EP1568858B1 - Elektromagnetische Ventilsteuerungseinrichtung für Brennkraftmaschine - Google Patents

Elektromagnetische Ventilsteuerungseinrichtung für Brennkraftmaschine Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1568858B1
EP1568858B1 EP05300061A EP05300061A EP1568858B1 EP 1568858 B1 EP1568858 B1 EP 1568858B1 EP 05300061 A EP05300061 A EP 05300061A EP 05300061 A EP05300061 A EP 05300061A EP 1568858 B1 EP1568858 B1 EP 1568858B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
parts
pallet
magnetic circuit
magnets
magnet
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Not-in-force
Application number
EP05300061A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1568858A3 (de
EP1568858A2 (de
Inventor
Emmanuel Sedda
Christophe Fageon
Christian Chillet
Jean-Paul Yonnet
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
PSA Automobiles SA
Original Assignee
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
Peugeot Citroen Automobiles SA
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Publication of EP1568858A2 publication Critical patent/EP1568858A2/de
Publication of EP1568858A3 publication Critical patent/EP1568858A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1568858B1 publication Critical patent/EP1568858B1/de
Not-in-force legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L9/00—Valve-gear or valve arrangements actuated non-mechanically
    • F01L9/20—Valve-gear or valve arrangements actuated non-mechanically by electric means

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an electromagnetic actuation device for valve (s) for an internal combustion engine.
  • valves at least one per cylinder, for the admission or exhaust of gases. These valves are controlled in synchronism with the operation of the engine. Their opening or closing moment must be controlled very precisely.
  • These electromechanical type control devices for opening or closing valve comprise a pallet or magnetic plate cooperating with one or two electromagnets and springs.
  • the palette is moves between the two electromagnets.
  • One end of the stroke of the pallet corresponds to the closed position of the valve and the other end of the stroke corresponds to the open position.
  • a spring is compressed and another spring is relaxed.
  • the electromagnet is used to hold the pallet in each end position while the springs help move the pallet from one end of its stroke to the other.
  • a particularly simple type of actuating device has been described in the European Patent No. 1,174,596 .
  • This device is represented on the figure 1 .
  • a single electromagnet 1 inside which is disposed a permanent magnet 5.
  • the magnetic circuit of the electromagnet comprises in section, symmetrically with respect to the axis of a rod 16, a on the other hand, two branches 8 and 9 against the ends of which comes into contact a magnetic paddle 15 for the closed position of the valve 17 and, on the other hand, branches 10 and 11 against the ends of which the paddle is applied for the position open of the valve.
  • the magnetic induction created by the permanent magnet 5 holds the pallet 15 in each of the end positions, either against the ends of the branches 8 and 9, or against the ends of the branches 10 and 11.
  • a coil 2 is fed around a branch of the magnetic circuit so as to create a field magnetic which opposes the effect of the magnet.
  • the compressed spring pushes the pallet 15 towards the other end position.
  • the compressed spring 18 pushes the pallet 15 towards the ends of the branches 10 and 11.
  • This actuator is particularly simple and the consumption of electrical energy is low.
  • this structure has a size hardly compatible with the compactness sought for the production of motors.
  • the starting is difficult from the halfway position which corresponds to the position of equilibrium of the springs.
  • the object of the invention is to allow the realization of a polarized (i.e. permanent magnet) type of actuation device of reduced size and which is easily manufactured in large series.
  • the actuating device comprises two substantially C-shaped ferromagnetic parts located in different planes and separated by two permanent magnets whose magnetic fields are substantially parallel and in the same direction, the planes of the two ferromagnetic parts in C being parallel or forming an acute angle, the pallet being arranged to be able to move between the ends of said branches of the two C parts and a coil is wound around a branch of each C, preferably around the main branch, the windings of these two coils being in sense inverses.
  • the C magnetic parts have good rigidity, which is important for motor vehicle parts.
  • the magnet or magnets are (are) between the C magnetic pieces, they can (or can) extend in a larger volume than in the known structure. As a result, the remanent field of the magnet (or magnets) may be lower. In addition, the structure may be such that the magnet can be easily replaced.
  • the structure of the actuating device is also such that the pallet is of a size and therefore of reduced weight.
  • the C-shaped magnetic parts are made of laminated sheets.
  • the device comprises a second magnet connecting the lateral faces opposite the two parts.
  • the first and / or second coil is, for example, on a branch opposite to the open leg of the first or second portion.
  • the magnet (or magnets) has at least one slice (52, 54) substantially co-planar with slices of the two parts of the magnetic circuit.
  • the two parts of the magnetic circuit are preferably made of laminated sheet metal.
  • the pallet has two end portions each of which has the same shape and dimensions as the corresponding end slices of the open branches of the parts of the magnetic circuit in C.
  • Each of the two parts of the magnetic circuit has, according to one embodiment, a substantially flat shape and these two flat parts, separated by one or two magnets, are substantially parallel.
  • the two parts of the magnetic circuit may be substantially identical and arranged symmetrically with respect to a median plane parallel to these two parts.
  • the two full branches of each C part of the magnetic circuit are opposite each other in projection on a plane parallel to the two parts.
  • each of the two parts of the magnetic circuit has a substantially flat shape and these two flat parts are separated by one or two magnets and form between them an acute angle so that the distance separating the ends of the open branches of the C is more weak than the distance separating the large branches from the parts in C.
  • each of the two parts of the circuit C-magnet has a first section of substantially flat shape and parallel to the corresponding section of the other part, the magnet or the magnets being disposed between these two parallel sections and a second section of shape and disposition such that the distance separating the ends of the open branches of the C is lower than the distance separating the large branches of the two parts in C.
  • At least one face of the pallet may have at least one shoulder to which corresponds a shoulder of an end of an open branch of a portion of the circuit C.
  • the shoulder may extend in a rectilinear or curvilinear direction.
  • the pallet may have a general rectangular, orthogonal or circular shape.
  • the section of the magnet or magnets in contact with the two magnetic circuit portions is for example greater than the section of the ends of the two open branches of the two C parts of the magnetic circuit.
  • the magnet or magnets are (are) ferrite.
  • the invention also relates to an assembly of at least two valve actuating devices arranged so that the coils of the two actuating devices are spaced from each other.
  • the invention also relates to an internal combustion engine comprising at least one actuating device of the type defined above.
  • the valve actuator shown on the figures 2 and 3 comprises a magnetic circuit formed of two parts 30 and 32 each of which has the general shape of a C. These two magnetic parts 30 and 32 are made of laminated sheet and are identical. Each of them has a branch central, around which is wound a coil 34, 36. These two coils have windings that generate magnetic fields in opposite directions.
  • This pallet cooperates with rods and a valve stem as well as with springs as described in connection with the figure 1 . These elements were therefore not represented on the figures 2 and 3 .
  • the two parts 30 and 32 have flat lateral faces. They are arranged parallel to each other and, in the example, so that the four edges of the wafer are aligned. For example, the edge 44 1 of the piece 30 is aligned with the edge 44 2 of the piece 32.
  • the actuating device comprises two permanent magnets, respectively 46 and 48, which are identical and whose magnetizations are in the same direction.
  • Each of the magnets has a slice in the same plane as the top or bottom edge of the C-pieces and another slice in the same plane as the outer edge of the C-pieces.
  • the upper edge 52 of the magnet 46 is coplanar. with the upper brackets parts 30 and 32 and the outer vertical edge 54 of the magnet 46 is coplanar with the vertical outer edge of the C parts 30 and 32.
  • Both magnets 46 and 48 play a similar role in the creation of the bias magnetic field.
  • a single magnet 46 for example is used which can be made by a single magnet or by several magnets magnetized in the same direction.
  • magnets 46 and 48 are also of moderate thickness.
  • This device is easily industrializable by making magnetic pieces of laminated material. Relatively low remanent field magnets can be used because, compared to the magnet shown on the figure 1 they occupy a substantially larger volume.
  • the magnets are not surrounded by the coils 34 and 36 and are accessible from outside the structure. As a result, they are easily replaceable.
  • the actuator is installed in the direction shown, its bulk in the direction f 1 ( figure 2 ) is low, which makes it possible to use it in combination with another actuator of the same type for a multi-valve motor in which the distance between the valves is relatively small.
  • the structure is such that the pallet 40 has a small footprint and therefore a low mass, which minimizes the energy operation of the device.
  • One advantage of making the magnetic parts 30 and 32 of laminated sheet lies in the fact that the induction created by the coils 34 and 36 is in the plane of these sheets (as shown in FIG. figure 2 ) and, consequently, the currents induced are in the perpendicular direction, that is to say they are cut by the open circuits between sheets.
  • the magnetic fields produced by the magnets 46 and 48 are represented by double arrows while the magnetic fields produced by the coils 34 and 36 are represented by a simple arrow.
  • the magnetic flux created by the magnets is added to the pallet 40.
  • the magnetic polarization circuit created by the magnets
  • the magnetic induction B a is maximum while in the lower gap, between the pallet 40 and the circuits C 30 and 32, the magnetic induction created by the magnets is zero.
  • the magnets 46 and 48 play a similar role in the creation of the bias magnetic field.
  • a single magnet 46 for example is used which can be realized by a single magnet or by several magnets magnetized in the same direction.
  • the magnetic flux created by the coils 34, 36 passes through the closed gap and an air gap 52 of the order of 8 mm. As a result, the induction created by the coils remains low but sufficient to allow operation. In addition, part of the flux of the coils closes directly between the magnetic laminated circuits at the magnets 46 and 48.
  • the figure 5 shows a variant in which, as in the embodiment shown on the figures 2 and 3 , the two magnetic circuits C 30 1 and 32 1 are flat parts also laminated sheet and these flat parts are in substantially parallel planes. However, unlike the embodiment shown on the figures 2 and 3 , the main branches are not close but opposite. It is the same with the coils 34 1 , 36 1 .
  • the magnets 46 1 and 48 1 have substantially the width of the open branches of the C and connect the facing faces of these C.
  • the magnet 46 1 has an upper edge 60 aligned with the upper edge 62 of the part 30 1 on the side of the open branch of C.
  • the other edge upper 64 of the magnet 46 1 is aligned with the upper edge 66 of the C side of the part 32 1 .
  • the magnet 48 1 is arranged in a similar manner to the magnet 46 1 . However, it has an opening (not shown) to pass the valve stem or the stem of the pallet 42 1 , this tail or this rod is not also represented on the figure 5 .
  • the embodiment shown on the Figures 6, 7 and 8 differs from the one shown on the figures 2 and 3 in that the magnetic parts 30 2 and 32 2 are not parallel but form an acute angle so that they are close to the side of the open branch of the C in order to minimize the size and thus the mass of the pallet 42 2 .
  • two magnets are provided having, in section parallel to the flat part of the palette, a trapezoidal shape. These magnets carry the references 72 and 74.
  • the coils 76 and 78 are wound around the central part of the full branch of each C-piece.
  • the pallet 42 2 has, in the example, in plan a shape adapted to that of the ends facing the open branches of the C-shaped parts.
  • the part 42 2 has a central part 76 in the shape of a trapezium, the sides of which Parallels are the short sides of rectangles, respectively 78, 80.
  • the rectangle 78 corresponds to the facing ends 82 1 , 82 2 of the open branches of the C of the part 2 and the rectangle 80 corresponds to the corresponding ends for the part 32 2 .
  • the mass of the pallet can be further reduced by an optimization of the surfaces facing the magnetic circuits.
  • the small size of the pallet makes it possible to install the valve actuator for engines with a small valve gap. It is also possible, with this embodiment, to maximize the power of the actuating device for a given spacing between valves. In addition, the magnets are thick, which makes it possible to confer significant efforts to hold the magnets in the open position of the valve or in the closed position of the valve.
  • each C-shaped circuit has two parts forming between them an obtuse angle, namely a first part 92 comprising the solid branch around which is wound the corresponding coil 94 and the beginning 96 perpendicular branches and, secondly, a portion 98 having the open branch of C (not shown) between which moves the pallet 100 ( Figures 9 and 10 ).
  • the pallet 100 has a trapezoidal shape as shown on the figure 10 , its two ends corresponding to the parallelogram-shaped ends 102 and 104 of the free ends of the open branches of C.
  • the exemplary embodiment shown on the figure 11 is different from that shown on the figure 3 in that the ends 106, 108 and 110, 112 of the open branches of each magnetic piece C form beaks so that these ends are closer to one another than the magnetic parts. Under these conditions, the pallet 114 may be smaller in size.
  • the magnetic pallet 116 has shoulders 118 and 120 and the ends of the open branches of the C-shaped parts comprise corresponding shoulders.
  • the purpose of this arrangement is to linearize the attraction force of the magnetic parts on the pallet 116 as a function of the gap.
  • the pallet 116 has a greater thickness in its central part and smaller thicknesses at the ends thus providing four shoulders 118, 120, 118 1 , 120 1 .
  • the ends of the C-shaped magnetic parts have complementary shoulders.
  • the end 122 of one of the open branches 124 of a magnetic piece C 126 has a shoulder 128 intended to come opposite the corresponding shoulder 118 when the pallet is drawn upwards.
  • the shoulders 118, 120 and the shoulders 118 1 and 128 1 are rectilinear, while in the example shown in FIG. figure 14 , the shoulders 118 ', 120' are curved. It is of course also the corresponding shoulders on the ends of the magnetic parts in "C".
  • the palette is no longer sensitive to angular offsets of this palette.
  • the shape of the pallet is not limited to that described. So, we have shown on the figure 15 another example in which the palette has an octagonal section. Such an octagonal pallet will also be preferred to a rectangular pallet because with such a geometry, it can be shown that for the same mass, the forces exerted on the pallet are greater than in the case of a pallet of rectangular shape. It is also possible to reduce the mass of the pallet with identical force of attraction.
  • FIGS. 3a, 3b, 3c and 3d illustrate arrangements for using low-remanent magnetization magnets, including ferrite magnets, while generating high induction levels in the magnetic circuit and in the air gap to optimize the pulling force and to minimize the mass of the magnetic circuit.
  • the principle of flux concentration is used, which consists in conferring a section S a ( figure 3b ) of magnet greater than the section of ferromagnetic circuits S f ( Figures 3a, 3c and 3d ) and that of the air gaps.
  • the length of the pallet is reduced in the same proportion as the distance separating the external lateral faces of the two magnetic pieces.
  • the figure 17 is a figure similar to that of the figure 16 but in the case where two control devices 136 and 138 of the type shown on the figure 5 .

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Valve Device For Special Equipments (AREA)
  • Magnetically Actuated Valves (AREA)

Claims (19)

  1. Vorrichtung zur Ventilsteuerung eines Innenverbrennungsmotors mit einem Magnetanker (40), der die Stellung des Ventils (17) steuert, und zu diesem Zweck zumindest mit einem Magnetkreis zusammenwirkt, der zumindest einen Magneten (46, 48) enthält, um den Anker (40) abwechselnd in eine erste Endstellung zu ziehen, in der sich das Ventil in der geschlossenen Stellung befindet, und in eine zweite Endstellung zu ziehen, in der sich das Ventil in der offenen Stellung befindet, und zumindest eine Spule (34, 36) und elastische Mittel, im Speziellen mit Feder(n), die dazu vorgesehen sind, die Bewegung des Ankers (40) von einer Endstellung zur anderen zu steuern, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass:
    - der Magnetkreis zwei nicht kopolare Abschnitte (30, 32) enthält, von denen jeder in etwa die Form eines C aufweist,
    - eine erste Spule (34) den Hauptast des ersten Abschnitts umgibt,
    - eine zweite Spule (36) den Hauptast des zweiten Abschnitts umgibt,
    - zumindest ein Magnet (46, 48) die Seitenflächen der beiden gegenüber liegenden Abschnitte verbindet, und
    - die beiden Abschnitte so angeordnet sind, dass die entsprechenden Enden der offenen Äste in etwa komplanar sind, wobei der Magnetanker (42) zwischen den Endpaaren angeordnet ist.
  2. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie einen zweiten Magneten enthält, der die Seitenflächen der beiden gegenüber liegenden Abschnitte verbindet.
  3. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die erste und/ oder die zweite Spule auf einem Ast gegenüber dem offenen Ast des ersten oder zweiten Abschnitts angeordnet ist.
  4. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der oder die Magnet(en) zumindest einen Teilabschnitt (52, 54) aufweisen, der in etwa komplanar zu den Teilabschnitten der beiden Abschnitte des Magnetkreises ist.
  5. Vorrichtung nach einem der vorherigen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die beiden Abschnitte des Magnetkreises aus Dynamoblech sind.
  6. Vorrichtung nach einem der vorherigen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Anker zwei Endabschnitte aufweist, von denen jeder dieselbe Form und dieselbe Abmessung aufweist, wie die entsprechenden Endteilabschnitte der offenen Äste der Abschnitte des C-förmigen Magnetkreises.
  7. Vorrichtung nach einem der vorherigen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass jeder der beiden Abschnitte des Magnetkreises eine in etwa ebene Form aufweist, und dadurch, dass diese beiden ebenen Abschnitte, die durch einen oder zwei Magneten getrennt sind, in etwa parallel sind.
  8. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die beiden Abschnitte des Magnetkreises praktisch identisch und in Bezug auf eine zu diesen beiden Abschnitten parallel liegende Mittelebene symmetrisch angeordnet sind.
  9. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die beiden vollen Äste jedes C-förmigen Abschnitts des Magnetkreises einander gegenüber in Projektion auf einer zu diesen beiden Abschnitten parallelen Ebene liegen.
  10. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass jeder der beiden Abschnitte des Magnetkreises eine in etwa ebene Form aufweist, und dadurch, dass die beiden ebenen Abschnitte durch einen oder zwei Magneten getrennt sind, und miteinander einen spitzen Winkel bilden, sodass der Abstand zwischen den Enden der offenen Äste des C geringer ist, als der Abstand zwischen den großen Ästen der C-förmigen Abschnitte.
  11. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass jeder der beiden Abschnitte des C-förmigen Magnetkreises eine erste Sektion aufweist, die in etwa ebenen ist und parallel zur entsprechenden Sektion des anderen Abschnittes liegt, wobei der Magnet oder die Magneten zwischen diesen beiden parallelen Abschnitten angeordnet ist oder sind, und eine zweite Sektion, deren Form und Anordnung derart sind, dass der Abstand zwischen den Enden der offenen Äste des C kleiner ist, als der Abstand zwischen den großen Ästen der beiden C-förmigen Abschnitte.
  12. Vorrichtung nach einem der vorherigen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass zumindest eine Fläche des Ankers zumindest einen Ansatz aufweist, dem ein Ansatz eines Endes eines offenen Astes eines Abschnitts des C-förmigen Kreises entspricht.
  13. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sich der Ansatz in eine geradlinige Richtung erstreckt.
  14. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sich der Ansatz in eine kurvenförmige Richtung erstreckt.
  15. Vorrichtung nach einem der vorherigen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Anker eine allgemein rechteckige, orthogonale oder kreisförmige Form aufweist.
  16. Vorrichtung nach einem der vorherigen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Sektion des oder der Magneten, der (die) in Kontakt mit den beiden Abschnitten des Magnetkreises steht (stehen), größer ist, als die Sektion der Enden der beiden offenen Äste der beiden C-förmigen Abschnitte des Magnetkreises.
  17. Vorrichtung nach einem der vorherigen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der oder die Magnet(en) aus Ferrit ist (sind).
  18. Einheit bestehend aus zumindest zwei Vorrichtungen zur Ventilsteuerung nach einem der vorherigen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die beiden Vorrichtungen so angeordnet sind, dass die Spulen der beiden Steuerungsvorrichtungen voneinander abgewandt sind.
  19. Innenverbrennungsmotor mit zumindest einer Steuerungsvorrichtung nach einem der vorherigen Ansprüche 1 bis 17.
EP05300061A 2004-02-27 2005-01-26 Elektromagnetische Ventilsteuerungseinrichtung für Brennkraftmaschine Not-in-force EP1568858B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0450387A FR2866923B1 (fr) 2004-02-27 2004-02-27 Dispositif d'actionnement electromagnetique de soupape pour moteur a combustion interne
FR0450387 2004-02-27

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1568858A2 EP1568858A2 (de) 2005-08-31
EP1568858A3 EP1568858A3 (de) 2009-01-21
EP1568858B1 true EP1568858B1 (de) 2009-12-02

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP05300061A Not-in-force EP1568858B1 (de) 2004-02-27 2005-01-26 Elektromagnetische Ventilsteuerungseinrichtung für Brennkraftmaschine

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US (1) US7185617B2 (de)
EP (1) EP1568858B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE450695T1 (de)
DE (1) DE602005017956D1 (de)
ES (1) ES2337267T3 (de)
FR (1) FR2866923B1 (de)

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ITTO20060131A1 (it) * 2006-02-24 2007-08-25 Fiat Auto Spa Dispositivo di controllo della movimentazione di una valvola in particolare di una valvola di aspirazione di un motore a combustione interna
US7549438B2 (en) * 2006-11-03 2009-06-23 Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. Valve heated by split solenoid
TWI426195B (zh) * 2011-09-14 2014-02-11 Univ Nat Taipei Technology 電子氣閥機構

Family Cites Families (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4829947A (en) * 1987-08-12 1989-05-16 General Motors Corporation Variable lift operation of bistable electromechanical poppet valve actuator
JP3175400B2 (ja) * 1993-04-21 2001-06-11 いすゞ自動車株式会社 電磁駆動バルブ
JP3715460B2 (ja) * 1999-03-31 2005-11-09 株式会社日立製作所 機関弁の電磁駆動装置
DE10012439A1 (de) * 2000-03-15 2001-06-21 Daimler Chrysler Ag Vorrichtung zur Betätigung eines Gaswechselventils
FR2812024B1 (fr) * 2000-07-18 2003-04-04 Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa Actionneur de soupapes de moteurs a combustion interne
FR2812025B1 (fr) * 2000-07-20 2003-01-24 Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa Actionneur electromagnetique de soupape de moteur a combustion interne
FR2818432B1 (fr) * 2000-12-20 2003-02-14 Sagem Actionneur electromagnetique de soupape de moteur a combustion interne

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES2337267T3 (es) 2010-04-22
EP1568858A3 (de) 2009-01-21
US7185617B2 (en) 2007-03-06
DE602005017956D1 (de) 2010-01-14
ATE450695T1 (de) 2009-12-15
FR2866923A1 (fr) 2005-09-02
FR2866923B1 (fr) 2006-06-30
EP1568858A2 (de) 2005-08-31
US20050188928A1 (en) 2005-09-01

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