EP1560243B1 - Heavy duty relay with resilient normally-open contact - Google Patents

Heavy duty relay with resilient normally-open contact Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1560243B1
EP1560243B1 EP05000324A EP05000324A EP1560243B1 EP 1560243 B1 EP1560243 B1 EP 1560243B1 EP 05000324 A EP05000324 A EP 05000324A EP 05000324 A EP05000324 A EP 05000324A EP 1560243 B1 EP1560243 B1 EP 1560243B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
spring
contact
normally
changeover
heavy duty
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP05000324A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1560243A3 (en
EP1560243A2 (en
Inventor
Rudolf Mikl
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Tyco Electronics Austria GmbH
Original Assignee
Tyco Electronics Austria GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Tyco Electronics Austria GmbH filed Critical Tyco Electronics Austria GmbH
Priority to PL05000324T priority Critical patent/PL1560243T3/pl
Priority to EP05000324A priority patent/EP1560243B1/en
Publication of EP1560243A2 publication Critical patent/EP1560243A2/en
Publication of EP1560243A3 publication Critical patent/EP1560243A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1560243B1 publication Critical patent/EP1560243B1/en
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H50/00—Details of electromagnetic relays
    • H01H50/54—Contact arrangements
    • H01H50/56—Contact spring sets
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H50/00—Details of electromagnetic relays
    • H01H50/64—Driving arrangements between movable part of magnetic circuit and contact
    • H01H50/641—Driving arrangements between movable part of magnetic circuit and contact intermediate part performing a rectilinear movement
    • H01H50/642—Driving arrangements between movable part of magnetic circuit and contact intermediate part performing a rectilinear movement intermediate part being generally a slide plate, e.g. a card
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H1/00—Contacts
    • H01H1/12—Contacts characterised by the manner in which co-operating contacts engage
    • H01H1/14—Contacts characterised by the manner in which co-operating contacts engage by abutting
    • H01H1/16—Contacts characterised by the manner in which co-operating contacts engage by abutting by rolling; by wrapping; Roller or ball contacts
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H1/00—Contacts
    • H01H1/12—Contacts characterised by the manner in which co-operating contacts engage
    • H01H1/14—Contacts characterised by the manner in which co-operating contacts engage by abutting
    • H01H1/24—Contacts characterised by the manner in which co-operating contacts engage by abutting with resilient mounting
    • H01H1/26—Contacts characterised by the manner in which co-operating contacts engage by abutting with resilient mounting with spring blade support
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H1/00—Contacts
    • H01H1/50—Means for increasing contact pressure, preventing vibration of contacts, holding contacts together after engagement, or biasing contacts to the open position

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a heavy duty relay through which a current of at least 40A and up to about 1 kA can be switched, with a changeover spring that can be resiliently deflected by means of a switching force and with at least one normally-open contact against which a contact point of the changeover spring is electrically conductively pressed in a switch position.
  • Such heavy duty relays are used when a very high inrush current between 40A and 1 kA has to be produced.
  • starter relays are used with a tungsten contact. For switching, firstly the tungsten contact is closed, so that the high current peak flows over it. Only after this an AgSnO contact closes which conducts the current in the contact point. In this embodiment it is avoided that, with closed relays, the current flows exclusively via the tungsten contact which has poor conductive properties.
  • the switching force is produced in the heavy duty relay by electromagnetic means, such as a switching current conducted by a coil.
  • An electromagnetic force results therefrom which pulls a movable armature, the armature movement being transmitted to a changeover spring which is resiliently deflected from its resting position by the switching force. If the switching force is discontinued, the changeover spring springs back again into the resting position.
  • the changeover spring is provided with a changeover contact which is pressed in the contact position against the normally-open contact which is arranged on a rigid support and produces a conductive connection.
  • the compressive force is either produced by the resilient return force of the changeover spring or by the switching force.
  • the two changeover contacts are arranged on the changeover spring as disclosed in EP 0 691 667 A1 .
  • Corresponding normally-open contacts made from tungsten and AgSnO are associated with these contacts on a rigid support.
  • the object of the invention therefore is to create a heavy duty relay which is of simple construction, can be manufactured at a low cost and can be marketed at a low price.
  • the normally-open contact is arranged on a resiliently deflectable normally-open spring contact, of which the spring stiffness is greater than the spring stiffness of the changeover spring and which in the switching position is resiliently deflected out of its resting position and in that the changeover spring and/or the normally-open spring contact comprises a deflection region at least partially surrounded by a weakened zone, and of which the spring stiffness is reduced relative to the region surrounding the weakened zone of the changeover spring and/or the normally-open spring contact.
  • This solution is of simple construction and has the advantage that high current can be safely switched with a large number of switching operations, i.e. repeatedly after one another, without damage or failure.
  • the number of switching operations which can be achieved with the solution according to the invention at 170 A, for example, is in the region of 15,000. With conventional relays such a number of switching processes at high inrush currents cannot be achieved.
  • a relay is disclosed in EP-B-0691667 with a normally-open contact arranged on a rigid contact support which is not deflected in the contact position. It has been established in tests that with the relay of EP-B-0691667 only a very low number of switching operations can be achieved at high currents, i.e. the relay is irreparably damaged after a number of switching processes which is too low to be practical.
  • a further relay for switching current considerably below 40 A is known from DE-C-19718985 .
  • a fixed and a movable spring contact are constructed identically to one another in the form of a changeover spring and a normally-open spring contact and they are used mirror inverted in a plane in a base of the relay. Due to their identical construction the two spring contacts have, by necessity, identical spring stiffness, which at inrush currents of between 40 A and 1 kA leads to only a low number of switching operations, which in practice does not allow use for inrush currents over 40 A.
  • the spring stiffness of the deflection region is reduced relative to the other spring contacts by means of the weakened zone.
  • the deflection region deforms more easily than the other spring contact and allows a stepped or progressive spring characteristic, as under the action of the switching force the deflection region is first deflected and only then is the rest of the contact field in the region of the clamping deflected. In this manner a gradual, more flexible switching process can be achieved, where sparking is largely avoided.
  • the spring stiffness of the normally-open spring contact corresponds at least to the spring stiffness of the changeover spring.
  • the spring stiffness can be at least 1.5 times or at most approximately 8 times the spring stiffness of the changeover spring.
  • a normally-open spring contact which lies between approximately 3.5 and 5.5 times the spring stiffness of the changeover spring, an even higher number of switching operations appears to be achievable than in the above-mentioned range of stiffness ratios.
  • the spring stiffness appears to be fundamental in determining the deflection of the contact points. Different levels of spring stiffness can for example be achieved when the material thickness of the normally-open spring contact is, relative to the material thickness of the changeover spring, preferably at most 6 times, more preferably approximately double to approximately 1.5 times the material thickness of the changeover spring.
  • a normally-open spring contact is provided with a material thickness of between 0.2 and 0.3 mm, preferably in the region of 0.25 mm.
  • the changeover spring contact can have a material thickness of approximately 0.15 mm.
  • the changeover spring and/or the normally-open spring contact can both be constructed in the form of leaf springs, of which one end facing away from the respective contact point is held or anchored in the relay, so that the spring bends resiliently in the region between the clamped end and the contact point when the contact point is deflected.
  • the switching force can be introduced into the spring at the free end, so that lower switching forces are required due to the more advantageous lever conditions for deflecting the spring and for pressing the changeover contact onto the normally-open contact.
  • the force introduction into the changeover spring preferably takes place symmetrically, for example by means of two levers acting level with the contact point and spaced the same distance apart from the central axis of the spring.
  • the switching force can be produced by electromagnetic means by an electromagnetic coil which when actuated pulls an armature with the switching force.
  • the movement of the armature can be transmitted to the changeover spring by means of a coupling element.
  • the coil is preferably arranged between the armature and the changeover spring, and a movable coupling part may be provided parallel to the coil core, in order to transmit the movement of the armature to the changeover spring.
  • a further series of further advantageous embodiments is concerned with the configuration of the deflection region which is at least partially surrounded by the weakened zone.
  • a contact point or contact bead can be arranged in the deflection region.
  • the weakened zone can for example be constructed in the form of material erosion, such as a thinned area or a slot.
  • the weakened zone is arranged between the point or points of introduction of the switching force into the changeover spring and the contact point.
  • the weakened region can be constructed by means of local material erosion, such as for example locally reducing the wall thickness or a slot extending through the spring.
  • At least one of the contact points can be constructed as a substantially spherical contact bead and the weakened region arranged asymmetrically on the changeover spring and/or the normally-open spring contact.
  • the spherical construction of the contact bead leads to a rolling movement during the switching process which is reinforced by the asymmetrical arrangement of the weakened region and the asymmetrical deformation of the changeover spring and/or the normally-open spring contact resulting therefrom.
  • the slot can be arranged asymmetrically to produce a rolling movement of the contact bead, for example with a large part of its length, solely on one face of the contact bead.
  • the spring stiffness of the spring contact is distributed asymmetrically, so that the deflection region relative to the contact bead is deformed asymmetrically in the switching position.
  • a particularly flexible switching process can be achieved when the slot of the weakened region extends as far as the edge, so that the freedom of movement of the contact bead is increased.
  • the deflection region forms a more easily adjustable tab.
  • the contact bead is preferably made from AgSnO.
  • the changeover spring and the normally-open spring contact preferably each have a single contact bead.
  • Fig. 1 shows a heavy duty relay 1 according to the invention.
  • a changeover spring 3 and a normally-open spring contact 4 are held in the region of their one, lower edge region in fastening points. These clamping regions are not described further.
  • the changeover springs and the normally-open spring contacts 4 each form a clamped leaf spring.
  • the changeover spring 3 and the normally-open spring contact 4 are provided with contacts 5, 6, for example in the form of riveted contact beads.
  • the changeover springs 3 and the normally-open spring contacts 4 are manufactured from an electrically conductive material, such as for example a copper plate.
  • the spring stiffness of the changeover spring 3 is in this connection lower than the spring stiffness of the normally-open spring contact 4.
  • the spring stiffness of the normally-open spring contact 4 is at least approximately 1.5 times and at most approximately 8 times the spring stiffness of the changeover spring, preferably approximately 3.5 to 5.5 times the spring stiffness of the changeover spring. This is achieved in the embodiment of Fig. 1 , by the material thickness of the changeover spring 3 being less than the material thickness of the normally-open spring contact 4.
  • the material thickness of the normally-open spring contact 4 is between approximately 1.5 times and 6 times the material thickness of the changeover spring 3.
  • the material thickness of the normally-open spring contact is approximately 0.25 mm, while the material thickness of the changeover spring is approximately 0.15 mm.
  • the changeover spring 3 is electrically conductively connected to terminal contacts 7; the normally-open spring contact 4 to terminal contacts 8.
  • the terminal contacts 7, 8 protrude outwardly out of the relay from a base plate of the base 2 and allow the connection of electrical conductors which are connected to one another or separated depending on the switching position of the heavy duty relay.
  • the changeover spring 3 and/or the normally-open spring contact 4 is in electrically conductive contact with the respective terminal contact 7, 8 associated therewith at terminal points 9.
  • the conductors (not shown) to be switched by the heavy duty relay 1 are connected to the terminal points 7, 8, which conductors are electrically conductively connected to one another in the switching position.
  • the changeover spring 3 is rigidly connected via a preferably bar-shaped, longitudinally movable coupling part 11 to a movable armature 12.
  • a coil 13 indicated only diagrammatically in Fig. 1 , extends parallel thereto.
  • the coil 13 is actuated via a switching current which is conducted into the relay via switching terminals 14.
  • the switching terminals 14 protrude, as do the terminal contacts 7, 8, from the base plate of the base 2.
  • a ferromagnetic core passes through the coil 13 and (on the armature side) continues in a yoke 15. Between the yoke 15 and the armature 12 a working air gap A is formed, so that the armature can tilt toward the yoke by the spacing of the working air gap.
  • the armature 12 On its lower end, not visible in Fig. 1 , the armature 12 is movably, preferably rotatably, mounted in the vicinity of the core through the coil 13.
  • the yoke 15 is curved in a U-shape and extends below the coil 13 parallel thereto. The lower end of the armature 12 forming a pivot axis rests on the lower end of the yoke, so that the armature is affected as little as possible with loss of magnetic flow.
  • the coupling part 11 is fork-shaped on its end facing the changeover spring 3, the two fork ends 16, 17 introducing the switching force C into the changeover spring 3 approximately level with the contact 5 of the changeover spring 3 on both sides in the vicinity of the edge of the changeover spring 3.
  • the switching force C is symmetrically conducted into the changeover spring 3, so that the switching movement is carried out without torsion.
  • the coupling part 11 is preferably guided free of rotation in the heavy duty relay 1, so that possible rotational movements of the armature 12 and/or the changeover spring 3 cannot lead to a wedging of the coupling part 11 and a blocking of the heavy duty relay.
  • the contact 5 of the changeover spring 3 is pressed into the switching position against the corresponding opposite contact 6 of the normally-open spring contact 4.
  • the terminals 7 and 8 are conductively connected to one another via the changeover spring 3, the contact 5, the contact 6 and the normally-open spring contact 4.
  • the changeover spring 3 is resiliently deflected, so that when the inrush current ceases at the switching terminals 14, the coupling part 11 is pushed away from the yoke 15 together with the armature 12, due to the resilient return force of the changeover spring 3, and the working air gap A develops again in the resting position.
  • the size W A of the working air gap A in the direction of movement B of the coupling part 11 is greater than the spacing W K between the two contacts 5, 6 in this direction, so that a material erosion on the contacts 5, 6 occurring after many switching processes and an enlargement of the spacing between the contacts 5, 6 resulting therefrom cannot influence the function of the heavy duty relay 1.
  • the heavy duty relay 1 of Fig. 1 is suitable for the switching of currents of at least 40 A to 1 kA. Due to the resiliently compliant construction of the normally-open spring contact it flexes in the switching position, when the changeover spring 3 is pressed against the normally-open spring contact 5 under the action of the switching force C. As a result even with a large additional movement of the changeover spring 3, the switching process can be carried out gently and chatter and sparking avoided at the contact points 5, 6.
  • a weakened zone 18a is provided by which the spring stiffness is asymmetrically reduced in a deflection region 18b.
  • the construction and function of the weakened zone 18a are now disclosed with reference to Fig. 2 .
  • the magnet frame comprising the coil 13, the core in the vicinity of the yoke 15 in addition to the armature 12 and the coupling element 11 are omitted for clarity. Only the base 2 with the changeover spring 3 and the normally-open spring contact 5 are shown. With respect to the omitted elements, in the embodiment of Fig. 2 there is no difference to the embodiment of Fig. 1 .
  • the deflection region 18b is shown shaded in Fig. 2 and surrounds the contact bead 5.
  • the weakened zone 18b is constructed in the form of a slot extending asymmetrically laterally and below the contact bead.
  • the slot On the end of the slot 18a located in the interior of the changeover spring 3, the slot comprises a rounded widening 19.
  • the weakened zone 18 extends partially between the contact point 5 and at least one point of application 20, at which the switching force C is passed into the changeover spring 3. As can be seen in Fig. 2 , the weakened zone 18b extends to the fork ends 16, 17 on only on one side of the contact point 5. As a result, during the switching process in the deflection region, the changeover spring 3 carries out a tilting movement from the plane of the spring contact. During the tilting movement the contact beads 5, 6 roll over one another, so that the contact is gradually established and leads to self cleaning.
  • the changeover spring 3 and the normally-open spring contact 4 are constructed such that in the switching position, when the changeover spring 3 is pressed against the normally-open contact under the action of the switching force C, the changeover spring in the deflection region undergoes greater resilient deflection in the region of the contact point 5 than the normally-open spring contact in the region of the normally-open contact 6.
  • the normally-open spring contact is deflected less than the changeover spring by between 1/8 and 1/2, preferably by 1/5.
  • Fig. 2 the function of the heavy duty relay 1 of Fig. 2 is the same as in the embodiment of Fig. 1 .
  • FIGs 3 to 10 different embodiments of changeover springs 3 and/or normally-open spring contacts 4 are shown, as they can be used with the heavy duty relay 1 equipped according to the invention according to one of the embodiments of Figures 1 or 2 .
  • the embodiment of Figures 3 to 6 are provided with a contact bead arranged asymmetrically relative to a centreline M of the spring contact 3.
  • the embodiments of Figures 7 to 10 are provided with contact beads arranged symmetrically relative to the centreline M.
  • the embodiments of Figures 3 to 10 can in principle be used both for the changeover spring 3 and for the normally-open spring contact 4, they are preferably used as changeover springs 3, as they require lower switching forces S for deflection due to their high flexibility and therefore allow heavy duty relays of more compact construction.
  • the reference numerals are used for the components of the changeover spring 3.
  • the changeover spring 3 is loaded asymmetrically in the switching position in which it is pressed against the normally-open spring contact 4, so that it distorts.
  • This distortion is increased in the embodiment of Fig. 3 by means of the weakened zones 18a arranged on both sides of the contact bead 5 and symmetrically arranged relative to the contact bead 5. Due to the asymmetrical arrangement of the contact bead 5 the weakened zone can be arranged symmetrically around the contact bead, as an asymmetry is already achieved in the cooperation of the contact bead 5 and the weakened zone 18a.
  • the contact bead 5 is arranged on a deflection region 18b forming a tab 21, which partially surrounds the two weakened zones 18a in the form of slots. In this manner the contact bead 5 is more easily movable than the rest of the changeover spring 3; the spring stiffness in the deflection region 18b is lower than the spring stiffness of the remaining spring contact.
  • the weakened zones 18a are located between at least one point of application 19 for the switching force C and the contact tip 5.
  • Figures 4 and 5 show modifications of the embodiment of Fig. 3 , only one weakened zone 18a being present respectively on one side of the contact bead, so that the direct flux of force is interrupted from only one of the points of application 19 to the contact 5. Moreover, by means of these measures a very asymmetrical flux of force is achieved by the changeover spring 3, which leads to distortion from its plane and a rolling of the contact bead.
  • the deflection region 18b in these embodiments forms a triangular tab.
  • the weakened zone 18a is not arranged between the contact bead 5 and one or both of the two points of application 19 for the switching force S, but in the region between the contact 5 and the fastening points 23 with which the spring contact 3 is held on the base 2.
  • the flux of force of the switching force C is passed directly to the contact bead, but the region between the points of application 19 and over the weakened zone can distort asymmetrically, as the contact point 5 can move freely in the region of the slot 18, while it is coupled in the remaining region to the movement of the changeover spring 3.
  • a symmetrical deflection of the contact bead 5 takes place with strongly restricted rolling movement.
  • This embodiment can preferably be used with a mating contact, which is asymmetrically arranged and/or comprises asymmetrically arranged weakened zones.
  • the weakened zones 18a are shown as rectilinear slots which extend from the edge of the changeover spring 3 adjacent to the contact bead 5 into the interior of the changeover spring 3.
  • an arcuate slot can also be used, the curvature preferably following the form of the contact bead, as was already shown in the changeover spring of the embodiment of Fig. 2 .
  • the heavy duty relay can therefore have an asymmetrically constructed coupling part 11 or a coupling part 11 without fork-shaped ends.
  • the armature 12 and the changeover spring 3 can also be located on the same side of the coil.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Contacts (AREA)
  • Tumbler Switches (AREA)
  • Push-Button Switches (AREA)
  • Coupling Device And Connection With Printed Circuit (AREA)
  • Relay Circuits (AREA)
  • Arc-Extinguishing Devices That Are Switches (AREA)
EP05000324A 2004-01-28 2005-01-10 Heavy duty relay with resilient normally-open contact Active EP1560243B1 (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PL05000324T PL1560243T3 (pl) 2004-01-28 2005-01-10 Przekaźnik wysokowydajny ze sprężystym stykiem normalnie otwartym
EP05000324A EP1560243B1 (en) 2004-01-28 2005-01-10 Heavy duty relay with resilient normally-open contact

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP04001861 2004-01-28
EP04001861 2004-01-28
EP05000324A EP1560243B1 (en) 2004-01-28 2005-01-10 Heavy duty relay with resilient normally-open contact

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1560243A2 EP1560243A2 (en) 2005-08-03
EP1560243A3 EP1560243A3 (en) 2008-03-12
EP1560243B1 true EP1560243B1 (en) 2012-03-07

Family

ID=34878154

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP05000324A Active EP1560243B1 (en) 2004-01-28 2005-01-10 Heavy duty relay with resilient normally-open contact

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US7358839B2 (ja)
EP (1) EP1560243B1 (ja)
JP (1) JP2005216853A (ja)
CN (1) CN100479079C (ja)
AT (1) ATE548746T1 (ja)
ES (1) ES2382193T3 (ja)
PL (1) PL1560243T3 (ja)

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102006021203B3 (de) * 2006-05-06 2008-01-17 Tyco Electronics Austria Gmbh Elektrisches Relais
US8115578B2 (en) * 2006-07-10 2012-02-14 Alan R Fancke Relay
DE102006036613B3 (de) * 2006-08-04 2008-04-10 Tyco Electronics Austria Gmbh Relais mit einer Konkaktanordnung aus Kontaktfedern
DE102010063229A1 (de) * 2010-12-16 2012-06-21 Tyco Electronics Austria Gmbh Relais mit verbesserter Kontaktfeder
JP2015035403A (ja) * 2013-08-09 2015-02-19 オムロン株式会社 接点機構およびこれを用いた電磁継電器
KR101888275B1 (ko) * 2016-12-23 2018-08-14 엘에스오토모티브테크놀로지스 주식회사 릴레이 장치
US10522312B1 (en) * 2018-06-12 2019-12-31 Song Chuan Precision Co., Ltd. Movable spring plate and relay thereof

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AT410856B (de) * 1994-07-08 2003-08-25 Tyco Electronics Austria Gmbh Relais
JPH09219136A (ja) * 1996-02-13 1997-08-19 Denso Corp スタータ用マグネットスイッチ
US6246306B1 (en) * 1999-02-04 2001-06-12 Klaus A. Gruner Electromagnetic relay with pressure spring
JP4334158B2 (ja) * 2001-03-26 2009-09-30 富士通コンポーネント株式会社 電磁継電器

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP1560243A3 (en) 2008-03-12
US20050190026A1 (en) 2005-09-01
PL1560243T3 (pl) 2012-07-31
JP2005216853A (ja) 2005-08-11
ES2382193T3 (es) 2012-06-06
CN100479079C (zh) 2009-04-15
EP1560243A2 (en) 2005-08-03
ATE548746T1 (de) 2012-03-15
US7358839B2 (en) 2008-04-15
CN1649061A (zh) 2005-08-03

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