Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W16/00—Network planning, e.g. coverage or traffic planning tools; Network deployment, e.g. resource partitioning or cells structures
  • H04W16/18—Network planning tools

Definitions

• the present invention generally relates to the field of mobile telephony and particularly to a mobile telephony network with access of the CDMA type ("Code Division Multiple Access"), hence W-CDMA or CDMA 2000 or UMTS. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method for optimizing the positioning of high sensitivity receiver front-ends in a mobile telephony network and to a related mobile telephony network.
• CDMA type Code Division Multiple Access
• a Base Transceiver Station for transmitting and/or receiving radio signals (voice and/or data) to/from mobile terminals.
• Such base transceiver stations can be equipped with receiver front-ends inserted downstream of a transceiver antenna, whose main function is to select and amplify the radio signals that are within the frequency range useful for communication and to attenuate all other potentially interfering signals.
• up-link channel communication from the mobile terminal to the base transceiver station (up-link channel) is characterized by radio signals having rather low power. Such radio signals are therefore subject to degradation in the presence of noise.
• the stations can be equipped with cryogenic receiver front-ends.
• cryogenic receiver front-ends As described in M.I. Salkola "CDMA Capacity - Can You Supersize That?", 2002 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Record. WCNC 2002 (Cat. No. 02TH8609) vol. 2 pp. 768-73, the application of cryogenic receiver front-ends to the base transceiver stations has a direct impact on the performance of the mobile telephony network because it makes it possible to increase its capacity.
• the coverage-limited scenario corresponds to a rural environment, where the greater sensitivity of base transceiver stations equipped with front-ends made with superconducting materials makes it possible to obtain an expansion of the coverage area of individual cells.
• the capacity-limited scenario corresponds to an urban environment, where the base transceiver station equipped with front-ends made with superconducting materials would allow a tighter frequency reuse as a result of the better isolation between carries it provides.
• two network designs are produced and analyzed in a comparative manner.
• the first network design is totally composed of standard base transceiver stations and the second network design is totally composed of base transceiver stations equipped with front-ends made with superconducting materials. Results are presented for a GSM- 1800 type network.
• the Applicant has observed that the advantages listed in the paper, in particular for the urban area, are connected to the improved spectral selectivity of base transceiver stations equipped with front ends made with superconducting material with respect to standard base transceiver stations.
• An improved spectral selectivity is particularly significant in the case of a GSM network.
• high sensitivity receiver front-end a front end having a total noise figure of less than 2 dB, more preferably less than 1 dB, still more preferably less than 0.7 dB.
• the high sensitivity receiver front-end is mounted a short distance from the transceiver antenna.
• the high sensitivity receiver front-end comprises at least a filter and an amplifier mutually connected in cascade arrangement.
• the filter and the amplifier operate at cryogenic temperatures.
• the filter preferably comprises superconducting materials.
• each cell of the network is preferably assigned a first or a second category, based on a traffic expectation constructed from cartographic/morphological information so that the number of first category cells is approximately equal to the number of high sensitivity receiver front-ends.
• the Applicant has also observed that by positioning the high sensitivity receiver front-ends available to the operator substantially in all cells belonging to the first category, the traffic collected by the network can be maximized.
• a method for optimizing the positioning of high sensitivity receiver front-ends within a mobile telephony network 1 of the CDMA type comprising a plurality of cells includes the steps of: defining a first and a second cell indicator V ce ⁇ , V 2 ; defining a first and a second threshold value L and L 2 ; comparing said first cell indicator V ce ⁇ with a first threshold value L and said second cell indicator V with a second threshold value L ; associating with a first category a plurality of first cells 2a, each of said first cells 2a having said first cell indicator V ce u greater than said first threshold value L or said second cell indicator V greater than said second threshold value L 2 ; positioning a plurality of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 substantially in all said plurality of first cells 2a.
• the method according to the invention can further comprise the steps of: associating with a second category a plurality of second cells 2b, each of said second cells 2b having said first cell indicator V ce ⁇ smaller than said first threshold value L and said second cell indicator V 2 smaller than said second threshold value L 2 ; positioning a plurality of low sensitivity receiver front-ends substantially in all said plurality of second cells 2b.
• the step of defining for each cell 2 a first and a second cell indicator V ce ⁇ , V comprises the steps of: associating with said first cell indicator V ce ii cartographic/morphological characteristics indicative of a traffic expectation for each cell 2; associating with said second cell indicator V 2 cartographic/morphological characteristics indicative of a traffic expectation for each cell 2 and of an expanse of geographic area whereon each cell 2 stands.
• the step of defining a first and a second threshold value L and L 2 comprises the step of selecting a pair of values for said first and second threshold value L and L 2 in such a way that said plurality of first cells 2a is substantially equal in number to said plurality of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 and that said plurality of second cells 2b is substantially equal to the difference between said plurality of cells 2 and said plurality of first cells 2a.
• said pair of values comprises a first and a second value that meet the condition whereby the ratio between said first value and said second value is roughly equal to 1/15 + 0.005.
• a CDMA mobile telephony network 1 comprising a plurality of cells 2.
• the plurality of cells 2 includes a plurality of first cells 2a associated to at least 90% of a plurality of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5, each first cell 2a having a first cell indicator V ce ⁇ greater than a first threshold value L or a second cell indicator V 2 greater than a second threshold value.
• the mobile telephony network 1 according to the invention comprises a plurality of second cells 2b associated to a plurality of low sensitivity receiver front-ends, each second cell 2b having said first cell indicator V ce u smaller than said first threshold value L and said second cell indicator V 2 smaller than said second threshold value L .
• the first cell indicator V ce ⁇ is associated to cartographic/morphological characteristics indicative of a traffic expectation for each cell 2 while the second cell indicator V 2 is associated to cartographic/morphological characteristics indicative of a traffic expectation for each cell 2 and of an expanse of geographic area whereon each cell 2 stands.
• each high sensitivity receiver front-end 5 is inserted between a transceiver antenna 4 and a base transceiver station 3.
• the high sensitivity receiver front-end 5 is a cryogenic receiver front-end.
• the cryogenic receiver front-end comprises a cryostat 11 that encloses at least a band-pass type filter 12 and a low noise amplifier 13.
• the band-pass filter 12 is obtained with a technology based on high critical temperature superconducting materials.
• each high sensitivity receiver front-end 5 is inserted between a transceiver antenna 4 and a base transceiver station 3, said high sensitivity receiver front-end 5 comprising at least a first and a second band-pass filter 25, 26 between which is inserted a low noise amplifier 27.
• the cryogenic receiver front-end 5 can be mounted along the antenna lead-in in such a way as to minimize the overall noise figure of the receiver chain. More preferably, the cryogenic receiver front-end 5 is mounted at such a distance that losses due to antenna lead-in are negligible with respect to the noise figure introduced by the cryogenic receiver front-end 5.
• said cryostat 11 operates at cryogenic temperatures lower than 200 K, more preferably lower than 100 K.
• the cryostat 10 operates at cryogenic temperatures higher than 60 K.
• the number of the plurality of cells 2 that form the mobile telephony network 1 is greater than a predetermined value.
• said predetermined value is greater than 100, more preferably it is greater than 500, yet more preferably it is greater than 1000.
• FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a best server portion of a W- CDMA mobile telephony network
• - Figure 2 is a schematic representation of a preferred embodiment of a high sensitivity receiver front-end for use in the network of Figure 1 ; and - Figure 3 is a schematic representation of an additional embodiment of a high sensitivity receiver front-end used in the network of Figure 1;
• FIG. 4 shows a flow chart relating to the implementation of the method according to the invention.
• the method for optimizing the positioning of high sensitivity receiver front-ends in a mobile telephony network is applied to a mobile telephony network 1, or to a portion thereof, with access of the CDMA type, and in particular of the W-CDMA or CDMA 2000 or UMTS type.
• Figure 1 does not show the so-called soft handover areas, because they are not essential for the purposes of the present invention, hi particular, the term soft handover area means the area in which a mobile terminal simultaneously maintains active connections with more than one cell.
• the mobile telephony network 1 comprises a plurality of cells 2 (for instance more than 100, preferably more than 500 and yet more preferably more than 1000).
• the network traffic present in each cell 2 is handled by a base transceiver station 3 (or B-node) for transmitting and/or receiving radio signals (voice and/or data) to/from mobile terminals, such as cellular telephones, PDAs, computers, etc.
• the base transceiver station 3 comprises a number of transceiver antennas 4 equal to the number of cells 2 that the station is to serve.
• a high sensitivity receiver front-end 5 is typically inserted between a transceiver antenna 4 and the base transceiver station 3. More specifically, a receiver front-end is defined as having high sensitivity if the overall noise figure of the receiver chain from the transceiver antenna 4 to the base transceiver station 3 is less than 2 dB, more preferably less than 1 dB, yet more preferably less than 0.7 dB.
• the high sensitivity receiver front-end 5 comprises one or more devices operating at cryogenic temperatures. In this case, the high sensitivity receiver front-end 5 will be indicated as cryogenic receiver front-end.
• the cryogenic receiver front- end 5 comprises a first node 6 coupled to the transceiver antenna 4 and a second node 7 coupled to the base transceiver station 3.
• the first node 6 the signal coming from the transceiver antenna 4 is split into two distinct signals, a transmission signal and a reception signal.
• the second node 7 the two transmission and reception signals present at the end of the two chains of transmission and reception are rejoined. The resulting signal is then sent to the base transceiver station 3.
• a transmission branch 8 in which the transmission signal passes
• a reception branch 9 in which the reception signal passes.
• the transmission branch 8 comprises a transmission filter 10 while the reception branch 9 comprises a cryostat 11 that encloses a band-pass filter 12 and a low noise amplifier (LNA) 13, mutually connected in cascade arrangement.
• the cryostat 11 comprises an additional band-pass filter 14.
• the band-pass filter 14 can be positioned outside the cryostat 11.
• the band-pass filter 12 and the additional band-pass filter 14 are constructed with a technology based on High critical Temperature Superconductors (HTS).
• HTS High critical Temperature Superconductors
• the cryostat 11 operates at cryogenic temperatures ranging between 60 K and 200 K and, more preferably, between 60 K and 100 K.
• the cryogenic receiver front-end 5 is preferably mounted at such a distance from the transceiver antenna 4 that the losses due to the antenna lead-in are negligible relative to the noise figure introduced by the receiver front-end itself. Preferably, said distance is no greater than 1 m. Less preferably, the cryogenic receiver front-end 5 can be placed in the most accessible position along the antenna lead-in in such a way as to reduce in any case the overall noise figure of the receiver chain.
• cryogenic receiver front-ends More in detail, a cryogenic receiver front-end and the process for its manufacturing are described in US patent application 2002053215.
• cryogenic receiver front-ends have a reduced noise figure
• the noise figure of traditional base transceiver stations usually exceed 2.5 dB. All this translates into an increase of from 1 dB to 10 dB of the sensitivity of the base transceiver station 3 with respect to the sensitivity of traditional base transceiver stations.
• the high sensitivity receiver front-end 5 (where the term "high sensitivity” in this case means a noise figure of less than 2 dB and more preferably less than 1.5 dB) is mounted at a short distance from the transceiver antenna 4 in order to avoid losses due to antenna lead-in (Tower Mounted Amplifier or TMA).
• the high sensitivity receiver front- end 5 comprises a first node 20 coupled to the transceiver antenna 4 and a second node 21 coupled to the base transceiver station 3.
• the signal coming from the transceiver antenna 4 is split into two distinct signals, a transmission signal and a reception signal.
• the second node 21 rejoins the transmission and the reception signals present at the end of the two chains of transmission and reception.
• the resulting signal is then sent to the base transceiver station 3.
• 21 are inserted a transmission branch 22 and a reception branch 23.
• the transmission branch 22 comprises a transmission filter 24 while the reception branch 23 comprises a first and a second band-pass filter 25, 26 of a traditional type, between which is inserted a low noise amplifier 27 not operating at cryogenic temperatures.
• the method according to the invention will now be described with reference to the flow chart shown in Figure 4.
• the flow chart of Figure 4 represents a classification algorithm CLASS that operates a classification at the level of the individual cells 2.
• Each cell 2 is defined as the set of pixels (elements of territory, typically having dimensions in the order of 50m x 50m) which, for a particular type of service provided by the mobile telephony network 1, constitute the best server area of the transceiver antenna 4 serving that cell.
• the term "best server area" means the location of the pixels in which the transceiver antenna 4 guarantees a field level necessary (electromagnetic requirement) for the delivery of that particular type of service and greater than the field level provided by any other bordering transceiver antenna.
• P is a factor that takes into account the built-up percentage of the pixel (i.e. the percentage of the surface of the pixel covered by constructions having a height exceeding 3 ) and it can assume, by way of indication, values included in the range 1-100;
• p m is a factor that takes into account the morphology of the pixel and it can assume, b way of indication, the values shown in table 1, set out below:
• an environment is considered urban when buildings, roads, and artificially covered surfaces (buildings whose height is less than or equal to 3 m, parking lots, courtyards, streets, etc.) occupy more than 80% of the total surface considered.
• an environment is considered suburban when buildings, roads, and artificially covered surfaces (low buildings, parking lots, etc.) occupy between 50% and 80% of the total surface.
• p s is a factor that takes into account the presence of communication infrastructures such as railroads, highways and thoroughfares and it can assume, by wa of indication, the values shown in table 2 set out below:
• N p number of pixels that make up an individual cell 2 (area of the individual cell 2);
• Ppi value assumed by the pixel weighting factor p p ;
• Np(p p i) number of pixels for which the pixel weighting factor p p assumes the value p p j.
• the Applicant has subsequently defined a first and a second cell indicator, respectively V ce ⁇ and V 2 , represented by the following expressions: where the first cell indicator V ce ⁇ provides an evaluation normalized to the area of the value of the cell 2 considered in terms of factor p p and indicatively it can assume values within the 1-100 range, while the second cell indicator V 2 considers in absolute sense, i.e. wholly independently from the dimensions of the area, only the values of the factor p p that exceed 2.
• the Applicant has also observed that high values of the first cell indicator V ce ii (in particular greater than or equal to 20) are associated to cells 2 with high presence of elements that distinguish an urban territory or with cells 2 with morphological characteristics (highways, thoroughfares, railroads) that are comparable in terms of traffic potentially offered (and hence, of traffic to be handled).
• morphological characteristics highways, thoroughfares, railroads
• normalization to the area tends to lower the value of the first cell indicator V ce ⁇ associated to the cells 2 which, while including some pixels with typically urban characteristics, have a rather extensive area, typical of substantially open areas.
• the Applicant has thus introduced the second cell indicator V , through which values are assigned to the cells 2 that extend mainly on open areas but also include areas with small towns or segments of roads or railroads.
• the classification algorithm CLASS assigns to the cells 2 preferably a first and a second category.
• the first category comprises a plurality of first cells 2a having the first cell indicator V ce ⁇ greater than a first threshold value L or the second cell indicator V 2 greater than a second threshold value L
• the second category comprises a plurality of second cells 2b having the first cell indicator V ce ⁇ smaller than the first threshold value L and the second cell indicator V 2 smaller than the second threshold value L 2
• the Applicant has observed that the first and the second threshold value L and L can preferably be chosen from any pair of values that meets the following condition:
• the optimal pair of values will be the one for which the plurality of first cells 2a is substantially equal (where the term “substantially” means more or less 10%) to the plurality of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 available to the operator. Consequently, the plurality of second cells 2b will be substantially equal (where the term “substantially” means more or less 10%) to the difference between the plurality of cells 2 that compose the mobile telephony network 1 and the plurality of first cells 2a.
• At least 90% of the plurality of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 available to the operator is then associated to the plurality of first cells 2a belonging to the first category while the plurality of second cells 2b of the second category is equipped with low sensitivity receiver front-ends, where the term "low sensitivity” means that the overall noise figure exceeds 2.5 dB.
• the performance of the mobile telephony network 1 is analyzed in terms of offered traffic recovered (as a function of the expansion of the best server area) using the method according to the invention.
• the Applicant considered a mobile telephony network 1 able to cover a portion of the Italian territory.
• the considered network comprised a number of cells 2 equal to 2171.
• the Applicant moreover, hypothesized that the number of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 available to the operator was equal to 1208.
• two distinct portions of the territory were identified: the first one refers to a portion of territory around a city and the second one refers to a portion of territory not including any cities.
• the electromagnetic parameters (frequency, power, antenna) in use are those of the UMTS standard
• the Applicant then selected for the threshold values L and L 2 the pair of values (10, 150).
• this pair of values (10, 150) a subdivision of the 2171 cells 2 is achieved that assigns to the first category a number of first cells 2a equal to 1208 (hence, equal to the number of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 available to the operator) and to the second category a number of second cells 2b equal to 963.
• the 1208 first cells 2a are then equipped with the high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 (in this case, the term “high sensitivity” means a noise figure of 0.7 dB) whilst the 963 second cells 2b are equipped with low sensitivity receiver front-ends (in this case, "low sensitivity” means a noise figure of 2.7 dB).
• High sensitivity means a noise figure of 0.7 dB
• low sensitivity means a noise figure of 2.7 dB
• the offered traffic is measured in Erlangs.
• the Erlang is the measure of the mean daily traffic intensity which in terms of offered traffic corresponds to the mean number of potential connections simultaneously active.
• Columns 2 and 3 of Table 3 instead show the results obtained by applying to the mobile telephony network 1 a classification algorithm that operates at site level (site being defined as the location of the pixels served by a single base transceiver station 3) and not at the level of individual cells 2 as is instead the case for the classification algorithm CLASS.
• site level site being defined as the location of the pixels served by a single base transceiver station 3
• the sites are classified as urban sites and rural sites.
• the classification of "urban” was assigned to all 405 sites, corresponding to a number of cells 2 equal to 1188, that are located within the portion of territory around the city and that of "rural" to the remaining 405 sites, corresponding to a number of cells 2 equal to 983, of the portion of territory not including cities.
• results shown in column 2 of Table 3 relate to the case in which all 405 urban sites (i.e. all 1188 cells 2) are equipped with the high sensitivity receiver front-ends 4 whilst the 405 rural sites (i.e. all 983 cells 2) are equipped with the low sensitivity receiver front-ends.
• results shown in column 3 of Table 3 instead relate to the case in which all 405 rural sites are equipped with the high sensitivity receiver front-ends 4 whilst all 405 urban sites are equipped with the low sensitivity receiver front-ends.
• the increase in terms of offered traffic obtained using the method according to the invention depends on the field level considered.
• the increase in terms of offered traffic obtained using the method according to the invention ranges from a minimum of 7 Erl for the field level of 41 dB ⁇ V/m to a maximum of 958 Erl for the field level of 61 dB ⁇ V/m.
• the Applicant has determined that the increase in offered traffic is maintained substantially stable even varying by ⁇ 10% the pair of threshold values L and L and/or equipping with the high sensitivity receiver front-ends 4 at least 90%) of the plurality of first cells 2a. Moreover, it is important to specify that the increase in te ⁇ ns of offered traffic was obtained using a band-pass filter 12 having a bandwidth of about 60 MHz. This means that the advantages highlighted herein are not linked to the improved spectral selectivity of the base transceiver stations as stated by Jedamzik et al. in particular for the urban area.
• An improved spectral selectivity is particularly significant in the case of a GSM network, like the one used for the simulations described in the article, where it is important to reduce interference due to the adjacent channels.
• a network of the CDMA type, and in particular of the UMTS type like the mobile telephony network according to the invention
• the advantages described above in terms of offered traffic are independent and additional with respect to any advantages deriving from the reduction of the interference due to the adjacent channels.
• any adjacent channels are not eliminated by the band-pass filter 12.
• the Applicant has also conducted an additional analysis in which the portion of mobile telephony network 1 considered comprised a number of cells 2 equal to 1188.
• the geographic area examined corresponds to a portion of territory around a city.
• the Applicant has also hypothesized that the operator had available a number of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 4 equal to 10% or to 50%) or to 80%) of the total number of cells 2 considered, i.e. equal to 119, 594 and 950 respectively.
• the Applicant then identified a pair of threshold values L and L as shown in Table 4 set out below:
• the 119 first cells 2a identified are then equipped with the high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 available while the remaining 1069 second cells 2b are equipped with low sensitivity receiver front-ends; in the second configuration, the 594 first cells 2a identified are equipped with the available high sensitivity receiver front-ends 4 while the 594 second cells 2b are equipped with low sensitivity receiver front- ends; in the third configuration, the 950 first cells 2a identified are equipped with the high sensitivity receiver front-ends 4 available while the 238 second cells 2b are equipped with low sensitivity receiver front-ends. It should be specified that the noise figure values for the high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 and the low sensitivity receiver front-ends are the same as those used for the previously analyzed case.
• Table 6 shows the results obtained in terms of mean recovered offered traffic (in Erlangs) per installed high sensitivity receiver front-end.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
• Signal Processing (AREA)
• Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
• Transceivers (AREA)
• Input Circuits Of Receivers And Coupling Of Receivers And Audio Equipment (AREA)

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• 2002
  • 2002-12-10 WO PCT/IB2002/005216 patent/WO2004054300A1/en not_active Ceased
  • 2002-12-10 CA CA002508729A patent/CA2508729A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2002-12-10 CN CNB02830019XA patent/CN100461930C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2002-12-10 JP JP2004558863A patent/JP2006509452A/ja active Pending
  • 2002-12-10 AU AU2002348883A patent/AU2002348883A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2002-12-10 EP EP02781615A patent/EP1570694A1/de not_active Withdrawn

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