CA2508729A1 - Method for optimizing the positioning of high sensitivity receiver front-ends in a mobile telephony network and related mobile telephony network - Google Patents
Method for optimizing the positioning of high sensitivity receiver front-ends in a mobile telephony network and related mobile telephony network Download PDFInfo
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- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a method for optimizing the positioning of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 in a mobile telephony network 1 of the CDMA type comprsing a plurality of cells 2. The method comprises the following steps: defining a first and a second cell indicator Vcell, V2; defining a firt and a second threshold value L and L2; comparing said first cell indicator Vcell with a first threshold value L and said second cell indicator V2 with a second threshold value L2; associating with a first category a plurality of first cells 2a having said first cell indicator Vcell greater than said first threshold value L or said second cell indicator V2 greater than said second threshold value L2; positioning a plurality of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 substantially in all said plurality of first cells 2a. The method further comprises the steps of: associating with a second category a plurality of second cells 2b having said first cell indicator V2 small than said first threshold
Description
METHOD FOR OPTIMIZING THE POSITIONING OF HIGH SENSITIVITY
RECEIVER FRONT-ENDS IN A MOBILE TELEPHONY NETWORK AND
RELATED MOBILE TELEPHONY NETWORK
The present invention generally relates to the field of mobile telephony and particularly to a mobile telephony network with access of the CDMA type ("Code Division Multiple Access"), hence W-CDMA or CDMA 2000 or UMTS. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method for optimizing the to positioning of high sensitivity receiver front-ends in a mobile telephony network and to a related mobile telephony network.
In a mobile telephony network, geographic areas are subdivided into a plurality of cells. The network traffic in each cell is handled by a Base Transceiver Station for transmitting and/or receiving radio signals (voice and/or data) to/from mobile terminals. Such base transceiver stations can be equipped with receiver front-ends inserted downstream of a transceiver antenna, whose main function is to select and amplify the radio signals that are within the frequency range useful for communication and to attenuate all other potentially interfering signals.
Typically, communication from the mobile terminal to the base transceiver 2o station (up-link chamzel) is characterized by radio signals having rather low power.
Such radio signals are therefore subject to degradation in the presence of noise.
As disclosed in US 6,263,215, in order to increase significantly the signal-to-noise ratio and hence the sensitivity of base transceiver stations in receiving the radio signals transmitted by the mobile terminals, the stations can be equipped with cryogenic receiver front-ends.
As described in M.I. Salkola "CDMA Capacity- Can You Supersize That?", 2002 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Record.
WCNC 2002 (Cat. No. 02TH8609) vol. 2 pp. 768-73, the application of cryogenic receiver front-ends to the base transceiver stations has a direct impact on the 3o performance of the mobile telephony network because it makes it possible to increase its capacity.
Moreover, as described in D. Jedamzik; R. Menolascino; M. Pizarroso; B.
Salas; "Evaluation of HTS sub-systems for cellular base stations" 1999 IEEE
Transactions on Applied Superconductivity" vol. 9 no. 2 pt. 3 pp. 4022-5, there are two scenarios where an operator, in the case of a GSM-type network, can fmd interesting the characteristics of base transceiver stations equipped with front-ends made with superconducting materials. These two scenarios correspond to a coverage-limited scenario (low traffic cases where coverage is the limiting factor) and a capacity-limited scenario (high traffic environment where the offered traffic is the limiting factor). The coverage-limited scenario corresponds to a rural environment, where the greater sensitivity of base transceiver stations equipped with front-ends made with superconducting materials makes it possible to obtain an expansion of the coverage area of individual cells. The capacity-limited scenario corresponds to an urban enviromnent, where the base transceiver station equipped with front-ends made with superconducting materials would allow a tighter frequency reuse as a result of the better isolation between carries it provides.
l0 For each of these two scenarios, two network designs are produced and analyzed in a comparative manner. The first network design is totally composed of standard base transceiver stations and the second network design is totally composed of base transceiver stations equipped with front-ends made with superconducting materials.
Results are presented for a GSM-1800 type network. In particular, these results show that the network operator can choose to employ different advantages;
for example a reduction in the number of base transceiver stations in rural areas by 24% or an increased capacity in urban areas, with a simultaneous reduction of carriers by 30%.
2o However, the aforementioned paper fails to provide a well defined meaning for the terms "urban" and "rural".
Moreover, the Applicant has observed that the advantages listed in the paper, in particular for the urban area, are connected to the improved spectral selectivity of base transceiver stations equipped with front ends made with superconducting material with respect to standard base transceiver stations. An improved spectral selectivity is particularly significant in the case of a GSM network.
In the remainder of the present description and claims we shall define as high sensitivity receiver front-end a front end having a total noise figure of less than 2 dB, more preferably less than 1 dB, still more preferably less than 0.7 dB.
Preferably, the lugh sensitivity receiver front-end is mounted a short distance from the transceiver antenna. Preferably, the high sensitivity receiver front-end comprises at least a filter and an amplifier mutually connected in cascade arrangement. Preferably, the filter and the amplifier operate at cryogenic temperatures. The filter preferably comprises superconducting materials.
The Applicant, however, has observed that if an operator has a number of high sensitivity receiver front-ends that is lower than the number of cells into which the mobile telephony network is subdivided, the operator must be able to select a criterion for positioning said receiver front-ends in such a way as to maximize network performance.
RECEIVER FRONT-ENDS IN A MOBILE TELEPHONY NETWORK AND
RELATED MOBILE TELEPHONY NETWORK
The present invention generally relates to the field of mobile telephony and particularly to a mobile telephony network with access of the CDMA type ("Code Division Multiple Access"), hence W-CDMA or CDMA 2000 or UMTS. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method for optimizing the to positioning of high sensitivity receiver front-ends in a mobile telephony network and to a related mobile telephony network.
In a mobile telephony network, geographic areas are subdivided into a plurality of cells. The network traffic in each cell is handled by a Base Transceiver Station for transmitting and/or receiving radio signals (voice and/or data) to/from mobile terminals. Such base transceiver stations can be equipped with receiver front-ends inserted downstream of a transceiver antenna, whose main function is to select and amplify the radio signals that are within the frequency range useful for communication and to attenuate all other potentially interfering signals.
Typically, communication from the mobile terminal to the base transceiver 2o station (up-link chamzel) is characterized by radio signals having rather low power.
Such radio signals are therefore subject to degradation in the presence of noise.
As disclosed in US 6,263,215, in order to increase significantly the signal-to-noise ratio and hence the sensitivity of base transceiver stations in receiving the radio signals transmitted by the mobile terminals, the stations can be equipped with cryogenic receiver front-ends.
As described in M.I. Salkola "CDMA Capacity- Can You Supersize That?", 2002 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Record.
WCNC 2002 (Cat. No. 02TH8609) vol. 2 pp. 768-73, the application of cryogenic receiver front-ends to the base transceiver stations has a direct impact on the 3o performance of the mobile telephony network because it makes it possible to increase its capacity.
Moreover, as described in D. Jedamzik; R. Menolascino; M. Pizarroso; B.
Salas; "Evaluation of HTS sub-systems for cellular base stations" 1999 IEEE
Transactions on Applied Superconductivity" vol. 9 no. 2 pt. 3 pp. 4022-5, there are two scenarios where an operator, in the case of a GSM-type network, can fmd interesting the characteristics of base transceiver stations equipped with front-ends made with superconducting materials. These two scenarios correspond to a coverage-limited scenario (low traffic cases where coverage is the limiting factor) and a capacity-limited scenario (high traffic environment where the offered traffic is the limiting factor). The coverage-limited scenario corresponds to a rural environment, where the greater sensitivity of base transceiver stations equipped with front-ends made with superconducting materials makes it possible to obtain an expansion of the coverage area of individual cells. The capacity-limited scenario corresponds to an urban enviromnent, where the base transceiver station equipped with front-ends made with superconducting materials would allow a tighter frequency reuse as a result of the better isolation between carries it provides.
l0 For each of these two scenarios, two network designs are produced and analyzed in a comparative manner. The first network design is totally composed of standard base transceiver stations and the second network design is totally composed of base transceiver stations equipped with front-ends made with superconducting materials.
Results are presented for a GSM-1800 type network. In particular, these results show that the network operator can choose to employ different advantages;
for example a reduction in the number of base transceiver stations in rural areas by 24% or an increased capacity in urban areas, with a simultaneous reduction of carriers by 30%.
2o However, the aforementioned paper fails to provide a well defined meaning for the terms "urban" and "rural".
Moreover, the Applicant has observed that the advantages listed in the paper, in particular for the urban area, are connected to the improved spectral selectivity of base transceiver stations equipped with front ends made with superconducting material with respect to standard base transceiver stations. An improved spectral selectivity is particularly significant in the case of a GSM network.
In the remainder of the present description and claims we shall define as high sensitivity receiver front-end a front end having a total noise figure of less than 2 dB, more preferably less than 1 dB, still more preferably less than 0.7 dB.
Preferably, the lugh sensitivity receiver front-end is mounted a short distance from the transceiver antenna. Preferably, the high sensitivity receiver front-end comprises at least a filter and an amplifier mutually connected in cascade arrangement. Preferably, the filter and the amplifier operate at cryogenic temperatures. The filter preferably comprises superconducting materials.
The Applicant, however, has observed that if an operator has a number of high sensitivity receiver front-ends that is lower than the number of cells into which the mobile telephony network is subdivided, the operator must be able to select a criterion for positioning said receiver front-ends in such a way as to maximize network performance.
Advantageously, the Applicant has found that according to a criterion for positioning a smaller number of high sensitivity receiver front-ends than the number of cells into which a network is subdivided, in such a way as to maximize the performance of the network itself, each cell of the network is preferably assigned a first or a second category, based on a traffic expectation constructed from cartographic/morphological information so that the number of first category cells is approximately equal to the number of high sensitivity receiver front-ends.
The Applicant has also observed that by positioning the high sensitivity receiver front-ends available to the operator substantially in all cells belonging to the first to category, the traffic collected by the network can be maximized.
More specifically, a method for optimizing the positioning of high sensitivity receiver front-ends within a mobile telephony network 1 of the CDMA type comprising a plurality of cells 2, includes the steps of: defining a first and a second cell indicator V~ell, V2; defining a first and a second threshold value L and L2;
comparing said first cell indicator V~e» with a first threshold value L and said second cell indicator V2 with a second threshold value LZ; associating with a first category a plurality of first cells 2a, each of said first cells 2a having said first cell indicator V~ell greater than said first threshold value L or said second cell indicator Va greater than said second threshold value L2; positioning a plurality of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 substantially in all said plurality of first cells Za.
The method according to the invention can further comprise the steps of associating with a second category a plurality of second cells 2b, each of said second cells 2b having said first cell indicator V~e» smaller than said first threshold value L and said second cell indicator Va smaller than said second threshold value L2; positioning a plurality of low sensitivity receiver front-ends substantially in all said plurality of second cells 2b.
Advantageously, the step of defining for each cell 2 a first and a second cell indicator V~~», V2 comprises the steps of associating with said first cell indicator V~e» cartographic/morphological characteristics indicative of a traffic expectation 3o for each cell 2; associating with said second cell indicator V2 cartographic/morphological characteristics indicative of a traffic expectation for each cell 2 and of an expanse of geographic area whereon each cell 2 stands.
Moreover, the step of defining a first and a second threshold value L and L2 comprises the step of selecting a pair of values for said first and second threshold value L and L2 in such a way that said plurality of first cells 2a is substantially equal in number to said plurality of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 and that said plurality of second cells 2b is substantially equal to the difference between said plurality of cells 2 and said plurality of first cells 2a.
The Applicant has also observed that by positioning the high sensitivity receiver front-ends available to the operator substantially in all cells belonging to the first to category, the traffic collected by the network can be maximized.
More specifically, a method for optimizing the positioning of high sensitivity receiver front-ends within a mobile telephony network 1 of the CDMA type comprising a plurality of cells 2, includes the steps of: defining a first and a second cell indicator V~ell, V2; defining a first and a second threshold value L and L2;
comparing said first cell indicator V~e» with a first threshold value L and said second cell indicator V2 with a second threshold value LZ; associating with a first category a plurality of first cells 2a, each of said first cells 2a having said first cell indicator V~ell greater than said first threshold value L or said second cell indicator Va greater than said second threshold value L2; positioning a plurality of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 substantially in all said plurality of first cells Za.
The method according to the invention can further comprise the steps of associating with a second category a plurality of second cells 2b, each of said second cells 2b having said first cell indicator V~e» smaller than said first threshold value L and said second cell indicator Va smaller than said second threshold value L2; positioning a plurality of low sensitivity receiver front-ends substantially in all said plurality of second cells 2b.
Advantageously, the step of defining for each cell 2 a first and a second cell indicator V~~», V2 comprises the steps of associating with said first cell indicator V~e» cartographic/morphological characteristics indicative of a traffic expectation 3o for each cell 2; associating with said second cell indicator V2 cartographic/morphological characteristics indicative of a traffic expectation for each cell 2 and of an expanse of geographic area whereon each cell 2 stands.
Moreover, the step of defining a first and a second threshold value L and L2 comprises the step of selecting a pair of values for said first and second threshold value L and L2 in such a way that said plurality of first cells 2a is substantially equal in number to said plurality of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 and that said plurality of second cells 2b is substantially equal to the difference between said plurality of cells 2 and said plurality of first cells 2a.
Advantageously, said pair of values comprises a first and a second value that meet the condition whereby the ratio between said first value and said second value is roughly equal to 1/15 ~ 0.005.
Another aspect of the present invention relates to a CDMA mobile telephony network 1 comprising a plurality of cells 2. The plurality of cells 2 includes a plurality of first cells 2a associated to at least 90% of a plurality of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5, each first cell 2a having a first cell indicator V~en greater than a first threshold value L or a second cell indicator VZ greater than a second threshold value.
to Moreover, the mobile telephony network 1 according to the invention comprises a plurality of second cells 2b associated to a plurality of low sensitivity receiver front-ends, each second cell 2b having said frst cell indicator V~ell smaller than said first threshold value L and said second cell indicator V2 smaller than said second threshold value L2.
Advantageously, the first cell indicator V~ell is associated to cartographic/morphological characteristics indicative of a traffic expectation for each cell 2 while the second cell indicator VZ is associated to cartographic/morphological characteristics indicative of a traffic expectation for each cell 2 and of an expanse of geographic area whereon each cell 2 stands.
Furthermore, each high sensitivity receiver front-end 5 is inserted between a transceiver antenna 4 and a base transceiver station 3.
In a preferred embodiment, the high sensitivity receiver front-end 5 is a cryogenic receiver front-end.
In detail, the cryogeuc receiver front-end comprises a cryostat 11 that encloses at least a band-pass type filter 12 and a low noise amplif er 13.
Preferably, the band-pass filter 12 is obtained with a technology based on high critical temperature superconducting materials.
According to an additional aspect of the present invention, each high sensitivity receiver front-end 5 is inserted between a transceiver antenna 4 and a base transceiver station 3, said high sensitivity receiver front-end 5 comprising at least a first and a second band-pass filter 25, 26 between which is inserted a low noise amplifier 27.
The cryogenic receiver front-end 5 can be mounted along the antenna lead-in in such a way as to minimize the overall noise figure of the receiver chain.
More preferably, the cryogenic receiver front-end 5 is mounted at such a distance that losses due to antenna lead-in are negligible with respect to the noise figure introduced by the cryogenic receiver front-end 5.
Preferably, said cryostat 11 operates at cryogenic temperatures lower than 200 K, more preferably lower than 100 K.
Another aspect of the present invention relates to a CDMA mobile telephony network 1 comprising a plurality of cells 2. The plurality of cells 2 includes a plurality of first cells 2a associated to at least 90% of a plurality of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5, each first cell 2a having a first cell indicator V~en greater than a first threshold value L or a second cell indicator VZ greater than a second threshold value.
to Moreover, the mobile telephony network 1 according to the invention comprises a plurality of second cells 2b associated to a plurality of low sensitivity receiver front-ends, each second cell 2b having said frst cell indicator V~ell smaller than said first threshold value L and said second cell indicator V2 smaller than said second threshold value L2.
Advantageously, the first cell indicator V~ell is associated to cartographic/morphological characteristics indicative of a traffic expectation for each cell 2 while the second cell indicator VZ is associated to cartographic/morphological characteristics indicative of a traffic expectation for each cell 2 and of an expanse of geographic area whereon each cell 2 stands.
Furthermore, each high sensitivity receiver front-end 5 is inserted between a transceiver antenna 4 and a base transceiver station 3.
In a preferred embodiment, the high sensitivity receiver front-end 5 is a cryogenic receiver front-end.
In detail, the cryogeuc receiver front-end comprises a cryostat 11 that encloses at least a band-pass type filter 12 and a low noise amplif er 13.
Preferably, the band-pass filter 12 is obtained with a technology based on high critical temperature superconducting materials.
According to an additional aspect of the present invention, each high sensitivity receiver front-end 5 is inserted between a transceiver antenna 4 and a base transceiver station 3, said high sensitivity receiver front-end 5 comprising at least a first and a second band-pass filter 25, 26 between which is inserted a low noise amplifier 27.
The cryogenic receiver front-end 5 can be mounted along the antenna lead-in in such a way as to minimize the overall noise figure of the receiver chain.
More preferably, the cryogenic receiver front-end 5 is mounted at such a distance that losses due to antenna lead-in are negligible with respect to the noise figure introduced by the cryogenic receiver front-end 5.
Preferably, said cryostat 11 operates at cryogenic temperatures lower than 200 K, more preferably lower than 100 K.
Moreover, preferably, the cryostat 10 operates at cryogenic temperatures higher than 60 K.
In particular, the number of the plurality of cells 2 that form the mobile telephony network 1 is greater than a predetermined value.
. Preferably, said predetermined value is greater than 100, more preferably it is greater than 500, yet more preferably it is greater than 1000.
The characteristics and advantages of the present invention shall become more readily apparent from the description, set out hereafter, of an embodiment provided purely by way of non limiting example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
- Figure 1 is a schematic representation of a best server portion of a W-CDMA mobile telephony network;
- Figure 2 is a schematic representation of a preferred embodiment of a high sensitivity receiver front-end for use in the network of Figure 1; and - Figure 3 is a schematic representation of an additional embodiment of a high sensitivity receiver front-end used in the network of Figure 1;
- Figure 4 shows a flow chart relating to the implementation of the method according to the invention.
With reference to Figure 1, the method for optimizing the positioning of high sensitivity receiver front-ends in a mobile telephony network according to the invention is applied to a mobile telephony network 1, or to a portion thereof, with access of the CDMA type, and in particular of the W-CDMA or CDMA 2000 or IJMTS type. For the sake of simplicity, Figure 1 does not show the so-called soft handover areas, because they are not essential for the purposes of the present invention. hi particular, the term soft handover area means the area in which a mobile terminal simultaneously maintains active connections with more than one cell.
More in detail, the mobile telephony network 1 comprises a plurality of cells 2 (for instance more than 100, preferably more than 500 and yet more preferably more than 1000). The network traffic present in each cell 2 is handled by a base transceiver station 3 (or B-node) for transmitting and/or receiving radio signals (voice and/or data) to/from mobile terminals, such as cellular telephones, PDAs, computers, etc. The base transceiver station 3 comprises a number of transceiver antennas 4 equal to the number of cells 2 that the station is to serve.
In the mobile telephony network 1 it is advantageous for the operator to be able to position a number of high sensitivity receiver front-ends smaller than the plurality of cells 2, in order to maximize the performance of the network.
As Figure 2 shows, a high sensitivity receiver front-end 5 is typically inserted between a transceiver antenna 4 and the base transceiver station 3.
More specifically, a receiver front-end is defined as having high sensitivity if the overall noise figure of the receiver chain from the transceiver antenna 4 to the base transceiver station 3 is less than 2 dB, more preferably less than 1 dB, yet more preferably less than 0.7 dB. In a preferred embodiment, the high sensitivity receiver front-end 5 comprises one or more devices operating at cryogenic temperatures. In this case, the high sensitivity receiver front-end 5 will be indicated as cryogenic receiver front-end. In detail, the cryogenic receiver front-end 5 comprises a first node 6 coupled to the transceiver antenna 4 and a second node 7 coupled to the base transceiver station 3. In detail, in the first node 6 the to signal coming from the transceiver antenna 4 is split into two distinct signals, a transmission signal and a reception signal. In the second node 7 the two transmission and reception signals present at the end of the two chains of transmission and reception are rejoined. The resulting signal is then sent to the base transceiver station 3. Between the first and the second node 6, 7 are inserted a transmission branch 8 in which the transmission signal passes and a reception branch 9 in which the reception signal passes. The transmission branch 8 comprises a transmission filter 10 while the reception branch 9 comprises a cryostat 11 that encloses a band-pass filter 12 and a low noise amplifier (LNA) 13, mutually connected in cascade arrangement. Preferably, the cryostat 11 comprises an additional band-pass filter 14. Alternatively, the band-pass filter 14 can be positioned outside the cryostat 11. Preferably, the band-pass filter 12 and the additional band-pass filter 14 are constructed with a technology based on High critical Temperature Superconductors (HTS). Moreover, the cryostat 11 operates at cryogenic temperatures ranging between 60 K and 200 K and, more preferably, between 60 K and 100 K.
The cryogenic receiver front-end 5 is preferably mounted at such a distance from the transceiver antenna 4 that the losses due to the antenna lead-in are negligible relative to the noise figure introduced by the receiver front-end itself.
Preferably, said distance is no greater than 1 m. Less preferably, the cryogenic receiver front-end 5 can be placed in the most accessible position along the antenna lead-in in such a way as to reduce in any case the overall noise figure of the receiver chain.
More in detail, a cryogenic receiver front-end and the process for its manufacturing are described in US patent application 2002053215.
Advantageously, cryogenic receiver front-ends have a reduced noise figure (no more than 2 dB, more preferably no more than 1 dB, yet more preferably no more than 0.7 dB). By way of comparison, the noise figure of traditional base transceiver stations usually exceed 2.5 dB.
_7_ All this translates into an increase of from 1 dB to 10 dB of the sensitivity of the base transceiver station 3 with respect to the sensitivity of traditional base transceiver stations.
In a less preferred embodiment, shown in Figure 3, the high sensitivity receiver front-end 5 (where the term "high sensitivity" in this case means a noise figure of less than 2 dB and more preferably less than 1.5 dB) is mounted at a short distance from the transceiver antenna 4 in order to avoid losses due to antenna lead-in (Tower Mounted Amplifier or TMA). The high sensitivity receiver front-end 5 comprises a first node 20 coupled to the transceiver antenna 4 and a second to node 21 coupled to the base transceiver station 3. In the first node 20 the signal coming from the transceiver antenna 4 is split into two distinct signals, a transmission signal and a reception signal. The second node 21 rejoins the transmission and the reception signals present at the end of the two chains of transmission and reception. The resulting signal is then sent to the base transceiver i5 station 3. Between the first and the second node 20, 21 are inserted a transmission branch 22 and a reception branch 23. The transmission branch 22 comprises a transmission filter 24 while the reception branch 23 comprises a first and a second band-pass filter 25, 26 of a traditional type, between which is inserted a low noise amplifier 27 not operating at cryogenic temperatures.
2o The method according to the invention will now be described with reference to the flow chart shown in Figure 4. In detail, the flow chart of Figure 4 represents a classification algorithm CLASS that operates a classification at the level of the individual cells 2. Each cell 2 is defined as the set of pixels (elements of territory, typically having dimensions in the order of SOm x SOm) which, for a particular 25 type of service provided by the mobile telephony network 1, constitute the best server area of the transceiver antenna 4 serving that cell. In particular, the term "best server area" means the location of the pixels in which the transceiver antemia 4 guarantees a field level necessary (electromagnetic requirement) for the delivery of that particular type of service and greater than the field level provided by any 30 other bordering transceiver antenna.
It is important to note that the classification algoritlun CLASS makes use of a pixel weighting factor pp which can assume a finite number of values (by way of indication, between 1 and 100) based on cartograpluclmorphological information.
For each pixel, one has:
35 pp = MAX (Pd, Pm~Ps) where:
pd is a factor that takes into account the built-up percentage of the pixel (i.e. the percentage of the surface of the pixel covered by constructions having a height exceeding 3 m) and it can assume, by way of indication, values included in the _g_ range 1-100;
pm is a factor that takes into account the morphology of the pixel and it can assume. by wav of indication_ the valnPC chnwn in tahlP 1 cet not hPln~zm T a of environment Value of factor pm Urban 20 Suburban 15 Industrial area 10 Thickly wooded area 1 Thinly wooded area and meadow 2 with trees O en area with vegetation and 2 damp areas Bare area 1 Glacier 1 Water 2 It is important to specify that, in this context, an enviromnent is considered urban when buildings, roads, and artificially covered surfaces (buildings whose height is less than or equal to 3 m, parking lots, courtyards, streets, etc.) occupy more than 80% of the total surface considered. On the other hand, an environment is considered suburban when buildings, roads, and artificially covered surfaces to (low buildings, parking lots, etc.) occupy between 50% and 80% of the total surface.
Additionally, ps is a factor that takes into account the presence of communication infrastructures such as railroads, highways and thoroughfares and it can assume, by wav of indication_ the values shown in tahl~ 7. cPt n"t hPlnw Starting data item Value of ps Highway 60 Highway + thoroughfare Hi hway + thorou hfare + railroad Thoroughfare 30 Thoroughfare + railroad Railroad 20 is TABLE 2 For each cell 2 the Applicant has defined the following dimensions:
Np = number of pixels that make up an individual cell 2 (area of the individual cell 2);
pp; = value assumed by the pixel weighting factor pp;
20 Np(pp;) = number of pixels for which the pixel weighting factor pp assumes the value pp;.
Starting from the above dimensions, the Applicant has subsequently defined a first and a second cell indicator, respectively V~elt and VZ, represented by the following expressions:
_ 1 loo cell - N ~l-I PpiNp (Ppi) P
100 ~-s PP=NP (Ppl ) where the first cell indicator V~en provides an evaluation normalized to the area of the value of the cell 2 considered in terms of factor pp and indicatively it can assume values within the 1-100 range, while the second cell indicator VZ
considers in absolute sense, i.e. wholly independently from the dimensions of the area, only the values of the factor pp that exceed 2. The Applicant has observed that values of the factor pp that are smaller than or equal to 2 distinguish pixels with a low level of interest in terms of traffic potentially offered. The range of values assmned by this second cell indicator VZ, in the absence of normalization, cannot be defined a priori (except for the minimum value, which is 3).
The Applicant has also observed that high values of the first cell indicator V~ell (in particular greater than or equal to 20) are associated to cells 2 with high presence of elements that distinguish an urban terntory or with cells 2 with morphological characteristics (highways, thoroughfares, railroads) that are comparable in terms of traffic potentially offered (and hence, of traffic to be handled). However, normalization to the area tends to lower the value of the first cell indicator V~elt associated to the cells 2 which, while including some pixels with typically urban characteristics, have a rather extensive area, typical of substantially open areas.
The Applicant has thus introduced the second cell indicator V2, through which values are assigned to the cells 2 that extend mainly on open areas but also include areas with small towns or segments of roads or railroads.
The Applicant has also observed that the combined use of these two cell indicators V~e» and V2 assures an adequate classification of the cells 2.
With reference again to the flow chart of Figure 4, the classification algorithm CLASS assigns to the cells 2 preferably a first and a second category.
3o In particular, the first category comprises a plurality of first cells 2a having the first cell indicator V~el1 greater than a first threshold value L or the second cell indicator VZ greater than a second threshold value La, while the second category comprises a plurality of second cells 2b having the first cell indicator V~ell smaller than the first threshold value L and the second cell indicator V2 smaller than the second threshold value L2.
The Applicant has observed that the first and the second threshold value L
and L2 can preferably be chosen from any pair of values that meets the following condition:
_L __ 1 ~ 0.005 The optimal pair of values will be the one for which the plurality of first cells 2a is substantially equal (where the term "substantially" means more or less 10%) to the plurality of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 available to the operator.
Consequently, the plurality of second cells 2b will be substantially equal (where the term "substantially" means more or less 10%) to the difference between the plurality of cells 2 that compose the mobile telephony network l and the plurality to of first cells 2a.
According to the method of the present invention, at least 90% of the plurality of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 available to the operator is then associated to the plurality of first cells 2a belonging to the first category while the plurality of second cells 2b of the second category is equipped with low sensitivity receiver front-ends, where the term "low sensitivity" means that the overall noise figure exceeds 2.5 dB.
Hereafter, the performance of the mobile telephony network 1 is analyzed in terms of offered traffic recovered (as a function of the expansion of the best server area) using the method according to the invention.
2o To perform this analysis, the Applicant considered a mobile telephony network 1 able to cover a portion of the Italian territory. The considered network comprised a nmnber of cells 2 equal to 2171. The Applicant, moreover, hypothesized that the number of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 available to the operator was equal to 1208.
With regard to the geographic area examined, two distinct portions of the territory were identified: the first one refers to a portion of territory around a city and the second one refers to a portion of terntory not including any cities.
The electromagnetic parameters (frequency, power, antenna) in use are those of the UMTS standard 3o The Applicant then selected for the threshold values L and LZ the pair of values (10, 150). Using this pair of values (10, 150) a subdivision of the 2171 cells 2 is achieved that assigns to the first category a number of first cells 2a equal to 1208 (hence, equal to the number of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 available to the operator) and to the second category a number of second cells 2b equal to 963.
According to the method of the present invention, the 1208 first cells 2a are then equipped with the high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 (in this case, the term "high sensitivity" means a noise figure of 0.7 dB) whilst the 963 second cells 2b are equipped with low sensitivity receiver front-ends (in tlus case, "low sensitivity" means a noise figure of 2.7 dB). The results obtained in terms of offered traffic are shown in column 1 of table 3, set out below.
Offered traffic Erl) Level of electromagneticHigh sensitivityHigh sensitivityHigh sensitivity field receiver receiver receiver dB~V/m front-ends 5 front-ends 5 front-ends 5 in the 1208 in 405 urban in 405 rural cells 2 belongingsites (1188 cells)sites (983 cells) to the first cate or It should be noted that the offered traffic is measured in Erlangs. In detail, the Erlang is the measure of the mean daily traffic intensity which in terms of offered traffic corresponds to the mean number of potential connections to simultaneously active.
Moreover, the offered traffic was calculated for best server areas referred to five different types of service corresponding to five different levels of electromagnetic field, set out below:
~ 41 dBp,V/m Voice 13 kb/s with earphone;
~ 49 dB~.V/m Voice 13 kb/s without earphone / in car with earphone;
~ 57 dB~,V/m Data 144 kb/s in car;
~ 61 dB~.V/m Data 64 kb/s indoors;
~ 67 dB~,V/m Data 384 kb/s indoors.
Columns 2 and 3 of Table 3 instead show the results obtained by applying to the mobile telephony network 1 a classification algorithm that operates at site level (site being defined as the location of the pixels served by a single base transceiver station 3) and not at the level of individual cells 2 as is instead the case for the classification algoritlun CLASS. In particular, the sites are classified as urban sites and rural sites.
Operating on the same geographic area defined previously, the classification of "urban" was assigned to all 405 sites, corresponding to a number of cells 2 equal to 1188, that are located within the portion of territory around the city and that of "rural" to the remaining 405 sites, corresponding to a number of cells equal to 983, of the portion of terntory not including cities.
The results shown in column 2 of Table 3 relate to the case in which all 40S
urban sites (i.e. all 1188 cells 2) are equipped with the high sensitivity receiver front-ends 4 whilst the 405 rural sites (i.e. all 983 cells 2) are equipped with the low sensitivity receiver front-ends.
The results shown in column 3 of Table 3 instead relate to the case in which all 405 rural sites are equipped with the high sensitivity receiver front-ends whilst all 40S urban sites are equipped with the low sensitivity receiver front-ends.
As can be observed comparing the columns of Table 3, the increase in terms of offered traffic obtained using the method according to the invention depends on l0 the field level considered. Comparing columns 1 and 2 of table 3, the increase in terms of monthly Erlangs ranges from a minimum of I23 Erl for the field level of 4I dB~.V/m to a maximum of 240 Erl for the field level of 57 dB~,V/m.
On the other hand, comparing columns 1 and 3 of table 3, the increase in terms of offered traffic obtained using the method according to the invention ranges from a minimum of 7 Erl for the field level of 41 dB~.V/m to a maximum of 958 Erl for the field level of 61 dB~,V/m.
In general, it can be stated that by applying the method according to the invention to the mobile telephony network 1 an increase in the traffic offered by the entire network is obtained and hence an increase in the capacity of the network 2o that ranges from a minimum of 7 Erl to a maximum of 958 Erl.
The Applicant has determined that the increase in offered traffic is maintained substantially stable even varying by ~ 10% the pair of threshold values L and Lz and/or equipping with tha high sensitivity receiver front-ends 4 at least 90% of the plurality of first cells 2a.
Moreover, it is important to specify that the increase in terms of offered traffic was obtained using a band-pass filter 12 having a bandwidth of about MHz. This means that the advantages highlighted herein are not linked to the improved spectral selectivity of the base transceiver stations as stated by Jedamzik et al. in particular for the urban area. An improved spectral selectivity is particularly significant in the case of a GSM network, like the one used for the simulations described in the article, where it is important to reduce interference due to the adjacent channels. In the case of a network of the CDMA type, and in particular of the UMTS type, like the mobile telephony network according to the invention, the advantages described above in terms of offered traffic are independent and additional with respect to any advantages deriving from the reduction of the interference due to the adjacent channels. In the example of the network 1 described, any adjacent channels are not eliminated by the band-pass filter 12.
The Applicant has also conducted an additional analysis in which the portion of mobile telephony network 1 considered comprised a number of cells 2 equal to 1188. In particular, the geographic area examined corresponds to a portion of territory around a city. The Applicant has also hypothesized that the operator had available a number of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 4 equal to 10% or to 50% or to 80% of the total number of cells 2 considered, i.e. equal to 119, 594 and 950 respectively. For each of the configurations considered, the Applicant then identified a. na.ir ~f threshe~ld values T, and T~° as shown in Table 4 set out below:
Threshold ValuesFirst configurationSecond configurationThird configuration 10% - 119 50% - 594 80% - 950 L 41.8 21.2 10.8 to In particular, using the pair of values (41.8; 627), a subdivision of the cells 2 is reached that assigns to the first category a number of first cells 2a equal to 119 (hence equal to the number of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 available to the operator in this first configuration); using the pair of values (21.2;
318), a subdivision of the 1188 cells 2 is reached that assigns to the first category a number of first cells 2a equal to 594 (equal to the number of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 4 available to the operator in tlus second configuration);
using the pair of values (10.8; 162) a subdivision of the 1188 cells 2 is reached that assigns to the first category a number of first cells 2a equal to 950 (equal to the number of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 available to the operator in this 2o third configuration).
According to the method of the present invention, in the first configuration the 119 first cells 2a identified axe then equipped with the high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 available while the remaining 1069 second cells 2b are equipped with low sensitivity receiver front-ends; in the second configuration, the 594 first cells 2a identified are equipped with the available high sensitivity receiver front-ends 4 while the 594 second cells 2b are equipped with low sensitivity receiver front-ends; in the third configuration, the 950 first cells 2a identified are equipped with the high sensitivity receiver front-ends 4 available while the 238 second cells 2b are equipped with low sensitivity receiver front-ends.
3o It should be specified that the noise figure values for the high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 and the low sensitivity receiver front-ends are the same as those used for the previously analyzed case.
The results obtained in terms of offered traffic are shown in Table 5 set out below; the offered traffic was calculated for the five different types of service corresponding to the five different levels of electromagnetic field considered previously.
The comparison was conducted with the case in which all 1188 cells 2 are equipped with low sensitivity receiver front ends (column 1) and with the case in which all 1188 cells 2 are equipped with high sensitivity receiver front-ends (column 5).
Offered traffic (Erll Level of 1188 cells 119 cells 594 cells 950 cells 1188 cells electromagneticequipped equipped equipped equipped equipped with with with with with field low sensitivityhigh sensitivityhigh sensitivityhigh sensitivityhigh sensitivity dB~V/m receiver receiver receiver receiver receiver front- front- front- front- front-ends ends ends ends ends 1o Comparing column 1 with columns 2, 3, 4, and 5, one notes that for the first two levels of electromagnetic field, the increase in offered traffic obtained with the configurations 10%, 50%, 80% with respect to the gain in offered traffic obtained with the configuration in which all cells 2 are equipped with high sensitivity receiver front-ends is smaller than the percentage of high sensitivity receiver front ends used.
In particular, for the level 41 dB~, V/m, with 10% of high sensitivity receiver front-ends installed the gain is 10 Erl corresponding only to 6.6% of the 150 Erl gained by equipping all 1188 cells 2 with high sensitivity receiver front-ends. Vice versa for high field levels (corresponding to high-value service types) this situation 2o is definitely inverted. In particular for the level 67 dB~, V/m, with 10%
of high sensitivity receiver front-ends installed, the gain is already 16% of what would be obtained equipping all 1188 cells 2 with high sensitivity receiver front-ends.
Moreover, Table 6 shows the results obtained in terms of mean recovered offered traffic (in Erlangs) per installed high sensitivity receiver front-end.
Mean recovered offered traffic (Erll Level of 1188 cells 119 cells 594 cells 950 cells 1188 cells electromagneticequipped equipped equipped equipped equipped with with with with with field low sensitivityhi h sensitivityhigh sensitivityhi h sensitivityhigh sensitivity dB~V/m receiver receiver receiver receiver receiver front- front- front- front- front-ends ends ends ends ends 41 0 0.080 0.089 0.124 0.126 49 0 0.250 0.249 0.307 0.306 57 0 1.471 1.143 1.010 0.901 61 0 2.047 1.523 1.299 1.137 67 0 1.857 1.435 1.251 1.111 The data provided in Table 6 show that for high field levels the mean traffic recovered per installed receiver front-end increases for configurations 10, 50, 80 with respect to the configuration with all lugh sensitivity receiver front-ends installed.
In particular, the number of the plurality of cells 2 that form the mobile telephony network 1 is greater than a predetermined value.
. Preferably, said predetermined value is greater than 100, more preferably it is greater than 500, yet more preferably it is greater than 1000.
The characteristics and advantages of the present invention shall become more readily apparent from the description, set out hereafter, of an embodiment provided purely by way of non limiting example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
- Figure 1 is a schematic representation of a best server portion of a W-CDMA mobile telephony network;
- Figure 2 is a schematic representation of a preferred embodiment of a high sensitivity receiver front-end for use in the network of Figure 1; and - Figure 3 is a schematic representation of an additional embodiment of a high sensitivity receiver front-end used in the network of Figure 1;
- Figure 4 shows a flow chart relating to the implementation of the method according to the invention.
With reference to Figure 1, the method for optimizing the positioning of high sensitivity receiver front-ends in a mobile telephony network according to the invention is applied to a mobile telephony network 1, or to a portion thereof, with access of the CDMA type, and in particular of the W-CDMA or CDMA 2000 or IJMTS type. For the sake of simplicity, Figure 1 does not show the so-called soft handover areas, because they are not essential for the purposes of the present invention. hi particular, the term soft handover area means the area in which a mobile terminal simultaneously maintains active connections with more than one cell.
More in detail, the mobile telephony network 1 comprises a plurality of cells 2 (for instance more than 100, preferably more than 500 and yet more preferably more than 1000). The network traffic present in each cell 2 is handled by a base transceiver station 3 (or B-node) for transmitting and/or receiving radio signals (voice and/or data) to/from mobile terminals, such as cellular telephones, PDAs, computers, etc. The base transceiver station 3 comprises a number of transceiver antennas 4 equal to the number of cells 2 that the station is to serve.
In the mobile telephony network 1 it is advantageous for the operator to be able to position a number of high sensitivity receiver front-ends smaller than the plurality of cells 2, in order to maximize the performance of the network.
As Figure 2 shows, a high sensitivity receiver front-end 5 is typically inserted between a transceiver antenna 4 and the base transceiver station 3.
More specifically, a receiver front-end is defined as having high sensitivity if the overall noise figure of the receiver chain from the transceiver antenna 4 to the base transceiver station 3 is less than 2 dB, more preferably less than 1 dB, yet more preferably less than 0.7 dB. In a preferred embodiment, the high sensitivity receiver front-end 5 comprises one or more devices operating at cryogenic temperatures. In this case, the high sensitivity receiver front-end 5 will be indicated as cryogenic receiver front-end. In detail, the cryogenic receiver front-end 5 comprises a first node 6 coupled to the transceiver antenna 4 and a second node 7 coupled to the base transceiver station 3. In detail, in the first node 6 the to signal coming from the transceiver antenna 4 is split into two distinct signals, a transmission signal and a reception signal. In the second node 7 the two transmission and reception signals present at the end of the two chains of transmission and reception are rejoined. The resulting signal is then sent to the base transceiver station 3. Between the first and the second node 6, 7 are inserted a transmission branch 8 in which the transmission signal passes and a reception branch 9 in which the reception signal passes. The transmission branch 8 comprises a transmission filter 10 while the reception branch 9 comprises a cryostat 11 that encloses a band-pass filter 12 and a low noise amplifier (LNA) 13, mutually connected in cascade arrangement. Preferably, the cryostat 11 comprises an additional band-pass filter 14. Alternatively, the band-pass filter 14 can be positioned outside the cryostat 11. Preferably, the band-pass filter 12 and the additional band-pass filter 14 are constructed with a technology based on High critical Temperature Superconductors (HTS). Moreover, the cryostat 11 operates at cryogenic temperatures ranging between 60 K and 200 K and, more preferably, between 60 K and 100 K.
The cryogenic receiver front-end 5 is preferably mounted at such a distance from the transceiver antenna 4 that the losses due to the antenna lead-in are negligible relative to the noise figure introduced by the receiver front-end itself.
Preferably, said distance is no greater than 1 m. Less preferably, the cryogenic receiver front-end 5 can be placed in the most accessible position along the antenna lead-in in such a way as to reduce in any case the overall noise figure of the receiver chain.
More in detail, a cryogenic receiver front-end and the process for its manufacturing are described in US patent application 2002053215.
Advantageously, cryogenic receiver front-ends have a reduced noise figure (no more than 2 dB, more preferably no more than 1 dB, yet more preferably no more than 0.7 dB). By way of comparison, the noise figure of traditional base transceiver stations usually exceed 2.5 dB.
_7_ All this translates into an increase of from 1 dB to 10 dB of the sensitivity of the base transceiver station 3 with respect to the sensitivity of traditional base transceiver stations.
In a less preferred embodiment, shown in Figure 3, the high sensitivity receiver front-end 5 (where the term "high sensitivity" in this case means a noise figure of less than 2 dB and more preferably less than 1.5 dB) is mounted at a short distance from the transceiver antenna 4 in order to avoid losses due to antenna lead-in (Tower Mounted Amplifier or TMA). The high sensitivity receiver front-end 5 comprises a first node 20 coupled to the transceiver antenna 4 and a second to node 21 coupled to the base transceiver station 3. In the first node 20 the signal coming from the transceiver antenna 4 is split into two distinct signals, a transmission signal and a reception signal. The second node 21 rejoins the transmission and the reception signals present at the end of the two chains of transmission and reception. The resulting signal is then sent to the base transceiver i5 station 3. Between the first and the second node 20, 21 are inserted a transmission branch 22 and a reception branch 23. The transmission branch 22 comprises a transmission filter 24 while the reception branch 23 comprises a first and a second band-pass filter 25, 26 of a traditional type, between which is inserted a low noise amplifier 27 not operating at cryogenic temperatures.
2o The method according to the invention will now be described with reference to the flow chart shown in Figure 4. In detail, the flow chart of Figure 4 represents a classification algorithm CLASS that operates a classification at the level of the individual cells 2. Each cell 2 is defined as the set of pixels (elements of territory, typically having dimensions in the order of SOm x SOm) which, for a particular 25 type of service provided by the mobile telephony network 1, constitute the best server area of the transceiver antenna 4 serving that cell. In particular, the term "best server area" means the location of the pixels in which the transceiver antemia 4 guarantees a field level necessary (electromagnetic requirement) for the delivery of that particular type of service and greater than the field level provided by any 30 other bordering transceiver antenna.
It is important to note that the classification algoritlun CLASS makes use of a pixel weighting factor pp which can assume a finite number of values (by way of indication, between 1 and 100) based on cartograpluclmorphological information.
For each pixel, one has:
35 pp = MAX (Pd, Pm~Ps) where:
pd is a factor that takes into account the built-up percentage of the pixel (i.e. the percentage of the surface of the pixel covered by constructions having a height exceeding 3 m) and it can assume, by way of indication, values included in the _g_ range 1-100;
pm is a factor that takes into account the morphology of the pixel and it can assume. by wav of indication_ the valnPC chnwn in tahlP 1 cet not hPln~zm T a of environment Value of factor pm Urban 20 Suburban 15 Industrial area 10 Thickly wooded area 1 Thinly wooded area and meadow 2 with trees O en area with vegetation and 2 damp areas Bare area 1 Glacier 1 Water 2 It is important to specify that, in this context, an enviromnent is considered urban when buildings, roads, and artificially covered surfaces (buildings whose height is less than or equal to 3 m, parking lots, courtyards, streets, etc.) occupy more than 80% of the total surface considered. On the other hand, an environment is considered suburban when buildings, roads, and artificially covered surfaces to (low buildings, parking lots, etc.) occupy between 50% and 80% of the total surface.
Additionally, ps is a factor that takes into account the presence of communication infrastructures such as railroads, highways and thoroughfares and it can assume, by wav of indication_ the values shown in tahl~ 7. cPt n"t hPlnw Starting data item Value of ps Highway 60 Highway + thoroughfare Hi hway + thorou hfare + railroad Thoroughfare 30 Thoroughfare + railroad Railroad 20 is TABLE 2 For each cell 2 the Applicant has defined the following dimensions:
Np = number of pixels that make up an individual cell 2 (area of the individual cell 2);
pp; = value assumed by the pixel weighting factor pp;
20 Np(pp;) = number of pixels for which the pixel weighting factor pp assumes the value pp;.
Starting from the above dimensions, the Applicant has subsequently defined a first and a second cell indicator, respectively V~elt and VZ, represented by the following expressions:
_ 1 loo cell - N ~l-I PpiNp (Ppi) P
100 ~-s PP=NP (Ppl ) where the first cell indicator V~en provides an evaluation normalized to the area of the value of the cell 2 considered in terms of factor pp and indicatively it can assume values within the 1-100 range, while the second cell indicator VZ
considers in absolute sense, i.e. wholly independently from the dimensions of the area, only the values of the factor pp that exceed 2. The Applicant has observed that values of the factor pp that are smaller than or equal to 2 distinguish pixels with a low level of interest in terms of traffic potentially offered. The range of values assmned by this second cell indicator VZ, in the absence of normalization, cannot be defined a priori (except for the minimum value, which is 3).
The Applicant has also observed that high values of the first cell indicator V~ell (in particular greater than or equal to 20) are associated to cells 2 with high presence of elements that distinguish an urban terntory or with cells 2 with morphological characteristics (highways, thoroughfares, railroads) that are comparable in terms of traffic potentially offered (and hence, of traffic to be handled). However, normalization to the area tends to lower the value of the first cell indicator V~elt associated to the cells 2 which, while including some pixels with typically urban characteristics, have a rather extensive area, typical of substantially open areas.
The Applicant has thus introduced the second cell indicator V2, through which values are assigned to the cells 2 that extend mainly on open areas but also include areas with small towns or segments of roads or railroads.
The Applicant has also observed that the combined use of these two cell indicators V~e» and V2 assures an adequate classification of the cells 2.
With reference again to the flow chart of Figure 4, the classification algorithm CLASS assigns to the cells 2 preferably a first and a second category.
3o In particular, the first category comprises a plurality of first cells 2a having the first cell indicator V~el1 greater than a first threshold value L or the second cell indicator VZ greater than a second threshold value La, while the second category comprises a plurality of second cells 2b having the first cell indicator V~ell smaller than the first threshold value L and the second cell indicator V2 smaller than the second threshold value L2.
The Applicant has observed that the first and the second threshold value L
and L2 can preferably be chosen from any pair of values that meets the following condition:
_L __ 1 ~ 0.005 The optimal pair of values will be the one for which the plurality of first cells 2a is substantially equal (where the term "substantially" means more or less 10%) to the plurality of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 available to the operator.
Consequently, the plurality of second cells 2b will be substantially equal (where the term "substantially" means more or less 10%) to the difference between the plurality of cells 2 that compose the mobile telephony network l and the plurality to of first cells 2a.
According to the method of the present invention, at least 90% of the plurality of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 available to the operator is then associated to the plurality of first cells 2a belonging to the first category while the plurality of second cells 2b of the second category is equipped with low sensitivity receiver front-ends, where the term "low sensitivity" means that the overall noise figure exceeds 2.5 dB.
Hereafter, the performance of the mobile telephony network 1 is analyzed in terms of offered traffic recovered (as a function of the expansion of the best server area) using the method according to the invention.
2o To perform this analysis, the Applicant considered a mobile telephony network 1 able to cover a portion of the Italian territory. The considered network comprised a nmnber of cells 2 equal to 2171. The Applicant, moreover, hypothesized that the number of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 available to the operator was equal to 1208.
With regard to the geographic area examined, two distinct portions of the territory were identified: the first one refers to a portion of territory around a city and the second one refers to a portion of terntory not including any cities.
The electromagnetic parameters (frequency, power, antenna) in use are those of the UMTS standard 3o The Applicant then selected for the threshold values L and LZ the pair of values (10, 150). Using this pair of values (10, 150) a subdivision of the 2171 cells 2 is achieved that assigns to the first category a number of first cells 2a equal to 1208 (hence, equal to the number of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 available to the operator) and to the second category a number of second cells 2b equal to 963.
According to the method of the present invention, the 1208 first cells 2a are then equipped with the high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 (in this case, the term "high sensitivity" means a noise figure of 0.7 dB) whilst the 963 second cells 2b are equipped with low sensitivity receiver front-ends (in tlus case, "low sensitivity" means a noise figure of 2.7 dB). The results obtained in terms of offered traffic are shown in column 1 of table 3, set out below.
Offered traffic Erl) Level of electromagneticHigh sensitivityHigh sensitivityHigh sensitivity field receiver receiver receiver dB~V/m front-ends 5 front-ends 5 front-ends 5 in the 1208 in 405 urban in 405 rural cells 2 belongingsites (1188 cells)sites (983 cells) to the first cate or It should be noted that the offered traffic is measured in Erlangs. In detail, the Erlang is the measure of the mean daily traffic intensity which in terms of offered traffic corresponds to the mean number of potential connections to simultaneously active.
Moreover, the offered traffic was calculated for best server areas referred to five different types of service corresponding to five different levels of electromagnetic field, set out below:
~ 41 dBp,V/m Voice 13 kb/s with earphone;
~ 49 dB~.V/m Voice 13 kb/s without earphone / in car with earphone;
~ 57 dB~,V/m Data 144 kb/s in car;
~ 61 dB~.V/m Data 64 kb/s indoors;
~ 67 dB~,V/m Data 384 kb/s indoors.
Columns 2 and 3 of Table 3 instead show the results obtained by applying to the mobile telephony network 1 a classification algorithm that operates at site level (site being defined as the location of the pixels served by a single base transceiver station 3) and not at the level of individual cells 2 as is instead the case for the classification algoritlun CLASS. In particular, the sites are classified as urban sites and rural sites.
Operating on the same geographic area defined previously, the classification of "urban" was assigned to all 405 sites, corresponding to a number of cells 2 equal to 1188, that are located within the portion of territory around the city and that of "rural" to the remaining 405 sites, corresponding to a number of cells equal to 983, of the portion of terntory not including cities.
The results shown in column 2 of Table 3 relate to the case in which all 40S
urban sites (i.e. all 1188 cells 2) are equipped with the high sensitivity receiver front-ends 4 whilst the 405 rural sites (i.e. all 983 cells 2) are equipped with the low sensitivity receiver front-ends.
The results shown in column 3 of Table 3 instead relate to the case in which all 405 rural sites are equipped with the high sensitivity receiver front-ends whilst all 40S urban sites are equipped with the low sensitivity receiver front-ends.
As can be observed comparing the columns of Table 3, the increase in terms of offered traffic obtained using the method according to the invention depends on l0 the field level considered. Comparing columns 1 and 2 of table 3, the increase in terms of monthly Erlangs ranges from a minimum of I23 Erl for the field level of 4I dB~.V/m to a maximum of 240 Erl for the field level of 57 dB~,V/m.
On the other hand, comparing columns 1 and 3 of table 3, the increase in terms of offered traffic obtained using the method according to the invention ranges from a minimum of 7 Erl for the field level of 41 dB~.V/m to a maximum of 958 Erl for the field level of 61 dB~,V/m.
In general, it can be stated that by applying the method according to the invention to the mobile telephony network 1 an increase in the traffic offered by the entire network is obtained and hence an increase in the capacity of the network 2o that ranges from a minimum of 7 Erl to a maximum of 958 Erl.
The Applicant has determined that the increase in offered traffic is maintained substantially stable even varying by ~ 10% the pair of threshold values L and Lz and/or equipping with tha high sensitivity receiver front-ends 4 at least 90% of the plurality of first cells 2a.
Moreover, it is important to specify that the increase in terms of offered traffic was obtained using a band-pass filter 12 having a bandwidth of about MHz. This means that the advantages highlighted herein are not linked to the improved spectral selectivity of the base transceiver stations as stated by Jedamzik et al. in particular for the urban area. An improved spectral selectivity is particularly significant in the case of a GSM network, like the one used for the simulations described in the article, where it is important to reduce interference due to the adjacent channels. In the case of a network of the CDMA type, and in particular of the UMTS type, like the mobile telephony network according to the invention, the advantages described above in terms of offered traffic are independent and additional with respect to any advantages deriving from the reduction of the interference due to the adjacent channels. In the example of the network 1 described, any adjacent channels are not eliminated by the band-pass filter 12.
The Applicant has also conducted an additional analysis in which the portion of mobile telephony network 1 considered comprised a number of cells 2 equal to 1188. In particular, the geographic area examined corresponds to a portion of territory around a city. The Applicant has also hypothesized that the operator had available a number of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 4 equal to 10% or to 50% or to 80% of the total number of cells 2 considered, i.e. equal to 119, 594 and 950 respectively. For each of the configurations considered, the Applicant then identified a. na.ir ~f threshe~ld values T, and T~° as shown in Table 4 set out below:
Threshold ValuesFirst configurationSecond configurationThird configuration 10% - 119 50% - 594 80% - 950 L 41.8 21.2 10.8 to In particular, using the pair of values (41.8; 627), a subdivision of the cells 2 is reached that assigns to the first category a number of first cells 2a equal to 119 (hence equal to the number of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 available to the operator in this first configuration); using the pair of values (21.2;
318), a subdivision of the 1188 cells 2 is reached that assigns to the first category a number of first cells 2a equal to 594 (equal to the number of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 4 available to the operator in tlus second configuration);
using the pair of values (10.8; 162) a subdivision of the 1188 cells 2 is reached that assigns to the first category a number of first cells 2a equal to 950 (equal to the number of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 available to the operator in this 2o third configuration).
According to the method of the present invention, in the first configuration the 119 first cells 2a identified axe then equipped with the high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 available while the remaining 1069 second cells 2b are equipped with low sensitivity receiver front-ends; in the second configuration, the 594 first cells 2a identified are equipped with the available high sensitivity receiver front-ends 4 while the 594 second cells 2b are equipped with low sensitivity receiver front-ends; in the third configuration, the 950 first cells 2a identified are equipped with the high sensitivity receiver front-ends 4 available while the 238 second cells 2b are equipped with low sensitivity receiver front-ends.
3o It should be specified that the noise figure values for the high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 and the low sensitivity receiver front-ends are the same as those used for the previously analyzed case.
The results obtained in terms of offered traffic are shown in Table 5 set out below; the offered traffic was calculated for the five different types of service corresponding to the five different levels of electromagnetic field considered previously.
The comparison was conducted with the case in which all 1188 cells 2 are equipped with low sensitivity receiver front ends (column 1) and with the case in which all 1188 cells 2 are equipped with high sensitivity receiver front-ends (column 5).
Offered traffic (Erll Level of 1188 cells 119 cells 594 cells 950 cells 1188 cells electromagneticequipped equipped equipped equipped equipped with with with with with field low sensitivityhigh sensitivityhigh sensitivityhigh sensitivityhigh sensitivity dB~V/m receiver receiver receiver receiver receiver front- front- front- front- front-ends ends ends ends ends 1o Comparing column 1 with columns 2, 3, 4, and 5, one notes that for the first two levels of electromagnetic field, the increase in offered traffic obtained with the configurations 10%, 50%, 80% with respect to the gain in offered traffic obtained with the configuration in which all cells 2 are equipped with high sensitivity receiver front-ends is smaller than the percentage of high sensitivity receiver front ends used.
In particular, for the level 41 dB~, V/m, with 10% of high sensitivity receiver front-ends installed the gain is 10 Erl corresponding only to 6.6% of the 150 Erl gained by equipping all 1188 cells 2 with high sensitivity receiver front-ends. Vice versa for high field levels (corresponding to high-value service types) this situation 2o is definitely inverted. In particular for the level 67 dB~, V/m, with 10%
of high sensitivity receiver front-ends installed, the gain is already 16% of what would be obtained equipping all 1188 cells 2 with high sensitivity receiver front-ends.
Moreover, Table 6 shows the results obtained in terms of mean recovered offered traffic (in Erlangs) per installed high sensitivity receiver front-end.
Mean recovered offered traffic (Erll Level of 1188 cells 119 cells 594 cells 950 cells 1188 cells electromagneticequipped equipped equipped equipped equipped with with with with with field low sensitivityhi h sensitivityhigh sensitivityhi h sensitivityhigh sensitivity dB~V/m receiver receiver receiver receiver receiver front- front- front- front- front-ends ends ends ends ends 41 0 0.080 0.089 0.124 0.126 49 0 0.250 0.249 0.307 0.306 57 0 1.471 1.143 1.010 0.901 61 0 2.047 1.523 1.299 1.137 67 0 1.857 1.435 1.251 1.111 The data provided in Table 6 show that for high field levels the mean traffic recovered per installed receiver front-end increases for configurations 10, 50, 80 with respect to the configuration with all lugh sensitivity receiver front-ends installed.
Claims (21)
1. A method for optimizing the positioning of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 in a mobile telephony network 1 of the CDMA type comprising a plurality of cells 2, said method being characterized in that it comprises the following steps:
- defining a first and a second cell indicator V cell, V2;
- defining a first and a second threshold value L and L2;
- comparing said first cell indicator V cell with a first threshold value L
and said second cell indicator V2 with a second threshold value L2;
- associating with a first category a plurality of first cells 2a, each of said first cells 2a having said first cell indicator V cell greater than said first threshold value L or said second cell indicator V2 greater than said second threshold value L2; and - positioning a plurality of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 substantially in all said plurality of first cells 2a.
- defining a first and a second cell indicator V cell, V2;
- defining a first and a second threshold value L and L2;
- comparing said first cell indicator V cell with a first threshold value L
and said second cell indicator V2 with a second threshold value L2;
- associating with a first category a plurality of first cells 2a, each of said first cells 2a having said first cell indicator V cell greater than said first threshold value L or said second cell indicator V2 greater than said second threshold value L2; and - positioning a plurality of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 substantially in all said plurality of first cells 2a.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that it further comprises the steps of:
- associating with a second category a plurality of second cells 2b, each of said second cells 2b having said first cell indicator V cell smaller than said first threshold value L and said second cell indicator V2 smaller than said second threshold value L2; and - positioning a plurality of low sensitivity receiver front-ends substantially in all said plurality of second cells 2b.
- associating with a second category a plurality of second cells 2b, each of said second cells 2b having said first cell indicator V cell smaller than said first threshold value L and said second cell indicator V2 smaller than said second threshold value L2; and - positioning a plurality of low sensitivity receiver front-ends substantially in all said plurality of second cells 2b.
3. The method as claimed in either of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that said step of defining for each cell 2 a first and a second cell indicator V cell V2 comprises the steps of:
- associating with said first cell indicator V cell cartographic/morphological characteristics indicative of a traffic expectation for each cell 2 and;
- associating with said second cell indicator V2 cartographic/morphological characteristics indicative of a traffic expectation for each cell 2 and of an expanse of geographic area whereon each cell 2 stands.
- associating with said first cell indicator V cell cartographic/morphological characteristics indicative of a traffic expectation for each cell 2 and;
- associating with said second cell indicator V2 cartographic/morphological characteristics indicative of a traffic expectation for each cell 2 and of an expanse of geographic area whereon each cell 2 stands.
4. The method as claimed in either of claims 2 or 3, characterized in that said step of defining a first and a second threshold value L and L2 comprises the step of selecting a pair of values for said first and second threshold value L and L2 in such a way that said plurality of first cells 2a is substantially equal in number to said plurality of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5 and in that said plurality of second cells 2b is substantially equal to the difference between said plurality of cells 2 and said plurality of first cells 2a.
5. The method as claimed in claim 4, characterized in that said pair of values comprises a first and a second value, said first and second value meeting the condition whereby the ratio between said first value and said second value is roughly equal to 1/15 ~ 0.005.
6. A mobile telephony network 1 of the CDMA type comprising a plurality of cells 2, characterized in that said plurality of cells 2 comprises a plurality of first cells 2a associated to at least 90% of a plurality of high sensitivity receiver front-ends 5, each first cell 2a having a first cell indicator V cell greater than a first threshold value L or a second cell indicator V2 greater than a second threshold value.
7. The network as claimed in claim 6, characterized in that it comprises a plurality of second cells 2b associated with a plurality of low sensitivity receiver front-ends, each second cell 2b having said first cell indicator V cell smaller than said first threshold value L and said second cell indicator V2 smaller than said second threshold value L2.
8. The network as claimed in either of the claims 6 or 7, characterized in that said first cell indicator V cell is associated to cartographic/morphological characteristics indicative of a traffic expectation for each cell 2 and said second cell indicator V2 is associated to cartographic/morphological characteristics indicative of a traffic expectation for each cell 2 and of an expanse of geographic area whereon each cell 2 stands.
9. The network as claimed in any of the previous claims, characterized in that each high sensitivity receiver front-end 5 is inserted between a transceiver antenna 4 and a base transceiver station 3, said high sensitivity receiver front-end 4 being a cryogenic receiver front-end.
10. The network as claimed in claim 9, characterized in that said cryogenic receiver front-end 5 comprises a cryostat 11 that encloses a band-pass filter 12 and a low noise amplifier 13 mutually connected in cascade arrangement.
11. The network as claimed in claim 10, characterized in that said band-pass filter 12 is obtained with a technology based on high critical temperature superconducting materials.
12. The network as claimed in any of claims 9-11, characterized in that said cryogenic receiver front-end 5 is mounted at such a distance from said transceiver antenna 4 that losses due to antenna lead-in are negligible with respect to the noise figure introduced by said cryogenic receiver front-end 5.
13. The network as claimed in any of claims 9-12, characterized in that said cryogenic receiver front-end 5 is mounted along the antenna lead-in in such a way as to minimize the overall noise figure of the receiver chain from said transceiver antenna 4 to said base transceiver station 3.
14. The network as claimed in any of claims 9-13, characterized in that said cryostat 11 operates at cryogenic temperatures lower than 200 K.
15. The network as claimed in any of the claims 9-15, characterized in that said cryostat 11 operates at cryogenic temperatures lower than 100 K.
16. The network as claimed in any of claims 9-15, characterized in that said cryostat 11 operates at cryogenic temperatures higher than 60 K.
17. The network as claimed in any of claims 1 through 8, characterized in that each high sensitivity receiver front-end 5 is inserted between a transceiver antenna 4 and a base transceiver station 3, said high sensitivity receiver front-end 5 comprising at least a first and a second band-pass filter 25, 26 between which is inserted a low noise amplifier 27.
18. The network as claimed in any of the previous claims, characterized in that said plurality of cells 2 is greater than a predetermined value.
19. The network as claimed in claim 18, characterized in that said predetermined value is greater than 100.
20. The network as claimed in either of claims 18 or 19, characterized in that said predetermined value is greater than 1000.
21. The network as claimed in any of claims 18 through 20, characterized in that said predetermined value is greater than 500.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IB2002/005216 WO2004054300A1 (en) | 2002-12-10 | 2002-12-10 | Method for optimizing the positioning of high sensitivity receiver front-ends in a mobile telephony network and related mobile telephony network |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2508729A1 true CA2508729A1 (en) | 2004-06-24 |
Family
ID=32500443
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002508729A Abandoned CA2508729A1 (en) | 2002-12-10 | 2002-12-10 | Method for optimizing the positioning of high sensitivity receiver front-ends in a mobile telephony network and related mobile telephony network |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1570694A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2006509452A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN100461930C (en) |
| AU (1) | AU2002348883A1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2508729A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2004054300A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7787891B2 (en) * | 2006-12-20 | 2010-08-31 | Intel Corporation | Mobile station localization apparatus, systems, and methods |
| CN102487292A (en) * | 2010-12-02 | 2012-06-06 | 天津海泰超导电子有限公司 | Series type high-temperature superconductor radio frequency pre-positional system for communication base station |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1996036188A1 (en) * | 1995-05-09 | 1996-11-14 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | A method of estimating system requirements of a cellular radio telecommunication network using topographical datas |
| US6104934A (en) * | 1995-08-09 | 2000-08-15 | Spectral Solutions, Inc. | Cryoelectronic receiver front end |
| US5710758A (en) * | 1995-09-29 | 1998-01-20 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Wireless network planning tool |
| KR100312303B1 (en) * | 1998-06-19 | 2001-12-28 | 윤종용 | Method for determining number of base stations using loading factors in a mobile communication system |
| KR100285734B1 (en) * | 1998-06-23 | 2001-04-02 | 윤종용 | Multiple Sectorizer of Base Station System |
| GB9818745D0 (en) * | 1998-08-27 | 1998-10-21 | Northern Telecom Ltd | A cell radius estimation method |
-
2002
- 2002-12-10 CA CA002508729A patent/CA2508729A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-12-10 CN CNB02830019XA patent/CN100461930C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-12-10 WO PCT/IB2002/005216 patent/WO2004054300A1/en active Application Filing
- 2002-12-10 JP JP2004558863A patent/JP2006509452A/en active Pending
- 2002-12-10 AU AU2002348883A patent/AU2002348883A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-12-10 EP EP02781615A patent/EP1570694A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN100461930C (en) | 2009-02-11 |
| AU2002348883A8 (en) | 2004-06-30 |
| EP1570694A1 (en) | 2005-09-07 |
| CN1709004A (en) | 2005-12-14 |
| WO2004054300A1 (en) | 2004-06-24 |
| AU2002348883A1 (en) | 2004-06-30 |
| JP2006509452A (en) | 2006-03-16 |
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| FZDE | Discontinued |