated in the enclosed Figure 1.
• a CFB reactor system is presented. Hydrocarbon 20 is fed to the bottom part of the reactor 100.
• pre-fluidization gas 21 (ex. nitrogen) is fed separately to the bottom part of the reactor 100. Hydrocarbon transports catalyst along the reactor riser 1, hydrocarbon reacting for desired compound. The hydrocarbon-catalyst suspension continues further to the cyclone 2, where hydrocarbon is separated from the catalyst. Hydrocarbon exits through the exit- assembly 3 to a treatment part of product and the used catalyst is transferred along the cyclone leg 4 to return channel 5 and again to the reactor riser 1.
• Part of the used catalyst is transferred along the transit tube 1, by adjusting with the valve 6, to the bottom part of the regenerator 200, where the catalyst is fluidized with regeneration gas 23 introduced to the bottom part of the regenerator 200.
• the catalyst continues together with the regeneration gas along the regenerator riser 8, when the coke on catalyst surface is at least partly removed or its nature is modified.
• Combustion gas-catalyst suspension is transferred to the cyclone 9, wherein the combustion gas is separated from the catalyst.
• the combustion gas is removed through the exit-assembly 10, for example to a heat recovery unit.
• the catalyst is led along the cyclone leg 11 to the return channel 12 of the regenerator 200 and again to the regenerator riser 8.
• the valve 13 is used for the adjustment of equal amounts of regenerated catalyst and catalyst coming from the reactor 100 to the regenerator 200 along the channel 14.
• the degree of regeneration of the coked catalyst can be adjusted with catalyst exchange.
• the method according to the invention has several advantages when compared to the methods according to the state of the art.
• an inert substance is used for the regeneration of a catalyst, the amount of coke is decreased and it becomes more polyaromatic in nature.
• the selectivity of the catalyst is maintained high during the reaction, such as skeletal isomerization, and the selectivity to side products such as naphthenes, aromatics and heavier hydrocarbons is low.
• Skeletal isomerization is typically performed at a temperature of 25-500 °C. In skeletal isomerization the regeneration temperature below 450 °C is preferable in air.
• part of the coke is desorbed from the catalyst.
• coke is transformed to become more polyaromatic in nature and its structure is modified. This means that the H/C ratio of the coke is reduced.
• the catalyst keeps continuously in an active state, the activity is high and the amount of coke keeps low, which all in turn achieve high yields of the desired product, the amount of side-products being low and the selectivity being high.
• part of the coke can be burned to carbon oxides and water.
• the degree of burning is preferably limited in order to keep the amount of coke at an optimal value.
• the burning can be limited either by adjusting the amount of oxygen in the regeneration gas or by adjusting the regeneration temperature.
• a stable catalyst with optimal activity is achieved.
• Coke fills the inner cavities of the zeolite particles and the outer surface of the zeolite crystallites in the catalyst is kept clean with an inert stream or with minor amounts of oxygen or water vapour. This results in that the process can be run continuously in a stable manner. No repeated regenerations are needed. Only one reactor is required for continuous stable production instead of several reactors and processing steps. Further, no pre-treatments are required because of the stability of the process and because the need for control and adjusting steps is minimal. No interruptions in the production are needed, which usually cause undesirable emissions and economical losses. Only in the case a fresh catalyst is used for the first time and it contains no carbonaceous substances, coke is incorporated in the catalyst using any suitable method known in the art.
• Relatively low regeneration temperatures of 300-500 °C can be used, which are less detrimental to the catalysts.
• suitable catalysts which are sensitive to high temperatures and water vapour, can be used in the method, with the provision that the catalyst and gases are compatible with each other.
• the waste of the hydrocarbon feed is low. After the coke is formed on the catalyst and the catalyst is regenerated according to the invention, a significant amount of coke remains on the catalyst. The coke is thus not bumed entirely to CO x in every regeneration cycle. This results in a significant reduction in CO x emissions.
• the method according to the invention is also particularly suitable for processes where the hydrocarbon feed contains impurities such as sulphur or nitrogen compounds. During the contact in the reaction part, part of impurities from the feed, remain on the catalyst. Continuous regeneration can be used for adjusting the activity of the catalyst according to the amount of impurities in the feed.
• Commercial ferrierite was used as the zeolite in the catalyst.
• the hydrocarbon feed of 4 kg/h was allowed to react in the CFB unit depicted in Figure 1.
• the reaction conditions were: Temperature 300 °C and pressure 1 bar (abs).
• the catalyst was regenerated continuously with air at a temperature of 500 °C.
• the conversion of n-olefins was 44 % and selectivity to i-olefins only 59 %.
• Example 1 shows that if the conventional way of regeneration is used in skeletal isomerization of C 5 and C 6 paraffins and olefins, lower selectivity and lower yield of the product are obtained.
• Example 1 The feed used in Example 1 was tested under the same conditions in the same reactor. However, nitrogen was used for the regeneration of the catalyst at 450 °C. After 55 hours on stream, the conversion of n-olefins was 41 % and selectivity to i-olefins 86 %.
• Example 2 shows that if an inert gas is used for the regeneration of the catalyst, the activity of the catalyst and the selectivity to i-olefins stay at a high level.
• the feed used in example 1 was tested in the same reactor at 290 °C and under a pressure of 1 bar with a hydrocarbon flow of 6 kg/h. Nitrogen was used for regeneration at 490 °C. After 40 hours on stream, the conversion of n-olefins was 33 % and selectivity to i-olefins 93 %. After 45 hours on stream, 3 mol-% of oxygen was added to the regeneration stream. After 90 hours on stream, the conversion of n-olefins was 34 % and selectivity to i-olefins 86 %.
• Example 3 shows that the regeneration can be controlled with the amount of oxygen in the regeneration gas. A high and stable activity and selectivity is obtained.
• the regeneration can also be carried out with air only, but in this case it is preferable to use lower temperatures (300-450 °C) in the regeneration to obtain a high selectivity.
• Example 4. (Comparative)
• Dimerization of n-butene with a fresh zeolite catalyst was performed in a microreactor.
• the catalyst contained a zeolite with ferrierite structure. Its Si/Al- ratio was 29, BET-surface area was 330 m 2 /g and crystallinity was 80 %.
• the reaction was carried out at a temperature of 150 °C, under a pressure of 20 bar and with a WHSV of 4.
• the feed was a commercial, butene containing feed.
• the selectivities to gasoline were 83-94 %.
• the reaction was carried out at a temperature of 150 °C, at a pressure of 20 bar and with a WHSV of 4.
• the feed was a commercial, butene containing feed.
• the selectivities to gasoline (94-100 %) were higher than obtained with a fresh catalyst.

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