EP1517132B1 - Contactless measurement of the surface temperature of a probe exposed to artificial weathering - Google Patents

Contactless measurement of the surface temperature of a probe exposed to artificial weathering Download PDF

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EP1517132B1
EP1517132B1 EP04019632A EP04019632A EP1517132B1 EP 1517132 B1 EP1517132 B1 EP 1517132B1 EP 04019632 A EP04019632 A EP 04019632A EP 04019632 A EP04019632 A EP 04019632A EP 1517132 B1 EP1517132 B1 EP 1517132B1
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sample
radiation
samples
black
weathering
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EP1517132A1 (en
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Artur Schönlein
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Atlas Material Testing Technology GmbH
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Atlas Material Testing Technology GmbH
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N17/00—Investigating resistance of materials to the weather, to corrosion, or to light

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  • the present invention relates to a method for evaluating the weather-related aging behavior of a sample, in which the sample is subjected to natural or artificial weathering. Likewise, the invention relates to a device for the artificial weathering of samples.
  • the room temperature and / or the sample temperature is generally kept constant during the artificial weathering of polymeric materials.
  • the constant maintenance and the knowledge of the temperatures are necessary because of the temperature dependence of the aging, in order to be able to compare the results of different weathering runs among themselves.
  • weather sensors use temperature sensors whose measured temperature is used as a measure of the sample temperature.
  • a blackboard sensor may be used as such a temperature sensor.
  • a weathering apparatus having a weathering chamber in which a xenon lamp is provided as a light source for emitting light of a predetermined intensity.
  • a cylindrically symmetric sample holder frame which is rotatable about the light source. From this sample holder frame both to be examined material samples and black panel sensors are worn. The material samples and the black panel sensors are thus exposed under the same conditions to the radiation field of the light source and the other conditions set within the weathering chamber.
  • an air flow is additionally introduced into the weathering chamber, which is cylindrically symmetrical with respect to the light source on the sample holder frame and the material samples and black panel sensors held therein sweeps past.
  • the air flow carries off part of the heat of the material samples and black panel sensors. This can be exploited for temperature control by using the temperature measured by the black panel sensors as a control signal for the strength of the airflow introduced into the weathering chamber.
  • the black panel sensors, black standard sensors and white standard sensors used as temperature sensors are all constructed so as to have a metal plate with a painted surface facing the light source in operation and a temperature-dependent electrical component thermally coupled to the metal plate on the back thereof.
  • the electrical component is usually formed by a temperature-dependent resistor such as a platinum resistor (commercial designations Pt100 or Pt1000) and is connected to an electrical transducer circuit.
  • a black standard sensor has a one-side black painted stainless steel plate (thickness 1 mm), a Pt100 or Pt1000 resistor thermally coupled to the uncoated back, a PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) plastic sheet applied to the back and enclosing the platinum resistor, and a stainless steel end plate on.
  • a white standard sensor is constructed in a corresponding manner, with the difference that the surface facing the operation of the light source is painted white.
  • a black panel sensor consists of a double-sided blackened metal plate without PVDF insulation. The temperature-dependent resistor is applied to the back without surrounding insulation.
  • Today's standard weathering equipment uses black standard or black panel sensors to provide a black standard temperature for each weathering process.
  • the black standard temperature is an upper limit
  • a white standard sensor is used whose temperature measurement provides a lower limit of this range.
  • the sample temperature can be limited and, if appropriate, the arithmetic mean of the measured temperatures can be assumed as a first approximation for the sample temperature.
  • the publication EP-A-0 320 209 describes a test system for accelerated weathering of samples.
  • a support frame is arranged which rotates about a central radiation source and to which samples to be examined are attached.
  • a blackboard sensor with which a temperature is to be measured. It is mentioned that the temperature of the black panel sensor can also be detected without contact.
  • USDA FOREST SERVICE, FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY "Quantification and Prediction for Aging of Printing and Writing Papers Exposed to Light” [Online], August 2000 (2000-08), pages 1-151, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, discloses Method for evaluating the weather-related aging behavior of a sample, in which the sample is subjected to natural or artificial weathering and the surface temperature of the sample is measured without contact during weathering.
  • the method according to the invention for evaluating the weather-related aging behavior of a sample relates both to natural and to artificial weathering methods.
  • An essential idea of the present invention is to directly measure the surface temperature of the sample during weathering. This is made possible by a contactless temperature measurement method.
  • the surface temperature of the sample is no longer limited as hitherto by aids such as black or white standard sensors but is determined by measurement on the sample itself, it is possible to determine the surface temperature during the weathering more precisely.
  • the non-contact temperature measurement method according to the invention is achieved by detecting the black body radiation of the sample surface and determining the surface temperature from the intensity and / or the spectral distribution of the detected black body radiation. This can be done with a commercially available pyrometer, which is calibrated at least in the measuring range of interest corresponding measuring range. With the pyrometer, a measuring spot can be fixed on the sample surface at a certain angle to the sample and the black body radiation emitted by this measuring spot in the corresponding solid angle can be detected and the surface temperature can be determined therefrom.
  • the emissivity values of the samples and workpieces to be weathered on the one hand, experience can be obtained in a cost-effective manner, e.g. Table values of the literature are used. However, it may also be provided to determine the emissivities of the samples before the actual weathering by a suitable method. Since the actual emissivity values of the samples are determined, this allows a fairly accurate determination of the surface temperature from the detected blackbody radiation.
  • a number of samples to be weathered are typically mounted to an annularly closed support frame which is set in rotational motion about a centrally located radiation source such as a xenon radiator.
  • a detector for detecting blackbody radiation such as a pyrometer, may be arranged therein to fix a fixed spot which is traversed by the samples as they circulate.
  • An emissivity value is then stored for each sample so that the surface temperature can be determined from the blackbody radiation emitted by it and its emissivity. It can be provided that the current angular position of the support frame is used to assign the detected by the pyrometer blackbody radiation of a particular sample. The emissivity value stored for this sample can then be used to determine the surface temperature from the detected blackbody radiation.
  • the non-contact temperature sensor is given in particular by a black radiation detector such as a (calibrated) pyrometer.
  • the holding means can be formed in a manner known per se by an annularly closed holding frame, which is arranged concentrically around a radiation source and can be set in a rotational movement about the radiation source.
  • the non-contact temperature sensor is then preferably fixed in space and in its orientation, so that it is aligned to a fixed space area.
  • One or more of the samples to be weathered held in the support frame periodically pass through the fixed space area during rotation of the support frame around the radiation source and are detected by the contactless temperature sensor each time it passes through.
  • black-ray detector each time a sample passes through the stationary space, blackbody radiation of the sample is emitted towards and detected by the black-ray detector.
  • values for the radiation emissivity of the samples can be stored in a connected evaluation circuit. Each time the black radiation of a particular sample has been detected, its intensity and / or spectral distribution with the associated emissivity value is offset against the surface temperature of the sample.
  • FIGS. 1a, 1b is a weathering tester according to the invention in a longitudinal section ( Fig. 1a ) and in a plan view (1b).
  • a ring-shaped closed support frame 2 is rotatably mounted on the inner wall samples 3 or workpieces can be supported.
  • the support frame 2 is circular, in particular in cross section.
  • an elongated xenon radiation source 4 is fixed, which is fixed to an inner wall of the weathering chamber 1.
  • the xenon radiation source 4 serves to emit a radiation comparable to the natural solar radiation and thus to apply the samples 3.
  • the xenon radiation source 4 is surrounded by a tubular filter 5, which is adapted to the respective weathering test.
  • the weathering chamber can in known manner other means for artificial weathering such as moisture generators or the like, which play no essential role for the present invention and should therefore not be discussed further.
  • An air flow can also be introduced into the weathering chamber 1, which sweeps past the samples 3 in the vertical direction.
  • the support frame 2 is preferably rotatably mounted such that the axis of rotation coincides with the axis of the xenon radiation source 4, so that the samples 3 are substantially on a circular path at a constant distance from the xenon radiation source 4 to move around this.
  • an opening is formed in the upper wall of the weathering chamber 1, into which a pyrometer 6 can be inserted from the outside.
  • the pyrometer is arranged completely within the weathering chamber 1 at a suitable position.
  • the embodiment of Fig. 1a further shows that the pyrometer 6 is aligned in a fixed position on a sample 3 and detects the blackbody radiation emitted by it. The blackbody radiation is thus always detected by the pyrometer 6 at an oblique angle to the horizontal.
  • the pyrometer 6 is thus fixed to a fixed spatial area, which the samples 3 pass through periodically in their circular motion. From the top view of Fig. 1b It can be seen that the black body radiation emitted by a sample 3 can thus be detected by the pyrometer 6 within time segments whose length is determined by the rotational speed of the mounting frame 2 and the width of the sample 3. After completion of such a period, the surface temperature in an evaluation circuit connected to the pyrometer 6 can be calculated from the detected black body radiation using the emissivity stored for the respective sample 3. In the evaluation circuit, the emissivity values of the samples 3 attached to the support frame 2 can be stored. After detecting the black body radiation, the sample 3 must first be identified in order to be able to obtain the emissivity value stored for this sample 3.
  • the angular position of the support frame 2 can be appropriately determined and it can be determined beforehand in a table at which measured angular positions of the support frame 2 which samples 3 are currently in the fixed measuring range of the pyrometer 6. After this Thus, the sample 3 has been identified, which has emitted the black body radiation within the temporal measurement window, the emissivity value corresponding to the sample 3 with the intensity and / or the spectral distribution of the black body radiation is calculated to obtain therefrom, the surface temperature of the sample 3.
  • the pyrometer 6 is preferably calibrated for a measuring range between 8 .mu.m and 14 .mu.m in the temperature range of 20-120.degree.
  • the surface temperature of each sample 3 is preferably recorded continuously during the weathering run.
  • the inventive method is in principle applicable to natural weathering. Again, it can be provided that samples or workpieces are attached to a support frame and are passed on a closed path to a temperature sensor such as a pyrometer, so that eliminates the need for the pyrometer must be aligned in the constant change of its orientation to the different samples ,

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Description

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Bewertung des witterungsbedingten Alterungsverhalten einer Probe, bei welchem die Probe einer natürlichen oder einer künstlichen Bewitterung ausgesetzt wird. Ebenso bezieht sich die Erfindung auf eine Vorrichtung zur künstlichen Bewitterung von Proben.The present invention relates to a method for evaluating the weather-related aging behavior of a sample, in which the sample is subjected to natural or artificial weathering. Likewise, the invention relates to a device for the artificial weathering of samples.

In Vorrichtungen zur künstlichen Bewitterung von Werkstoffproben soll die Lebensdauer von Werkstoffen abgeschätzt werden, die in ihrer Anwendung ständig den natürlichen Wetterverhältnissen ausgesetzt sind und sich somit unter klimatischen Einflüssen wie Sonnenlicht, Sonnenwärme, Feuchtigkeit und dgl. verschlechtern. Um eine gute Simulation der natürlichen Witterungsgegebenheiten zu erhalten, muss die spektrale Energieverteilung des in der Vorrichtung erzeugten Lichtes möglichst derjenigen der natürlichen Sonnenstrahlung entsprechen, aus welchem Grund in solchen Geräten als Strahlenquellen Xenonstrahler eingesetzt werden. Eine zeitraffende Alterungsprüfung der Werkstoffe wird im Wesentlichen durch eine gegenüber den natürlichen Verhältnissen stark intensivierte Bestrahlung der Proben erzielt, durch die die Alterung der Proben beschleunigt wird. Somit lässt sich nach verhältnismäßig kurzer Zeit eine Aussage über das Langzeit-Alterungsverhalten einer Werkstoffprobe machen.In devices for the artificial weathering of material samples, the life of materials is to be estimated, which are exposed in their application constantly to the natural weather conditions and thus deteriorate under climatic influences such as sunlight, solar heat, moisture and the like. In order to obtain a good simulation of the natural weather conditions, the spectral energy distribution of the light generated in the device must as far as possible correspond to that of natural solar radiation, for which reason xenon radiators are used in such devices as radiation sources. A time-critical aging test of the materials is essentially achieved by a highly intensified compared to the natural conditions irradiation of the samples, which accelerates the aging of the samples. Thus, a statement about the long-term aging behavior of a material sample can be made after a relatively short time.

Ein Großteil der in künstlichen Bewitterungsgeräten untersuchten Proben bestehen aus polymeren Werkstoffen. Bei diesen wird die witterungsbedingte Verschlechterung im Wesentlichen durch den UV-Anteil der Sonnenstrahlung hervorgerufen. Die dabei ablaufenden fotochemischen Primärprozesse, also die Absorption von Photonen und die Erzeugung angeregter Zustände oder freier Radikale, sind temperaturunabhängig. Dagegen können die nachfolgenden Reaktionsschritte mit den Polymeren oder Additiven temperaturabhängig sein, so dass die beobachtete Alterung der Werkstoffe ebenfalls temperaturabhängig ist. Der Grad der Temperaturabhängigkeit ist vom Werkstoff und der betrachteten Eigenschaftsänderung abhängig.Much of the samples tested in artificial weathering equipment are made of polymeric materials. In these, the weather-related deterioration is essentially caused by the UV component of solar radiation. The photochemical primary processes taking place during this process, ie the absorption of photons and the generation of excited states or free radicals, are temperature-independent. On the other hand can the subsequent reaction steps with the polymers or additives are temperature-dependent, so that the observed aging of the materials is also temperature-dependent. The degree of temperature dependence depends on the material and the considered property change.

Um dieser Tatsache Rechnung zu tragen, wird im Allgemeinen bei der künstlichen Bewitterung von polymeren Werkstoffen die Raumtemperatur und/oder die Probentemperatur konstant gehalten. Die Konstanthaltung und die Kenntnis der Temperaturen sind wegen der Temperaturabhängigkeit der Alterung notwendig, um die Resultate verschiedener Bewitterungsläufe untereinander vergleichen zu können.In order to take this fact into account, the room temperature and / or the sample temperature is generally kept constant during the artificial weathering of polymeric materials. The constant maintenance and the knowledge of the temperatures are necessary because of the temperature dependence of the aging, in order to be able to compare the results of different weathering runs among themselves.

Da bisher nicht in Betracht gezogen wurde, die Probentemperatur der zu untersuchenden Werkstoffproben direkt zu messen, werden in Bewitterungsgeräten Temperatursensoren eingesetzt, deren gemessene Temperatur als ein Maß für die Probentemperatur verwendet wird. Beispielsweise kann ein Schwarztafelsensor als ein derartiger Temperatursensor zum Einsatz kommen. In der Druckschrift EP 0 320 209 A2 wird ein Bewitterungsgerät beschrieben, welches eine Bewitterungskammer aufweist, in der eine Xenonlampe als Lichtquelle zur Abgabe von Licht mit einer vorbestimmten Intensität vorgesehen ist. Innerhalb der Bewitterungskammer befindet sich ein zylindersymmetrischer Probenhalterrahmen, der um die Lichtquelle drehbar ist. Von diesem Probenhalterrahmen werden sowohl zu untersuchende Werkstoffproben als auch Schwarztafelsensoren getragen. Die Werkstoffproben und die Schwarztafelsensoren sind somit unter gleichen Bedingungen dem Strahlungsfeld der Lichtquelle und den übrigen, innerhalb der Bewitterungskammer eingestellten Bedingungen ausgesetzt. Um die Probentemperatur innerhalb bestimmter Grenzen steuern zu können und um sie innerhalb der Bewitterungskammer zu vergleichsmäßigen, wird zusätzlich ein Luftstrom in die Bewitterungskammer eingeleitet, der zylindersymmetrisch bezüglich der Lichtquelle an dem Probenhalterrahmen und den darin gehalterten Werkstoffproben und Schwarztafelsensoren vorbeistreicht. Der Luftstrom führt dabei einen Teil der Wärme der Werkstoffproben und Schwarztafelsensoren ab. Dies kann für eine Temperaturregelung ausgenutzt werden, indem die von den Schwarztafelsensoren gemessene Temperatur als Regelsignal für die Stärke des in die Bewitterungskammer eingeleiteten Luftstroms verwendet wird.Since it has not previously been considered to directly measure the sample temperature of the material samples to be tested, weather sensors use temperature sensors whose measured temperature is used as a measure of the sample temperature. For example, a blackboard sensor may be used as such a temperature sensor. In the publication EP 0 320 209 A2 there is described a weathering apparatus having a weathering chamber in which a xenon lamp is provided as a light source for emitting light of a predetermined intensity. Within the weathering chamber is a cylindrically symmetric sample holder frame which is rotatable about the light source. From this sample holder frame both to be examined material samples and black panel sensors are worn. The material samples and the black panel sensors are thus exposed under the same conditions to the radiation field of the light source and the other conditions set within the weathering chamber. In order to control the sample temperature within certain limits and to make them comparable within the weathering chamber, an air flow is additionally introduced into the weathering chamber, which is cylindrically symmetrical with respect to the light source on the sample holder frame and the material samples and black panel sensors held therein sweeps past. The air flow carries off part of the heat of the material samples and black panel sensors. This can be exploited for temperature control by using the temperature measured by the black panel sensors as a control signal for the strength of the airflow introduced into the weathering chamber.

Die als Temperatursensoren verwendeten Schwarztafelsensoren, Schwarzstandardsensoren und Weißstandardsensoren sind sämtlich so aufgebaut, dass sie eine Metallplatte mit einer im Betrieb der Lichtquelle zugewandten lackierten Oberfläche und ein an die Metallplatte auf deren Rückseite thermisch angekoppeltes temperaturabhängiges elektrisches Bauelement aufweisen. Das elektrische Bauelement wird dabei in der Regel durch einen temperaturabhängigen Widerstand wie einen Platinwiderstand (handelsübliche Bezeichnungen Pt100 oder Pt1000) gebildet und ist mit einer elektrischen Messumformerschaltung verbunden.The black panel sensors, black standard sensors and white standard sensors used as temperature sensors are all constructed so as to have a metal plate with a painted surface facing the light source in operation and a temperature-dependent electrical component thermally coupled to the metal plate on the back thereof. The electrical component is usually formed by a temperature-dependent resistor such as a platinum resistor (commercial designations Pt100 or Pt1000) and is connected to an electrical transducer circuit.

Ein Schwarzstandardsensor weist im Einzelnen eine einseitig schwarz lackierte Edelstahlplatte (Dicke 1 mm), einen an der unbeschichteten Rückseite thermisch angekoppelten Pt100- oder Pt1000-Widerstand, eine auf die Rückseite aufgebrachte und den Platinwiderstand umschließende Kunststoffplatte aus PVDF (Polyvinylidenfluorid) und eine Abschlussplatte aus Edelstahl auf. Ein Weißstandardsensor ist in entsprechender Weise aufgebaut, mit dem Unterschied, dass die im Betrieb der Lichtquelle zugewandte Oberfläche weiß lackiert ist. Ein Schwarztafelsensor besteht im Unterschied zu dem Schwarzstandardsensor aus einer beidseitig geschwärzten Metallplatte ohne PVDF-Isolierung. Der temperaturabhängige Widerstand ist ohne umgebende Isolierung auf die Rückseite aufgebracht.Specifically, a black standard sensor has a one-side black painted stainless steel plate (thickness 1 mm), a Pt100 or Pt1000 resistor thermally coupled to the uncoated back, a PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) plastic sheet applied to the back and enclosing the platinum resistor, and a stainless steel end plate on. A white standard sensor is constructed in a corresponding manner, with the difference that the surface facing the operation of the light source is painted white. In contrast to the black standard sensor, a black panel sensor consists of a double-sided blackened metal plate without PVDF insulation. The temperature-dependent resistor is applied to the back without surrounding insulation.

In Bewitterungsgeräten nach heutigem Standard werden Schwarzstandard- oder Schwarztafelsensoren eingesetzt, um für jeden Bewitterungsprozess eine Schwarzstandardtemperatur angeben zu können. Die Schwarzstandardtemperatur stellt eine obere Grenze für den in Frage kommenden Bereich der Oberflächentemperatur der Werkstoffprobe dar. Zusätzlich wird oftmals ein Weißstandardsensor eingesetzt, dessen Temperaturmessung eine untere Grenze dieses Bereichs bereitstellt. Somit kann die Probentemperatur eingegrenzt werden und es kann gegebenenfalls als erste Näherung für die Probentemperatur der arithmetische Mittelwert der gemessenen Temperaturen angenommen werden.Today's standard weathering equipment uses black standard or black panel sensors to provide a black standard temperature for each weathering process. The black standard temperature is an upper limit In addition, often a white standard sensor is used whose temperature measurement provides a lower limit of this range. Thus, the sample temperature can be limited and, if appropriate, the arithmetic mean of the measured temperatures can be assumed as a first approximation for the sample temperature.

Der Nachteil dieses konventionellen Temperaturmessverfahrens besteht darin, dass die Oberflächentemperatur der Probe nicht präzise genug eingegrenzt werden kann. Die heutigen Anforderungen an die Vergleichbarkeit und Reproduzierbarkeit von Bewitterungsläufen bringen erhöhte Anforderungen an die Genauigkeit der Temperaturmessung mit sich. Diesen Anforderungen wird das konventionelle Temperaturmessverfahren nur noch bedingt gerecht.The disadvantage of this conventional temperature measurement method is that the surface temperature of the sample can not be limited precisely enough. Today's demands on the comparability and reproducibility of weathering runs entail increased demands on the accuracy of the temperature measurement. These requirements are the conventional temperature measurement method only partially meet.

Die Druckschrift EP-A-0 320 209 beschreibt ein Testsystem zur beschleunigten Bewitterung von Proben. Innerhalb einer Bewitterungskammer ist ein Halterungsrahmen angeordnet, welcher sich um eine zentrale Strahlungsquelle dreht und an welchem zu untersuchende Proben befestigt sind. Ebenfalls befestigt an dem Halterungsrahmen ist ein Schwarztafelsensor, mit welchem eine Temperatur gemessen werden soll. Es wird erwähnt, dass die Temperatur des. Schwarztafelsensors auch kontaktlos erfasst werden kann.The publication EP-A-0 320 209 describes a test system for accelerated weathering of samples. Within a weathering chamber, a support frame is arranged which rotates about a central radiation source and to which samples to be examined are attached. Also attached to the support frame is a blackboard sensor with which a temperature is to be measured. It is mentioned that the temperature of the black panel sensor can also be detected without contact.

Die Druckschrift USDA FOREST SERVICE, FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY: "Quantification and Prediction for Aging of Printing and Writing Papers Exposed to Light" [Online], August 2000 (2000-08), Seiten 1-151, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, offenbart ein Verfahren zur Bewertung des witterungsbedingten Alterungsverhaltens einer Probe, bei welchem die Probe einer natürlichen oder einen künstlichen Bewitterung ausgesetzt wird und die Oberflächentemperatur der Probe während der Bewitterung kontaktlos gemessen wird.USDA FOREST SERVICE, FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY: "Quantification and Prediction for Aging of Printing and Writing Papers Exposed to Light" [Online], August 2000 (2000-08), pages 1-151, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, discloses Method for evaluating the weather-related aging behavior of a sample, in which the sample is subjected to natural or artificial weathering and the surface temperature of the sample is measured without contact during weathering.

Die Druckschrift US-A-4,874,952 beschreibt eine Einrichtung zur beschleunigten Fotodegradation von polymerhaltigen Materialien in welcher Materialproben der gleichzeitigen Einwirkung ultravioletter Strahlung, Hitze und Sauerstoff ausgesetzt werden. Um dafür Sorge zu tragen, dass die Temperatur der zu untersuchenden Materialproben auf einem konstanten und bekannten Wert während des Tests gehalten werden, wird ein Schwarzkörpersensor in der Testkammer aufbewahrt, dessen Temperatur stets höher als die der Materialproben ist.The publication US-A-4,874,952 describes a device for the accelerated photodegradation of polymer-containing materials in which material samples are exposed to the simultaneous action of ultraviolet radiation, heat and oxygen. In order to ensure that the temperature of the material samples to be tested is maintained at a constant and known value during the test, a blackbody sensor is stored in the test chamber, the temperature of which is always higher than that of the material samples.

Es ist demzufolge Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung, die Genauigkeit der Messung der Oberflächentemperatur von künstlich bewitterten Proben während der Bewitterung zu steigern.It is therefore an object of the present invention to increase the accuracy of the measurement of the surface temperature of artificially weathered samples during weathering.

Diese Aufgabe wird durch ein Verfahren mit den Merkmalen des Patentanspruchs 1 gelöst. Vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen und Ausgestaltungen sind Gegenstand von abhängigen Ansprüchen. Die Aufgabe wird ebenfalls durch eine Vorrichtung mit den Merkmalen des Patentanspruchs 7 gelöst.This object is achieved by a method having the features of patent claim 1. Advantageous developments and refinements are the subject of dependent claims. The object is also achieved by a device having the features of patent claim 7.

Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren zur Bewertung des witterungsbedingten Alterungsverhaltens einer Probe bezieht sich sowohl auf natürliche wie auf künstliche Bewitterungsverfahren. Ein wesentlicher Gedanke der vorliegenden Erfindung besteht darin, die Oberflächentemperatur der Probe während der Bewitterung direkt zu messen. Dies wird durch ein kontaktloses Temperaturmessverfahren ermöglicht.The method according to the invention for evaluating the weather-related aging behavior of a sample relates both to natural and to artificial weathering methods. An essential idea of the present invention is to directly measure the surface temperature of the sample during weathering. This is made possible by a contactless temperature measurement method.

Da somit die Oberflächentemperatur der Probe nicht mehr wie bisher durch Hilfsmittel wie Schwarz- oder Weißstandardsensoren eingegrenzt sondern durch Messung an der Probe selbst bestimmt wird, besteht die Möglichkeit, die Oberflächentemperatur während der Bewitterung präziser zu bestimmen.Thus, since the surface temperature of the sample is no longer limited as hitherto by aids such as black or white standard sensors but is determined by measurement on the sample itself, it is possible to determine the surface temperature during the weathering more precisely.

Zudem entfällt die Notwendigkeit der Bereitstellung besagter Schwarz- oder Weißstandardsensoren oder Schwarztafelsensoren und deren aufwändige Kalibrierung vor Einsatz in einem Bewitterungsprüfgerät.In addition, there is no need to provide said black or white standard sensors or black panel sensors and their elaborate calibration before use in a weathering tester.

Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren der kontaktlosen Temperaturmessung wird durch Erfassen der Schwarzkörperstrahlung der Probenoberfläche und dem Bestimmen der Oberflächentemperatur aus der Intensität und/oder der spektralen Verteilung der erfassten Schwarzkörperstrahlung erreicht. Dies kann mit einem handelsüblichen Pyrometer erfolgen, welches zumindest in dem dem interessierenden Temperaturbereich entsprechenden Messbereich kalibriert ist. Mit dem Pyrometer kann unter einem bestimmten Winkel zu der Probe ein Messfleck auf der Probenoberfläche fixiert und die von diesem Messfleck in den entsprechenden Raumwinkel emittierte Schwarzkörperstrahlung erfasst und daraus die Oberflächentemperatur bestimmt werden.The non-contact temperature measurement method according to the invention is achieved by detecting the black body radiation of the sample surface and determining the surface temperature from the intensity and / or the spectral distribution of the detected black body radiation. This can be done with a commercially available pyrometer, which is calibrated at least in the measuring range of interest corresponding measuring range. With the pyrometer, a measuring spot can be fixed on the sample surface at a certain angle to the sample and the black body radiation emitted by this measuring spot in the corresponding solid angle can be detected and the surface temperature can be determined therefrom.

Wenn die kontaktlose Temperaturmessung durch Messung der Schwarzkörperstrahlung erfolgt, so setzt dies prinzipiell voraus, dass der Strahlungsemissionsgrad oder die Strahlungsemissivität des Oberflächenmaterials der Probe bekannt ist, da die die Schwarzkörperstrahlung emittierende Oberfläche der Probe nicht die Eigenschaften eines idealen schwarzen Strahlers (ε = 1) aufweist und die Emissivität ε stets kleiner als 1 ist. Auch sollte die Winkelabhängigkeit der Emissivität des Probenmaterials bekannt sein, da wie oben erwähnt, die in einen bestimmten Raumwinkel abgestrahlte Schwarzkörperstrahlung von dem Pyrometer erfasst wird.If the contactless temperature measurement is carried out by measuring the blackbody radiation, this presupposes in principle that the radiation emissivity or the radiation emissivity of the surface material of the sample is known, since the surface of the sample emitting the blackbody radiation does not have the properties of an ideal blackbody (ε = 1) and the emissivity ε is always less than 1. Also, the angle dependence of the emissivity of the sample material should be known, since, as mentioned above, the blackbody radiation radiated to a certain solid angle is detected by the pyrometer.

Bezüglich der Emissivitätswerte der zu bewitternden Proben und Werkstücke kann zum einen in aufwandsgünstiger Weise auf Erfahrungswerte z.B. Tabellenwerte der Literatur zurückgegriffen werden. Es kann jedoch ebenso vorgesehen sein, die Emissivitäten der Proben vor der eigentlichen Bewitterung durch ein geeignetes Verfahren zu bestimmen. Da hierbei die tatsächlichen Emissivitätswerte der Proben ermittelt werden, erlaubt dies eine recht genaue Bestimmung der Oberflächentemperatur aus der erfassten Schwarzkörperstrahlung.With regard to the emissivity values of the samples and workpieces to be weathered, on the one hand, experience can be obtained in a cost-effective manner, e.g. Table values of the literature are used. However, it may also be provided to determine the emissivities of the samples before the actual weathering by a suitable method. Since the actual emissivity values of the samples are determined, this allows a fairly accurate determination of the surface temperature from the detected blackbody radiation.

Selbst wenn die Emissivität des Probenmaterials nicht vorher experimentell bestimmt wird, und somit nicht genau bekannt ist, kann durch Verwendung eines angenommenen Emissivitätswertes die Bestimmung der Oberflächentemperatur aus der erfassten Schwarzkörperstrahlung besser angenähert werden als bei dem konventionellen Verfahren, bei dem durch Schwarz- und Weißstandardsensoren nur ein relativ großer Bereich zwischen einer oberen und einer unteren Grenztemperatur angegeben werden kann.Even if the emissivity of the sample material is not determined experimentally beforehand, and thus not accurately known, by using an assumed emissivity value, the determination of the surface temperature from the detected blackbody radiation can be approximated better than in the conventional method using only black and white standard sensors a relatively large range between an upper and a lower limit temperature can be specified.

In heutigen Vorrichtungen zur künstlichen Bewitterung wird in der Regel eine Anzahl von zu bewitternden Probestücken an einem ringförmig geschlossenen Halterungsrahmen befestigt, der in eine Drehbewegung um eine zentral angeordnete Strahlungsquelle wie einen Xenonstrahler versetzt wird. Ein Detektor zur Erfassung der Schwarzkörperstrahlung, wie ein Pyrometer, kann darin so angeordnet werden, dass es einen ortsfesten Messfleck fixiert, der von den Proben bei ihrer Kreisbewegung durchlaufen wird. Für jede Probe ist dann ein Emissivitätswert gespeichert, so dass aus der von ihr emittierten Schwarzkörperstrahlung und ihrer Emissivität die Oberflächentemperatur bestimmt werden kann. Dabei kann vorgesehen sein, dass die aktuelle Winkelposition des Halterungsrahmens dafür verwendet wird, die von dem Pyrometer erfasste Schwarzkörperstrahlung einer bestimmten Probe zuzuordnen. Der zu dieser Probe gespeicherte Emissivitätswert kann dann herangezogen werden, um aus der erfassten Schwarzkörperstrahlung die Oberflächentemperatur zu bestimmen.In present artificial weathering devices, a number of samples to be weathered are typically mounted to an annularly closed support frame which is set in rotational motion about a centrally located radiation source such as a xenon radiator. A detector for detecting blackbody radiation, such as a pyrometer, may be arranged therein to fix a fixed spot which is traversed by the samples as they circulate. An emissivity value is then stored for each sample so that the surface temperature can be determined from the blackbody radiation emitted by it and its emissivity. It can be provided that the current angular position of the support frame is used to assign the detected by the pyrometer blackbody radiation of a particular sample. The emissivity value stored for this sample can then be used to determine the surface temperature from the detected blackbody radiation.

Eine erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung zur künstlichen Bewitterung von Proben weist eine Bewitterungskammer, in welcher eine Strahlungsquelle und Halterungsmittel für die Halterung von zu bewitternden Proben enthalten sind, und einen kontaktlosen Temperatursensor auf. Der kontaktlose Temperatursensor ist dabei insbesondere durch einen Schwarzstrahlungsdetektor wie ein (kalibriertes) Pyrometer gegeben.A device according to the invention for the artificial weathering of samples comprises a weathering chamber in which a radiation source and holding means for holding samples to be weathered are contained, and a contactless temperature sensor. The non-contact temperature sensor is given in particular by a black radiation detector such as a (calibrated) pyrometer.

Die Halterungsmittel können in an sich bekannter Weise durch einen ringförmig geschlossenen Halterungsrahmen gebildet sein, welcher konzentrisch um eine Strahlungsquelle angeordnet ist, und in eine Drehbewegung um die Strahlungsquelle versetzbar ist. Der kontaktlose Temperatursensor ist dann vorzugsweise räumlich und in seiner Ausrichtung feststehend, so dass er auf einen ortsfesten Raumbereich ausgerichtet ist. Eine oder mehrere der in dem Halterungsrahmen gehalterten zu bewitternden Proben durchlaufen bei der Drehbewegung des Halterungsrahmens um die Strahlungsquelle den ortsfesten Raumbereich periodisch und werden bei jedem Durchlaufen von dem kontaktlosen Temperatursensor erfasst. Im Falle eines Schwarzstrahlungsdetektor wird bei jedem Durchlaufen einer Probe durch den ortsfesten Raumbereich Schwarzkörperstrahlung der Probe in Richtung auf den Schwarzstrahlungsdetektor emittiert und von diesem erfasst.The holding means can be formed in a manner known per se by an annularly closed holding frame, which is arranged concentrically around a radiation source and can be set in a rotational movement about the radiation source. The non-contact temperature sensor is then preferably fixed in space and in its orientation, so that it is aligned to a fixed space area. One or more of the samples to be weathered held in the support frame periodically pass through the fixed space area during rotation of the support frame around the radiation source and are detected by the contactless temperature sensor each time it passes through. In the case of a black-ray detector, each time a sample passes through the stationary space, blackbody radiation of the sample is emitted towards and detected by the black-ray detector.

Wenn der Temperatursensor durch einen Schwarzstrahlungsdetektor gegeben ist, so können in einer an diesen angeschlossenen Auswerteschaltung Werte für die Strahlungsemissivität der Proben speicherbar sein. Jedes Mal wenn die Schwarzstrahlung einer bestimmten Probe erfasst worden ist, so wird deren Intensität und/oder spektrale Verteilung mit dem zugehörigen Emissivitätswert zu der Oberflächentemperatur der Probe verrechnet.If the temperature sensor is given by a black radiation detector, values for the radiation emissivity of the samples can be stored in a connected evaluation circuit. Each time the black radiation of a particular sample has been detected, its intensity and / or spectral distribution with the associated emissivity value is offset against the surface temperature of the sample.

Durch die Winkelposition des Halterungsrahmens ist die aktuell in dem ortsfesten Raumbereich befindliche Probe identifizierbar.Due to the angular position of the support frame, the currently located in the fixed space area sample is identifiable.

Im Folgenden wird anhand eines einzigen Ausführungsbeispiels die vorliegende Erfindung anhand der Zeichnungsfigur näher erläutert.In the following, the present invention will be explained in more detail with reference to the drawing figure with reference to a single embodiment.

In den Figuren 1a, 1b ist ein erfindungsgemäßes Bewitterungsprüfgerät in einem Längsschnitt (Fig. 1a) und in einer Draufsicht (1b) dargestellt.In the FIGS. 1a, 1b is a weathering tester according to the invention in a longitudinal section ( Fig. 1a ) and in a plan view (1b).

In einer Bewitterungskammer 1 ist ein ringförmig geschlossener Halterungsrahmen 2 drehbar gelagert, an dessen Innenwand Proben 3 oder Werkstücke gehaltert werden können. Der Halterungsrahmen 2 ist insbesondere im Querschnitt kreisförmig. Auf der Zylinder- und Drehachse des Halterungsrahmens 2 ist eine länglich ausgedehnte Xenonstrahlungsquelle 4 positioniert, die an einer Innenwand der Bewitterungskammer 1 fixiert ist . Die Xenonstrahlungsquelle 4 dient dazu, eine Strahlung vergleichbar der natürlichen Sonnenstrahlung abzugeben und damit die Proben 3 zu beaufschlagen. Die Xenonstrahlungsquelle 4 ist von einem rohrförmigen Filter 5 umgeben, das an die jeweilige Bewitterungsprüfung angepasst wird.In a weathering chamber 1, a ring-shaped closed support frame 2 is rotatably mounted on the inner wall samples 3 or workpieces can be supported. The support frame 2 is circular, in particular in cross section. On the cylindrical and rotational axis of the support frame 2, an elongated xenon radiation source 4 is fixed, which is fixed to an inner wall of the weathering chamber 1. The xenon radiation source 4 serves to emit a radiation comparable to the natural solar radiation and thus to apply the samples 3. The xenon radiation source 4 is surrounded by a tubular filter 5, which is adapted to the respective weathering test.

Die Bewitterungskammer kann in an sich bekannter Weise weitere Einrichtungen zur künstlichen Bewitterung wie beispielsweise Feuchtigkeitserzeuger oder dergleichen aufweisen, die für die vorliegende Erfindung keine wesentliche Rolle spielen und auf die daher nicht weiter eingegangen werden soll. Es kann auch ein Luftstrom in die Bewitterungskammer 1 eingeleitet werden, der in vertikaler Richtung an den Proben 3 vorbei streicht.The weathering chamber can in known manner other means for artificial weathering such as moisture generators or the like, which play no essential role for the present invention and should therefore not be discussed further. An air flow can also be introduced into the weathering chamber 1, which sweeps past the samples 3 in the vertical direction.

Der Halterungsrahmen 2 ist vorzugsweise derart drehbar gelagert, dass die Drehachse mit der Achse der Xenonstrahlungsquelle 4 zusammen fällt, so dass die Proben 3 sich im Wesentlichen auf einer Kreisbahn mit gleichbleibendem Abstand von der Xenonstrahlungsquelle 4 um diese bewegen.The support frame 2 is preferably rotatably mounted such that the axis of rotation coincides with the axis of the xenon radiation source 4, so that the samples 3 are substantially on a circular path at a constant distance from the xenon radiation source 4 to move around this.

In dem gezeigten Ausführungsbeispiel ist in der oberen Wand der Bewitterungskammer 1 eine Öffnung geformt, in die von außen ein Pyrometer 6 eingesetzt werden kann. Alternativ dazu kann auch vorgesehen sein, dass das Pyrometer vollständig innerhalb der Bewitterungskammer 1 an geeigneter Position angeordnet wird. Das Ausführungsbeispiel der Fig. 1a zeigt ferner, dass das Pyrometer 6 in einer festen Position auf eine Probe 3 ausgerichtet ist und die von dieser emittierte Schwarzkörperstrahlung erfasst. Die Schwarzkörperstrahlung wird somit stets unter einem schrägen Winkel zur Horizontalen von dem Pyrometer 6 erfasst.In the embodiment shown, an opening is formed in the upper wall of the weathering chamber 1, into which a pyrometer 6 can be inserted from the outside. Alternatively, it may also be provided that the pyrometer is arranged completely within the weathering chamber 1 at a suitable position. The embodiment of Fig. 1a further shows that the pyrometer 6 is aligned in a fixed position on a sample 3 and detects the blackbody radiation emitted by it. The blackbody radiation is thus always detected by the pyrometer 6 at an oblique angle to the horizontal.

Das Pyrometer 6 ist somit auf einen ortsfesten Raumbereich fixiert, den die Proben 3 periodisch bei ihrer Kreisbewegung durchlaufen. Aus der Draufsicht der Fig. 1b wird deutlich, dass somit von dem Pyrometer 6 die von einer Probe 3 emittierte Schwarzkörperstrahlung innerhalb von Zeitabschnitten detektiert werden kann, deren Länge durch die Drehgeschwindigkeit des Halterungsrahmens 2 und die Breite der Probe 3 bestimmt wird. Nach Beendigung eines derartigen Zeitabschnitts kann aus der erfassten Schwarzkörperstrahlung unter Verwendung der für die jeweilige Probe 3 gespeicherten Emissivität die Oberflächentemperatur in einer an das Pyrometer 6 angeschlossenen Auswerteschaltung errechnet werden. In der Auswerteschaltung können die Emissivitätswerte der an dem Halterungsrahmen 2 befestigten Proben 3 gespeichert sein. Nach Erfassen der Schwarzkörperstrahlung muss zunächst die Probe 3 identifiziert werden, um den zu dieser Probe 3 abgespeicherten Emissivitätswert erhalten zu können. Zu diesem Zweck kann die Winkelposition des Halterungsrahmens 2 in geeigneter Weise bestimmt werden und es kann vorab in einer Tabelle festgelegt werden, bei welchen gemessenen Winkelpositionen des Halterungsrahmens 2 welche Proben 3 sich gerade in dem ortsfesten Messbereich des Pyrometers 6 befinden. Nachdem somit die Probe 3 identifiziert worden ist, die innerhalb des zeitlichen Messfensters die Schwarzkörperstrahlung emittiert hat, wird der der Probe 3 entsprechende Emissivitätswert mit der Intensitäts- und/oder der spektralen Verteilung der Schwarzkörperstrahlung verrechnet, um daraus die Oberflächentemperatur der Probe 3 zu erhalten.The pyrometer 6 is thus fixed to a fixed spatial area, which the samples 3 pass through periodically in their circular motion. From the top view of Fig. 1b It can be seen that the black body radiation emitted by a sample 3 can thus be detected by the pyrometer 6 within time segments whose length is determined by the rotational speed of the mounting frame 2 and the width of the sample 3. After completion of such a period, the surface temperature in an evaluation circuit connected to the pyrometer 6 can be calculated from the detected black body radiation using the emissivity stored for the respective sample 3. In the evaluation circuit, the emissivity values of the samples 3 attached to the support frame 2 can be stored. After detecting the black body radiation, the sample 3 must first be identified in order to be able to obtain the emissivity value stored for this sample 3. For this purpose, the angular position of the support frame 2 can be appropriately determined and it can be determined beforehand in a table at which measured angular positions of the support frame 2 which samples 3 are currently in the fixed measuring range of the pyrometer 6. After this Thus, the sample 3 has been identified, which has emitted the black body radiation within the temporal measurement window, the emissivity value corresponding to the sample 3 with the intensity and / or the spectral distribution of the black body radiation is calculated to obtain therefrom, the surface temperature of the sample 3.

Das Pyrometer 6 ist vorzugsweise für einen Messbereich zwischen 8 µm und 14 µm im Temperaturbereich von 20 - 120 °C kalibriert.The pyrometer 6 is preferably calibrated for a measuring range between 8 .mu.m and 14 .mu.m in the temperature range of 20-120.degree.

Die Oberflächentemperatur jeder Probe 3 wird vorzugsweise laufend während des Bewitterungslaufs aufgezeichnet.The surface temperature of each sample 3 is preferably recorded continuously during the weathering run.

Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren ist im Prinzip auch auf natürliche Bewitterungsverfahren anwendbar. Auch hier kann vorgesehen sein, dass Proben oder Werktstücke an einem Halterungsrahmen befestigt werden und auf einer geschlossenen Bahn an einem Temperatursensor wie einem Pyrometer vorbeigeführt werden, so dass die Notwendigkeit entfällt, dass das Pyrometer im ständigen Wechsel seiner Ausrichtung auf die verschiedenen Proben ausgerichtet werden muss.The inventive method is in principle applicable to natural weathering. Again, it can be provided that samples or workpieces are attached to a support frame and are passed on a closed path to a temperature sensor such as a pyrometer, so that eliminates the need for the pyrometer must be aligned in the constant change of its orientation to the different samples ,

Claims (11)

  1. A method for evaluating the weather-dependent aging of a sample, in which
    - the sample (3) is exposed to an artificial weathering,
    - the surface temperature of the sample (3) is contactlessly measured during the weathering,
    - the black-body radiation of the sample surface is detected and the surface temperature is determined therefrom on the basis of an assumed or experimentally determined value of the radiation emissivity of the sample,
    characterized in that
    - the sample (3) is moved through space concentrically around a radiation source (4),
    - the black-body radiation is detected from a stationary region of space, and
    - the sample (3) is moved such that its sample surface periodically passes the stationary region of space.
  2. The method according to claim 1,
    characterized in that
    - the measurement of the black-body radiation is performed with a calibrated pyrometer (6).
  3. The method according to claim 1 or 2,
    characterized in that
    - the black-body radiation is measured which is emitted by the surface in a defined solid angle.
  4. The method according to anyone of claims 1 to 3,
    characterized in that
    - the sample (3) is moved on a closed path around a radiation source.
  5. The method according to anyone of claims 1 to 4,
    characterized in that
    - a number of samples (3), which are fastened to a holding frame (2) closed in a ring shape, are weathered simultaneously.
  6. The method according to claim 5,
    characterized in that
    - radiation emissivity values for the samples are stored before the weathering,
    - the sample currently located in the stationary region of space is identified with the aid of the angular position of the holding frame, and
    - the recorded black-body radiation and the radiation emissivity value stored for the sample are employed for the temperature calculation.
  7. Device for the artificial weathering of samples, comprising
    - a weathering chamber (1) which contains a radiation source (4) and holding means (2) for holding samples (3) to be weathered,
    - the holding means (2) being formed by a holding frame (2) closed in a ring shape, which is arranged concentrically around the radiation source (4) and to which a rotational movement around the radiation source (4) can be imparted, and
    - a contactlessly measuring temperature sensor (6),
    characterized in that
    - the temperature sensor (6) is aimed at a stationary region of space, and
    - the holding frame (2) is designed so that one or more samples (3) which it holds pass periodically through the stationary region of space during the rotational movement.
  8. The device according to claim 7,
    characterized in that
    - the contactlessly measuring temperature sensor (6) is a black-body radiation detector, in particular a pyrometer (6).
  9. The device according to claim 7 or 8,
    characterized in that
    - values for the radiation emissivity of the samples (3) can be stored in an evaluation circuit connected to the black-body radiation detector (6).
  10. The device according to anyone of claims 7 to 9,
    characterized in that
    - the sample (3) currently located in the stationary region of space can be identified from the angular position of the holding frame (2).
  11. The device according to anyone of claims 7 to 10,
    characterized in that
    - the temperature sensor (6) is always aimed at the sample or samples (3) with an oblique angle to the horizontal.
EP04019632A 2003-09-18 2004-08-18 Contactless measurement of the surface temperature of a probe exposed to artificial weathering Expired - Lifetime EP1517132B1 (en)

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US7353722B2 (en) 2008-04-08
DE10343280A1 (en) 2005-04-14
US20050092114A1 (en) 2005-05-05
CN100403009C (en) 2008-07-16
CN1598536A (en) 2005-03-23
JP4049771B2 (en) 2008-02-20
DE10343280B4 (en) 2005-09-22
JP2005091366A (en) 2005-04-07

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