EP1488548A2 - Systeme de communication et appareil d'amplification a bande divisee mettant en oeuvre un amplificateur a fibre a profil deprime - Google Patents

Systeme de communication et appareil d'amplification a bande divisee mettant en oeuvre un amplificateur a fibre a profil deprime

Info

Publication number
EP1488548A2
EP1488548A2 EP03713955A EP03713955A EP1488548A2 EP 1488548 A2 EP1488548 A2 EP 1488548A2 EP 03713955 A EP03713955 A EP 03713955A EP 03713955 A EP03713955 A EP 03713955A EP 1488548 A2 EP1488548 A2 EP 1488548A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
band
amplifier
section
fiber amplifier
wavelength
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP03713955A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1488548A4 (fr
Inventor
Mark A. Arbore
Yidong Zhou
Jeffrey D Kmetec
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Lightwave Electronics Corp
Original Assignee
Lightwave Electronics Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US10/095,303 external-priority patent/US6909538B2/en
Application filed by Lightwave Electronics Corp filed Critical Lightwave Electronics Corp
Publication of EP1488548A2 publication Critical patent/EP1488548A2/fr
Publication of EP1488548A4 publication Critical patent/EP1488548A4/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
    • H01S3/06—Construction or shape of active medium
    • H01S3/063—Waveguide lasers, i.e. whereby the dimensions of the waveguide are of the order of the light wavelength
    • H01S3/067—Fibre lasers
    • H01S3/06754—Fibre amplifiers
    • H01S3/06758—Tandem amplifiers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/23—Arrangements of two or more lasers not provided for in groups H01S3/02 - H01S3/22, e.g. tandem arrangements of separate active media
    • H01S3/2375—Hybrid lasers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
    • H01S3/06—Construction or shape of active medium
    • H01S3/063—Waveguide lasers, i.e. whereby the dimensions of the waveguide are of the order of the light wavelength
    • H01S3/067—Fibre lasers
    • H01S3/06708—Constructional details of the fibre, e.g. compositions, cross-section, shape or tapering
    • H01S3/06716—Fibre compositions or doping with active elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
    • H01S3/06—Construction or shape of active medium
    • H01S3/063—Waveguide lasers, i.e. whereby the dimensions of the waveguide are of the order of the light wavelength
    • H01S3/067—Fibre lasers
    • H01S3/06708—Constructional details of the fibre, e.g. compositions, cross-section, shape or tapering
    • H01S3/0672—Non-uniform radial doping
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
    • H01S3/06—Construction or shape of active medium
    • H01S3/063—Waveguide lasers, i.e. whereby the dimensions of the waveguide are of the order of the light wavelength
    • H01S3/067—Fibre lasers
    • H01S3/06708—Constructional details of the fibre, e.g. compositions, cross-section, shape or tapering
    • H01S3/06729—Peculiar transverse fibre profile
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
    • H01S3/06—Construction or shape of active medium
    • H01S3/063—Waveguide lasers, i.e. whereby the dimensions of the waveguide are of the order of the light wavelength
    • H01S3/067—Fibre lasers
    • H01S3/06754—Fibre amplifiers
    • H01S3/06762—Fibre amplifiers having a specific amplification band
    • H01S3/06766—C-band amplifiers, i.e. amplification in the range of about 1530 nm to 1560 nm
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
    • H01S3/06—Construction or shape of active medium
    • H01S3/063—Waveguide lasers, i.e. whereby the dimensions of the waveguide are of the order of the light wavelength
    • H01S3/067—Fibre lasers
    • H01S3/06754—Fibre amplifiers
    • H01S3/06762—Fibre amplifiers having a specific amplification band
    • H01S3/0677—L-band amplifiers, i.e. amplification in the range of about 1560 nm to 1610 nm
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
    • H01S3/06—Construction or shape of active medium
    • H01S3/063—Waveguide lasers, i.e. whereby the dimensions of the waveguide are of the order of the light wavelength
    • H01S3/067—Fibre lasers
    • H01S3/06754—Fibre amplifiers
    • H01S3/06762—Fibre amplifiers having a specific amplification band
    • H01S3/06775—S-band amplifiers, i.e. amplification in the range of about 1450 nm to 1530 nm

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to communication systems and split-band amplifying apparatuses that amplify optical signals whose wavelength band covers a short wavelength band such as the S-band and a long wavelength band such as the C- band, and more particularly to a communication system and a split-band amplifying apparatus employing depressed-profile fiber for amplifying the short wavelength band.
  • An EDFA consists of a length of silica fiber with the core doped with ionized atoms (Er 3+ ) of the rare earth element Erbium.
  • the fiber is pumped with a laser at a wavelength of 980 nm or 1480 ran.
  • the doped, pumped fiber is optically coupled with the transmission fiber so that the input signal is combined with the pump signal in the doped fiber.
  • An isolator is generally needed at the input and/or output to prevent reflections that would convert the amplifier into a laser.
  • S-band optical frequency division multiple access
  • M short-band optical frequency division multiple access
  • the S-band is considered to cover wavelengths between about 1425 nm and about 1525 nm.
  • the gain in the S-band typically observed in EDFAs is limited by several factors, including incomplete inversion of the active erbium ions and by amplified spontaneous emissions (ASE) or lasing from the high gain peak near 1530 nm.
  • ASE amplified spontaneous emissions
  • the pumping configuration is bidirectional, using a 0.98 ⁇ m wavelength to keep a high inversion of more than D ⁇ O .7 (D, relative inversion).
  • the forward and backward pumping powers are the same and the total pumping power is 480 mW. Ishikawa et al. show a maximum gain of 25 dB at 1518.7 nm with 9 dB gain tilt.
  • Srivastava et al. teach a wide band optical amplifier which employs a split-band architecture. This amplifier splits an optical signal into several independent sub- bands that then pass in parallel through separate branches of the optical amplifier. Each branch may be optimized for the sub-band that traverses it.
  • Srivastava et al. teach to equip one of the branches with a number of S-band EDFAs and a number of gain equalization filters (GEFs) interposed between the S-band EDFAs to obtain amplification in the S-band.
  • GEFs gain equalization filters
  • the other sub-bands in this embodiment have EDFAs for amplifying the C- and L-bands respectively.
  • the S-band branch of this wide band amplifier suffers from similar disadvantages as discussed above in conjunction with Ishikawa.
  • TDFAs Fluoride fiber core
  • Optical amplifiers are used for several purposes in a telecommunications network. The most important use is to compensate for span loss (transmission fiber loss accumulated over tens or hundreds of km) , in which case the amplifier is typically called an "in-line amplifier". In-line amplifiers must provide a small-to-moderate amount of optical power per optical channel (typically 0.1-10 mW) , but must also exhibit low noise figure and good gain flatness in the case of WDM networks. The latter two requirements result from the accumulated effects of a long cascade of amplifiers over a long fiber link of hundreds to thousands of km in length.
  • Optical amplifiers are also used as pre-a plifiers .
  • Pre- amplifiers are typically used in order to improve the sensitivity of receivers, in ways that are well known in the art.
  • the pre-amplifier is located just before the signal receiver in order to increase the signal strength
  • Pre-amplifiers should exhibit very good noise figure, though they do not need to operate at high powers or with flattened gain profiles because they typically are used to amplify one or a small number of optical channels.
  • Optical amplifiers are also used as power-amplifiers.
  • Power amplifiers are used in ways well known in the art to provide high optical power. Typically, they are operated with relatively high input signal strengths (i.e. are saturated) with good input signal-to-noise ratios, and therefore do not need very good noise figures. Also, they typically do not need very high gain. Power amplifiers are used when a large number of WDM channels are present, even when, for example, each channel needs only a moderate level of power. Power amplifiers are also used preceding long/lossy links in order to pre-compensate for the upcoming losses . Finally, optical amplifiers are used for many other applications inside communications networks. Some examples are: power boosting prior-to or after splitting a signal into many parallel outputs, compensating for lossy network modules such as cross- connects and switches, providing high enough optical powers to pump nonlinear devices such as optically driven optical switches or optical wavelength converters .
  • a primary object of the present invention to provide a wide band amplifier for optical signals spanning a long wavelength band such as the C- and/or L-band and a short wavelength band such as the S-band.
  • a wide band amplifier that can use Er-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) in conjunction with an efficient pumping arrangement.
  • EDFAs Er-doped fiber amplifiers
  • It is another object of the invention is to provide a method for designing wide band fiber amplifiers.
  • the optical communication system employs an Er-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) to amplify signals contained in the S-band in a controlled fashion to enable pre-amplification, power-boosting and in-line amplification.
  • EDFA Er-doped fiber amplifier
  • a split-band amplifying apparatus having a first section for amplifying a long wavelength band of an optical signal and a second section equipped with a fiber amplifier for amplifying a short wavelength band of the optical signal.
  • the fiber amplifier in the second section has a core with a core cross- section and a refractive index n 0 .
  • An active material is doped in the core.
  • the core is surrounded by a depressed cladding that has a depressed cladding cross-section and a refractive index ⁇ . .
  • the depressed cladding is surrounded by a secondary cladding that has a secondary cladding cross-section and a refractive index n 2 .
  • a pump source is provided for pumping the active material to a high relative inversion D, such that the active material exhibits positive gains in the short wavelength band and high gains in the long wavelength band.
  • the core cross-section, the depressed cladding cross-section and refractive indices n 0 , n l r and n 2 are selected to produce a roll- off loss curve about a cutoff wavelength ⁇ c , such that the roll- off loss curve yields losses at least comparable to the high gains in the long wavelength band and losses substantially smaller than the positive gains in the short wavelength band.
  • the active material is Erbium such that the fiber amplifier is a first Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) .
  • the short and long wavelength bands can be selected based on the application.
  • the short wavelength band can be chosen to contain at least a portion of the S-band and the long wavelength band can be chosen to contain at least a portion of the C-band.
  • the cutoff wavelength ⁇ c is set at a crossover wavelength between the S-band and the C-band, e.g., at about 1530 nm.
  • the long wavelength band can contain an even wider range of wavelengths, e.g., it can also contain at least a portion of the L-band.
  • the first section of the split-band amplifying apparatus that is designed for amplifying the long wavelength band has a second Erbium-doped fiber amplifier.
  • both first and second sections utilize second and first EDFAs respectively for amplifying the optical signal.
  • a common pump source can be used for delivering pump radiation to the first and second EDFAs.
  • the common pump source can be a laser diode delivering pump radiation at about 980 nm.
  • the split-band amplifying apparatus can be designed in many different ways.
  • the first and second sections of the apparatus share an overlapping segment.
  • the overlapping segment can contain the second EDFA for amplifying the long wavelength band.
  • the first and second sections can be separate and form separate branches of the apparatus.
  • the split-band amplifying apparatus is used to amplify optical signals spanning the short and long wavelength bands .
  • first and second sections of the apparatus use EDFAs for amplifying the optical signal, it is convenient to co-pump and/or counter-pump the EDFAs.
  • the EDFAs can be co-pumped and/or counter-pumped from the same source or from separate sources.
  • the present invention further provides an optical communication system employing a signal source for providing a signal in the S-band of wavelengths, or simply in the S-band.
  • the communication system includes an optical fiber that transmits a signal in the S-band and one or more optical amplifiers that typically is in the form of a fiber amplifier.
  • the fiber amplifier has a core defined by a core cross-section and a refractive index n 0 . Erbium is doped into the core of the fiber amplifier for amplifying the signal.
  • the fiber amplifier has a depressed cladding surrounding the core and a secondary cladding surrounding the depressed cladding.
  • the depressed cladding has a depressed cladding cross-section and a refractive index n lf and the secondary cladding has a secondary cladding cross-section and a refractive index n 2 .
  • the fiber amplifier has a pump source for pumping the Erbium contained in the core to a level of high relative inversion D; in this state the Erbium can amplify the signal.
  • the pumping causes Erbium to exhibit positive gains in the S-band and high gains in a long wavelength band longer than the S-band, i.e., in the C- and L-Bands.
  • the core cross-section, the depressed cladding cross-section and the refractive indices n 0 , ni, and n 2 are selected to obtain losses at least comparable to the high gains in the long wavelength band and losses substantially smaller than the positive gains in the S-band.
  • the fiber amplifier functions as a pre-amplifier, a power-boosting amplifier or an in-line amplifier.
  • the optical communication system can be a Wavelength-Division-Multiplexed (WDM) communication system, e.g., a Dense WDM (DWDM) system.
  • WDM Wavelength-Division-Multiplexed
  • the WDM system has a communication fiber, typically a long section or span of communication fiber, between a Wavelength-Division-Multiplexer or WDM multiplexer and a WDM demultiplexer.
  • the WDM multiplexer multiplexes a number of information-bearing signals and launches them over the communication fiber from a transmitting end.
  • the WDM demultiplexer demultiplexes the signals arriving on the communication fiber at the receiving end.
  • the fiber amplifier When the fiber amplifier is used as a pre-amplifier, it is preferably installed after the WDM demultiplexer.
  • the fiber amplifier can also be installed between the WDM multiplexer and demultiplexer to serve the function of a power-boosting amplifier or an in-line amplifier.
  • the fiber amplifier can also serve the function of a pre-amplifier in this position.
  • the signal source preferably comprises a laser belonging to a laser array.
  • the pump source providing the pump radiation to invert the population in the Er ions can be any suitable pump source.
  • the pump source is a laser diode emitting pump radiation at about 980 nm.
  • Alternative sources delivering pump radiation at about 980 nm or other Er pump bands at wavelengths shorter than the wavelengths contained in the S-band can also be used.
  • Fig. 1 is a diagram illustrating a depressed-profile fiber and its guided and unguided modes according to the invention.
  • Fig. 2 is a graph illustrating a typical index profile in the fiber of Fig. 1.
  • Fig. 3 is a graph illustrating x as a function of the ratio s for various values of the parameter p;
  • Fig. 4 is a graph illustrating appropriate selection of the core index to obtain a suitable roll-off loss curve in an Er-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) in accordance with the invention.
  • Fig. 5 is an isometric view of an S-band EDFA adapted for use in accordance with the invention.
  • Fig. 6 is a diagram of a split-band amplifying apparatus with an S-band EDFA and a C-band EDFA and having an overlapping segment .
  • Fig. 7 is a diagram of a split-band amplifying apparatus having non-overlapping first and second sections.
  • Fig. 8 is a diagram illustrating the use of EDFAs in an optical communication system.
  • Fig. 9 is a diagram illustrating the use of EDFAs as preamplifiers at the receive end of an optical communication system.
  • Fig. 10 is a diagram illustrating a portion of an optical communication system employing EDFAs for amplifying sub-bands of the S-band.
  • Fig. 1 is a diagram illustrating a portion of a cross- section of a fiber 10 having a core 12 surrounded by a depressed cladding 14.
  • Depressed cladding 14 is surrounded by a secondary cladding 16.
  • Core 12 has a circular cross-section, as do depressed cladding 14 and secondary cladding 16.
  • a region I associated with core 12 extends from 0 ⁇ r ⁇ r 0 , depressed cladding 14 and secondary cladding 16 occupy regions II, III extending between r o ⁇ r ⁇ r ! and r ⁇ r x .
  • Core 12 has an index of refraction n 0
  • depressed cladding 14 has an index of refraction n x
  • secondary cladding 16 has an index of refraction n 2 .
  • the graph positioned above the partial cross-section of fiber 10 illustrates an average index profile 20 defining a W-profile in fiber 10.
  • fiber 10 is a single mode fiber.
  • Fiber 10 has an active material 18 doped in core 12.
  • Active material 18 is a lasing medium such as a rare earth ion or any other lasant that exhibits high gains in a long wavelength band and positive gains in a short wavelength band.
  • the high gains of active material 18 in the long wavelength band cause amplified spontaneous emissions (ASE) or lasing which reduces the population inversion of lasant 18 and thus reduces the positive gains in the short wavelength band, making it impossible to effectively amplify signals in the short wavelength band.
  • ASE amplified spontaneous emissions
  • the fiber amplifier can contain any suitable active medium in its active core.
  • the active core can be doped with Neodymium, Erbium, or Thulium ions.
  • the fiber amplifier is an EDFA and in one advantageous embodiment its cutoff wavelength ⁇ c is set near 1525 nm.
  • the EDFA is pumped by a pump source delivering radiation at a pump wavelength near 980 nm. Under these conditions the EDFA can be used for amplifying signals in the short wavelength range falling within the S-band.
  • Thulium is doped into fused-silica fibers.
  • the Thulium gain is typically thought to be at 1.9 microns, and indeed that is the peak of the gain, the wavelength range over which gain is possible stretches from 1.5 microns to 2.1 microns.
  • the typical Thulium pump wavelength is 0.78 microns.
  • Another good pump wavelength is 1530nm where high power sources, up to Watts, are available.
  • the gain cross-section and the upper-laser-level lifetime of the Thulium ion are similar to those of the Erbium ion which is conventionally used to make 1.5 micron amplifiers.
  • the threshold for gain is similar - several milliwatts of pump power are required.
  • the Thulium ion could be used on the short-wavelength end of its gain region in exactly the same way as the Erbium ion.
  • an intense pump (30 mW or so) it is possible to reach inversion even at short wavelengths.
  • a short wavelength such as 1.6 microns
  • a useful amplifier can be made at the shorter wavelength if the fiber is engineered with a fundamental mode cut-off between 1.9 microns and the shorter wavelength of desired operation, and if the cut-off is selected such that the increase in loss at longer wavelengths exceeds the increase in gain due to the higher cross-section.
  • This technique makes it possible to build useful amplifiers in the wavelength range between about 1.6 to 1.8 microns. Since telecommunication fiber is highly transmissive in this range, it is anticipated that amplifiers that work in this wavelength range will be highly desirable.
  • Fig. 2 illustrates a W-profile 20A as is obtained with normal manufacturing techniques .
  • the radially varying index of core 12 have an average value equal to n 0 .
  • indices of depressed cladding 14 and secondary cladding 16 average out to the values n x and n 2 .
  • the average index n 0 of core 12 is significantly higher than index n x of depressed cladding 14 and index n 2 of secondary cladding 16.
  • the selection of appropriate values of indices n 0 , n l r n 2 and radii r 0 , r l f r 2 is made to achieve certain guiding properties of fiber 10, as required by the instant invention.
  • profile 20 is engineered to have a fundamental mode cutoff wavelength ⁇ c such that light in the fundamental mode at wavelengths smaller than ⁇ c is retained in core 12 while light in fundamental mode at wavelength ⁇ c or longer wavelengths is lost to secondary cladding 16 over a short distance.
  • This objective is accomplished by appropriately engineering W-profile 20A.
  • Fundamental mode cutoff wavelength ⁇ c of fiber 10 is a wavelength at which the fundamental mode (the LP 01 mode) transitions from low-losses to high losses in core 12, i.e., is cut off from core 12.
  • the fundamental mode cutoff wavelength ⁇ c for fiber 10 is set in accordance to selection rules for cross-sections and refractive indices n 0 , n x and n 2 of fiber 10 as derived from Maxwell's equations.
  • the Maxwell vector equations can be replaced with a scalar equation.
  • the scalar ⁇ represents the strength of the transverse electric field in the fiber.
  • G. Agrawal “Nonlinear Fiber Optics” (Academic, San Diego, 1995)
  • D. Marcuse “Light Transmission Optics” (Van Nostrand, Princeton, 1972)
  • D. Marcuse "Theory of Dielectric Optical Waveguides” (Academic, New York, 1974) .
  • u 0 sjn 0 2 - n 2 2
  • u ⁇ ⁇ n 2 — n ( 1 )
  • the scalar field ⁇ inside fiber 10 satisfies a wave equation whose solutions are Bessel functions and modified Bessel functions.
  • the scalar field ⁇ is thus:
  • K is an eigenvalue that needs to be determined
  • J 0 is the zeroth Bessel' s function
  • ⁇ 2 (u 0 2 + u 2 )(2 ⁇ / ⁇ ) 2 ⁇ ⁇ 2
  • K 0 and I 0 are the modified Bessel' s functions.
  • ⁇ is the vacuum wavelength of the light.
  • fundamental mode cutoff wavelength ⁇ c can be determined if parameter x is determined. That determination can be made with the aid of algebra known to a person skilled in the art, since parameter x is the root of the following equation:
  • the criterion that Eq. (6) have a solution is:
  • ⁇ c can be pre-selected, e.g. a wavelength close to 1530 nm, and then convenient values are selected for u 0 and r 0 . Based on these choices x is computed from equation 5, and conveniently x ⁇ l (otherwise the previous choices can be adjusted) . Then, suitable values of s and p are found using equation 6. A range of values for p and s will yield desired ⁇ c . Typically, all values of p are larger than 0.224. In addition, the rule of equation 8 is used to further narrow the range of suitable values of p and s .
  • the values of s and p have an additional limitation. Namely, they must be selected so that core 12 of fiber 10 has a great enough loss, e.g., 100 dB/m or even 200 dB/m or more at a wavelength ⁇ > ⁇ c . To find the loss at wavelength ⁇ > ⁇ c , the fiber modes for light having wavelength ⁇ > ⁇ c are required.
  • Equations (2), (3), and (4) specify the fundamental mode when ⁇ c .
  • the function ⁇ is oscillatory, rather than exponentially decaying, in secondary cladding 16. Therefore when ⁇ > ⁇ c , Eq. (4) is replaced by:
  • N 0 also called Y 0
  • q ⁇ - u 0 (2 ⁇ I ⁇ ) f anc ⁇ c and D are constants to be determined.
  • K may be chosen to be any value between 0 and (2 ⁇ l ⁇ ) ⁇ u ⁇ + u 2 .
  • ⁇ c there is a continuum of states for each ⁇ > ⁇ c , corresponding to the continuum of values that K may have. This situation is quite different from the case ⁇ c , where four unknowns (A, B, C, and K) are fixed by the four boundary conditions, resulting in K being a discrete eigenvalue having a unique value at each ⁇ c .
  • the modes specified by Eqs. (2), (3), and (9) are eigenmodes of the fiber, e.g. a W-fiber; however, these modes do not correspond to the situation that is physically realized. This is a result of Eq. (9) containing both incoming and outgoing waves, whereas in practice only outgoing waves are present (the light at wavelength ⁇ > ⁇ c originally propagating in core 12 radiates out) .
  • the modes of Eqs. (2), (3), and (9) can be used to estimate the losses at wavelengths greater than ⁇ c .
  • the quantum mechanical results can be borrowed. See for example David Bohm, "Quantum Theory", Dover 1989, Chapter 12, ⁇ 14-22.)
  • the outgoing waves can be computed from Eq. (9) .
  • These outgoing waves give a reasonable estimation of the loss from core 12 into secondary cladding 18, even when no incoming waves are present.
  • These outgoing waves will cause beam at wavelength ⁇ > ⁇ c propagating in core 12 to be attenuated along the length of the fiber. If the beam has power P, then the change in power P with distance z along fiber 10 is described by the equation:
  • the loss is given by the coefficient ⁇ , which is approximately:
  • the loss ⁇ having units of m -1 , can be converted to a loss ⁇ in units of dB/m, using the relation:
  • loss refers to radiation that leaks out of core 12 into secondary cladding 16. In fact, the radiation may not be truly lost from fiber 10, if it remains in secondary cladding 16. In some cases this will be sufficient. In other cases light from secondary cladding 16 can be out-coupled or absorbed, as necessary.
  • Another method for calculating the losses involves calculating the complex propagation constant of the leaky fundamental mode of fiber 10.
  • Leaky modes are discussed in, for example, D. Marcuse, "Theory of Dielectric Optical Waveguides” (Academic, New York, 1974) Chapter 1.
  • the loss is related to the imaginary part of the complex propagation constant of the leaky mode.
  • the complex propagation constant, or its equivalent that is the complex ' effective index of refraction, may be computed using commercially available software, such as that obtainable from Optiwave Corporation of Nepean, ON, Canada.
  • refractive indices n 0 f n l r and n 2 will in general be average indices of refraction of profile 20, since the actual indices of refraction will vary somewhat as a function of radius (see profile 20A) .
  • Fundamental mode cutoff wavelength ⁇ c is the largest wavelength for which there is an eigenmode that is localized in region I.
  • the losses for wavelengths above cutoff wavelength ⁇ c can be determined, for example, by (i) solving for the modes that are not localized but include incoming and outgoing waves, (ii) for each wavelength finding the mode with the smallest outgoing intensity, and (iii) using this outgoing intensity to estimate the loss. As discussed above, other methods are also available to a person skilled in the art for calculating losses.
  • fiber 10 with a desired fundamental mode cutoff wavelength ⁇ c and losses can therefore be designed by adjusting the profile n (r, ⁇ ) , which is equivalent to adjusting the cross- sections and refractive indices of core 12, depressed cladding 14 and secondary cladding 16.
  • index profile 20 superposed on average index profile 20 is an intensity distribution of a guided fundamental mode 22 at a first wavelength ⁇ i ⁇ c .
  • First wavelength ⁇ i is contained within a short wavelength band, e.g., the S-band.
  • a fundamental mode 24 that is no longer guided by fiber 10 is also superposed on index profile 20.
  • Mode 24 is at cutoff wavelength ⁇ c .
  • An intensity distribution of another mode 26 that is not guided by fiber 10 and exhibits an oscillating intensity distribution beyond core 12 and depressed cladding 14 is also shown.
  • Radiation in mode 26 has a second wavelength ⁇ 2 , which is longer than cutoff wavelength ⁇ c ⁇ 2 and is contained in a long wavelength band, e.g., in the C- or L-band.
  • Fig. 4 illustrates a gain profile 44 of active material 18, in this case Erbium, when pumped to a high relative inversion D.
  • the S-band is designated by reference 42 and long wavelength band is designated by reference 46.
  • a crossover wavelength ⁇ cross between S-band 42 and long wavelength band 46 is also indicated.
  • Gain profile 44 exhibits high gains in long wavelength band 46 and positive gains in S-band 42.
  • high gains in long wavelength band 46 include a peak 48 at about 1530 nm that is very close to crossover wavelength ⁇ cross -
  • the cross-sections or radii of core 12, depressed cladding 14 and refractive indices n 0 , n lf and n 2 are selected to place cutoff wavelength ⁇ c right at peak 48 just within long wavelength band 46.
  • the value of index n 0 of core 12 is selected to obtain a roll-off loss curve 38 about cutoff wavelength ⁇ c set at peak 48 of high gains in long wavelength band 46. More particularly, roll-off loss curve 38 is selected to yield losses at least comparable to the high gains in long wavelength band 46 while yielding losses substantially smaller than the positive gains in S-band 42.
  • Roll-off loss curve 38 drops below the positive gains indicated by profile 44 because of its rapid decrease or large positive slope to the left for wavelengths below cutoff wavelength ⁇ c .
  • the gains thus exceed losses across entire S-band 42, as better visualized by hatched area 50.
  • roll-off loss curve 38 is such that the gains exceed the losses in short wavelength band 42 by at least 5 dB.
  • a split-band amplifying apparatus of the invention takes advantage of W-profile fiber designed in accordance with the above rules.
  • the apparatus of invention preferably uses W-profile fiber designed in accordance with the above rules when active material 18 is Er and the short wavelength band is the S-band or a select portion of the S-band while the long wavelength band covers the C-band and/or the L-band or a select portion or portions of these two bands.
  • the host material of fiber 10 is silicate-containing glass such as alumino-germanosilicate glass, lanthanum doped germanosilicate glass, aluminum/lanthanum co-doped germanosilicate glass, or phosphorus doped germanosilicate glass.
  • the split- band amplifying apparatus can use an Er-doped amplifier 68 (EDFA) using alumino-germanosilicate glass as the host material, as shown in Fig. 5.
  • EDFA 68 is doped with a concentration of 0.1% wt. of Er in a core 70 of index n Q .
  • Core 70 is surrounded by a depressed cladding 72 of index ni and a secondary cladding 74 of index n 2 .
  • EDFA 68 has a protective jacket 76 surrounding secondary cladding 74 to offer mechanical stability and to protect EDFA 68 against external influences.
  • An optical signal 78 at a first wavelength ⁇ i contained within S- band 42 is delivered to EDFA 68 for amplification from a fiber 80.
  • optical signal 78 can be an information- bearing signal requiring amplification.
  • Fiber 80 is coupled with a fiber 82 in a wavelength combiner 84.
  • Fiber 82 is used to couple a pump light 88 from a pump source 86 to EDFA 68.
  • Pump source 86 preferably a laser diode, provides pump light 88 at a pump wavelength ⁇ p of about 980 nm for pumping the Er ions in core 70 to achieve a high level of relative population inversion D.
  • EDFA 68 is approximately transparent (for wavelengths near the 3-level transition at 1530 nm) .
  • parameter D is considered as the average value of inversion.
  • the intensity of pump light 88 is determined such that it ensures a relative inversion of D ⁇ O .7 in the Er ions .
  • Pump light 88 and signal light 78 are combined in combiner 84 and both delivered to EDFA 68 by fiber 80. More particularly, both optical signal and pump light 78, 88 are coupled into core 70 from fiber 80.
  • Core 70 and claddings 72, 74 all have circular cross sections in this embodiment.
  • the cross sections and indices n 0 , n x , n 2 are selected in accordance with the method of invention to set cutoff wavelength ⁇ c near 1525 nm.
  • cutoff wavelength ⁇ c is selected to be between S-band 42 and long wavelength band 46 or the C-band and L-band.
  • index n D of core 70 be chosen to provide for a large negative slope in effective index n eff with respect to wavelength, preferably about .008/1,000 nm, near cutoff wavelength ⁇ c .
  • the roll-off loss curve exhibits a rapid decrease for wavelengths below cutoff wavelength ⁇ c ensuring that the losses in S-band 42 are lower than the positive gains.
  • the losses produced by this roll-off loss curve increase rapidly for wavelengths larger than cutoff wavelength ⁇ c .
  • the losses produced in the C- and L-bands 46 are at least comparable to the high gains.
  • Positive gains in S- band 42 will typically be on the order of 1 dB per meter (or, depending on fiber design and on which wavelengths within the S- band are of greatest interest, 0.2-5 dB/meter) above the losses and thus, to obtain sufficient amplification of optical signal 78, EDFA 68 requires a certain length L.
  • the length L may need to be about 5 meters to over 100 meters.
  • Fig. 6 illustrates a split-band amplifying apparatus 100 in accordance with the invention.
  • Apparatus 100 has an input fiber 102 for receiving an optical signal 104 ' to be amplified.
  • Optical signal 104 spans a long wavelength band 106 and a short wavelength band 108 separated by a crossover wavelength ⁇ cross as indicated.
  • Apparatus 100 also has a pump input fiber 112 for receiving a pump radiation 116 from a pump source 114.
  • Apparatus 100 has a segment 118 shared by a first section 130 and a second section 132 of apparatus 100.
  • segment 118 is where first and second sections 130, 132 overlap.
  • Second section 132 has a fiber amplifier 138 positioned beyond segment 118 for amplifying short wavelength band 108 of optical signal 104.
  • fiber amplifier 138 is a first EDFA.
  • Segment 118 has an amplifier 122 for amplifying long wavelength band 106 of optical signal 104. It should be noted that amplifier 122 does not have to be an EDFA or even a fiber amplifier.
  • Amplifier 122 should provide some amplification (or at least zero amplification, but no loss) to short wavelength band 108 while providing useful gain for long wavelength band 106. In a preferred version of apparatus 100, amplifier 122 should provide enough amplification of short wavelength band 108 so as to compensate for any losses experienced by short wavelength band 108 in components preceding fiber amplifier 138. In a further preferred version of apparatus 100, amplifier 122 should provide low-noise amplification of short wavelength band 108 so as to minimize the noise impact of any losses experienced by short wavelength band 108 in components preceding fiber amplifier 138. Segment 118 is also equipped with a coupler 120 and a coupler 124.
  • Coupler 120 is any suitable optical coupling device, e.g., a WDM coupler capable of joining optical signal 104 and pump radiation 116 and launching them through amplifier 122 to achieve amplification of optical signal 104.
  • amplifier 122 is a second EDFA and long wavelength band 106 spans the C-band.
  • Coupler 124 is any suitable optical splitter, e.g., a WDM coupler capable of splitting signal 104 into two signals 104A and 104B.
  • coupler 124 is a 50/50 WDM coupler such that signal 104 is split into signals 104A, 104B of equal intensity and spectral content.
  • a coupler with a different splitting ratio or a band combiner that separates the short wavelength band 108 from the long wavelength band 106 can be used.
  • Coupler 124 is connected to first section 130 and to second section 132.
  • coupler 124 is set to send signal 104A along first section 130 and signal 104B along second section 132.
  • First section 130 contains a delay element 126, which can be a certain length of fiber for compensating delays in time of travel between first section 130 and second section 132.
  • First and second sections 130, 132 are recombined by a coupler 128, which is preferably a band combiner for combining signals 104A and 104B in the short and long wavelength bands 108, 106 while rejecting radiation at other wavelengths such as a residual pump radiation 116' .
  • Second section 132 is equipped with a coupler 134 for out- coupling residual pump radiation 116' out of section 132. Coupler 134 is followed by an isolator 136 and first EDFA 138. Isolator 136 is set to pass signal 104B to first EDFA 138 and block any radiation from propagating back to segment 118.
  • First EDFA 138 is constructed in accordance with the above- described rules to amplify signal 104B in short wavelength band 108, i.e., in the S-band in this embodiment.
  • a pump source 140 is provided for generating pump radiation 142 for first EDFA 138.
  • An input fiber 144 and a coupler 146 are provided for delivering pump radiation 142 to first EDFA 138. Coupler 146 is connected such that pump radiation 142 is delivered from the opposite direction to that of advancing signal 104B. In other words, pump radiation 142 is counter-propagating to signal 104B in first EDFA 138. It should be noted that any residual pump radiation 142' is blocked from propagating back to segment 118 by coupler 134 and also by isolator 136. Counter-propagation of the pump provides for highly efficient pump-to-signal conversion efficiency in amplifier 138.
  • Coupler 146 is set to pass signal 104B amplified by first EDFA 138 within short wavelength band 108, i.e., the S-band, to coupler 128. Coupler 128 re-combines signal 104A amplified in long wavelength band 106 and signal 104B amplified in short wavelength band 108 to reconstitute an amplified optical signal 104'.
  • An optional filter 148 e.g., a gain flattening filter (GFF) , can be provided to equalize amplified optical signal 104' .
  • GFF gain flattening filter
  • optical signal 104 enters apparatus 100 via input fiber 102 and is delivered together with pump signal 116 to second EDFA 122 in segment 118 along the same direction (in co-propagating geometry) .
  • Second EDFA 122 amplifies the portion of signal 104 in long wavelength band 106, and in preferred embodiments also provides a small degree of amplification for the portion of signal 104 in short wavelength band 108.
  • Coupler 124 splits signal 104 amplified in long wavelength band 106 into signals 104A and 104B and sends them into remaining, non-overlapping portions of sections 130 and 132, respectively.
  • Signal 104A experiences no further amplification in section 130.
  • the portion of signal 104B spanning short wavelength band 108 is amplified by first EDFA 138.
  • pump radiation 116 is preferably used up in second EDFA 122 and any residual pump radiation 116' which is potentially detrimental to the operation of pump source 140 of first EDFA 138 is separated out by coupler 134. Similarly, coupler 134 and isolator 136 block any residual pump radiation 142' from propagating back and interfering with the operation of pump source 114.
  • Delay element 126 ensures that amplified signals 104A and 104B are recombined with the appropriate group delay into signal 104' in combiner 128.
  • Optional filter 148 adjusts the amplification level of signal 104' across entire wavelength band, i.e., across short and long wavelength bands 108, 106 or the S- and C-bands in this case.
  • Apparatus 100 is very efficient and uses a minimum number of elements to amplify signal 104.
  • short and long wavelength bands 108, 106 can be selected based on the application. Although in telecommunications short wavelength band 108 will typically contain at least a portion of the S-band, other short wavelength bands can be accommodated as well by changing the parameters of first EDFA 138 in accordance with the above-described rules. In telecommunications application long wavelength band 106 will contain at least a portion of the C-band or the L-band or both. Of course, long wavelength band 106 can span any desired long wavelength band by selecting appropriate amplifier 122 or even replacing amplifier 122 with a number of amplifiers in series or in parallel.
  • apparatus 100 An additional advantage of apparatus 100 is its good noise figure. Specifically, the configuration of elements in apparatus 100 yields a good noise figure because the input signals directly enter a co-pumped EDFA with no distributed losses. In general, it is best for noise performance if the gain happens before any losses. (Losses that occur before gain add 100% to noise figure.) It is also beneficial that shared amplifier 122 is co-pumped, because this enables high levels of inversion. It is also beneficial when shared amplifier 122 length is chosen such that the inversion level of the amplifier is nearly 100% because of minimal ASE at all wavelengths. With near perfect inversion, this stage of amplification will contribute minimally to the noise figure.
  • shared amplifier 122 is of traditional EDFA variety, with no fundamental mode cutoff. For this reason, it is unlikely to have any distributed losses other than those caused by Erbium absorption (i.e. by ⁇ 100% inversion) . This lack of distributed losses further promotes a good noise figure.
  • apparatus 100 splits the low-noise and amplified signal into two branches. This splitting (and its associated losses) occur after the initial small amplification, and therefore has less impact on noise figure than may have occurred had the splitting occurred before the initial small amplification. Additionally, any imperfect noise figure inherent in S-band EDFA 138 in the S-band branch is effectively de-magnified by the good-noise-figure gain of the initial small amplification.
  • Fig. 7 illustrates another split-band amplifying apparatus 150 having separate first and second sections 152, 154 and using one common pump source 156.
  • elements of apparatus 150 corresponding to those of apparatus 100 are labeled by the same reference numbers.
  • Optical signal 104 is received by a coupler 158.
  • Coupler 158 is set to divide signal 104 into a first signal 160 spanning short wavelength band 108 and a second signal 162 spanning long wavelength band 106.
  • First signal 160 is delivered by a fiber 164 belonging to first section 152 to a coupler 166.
  • Coupler 166 also receives pump radiation 116 from laser diode 156. The output of coupler 166 combines pump radiation 116 and first signal 160 and delivers them to fiber amplifier 168 of first section 152.
  • Fiber amplifier is designed in accordance with the above- described rules to amplify signal 160.
  • fiber amplifier 168 is designed to amplify short wavelength band 108.
  • fiber amplifier 168 is a first EDFA.
  • First EDFA 168 is followed by a coupler 170 which is set to pass amplified signal 160' to a fiber 172 belonging to first section 152 and to pass pump radiation 116 to a coupler 174 belonging to second section 154.
  • second signal 162 is delivered by a fiber 176 belonging to second section 154 to coupler 174.
  • Coupler 174 combines pump radiation 116 undepleted by first EDFA 168 with second signal 162 and delivers them to amplifier 178 designed for amplifying long wavelength band 106.
  • amplifier 178 is a second fiber amplifier, in particular a second EDFA.
  • Second EDFA 178 amplifies signal 162 to yield an amplified signal 162' .
  • a combiner 180 combines amplified signal 160' from first branch 152 and amplified signal 162' from second branch 154.
  • Combiner 180 is followed by an isolator 182 which passes only re-combined signal 104' and removes any residual pump radiation 116.
  • Apparatus 150 is very efficient in its use of pump source since it takes advantage of single common pump source 156.
  • S-band fiber amplifier 168 is operated with the full pump power available in a co-pumping configuration, thereby enabling the highest inversion possible for the best S-band amplification performance.
  • an S-band EDFA is operated with very high inversion D, it naturally absorbs the pump radiation inefficiently, resulting in significant amounts of "wasted” pump light.
  • Apparatus 150 takes advantage of this otherwise "wasted” pump light for pumping amplifier 178.
  • apparatus 150 can be re- organized to use two pump sources and/or accommodate co-pumped and counter-pumped geometries.
  • the fiber amplifiers can include several fiber amplifier sections separated by isolators as necessary. Use of "mid-span” isolation can improve noise figure and also net gain of an amplifier by eliminating backwards-propagating ASE that would otherwise rob power from the amplifier, depleting inversion, and thereby saturating the amplifier.
  • Fig. 8 illustrates an optical communication system 200 using a signal source 202A that provides a signal 204A in the S-band.
  • Source 202A is a diode laser belonging to an array of sources 202A through 202H.
  • communication system 200 is a Wavelength-Division-Multiplexed (WDM) or even a dense WDM (DWDM) or coarse WDM (CWDM) communication system in which all eight sources 202A " through 202H generate signals 204A through 204H at eight different wavelengths or in eight wavelength channels within the S-band.
  • WDM Wavelength-Division-Multiplexed
  • DWDM dense WDM
  • CWDM coarse WDM
  • the array of sources 202A through 202H is controlled by a laser array control 210.
  • Control 210 may include any suitable electronic or optical pumping mechanisms for driving diode lasers 202A through 202H.
  • a set of optics 206A through 206H is provided for focusing and in-coupling signals 204A through 204H into a WDM multiplexer 208.
  • Multiplexer 208 combines signals 204A through 204H and launches them in accordance with well- known WDM protocols through a first span 212A of a common communication fiber 212.
  • Span 212A of communication fiber 212 spans a large distance, e.g., several tens of kilometers.
  • communication fiber 212 is selected among fibers that exhibit a low, but sufficient amount of dispersion in the S-band to prevent non-linear effects from affecting signals 204A through 204H.
  • fiber 212 has a dispersion of 3 to 10 ps/nm # km, but no less than 1 ps/nm»km in the S-band.
  • fiber 212 exhibit low losses in the S-band, e.g., 0.2 to 0.3 dB/km.
  • Fiber 212 extends between WDM multiplexer 208 and a WDM demultiplexer 228. After span 212A, fiber 212 is coupled with a fiber 214 in a wavelength combiner 216. Fiber 214 is used to couple a pump radiation 218 obtained from a pump source 220 to an EDFA 222 installed after span 212A.
  • Pump source 220 is a laser diode emitting pump radiation 218 at a pump wavelength ⁇ p of about 980 nm for pumping the Er ions in the core of EDFA 222 to a high level of relative population inversion D.
  • Source 220 is controlled by a pump laser control 224 that can include any suitable electronic or optical pumping mechanisms .
  • a set of optics 226, in this case a lens is used to in-couple pump radiation 218 into fiber 214.
  • EDFA 222 is connected to a second span 212B of fiber 212.
  • system 200 can have a number of spans and a number of EDFAs installed at certain intervals between these spans.
  • span 212B terminates at WDM demultiplexer 228.
  • WDM demultiplexer 228 separates signals 204A through 204H by wavelength and delivers them to respective receivers 230A through 230H with the aid of optics 232A through 232H.
  • optics 232A through 232H are lenses.
  • a receiver control 236 is in communication with receivers 230A through 230H. Control 236 can include any signal level adjustments and other functionalities including signal processing functions required for detecting and processing signals 204A through 204H.
  • EDFA 222 is employed by communication system 200 as an in-line amplifier.
  • EDFA 222 has a length L tailored to provide sufficient amount of gain in the S- band to amplify signals 204A through 204H.
  • the length L can be in the range of 5 to 50 meters.
  • EDFA 222 is adjusted to exhibit a low noise figure, e.g., 6 dB or lower and a flat gain spectrum.
  • Suitable gain flattening filters can be used, e.g., in the middle of EDFA 222 to ensure a gain-flattened spectrum, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art.
  • EDFA 222 can be used as a power-boosting amplifier.
  • the power of pump source 220 is increased to raise the saturation power of EDFA 222.
  • the Er doping concentration and length L can be increased in order to increase the efficiency of absorption of pump radiation 218 at the expense of noise figure.
  • EDFA 222 can be designed for cladding pumping in this configuration. Cladding pumping is a well-known technique in the field of C- band EDFA manufacture. A low-cost, high-power, wide stripe 980 nm diode pump laser is used as pump source 220 when EDFA 222 is designed for cladding pumping.
  • S-band EDFA 222 can also be optimized for high power by eliminating the gain-flattening filters, reducing the amount of gain flattening or moving the gain-flattening filter to an earlier stage in embodiments where EDFA 222 is made up of a number of segments (multi-stage EDFA) . This will increase the overall efficiency of EDFA 222 and therefore the saturation power because it reduces the internal losses of EDFA 222.
  • power amplifiers are used under heavy saturation or sometimes with a single channel, so that gain-flattening is not as important for power amplifiers as it is for in-line amplifiers.
  • System 200 can also use EDFA 222 as a pre-amplifier of signals 204A through 204H.
  • length L is reduced to less than 50 meters, or even less than 10 meters and the noise figure is carefully controlled by a combination of fiber design parameters and gain flattening filers.
  • a pre-amplifier is typically used for a single signal channel and at low optical power levels, but with moderate requirements for gain. Therefore, gain flattening is typically not required, and amplifier efficiency is not important.
  • the key design criterion for pre-amplifiers is the noise figure.
  • Fig. 9 illustrates a portion of another optical communication system 250 in which a number of EDFAs 252A through 252H in accordance with the invention are used as pre-amplifiers .
  • System 250 has a WDM demultiplexer 254 for demultiplexing a number of signals 256A through 256H delivered over a communication fiber 260.
  • a set of lenses 258A through 258H are positioned to focus signals 256A through 256H demultiplexed by WDM demultiplexer 254 on corresponding receivers 260A through 260H.
  • receivers 260A through 260H are controlled by a receiver control 262.
  • EDFAs 252 are installed after a WDM demultiplexer 254. This is the preferred location for EDFAs 252 when they are designed to function as pre-amplifiers . That is because in this position each EDFA 252A through 252H processes only one of signals 256A through 256H and can thus be better tuned to achieve low noise pre-amplification.
  • Fig. 10 illustrates a portion of yet another optical communication system 300 employing S-band EDFAs 302A and 302B according to the invention for different portions or sub-bands of the S-band.
  • EDFAs 302A, 302B are installed between two spans 304A, 304B.
  • a WDM demultiplexer or splitter 306 and WDM multiplexer or combiner 308 are used to deliver the appropriate portions of the S-band wavelengths to each EDFA 302A, 302B.
  • EDFA 302A is optimized for amplifying a sub- band of wavelengths between 1460 and 1490 nm
  • EDFA 302B is optimized for amplifying a sub-band of wavelengths between 1490 and 1520 nm.
  • Communication system 300 can use a wider total range of wavelengths in the S-band.
  • S-band EDFAs 302A, 302B can be combined with C-band and/or L-band EDFAs if communication system 300 is designed to transmit signals over some or all of these bands.
  • a person skilled in the art will recognize that the use of S-band EDFAs in conjunction with C-band or L-band EDFAs and/or with two or more sub-bands within the S-band can be implemented at any position within communication system 300, and is not limited to use as in-line amplifiers, pre-amplifiers and power amplifiers .

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Lasers (AREA)
  • Optical Communication System (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un système de communication optique (200) et un appareil d'amplification à bande divisée (212) qui amplifie des signaux optiques dont la bande courte de longueur d'onde comprend au moins une partie de la bande S et dont la bande longue de longueur d'onde comprend au moins une partie de la bande C et/ou de la bande L. Ledit appareil d'amplification (212) présente une première (212A) et une deuxième (212B) section permettant d'amplifier respectivement les bandes de longueur d'onde longues et courtes. La deuxième section (212B) comprend une fibre passe-court (10) présentant un noyau (12) dopé avec un matériau actif (18) de type erbium. Une source de pompe pompe l'erbium à un niveau d'inversion D relative élevé de façon que l'erbium présente des gains positifs dans la bande S et des gains élevés dans une bande longue de longueur d'onde plus longue que la bande S, c'est-à-dire dans les bandes C et L. Ledit noyau (12) est entouré par une gaine déprimée (14) elle-même entourée par une deuxième gaine (16). Ledit noyau (12) présente une section transversale et un indice de réfraction no, la gaine déprimée (14) présente une section transversale de gaine déprimée et un indice de réfraction n1, et la gaine secondaire (16) présente une section transversale de gaine secondaire et un indice de réfraction n2. La section transversale de noyau, la section transversale de gaine déprimée et les indices de réfraction n0, n1, et n2 sont sélectionnés afin d'obtenir des pertes au moins comparables aux gains élevés dans la bande longue de longueur d'onde et des pertes sensiblement inférieures aux gains positifs dans la bande S. L'amplificateur à fibre fonctionne en tant que préamplificateur, qu'amplificateur dynamiseur de puissance ou qu'amplificateur en ligne dans ledit système de communication optique.
EP03713955A 2002-03-08 2003-03-07 Systeme de communication et appareil d'amplification a bande divisee mettant en oeuvre un amplificateur a fibre a profil deprime Withdrawn EP1488548A4 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US95303 2002-03-08
US10/095,303 US6909538B2 (en) 2002-03-08 2002-03-08 Fiber amplifiers with depressed cladding and their uses in Er-doped fiber amplifiers for the S-band
US186561 2002-06-28
US10/186,561 US6903865B2 (en) 2002-03-08 2002-06-28 Communication system using S-band Er-doped fiber amplifiers with depressed cladding
US346960 2003-01-17
US10/346,960 US7054061B2 (en) 2002-03-08 2003-01-17 Split-band amplifying apparatus using a depressed-profile fiber amplifier
PCT/US2003/006967 WO2003076979A2 (fr) 2002-03-08 2003-03-07 Systeme de communication et appareil d'amplification a bande divisee mettant en oeuvre un amplificateur a fibre a profil deprime

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1488548A2 true EP1488548A2 (fr) 2004-12-22
EP1488548A4 EP1488548A4 (fr) 2009-11-11

Family

ID=27808506

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP03713955A Withdrawn EP1488548A4 (fr) 2002-03-08 2003-03-07 Systeme de communication et appareil d'amplification a bande divisee mettant en oeuvre un amplificateur a fibre a profil deprime

Country Status (6)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1488548A4 (fr)
JP (1) JP2005520323A (fr)
CN (1) CN1327221C (fr)
AU (1) AU2003217978A1 (fr)
CA (1) CA2478416A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2003076979A2 (fr)

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20070140634A1 (en) * 2005-12-16 2007-06-21 Robert Scott Windeler Gain-producing, large-mode-area, multimode, hybrid optical fibers and devices using same
EP1811616B1 (fr) * 2005-12-16 2017-01-04 OFS Fitel, LLC Fibres optiques du type multi-mode dopées aux terres rares et dispositifs
US9164230B2 (en) * 2013-03-15 2015-10-20 Ofs Fitel, Llc High-power double-cladding-pumped (DC) erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA)
US9837974B2 (en) * 2015-11-12 2017-12-05 Mediatek Inc. Amplifier system and method for controlling amplifier
CN108649415B (zh) * 2018-05-16 2020-04-03 深圳大学 一种掺铥光纤激光放大器
WO2020047339A1 (fr) * 2018-08-30 2020-03-05 Ofs Fitel, Llc Amplificateur à fibre optique en bande c à grande largeur de bande de gain
US11923651B2 (en) 2020-05-29 2024-03-05 Subcom, Llc Gain equalization in C+L erbium-doped fiber amplifiers

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6118575A (en) * 1997-03-17 2000-09-12 Sdl, Inc. Optical fiber gain medium with evanescent filtering
WO2001001529A1 (fr) * 1999-06-23 2001-01-04 University Of Leeds Amplificateur optique a bande large
EP1246320A2 (fr) * 2001-02-21 2002-10-02 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation Amplificateur à fibre optique dopée avec du Thulium

Family Cites Families (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5059230A (en) * 1990-01-22 1991-10-22 At&T Bell Laboratories Fabrication of doped filament optical fibers
US5478722A (en) * 1991-02-17 1995-12-26 The Curators Of The University Of Missouri Preserved cell preparations for flow cytometry and immunology
WO1993018397A1 (fr) * 1992-03-02 1993-09-16 Streck Laboratories, Inc. Controle de reference utilise avec des dispositifs manuels et a cytometrie en flux pour le comptage de reticulation
US5763204A (en) * 1992-09-14 1998-06-09 Coulter Corporation Preparation of preserved, non-infectious control cell for use in the identification of a disease through blood testing
US5323404A (en) * 1993-11-02 1994-06-21 At&T Bell Laboratories Optical fiber laser or amplifier including high reflectivity gratings
CA2202586C (fr) * 1996-04-15 2003-05-06 Masashi Onishi Fibre compensatrice de dispersion et systeme de transmission optique comprenant cette fibre
US6049417A (en) * 1997-06-02 2000-04-11 Lucent Technologies Inc. Wide band optical amplifier

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6118575A (en) * 1997-03-17 2000-09-12 Sdl, Inc. Optical fiber gain medium with evanescent filtering
WO2001001529A1 (fr) * 1999-06-23 2001-01-04 University Of Leeds Amplificateur optique a bande large
EP1246320A2 (fr) * 2001-02-21 2002-10-02 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation Amplificateur à fibre optique dopée avec du Thulium

Non-Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
ARBORE M A ET AL: "34dB GAIN AT 1500nm IN S-BAND EDFA WITH DISTRIBUTED ASE SUPPRESSION" ECOC 2002. 28TH. EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON OPTICAL COMMUNICATION. COPENHAGEN, DENMARK, SEPT. 8 - 12, 2002; [EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON OPTICAL COMMUNICATION.(ECOC)],, vol. CONF. 28, 9 September 2002 (2002-09-09), page 2.2.2, XP001158344 *
ISHIKAWA E ET AL: "Novel 1500 nm-band EDFA with discrete raman amplifier" OPTICAL COMMUNICATION, 2001. ECOC '01. 27TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON SEPT. 30 - OCT. 4, 2001, PISCATAWAY, NJ, USA,IEEE, vol. 6, 30 September 2001 (2001-09-30), pages 48-49, XP010582870 ISBN: 0-7803-6705-7 *
See also references of WO03076979A2 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP2005520323A (ja) 2005-07-07
EP1488548A4 (fr) 2009-11-11
CN1327221C (zh) 2007-07-18
CA2478416A1 (fr) 2003-09-18
WO2003076979A2 (fr) 2003-09-18
WO2003076979A9 (fr) 2004-03-04
AU2003217978A8 (en) 2003-09-22
CN1638630A (zh) 2005-07-13
WO2003076979A3 (fr) 2004-02-05
AU2003217978A1 (en) 2003-09-22

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US6903865B2 (en) Communication system using S-band Er-doped fiber amplifiers with depressed cladding
JP4900501B2 (ja) 光増幅器及び光増幅方法
EP1263097B1 (fr) Amplificateur à fibre dopée à l'erbium à large bande
CA2346664A1 (fr) Gestion et utilisation de l'emission spontanee amplifiee dans un amplificateur optique
CN113746552A (zh) C+l掺铒光纤放大器中的增益均衡
US7072100B2 (en) Optical amplifier and gain tilt compensation method
KR100424630B1 (ko) 엘-밴드 어븀첨가 광섬유 증폭기
JP2001313433A (ja) 光増幅器及び光増幅方法
WO2001082422A1 (fr) Amplificateur a fibres optiques a etages multiples
US7440165B2 (en) Optical fiber
WO2003076979A2 (fr) Systeme de communication et appareil d'amplification a bande divisee mettant en oeuvre un amplificateur a fibre a profil deprime
US7095552B2 (en) Raman optical fiber amplifier using erbium doped fiber
US6417960B1 (en) Method of equalizing gain utilizing asymmetrical loss-wavelength characteristics and optical amplifying apparatus using same
KR100399578B1 (ko) 장파장 이득대역 어븀 첨가 광섬유 증폭기 및 역방향 진행자연방출광 차단 방법
JP4145684B2 (ja) 光増幅モジュール、光増幅器、光通信システム及び白色光源
KR20030075295A (ko) 장파장대역용 에르븀첨가 광섬유증폭기
US6624928B1 (en) Raman amplification
JP4568247B2 (ja) 光増幅モジュール及びそれを含む光増幅器
US20040213511A1 (en) Erbium doped waveguide amplifier (EDWA) with pump reflector
JP2003198022A (ja) 光増幅器及びそれを用いた光伝送システム
KR200222421Y1 (ko) 장파장용 어븀첨가 광섬유 증폭기
JP2007005360A (ja) 波長多重光増幅器
JPH11238931A (ja) 光増幅器
US20040196535A1 (en) Long wavelength optical amplifier with C-band seed

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 20041007

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A2

Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IT LI LU MC NL PT RO SE SI SK TR

AX Request for extension of the european patent

Extension state: AL LT LV MK

A4 Supplementary search report drawn up and despatched

Effective date: 20091014

RIC1 Information provided on ipc code assigned before grant

Ipc: H01S 3/067 20060101ALI20091008BHEP

Ipc: H01S 3/00 20060101AFI20091008BHEP

17Q First examination report despatched

Effective date: 20100305

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION IS DEEMED TO BE WITHDRAWN

18D Application deemed to be withdrawn

Effective date: 20100716