EP1488043A1 - Noise abatement wall - Google Patents

Noise abatement wall

Info

Publication number
EP1488043A1
EP1488043A1 EP03738179A EP03738179A EP1488043A1 EP 1488043 A1 EP1488043 A1 EP 1488043A1 EP 03738179 A EP03738179 A EP 03738179A EP 03738179 A EP03738179 A EP 03738179A EP 1488043 A1 EP1488043 A1 EP 1488043A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
elements
relief
absorption device
noise absorption
base
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP03738179A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1488043B1 (en
Inventor
Bernard Sapoval
Marcel Filoche
Michel Chappat
Didier Peyrard
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Colas SA
Ecole Polytechnique
Original Assignee
Colas SA
Ecole Polytechnique
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Colas SA, Ecole Polytechnique filed Critical Colas SA
Publication of EP1488043A1 publication Critical patent/EP1488043A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1488043B1 publication Critical patent/EP1488043B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/82—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to sound only
    • E04B1/84—Sound-absorbing elements
    • E04B1/86—Sound-absorbing elements slab-shaped
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F8/00—Arrangements for absorbing or reflecting air-transmitted noise from road or railway traffic
    • E01F8/0005—Arrangements for absorbing or reflecting air-transmitted noise from road or railway traffic used in a wall type arrangement
    • E01F8/0029—Arrangements for absorbing or reflecting air-transmitted noise from road or railway traffic used in a wall type arrangement with porous surfaces, e.g. concrete with porous fillers
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F8/00—Arrangements for absorbing or reflecting air-transmitted noise from road or railway traffic
    • E01F8/0005—Arrangements for absorbing or reflecting air-transmitted noise from road or railway traffic used in a wall type arrangement
    • E01F8/0047—Arrangements for absorbing or reflecting air-transmitted noise from road or railway traffic used in a wall type arrangement with open cavities, e.g. for covering sunken roads
    • E01F8/0076—Cellular, e.g. as wall facing
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/82—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to sound only
    • E04B1/84—Sound-absorbing elements
    • E04B2001/8414—Sound-absorbing elements with non-planar face, e.g. curved, egg-crate shaped
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/82—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to sound only
    • E04B1/84—Sound-absorbing elements
    • E04B2001/8414—Sound-absorbing elements with non-planar face, e.g. curved, egg-crate shaped
    • E04B2001/8419—Acoustical cones or the like, e.g. for anechoic chambers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a noise barrier. It aims to limit the effects of noise, including noise from various modes of transport (road, rail, airports).
  • This noise canceling device can be placed on any type of infrastructure (wall, ceiling, floor, tunnel, building, etc.).
  • the absorbent panels are generally in the form of a box in which is placed an absorbent material such as rock wool, clay foam, etc. while the masking panels consist of a hard wall such glass, smooth concrete, etc ...
  • the present invention is in the first case, that is to say in the field of absorbent panels.
  • the proposed device not only forms a screen for noise but also allows its absorption and reduces the effect of multiple reflections.
  • the object of the invention is to improve the performance of a noise barrier wall with absorbent panels by proposing a new geometry consisting inter alia of increasing the interaction surface of the acoustic waves with a partially absorbent material.
  • the invention takes place in the context of so-called fractal geometries and "space filling surfaces".
  • fractal geometries and "space filling surfaces” we are seeking here to produce such an object in a practical manner which imposes a restriction on the first orders of fractality.
  • the invention relates to a device for absorbing noise, in particular road and rail noise, comprising an approximately planar base, elements in relief and / or recessed each comprising at least one recess.
  • this base reveals with the elements in relief and / or in hollow a configuration having a fractality in a range of lengths between 1 cm and 50 cm, of fractal dimension greater than 2.5 allowing the localization of certain modes. acoustics in the vicinity of said elements.
  • trunks of cones are trunks of cones;
  • a cone is an element in relief, the surface of which is generated by a straight line passing through a point, called the vertex, and resting on a curve drawn in a plane not passing through said point.
  • trunk of cone a cone whose axis is the straight line connecting its vertex to the center of its base but which is delimited at its upper part by the intersection of the cone with a plane,
  • a pyramid is a polyhedron bounded by a flat base in the shape of a polygon and lateral faces made up of triangles leaning on this polygon having a common vertex.
  • the surface of such a pyramid is obtained, here, by a straight line passing through a vertex and bearing on a polygonal base, traced in a plane not containing the vertex.
  • - trunk of pyramid - a pyramid which has for axis the line connecting its vertex to the center of its base but which is delimited at its upper part by the intersection of the pyramid with a plane, the shape pyramidal being the general outer envelope of these trunks of pyramids.
  • the recess is a hollow truncated cone having its axis, the straight line connecting the top of the elements in relief at the center of their base, said truncated cones being open on the side of the upper part of the elements in relief;
  • the recess is a hollow truncated cone having an axis parallel to the base of said elements, said truncated cones being open at their ends;
  • the elements in relief are made of a sound absorbing material; Theoretically, any material is phonically, partially absorbent. In practice, however, it is customary to classify materials into two categories, respectively non-absorbent and absorbent. A material is said to be non-absorbent when the sound absorption for reflection on a hard wall made of this material is less than approximately 10 "2 .
  • the elements in relief are grouped into boxes having a flat base on which the elements in relief are formed;
  • the recesses are truncated cones open on the side of the upper part of the base; - a recess and two elements in relief form an elementary mesh;
  • the box is formed of a periodic arrangement of the same elementary mesh
  • the device consists of several boxes forming a wall, the boxes having their bases parallel to the surface of the wall; - the boxes are arranged randomly with respect to each other;
  • the elements in relief are trunks of pyramids and the caissons are grouped in pairs to form a succession of inverted pyramids;
  • the device consists of several boxes forming a wall, the boxes having their bases respectively either parallel or perpendicular to the surface of the wall;
  • - boxes are associated, from top to bottom, in the following order by designating by A, a box whose base is perpendicular to the surface of the wall and B, a box whose base is parallel to the surface of the wall:
  • ABAABA - type A boxes are divided into two categories, respectively, Ai and A 2 perpendicular to each other.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a section along the axis A-A of a box implemented in an embodiment of the invention
  • - Figure 3 is a top view of the box of Figure 1;
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a box implemented in another embodiment of the invention, formed by a periodic arrangement of the same elementary mesh;
  • FIG. 5 shows schematically the elementary mesh used to form the box of Figure 4 (fig. 5a), a sectional view along the axis BB of this mesh (fig. 5b) and a sectional view along the axis CC of said mesh (fig. 5 c);
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a panel formed using a set of boxes of Figure 1 having their bases parallel to the surface of the panel;
  • FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the relative arrangements of boxes to form a wall in some embodiments of the invention;
  • the noise absorption device implements the concept of damping of fractal acoustic resonators.
  • fractal object is understood here to mean an object whose geometry can be described by a non-integer dimension. This approach aims to achieve a phonically absorbent object having surfaces of maximum area in a given volume, i.e. an object having a surface "filling" space (space filling surface). This is taken in the sense that the total surface included in a sphere of radius R centered on the object varies more quickly when R increases than the square of the radius R.
  • Such an object has a very irregular geometry which allows the localization of the modes of waves in the frequency range of sound, near surfaces.
  • the noise absorption device therefore comprises an approximately planar base, elements 1 in relief and / or in hollow each comprising at least one recess or notch 2.
  • this base reveals with the elements in relief and / or recessed a configuration having a fractal zone of between 1 cm and 50 cm, with a fractal dimension greater than 2.5.
  • the device advantageously has variable sizes in the planes parallel to the plane of the base, as a function of their distance from said plane of the base. In a preferred embodiment, these sizes and their variations are at least in irregular parts. We thus produced a fractal object at the first order of approximation.
  • the surface of the elements 1 in relief and / or in hollow is generated by a straight line passing through a vertex and bearing on a closed line contained in a plane not passing through said vertex, said elements 1 being truncated in their upper part 3 by a plan.
  • the closed line can, for example, constitute a curve or a polygon.
  • base 4 the surface circumscribed by the closed line from which the height of the solid element is counted perpendicularly.
  • this closed line describes the outline of a kouglof mold, i.e. it comprises a succession of arcs of a circle forming a closed line.
  • the elements 1 in relief are trunks of pyramids 1 such as those represented in FIG. 1.
  • the trunk of pyramid has a base 4, square, of which two sides 5 and 6 are visible in the diagram in perspective of FIG. 1 and an upper part 3.
  • the elements 1 in relief are trunks of cones.
  • Each of the elements 1 in relief is hollowed out, so that it comprises a hollow truncated cone 2.
  • This frustoconical recess 2 can, in a first embodiment, have the straight line connecting the top of the pyramid to the center of its base 4 as axis 7 or, in a second embodiment, have its axis 7 parallel to the base 4 of the elements 1.
  • the trunks of cone 2 are open on the side of the upper part 3 of the trunks of pyramids 1.
  • the truncated cones 2 are open at their ends 8.
  • the projected surface of the wall is that generally considered and which can be defined as the surface viewed macroscopically from the sound source. This is the area occupied by the device or the wall.
  • the developed surface is the sum of all the surfaces, external or internal, of the absorption device in contact with air, that is to say with sound waves.
  • this developed surface will, in the case where the elements 1 in relief are trunks of pyramids, the result of the cumulation of the surfaces of the lateral faces of the trunks of pyramids 1 and of the surfaces internal to the trunks of hollow cone 2.
  • C ( ⁇ ) 1 for frequencies corresponding to localized modes, and C ( ⁇ )> 1 for frequencies corresponding to localized modes.
  • the trunks of pyramids 1 are advantageously combined in boxes 9 which can be used, either directly or by combining several of them, to form a wall.
  • the axes 7 of these trunks of pyramids 1 are advantageously parallel to each other and their associated bases 4, so as to form a base 10 of the box 9 which is planar.
  • the axis 7 of the trunks of pyramids 1 can be inclined by an angle ⁇ between 0 and 5 ° relative to the normal to the plane passing through the base 4 of the solid elements 1.
  • the plane delimiting the upper part 3 of said trunks of pyramids 1 makes an angle ⁇ relative to the plane passing through the base 10 of the box 9.
  • This angle ⁇ is advantageously between 2 and 10 °. In a preferred embodiment, this angle ⁇ is equal to 6 °.
  • this inclined plane allows a variation in the heights of the elements 1 in relief and thus reinforces the irregularities of the device which allows a widening of the frequency range for which the localization of the wave modes is observed and therefore an over-damping.
  • the sizes of the 4 square bases are between 50 and 140 mm.
  • the heights of the trunks of pyramids 1 are between 220 and 350 mm.
  • a set of 5 ⁇ 5 25 trunks of pyramids 1 each having a square of 90 mm on each side 4 has been produced.
  • the height of the trunk of pyramid 1 is 240 mm.
  • a spacing of 30 mm is used between each trunk of pyramid 1.
  • the elements 1 in relief formed on the flat base 10 of the boxes 9, are separated by recesses 2 made in the base 10 which constitute hollow elements.
  • the presence of these recesses improves the absorption capacity of the device by advantageously increasing the developed surface of the box 9 compared to its projected surface.
  • These recesses 2 are, for example, truncated cones open on the side of the upper part of the base 10.
  • the box 9 can also be formed by a periodic arrangement of the same elementary mesh 14.
  • FIG. 4 shows such a arrangement, in a preferred embodiment, offering both a high absorption power and an easy formwork during manufacture.
  • the ratio of the developed surface to the projected surface is of the order of 10.
  • FIG. 5 schematically shows the elementary mesh 14 in top view (fig. 5 a) used to obtain the periodic arrangement of the box 9 of Figure 4.
  • This elementary mesh 14 has in the upper plane 15 of the base 10 a surface square which comprises a first square 16 on the side of length a comprising the base 17 open with a recess in the form of a truncated cone 18 with a circular base 17.
  • the elementary mesh 14 also comprises in this upper plane 15, a second square 19 of side of length b with b ⁇ a, and the rectangular bases 20-21 of two elements 1 in relief, these elements 1 being trunks of pyramids.
  • Each of the elements 1 in relief is hollowed out, so that it comprises a hollow truncated cone 2.
  • FIG. 6 represents an embodiment of a "type 1 wall” 11 using a set of boxes 9 having their bases 10 parallel to the surface of the "type 1 wall" 11.
  • type 1 wall 11 means a rigid quadrangular flat part comprising a limited number of boxes, advantageously 35. These “type 1 walls” 11 can be mounted alone to constitute a noise barrier or come to be fixed on a support preexisting (tunnels, curbs of motorways, ).
  • the boxes 9 can be arranged randomly with respect to each other.
  • the boxes 9 are grouped in pairs, so as to form a succession of inverted pyramids.
  • FIG. 7 represents an optimized embodiment of a "type 2 wall" 12 using a set of boxes 9. This wall can be viewed as a fractal object in the second order of approximation.
  • This "type 2 wall” 12 is approximately perpendicular to the roadway 13. It is formed by the association of boxes 9 classified into two categories, boxes A designated by 9A whose planar base is perpendicular to the general plane of wall 12, that is to say for example parallel or perpendicular to the roadway 13, and the elements 9B which are perpendicular to the elements 9A-
  • the extreme elements at the top and bottom of the wall are preferably elements of type A, elements of type A and type B are advantageously grouped according to the succession A, B, A, A, B, A.
  • the intermediate pattern AAB being repeated as many times as necessary to cover the entire height of the wall depending on the size of the boxes 9.
  • one of the sizes of the base 9 of the% boxes which will be called for example their width, is half of the other of their sizes, their length.
  • the boxes 9 of type A are divided into two categories, respectively, Ai and A 2 perpendicular to each other.
  • Ai and A 2 perpendicular to each other.
  • concrete-wood is the material produced with wood chips linked together by a cement matrix.
  • the wood material used is of the Spruce or Douglas fir type which has advantageously undergone a rot-proofing treatment.
  • approximately 410 kg of cement are usually used.
  • the proportion of the number of wood chips per relative to the amount of cement used to make the cement matrix is suitable for modifying the average dimensions of the voids created in the concrete and thus increasing the absorption power of the absorbent material.
  • Porous concrete, concrete comprising expanded clay balls or any other cellular absorbent material can also be used.
  • the device according to the invention is covered with a sound-absorbing material.
  • a wall 12 intended for absorbing the noise produced on only one of its sides. It could be useful to provide an absorbent device on its two faces, which would in particular make it possible to reduce the noises reflected by buildings by multiple diffraction or reflections, in the vicinity of a road.
  • the wall 12 will be produced by association of caissons 9 facing the road on the one hand, towards the buildings on the other hand.
  • This noise absorption device can advantageously be implemented to limit noise pollution from various modes of transport (road, rail). It can be placed on any type of infrastructure (wall, ceiling, floor, tunnel, building, .
  • This noise absorption device is advantageously anti-tag.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)
  • Devices Affording Protection Of Roads Or Walls For Sound Insulation (AREA)
  • Soundproofing, Sound Blocking, And Sound Damping (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a noise abatement wall. The device comprises an approximately planar base and elements (1) which are raised and/or hollow, each comprising at least one recess (2). A configuration with a fractal zone ranging from 1cm to 50 cms is revealed by said base and raised and/or hollow elements (1), the fractal dimension thereof being greater than 2.5, enabling the location of waves in the sound frequency range in the vicinity of said elements (1).

Description

MUR ANTIBRUIT NOISE WALL
La présente invention concerne un mur antibruit. Elle vise à limiter les effets du bruit, entre autres les bruits issus de divers modes de transport (routier, ferroviaire, aéroports). Ce dispositif antibruit peut être disposé sur tout type d'infrastructure (mur, plafond, sol, tunnel, immeuble,..).The present invention relates to a noise barrier. It aims to limit the effects of noise, including noise from various modes of transport (road, rail, airports). This noise canceling device can be placed on any type of infrastructure (wall, ceiling, floor, tunnel, building, etc.).
La solution consistant à couvrir certaines portions de routes ou d'autoroutes n'est pas toujours possible. Souvent, on cherche à atténuer, voire à supprimer, les effets du bruit par la construction sur les dépendances de la chaussée, de murs antibruit appelés également écrans acoustiques, le long de la voirie existante.The solution of covering certain portions of roads or motorways is not always possible. Often, efforts are made to mitigate, or even eliminate, the effects of noise by construction on the outbuildings of the roadway, noise barriers also called acoustic screens, along the existing road network.
La conception de ces murs antibruit résulte de la prise en compte de la circulaire R/A 89.66 du 17 Mai 1989 qui en définit les exigences en termes de bruit, d'esthétisme et de coût.The design of these noise barriers results from the consideration of circular R / A 89.66 of May 17, 1989 which defines the requirements in terms of noise, aesthetics and cost.
D'une manière générale, il est connu que la méthode de dimensionnement de tels murs est basée sur le calcul des transmissions directes et sur le calcul de l'atténuation sonore par absorption, par réflexion et par diffraction. Les panneaux absorbants se présentent généralement sous la forme d'un caisson dans lequel est placé un matériau absorbant tel que de la laine de roche, mousse d'argile, etc.. alors que les panneaux de masquage sont constitués d'un mur dur tel que verre, béton lissé, etc...In general, it is known that the method of dimensioning such walls is based on the calculation of direct transmissions and on the calculation of sound attenuation by absorption, by reflection and by diffraction. The absorbent panels are generally in the form of a box in which is placed an absorbent material such as rock wool, clay foam, etc. while the masking panels consist of a hard wall such glass, smooth concrete, etc ...
La présente invention se situe dans le premier cas, c'est-à-dire dans le domaine des panneaux absorbants. Le dispositif proposé forme non seulement un écran pour le bruit mais permet également son absorption et diminue l'effet des réflexions multiples.The present invention is in the first case, that is to say in the field of absorbent panels. The proposed device not only forms a screen for noise but also allows its absorption and reduces the effect of multiple reflections.
Le but de l'invention est d'améliorer les performances d'un mur antibruit à panneaux absorbants en proposant une nouvelle géométrie consistant entre autres à augmenter la surface d'interaction des ondes acoustiques avec un matériau partiellement absorbant.The object of the invention is to improve the performance of a noise barrier wall with absorbent panels by proposing a new geometry consisting inter alia of increasing the interaction surface of the acoustic waves with a partially absorbent material.
L'invention se place dans le cadre des géométries dites fractales et des surfaces "remplissant" l'espace ("space filling surfaces"). En particulier, on cherche ici à réaliser un tel objet de manière pratique ce qui impose une restriction aux premiers ordres de fractalité. A cet effet, l'invention concerne un dispositif d'absorption du bruit notamment routier et ferroviaire comprenant une base approximativement plane, des éléments en relief et/ou en creux comportant chacun au moins un évidement. Selon l'invention, cette base révèle avec les éléments en relief et/ou en creux une configuration présentant une fractalité dans une gamme de longueurs comprise entre 1 cm et 50 cm, de dimension fractale supérieure à 2,5 permettant la localisation de certains modes acoustiques au voisinage desdits éléments. Par dimension fractale D, on entend ici l'exposant moyen exprimant la mesure de la surface totale S(R) séparant l'air et le milieu absorbant et incluse dans une sphère de rayon R centrée sur cette surface de séparation, en fonction de ce rayon, sous la forme S(R) proportionnelle à R à la puissance D, (S(R) = k RD). La présente invention concerne également les caractéristiques qui ressortiront au cours de la description qui va suivre et qui devront être considérées isolément ou selon toutes leurs combinaisons techniquement possibles :The invention takes place in the context of so-called fractal geometries and "space filling surfaces". In particular, we are seeking here to produce such an object in a practical manner which imposes a restriction on the first orders of fractality. To this end, the invention relates to a device for absorbing noise, in particular road and rail noise, comprising an approximately planar base, elements in relief and / or recessed each comprising at least one recess. According to the invention, this base reveals with the elements in relief and / or in hollow a configuration having a fractality in a range of lengths between 1 cm and 50 cm, of fractal dimension greater than 2.5 allowing the localization of certain modes. acoustics in the vicinity of said elements. By fractal dimension D is meant here the mean exponent expressing the measurement of the total area S (R) separating the air and the absorbing medium and included in a sphere of radius R centered on this separation surface, as a function of this radius, in the form S (R) proportional to R to the power D, (S (R) = k R D ). The present invention also relates to the characteristics which will emerge during the following description and which should be considered in isolation or in all their technically possible combinations:
- les éléments en relief sont des troncs de cônes; Un cône est un élément en relief dont la surface est générée par une droite passant par un point, appelé sommet, et prenant appui sur une courbe tracée dans un plan ne passant pas par ledit point. On appelle ici - tronc de cône - un cône qui a pour axe la droite reliant son sommet au centre de sa base mais qui est délimité à sa partie supérieure par l'intersection du cône avec un plan,- the elements in relief are trunks of cones; A cone is an element in relief, the surface of which is generated by a straight line passing through a point, called the vertex, and resting on a curve drawn in a plane not passing through said point. We call here - trunk of cone - a cone whose axis is the straight line connecting its vertex to the center of its base but which is delimited at its upper part by the intersection of the cone with a plane,
- les éléments en relief sont des troncs de pyramides;- the elements in relief are trunks of pyramids;
Une pyramide est un polyèdre limité par une base plane en forme de polygone et des faces latérales constituées de triangles s 'appuyant sur ce polygone ayant un sommet commun. La surface d'une telle pyramide est obtenue, ici, par une droite passant par un sommet et prenant appui sur une base polygonale, tracée dans un plan ne contenant pas le sommet. On appelle ici - tronc de pyramide - une pyramide qui a pour axe la droite reliant son sommet au centre de sa base mais qui est délimité à sa partie supérieure par l'intersection de la pyramide avec un plan, la forme pyramidale étant l'enveloppe extérieure générale de ces troncs de pyramides.A pyramid is a polyhedron bounded by a flat base in the shape of a polygon and lateral faces made up of triangles leaning on this polygon having a common vertex. The surface of such a pyramid is obtained, here, by a straight line passing through a vertex and bearing on a polygonal base, traced in a plane not containing the vertex. We call here - trunk of pyramid - a pyramid which has for axis the line connecting its vertex to the center of its base but which is delimited at its upper part by the intersection of the pyramid with a plane, the shape pyramidal being the general outer envelope of these trunks of pyramids.
- la base des troncs de pyramides est rectangulaire;- the base of the trunks of pyramids is rectangular;
- l' évidement est un tronc de cône creux ayant pour axe, la droite reliant le sommet des éléments en relief au centre de leur base, lesdits troncs de cône étant ouverts du coté de la partie supérieure des éléments en relief;- The recess is a hollow truncated cone having its axis, the straight line connecting the top of the elements in relief at the center of their base, said truncated cones being open on the side of the upper part of the elements in relief;
- l' évidement est un tronc de cône creux ayant un axe parallèle à la base desdits éléments, lesdits troncs de cône étant ouverts à leurs extrémités;- The recess is a hollow truncated cone having an axis parallel to the base of said elements, said truncated cones being open at their ends;
- le plan délimitant la partie supérieure des éléments en relief fait un angle φ par rapport au plan passant par la base desdits éléments;- The plane delimiting the upper part of the elements in relief makes an angle φ with respect to the plane passing through the base of said elements;
- les éléments en relief sont réalisés en un matériau phoniquement absorbant; Théoriquement, tout matériau est phoniquement, partiellement absorbant. En pratique, il est toutefois usuel de classer les matériaux en deux catégories, respectivement non-absorbants et absorbants. Un matériau est dit non-absorbant lorsque l'absorption sonore pour une réflexion sur un mur dur constitué de ce matériau est inférieure à 10"2 environ.- the elements in relief are made of a sound absorbing material; Theoretically, any material is phonically, partially absorbent. In practice, however, it is customary to classify materials into two categories, respectively non-absorbent and absorbent. A material is said to be non-absorbent when the sound absorption for reflection on a hard wall made of this material is less than approximately 10 "2 .
- les éléments en relief sont en béton-bois;- the elements in relief are made of concrete-wood;
- les éléments en relief sont recouverts d'un matériau phoniquement absorbant;- the elements in relief are covered with a sound absorbing material;
- les éléments en relief sont regroupés en caissons ayant une base plane sur laquelle sont formés les éléments en relief;- The elements in relief are grouped into boxes having a flat base on which the elements in relief are formed;
- les éléments en relief sont séparés par des évidements formés dans la base;- The elements in relief are separated by recesses formed in the base;
- les évidements sont des troncs de cône ouverts du coté de la partie supérieure de la base; - un évidement et deux éléments en relief forment une maille élémentaire;- the recesses are truncated cones open on the side of the upper part of the base; - a recess and two elements in relief form an elementary mesh;
- le caisson est formé d'un arrangement périodique de la même maille élémentaire;- the box is formed of a periodic arrangement of the same elementary mesh;
- le dispositif est constitué de plusieurs caissons formant un mur, les caissons ayant leurs bases parallèles à la surface du mur; - les caissons sont disposés aléatoirement les uns par rapport aux autres;- The device consists of several boxes forming a wall, the boxes having their bases parallel to the surface of the wall; - the boxes are arranged randomly with respect to each other;
- les éléments en relief sont des troncs de pyramides et les caissons sont regroupés par paires pour former une succession de pyramides inversées;- the elements in relief are trunks of pyramids and the caissons are grouped in pairs to form a succession of inverted pyramids;
- le dispositif est constitué de plusieurs caissons formant un mur, les caissons ayant leurs bases respectivement soit parallèles, soit perpendiculaires à la surface du mur;- The device consists of several boxes forming a wall, the boxes having their bases respectively either parallel or perpendicular to the surface of the wall;
- des caissons orientés respectivement vers les deux faces du mur sont associés;- boxes oriented respectively towards the two faces of the wall are associated;
- des caissons sont associés, de haut en bas, dans l'ordre suivant en désignant par A, un caisson dont la base est perpendiculaire à la surface du mur et B, un caisson dont la base est parallèle à la surface du mur :- boxes are associated, from top to bottom, in the following order by designating by A, a box whose base is perpendicular to the surface of the wall and B, a box whose base is parallel to the surface of the wall:
A B A A B A - les caissons de type A sont répartis en deux catégories, respectivement, Ai et A2 perpendiculaires l'un à l'autre.ABAABA - type A boxes are divided into two categories, respectively, Ai and A 2 perpendicular to each other.
La description suivante donnée à titre d'exemple non limitatif fera mieux comprendre comment l'invention peut être réalisée. Elle est faite en référence aux dessins annexés sur lesquels : - la figure 1 est une représentation schématique en perspective d'un caisson mis en œuvre dans un mode de réalisation de l'invention ;The following description given by way of nonlimiting example will make it easier to understand how the invention can be implemented. It is made with reference to the appended drawings in which: - Figure 1 is a schematic perspective representation of a box used in one embodiment of the invention;
- la figure 2 est une représentation schématique d'une coupe suivant l'axe A-A d'un caisson mis en œuvre dans un mode de réalisation de l ' invention ; - la figure 3 est une vue du dessus du caisson de la figure 1 ;- Figure 2 is a schematic representation of a section along the axis A-A of a box implemented in an embodiment of the invention; - Figure 3 is a top view of the box of Figure 1;
- la figure 4 est une vue schématique d'un caisson mis en œuvre dans un autre mode de réalisation de l'invention, formé par un arrangement périodique d'une même maille élémentaire ;- Figure 4 is a schematic view of a box implemented in another embodiment of the invention, formed by a periodic arrangement of the same elementary mesh;
- la figure 5 représente schématiquement la maille élémentaire mise en œuvre pour former le caisson de la figure 4 (fig. 5a), une vue en coupe suivant l'axe B-B de cette maille (fig. 5 b) et une vue en coupe suivant l'axe C-C de ladite maille (fig. 5 c);- Figure 5 shows schematically the elementary mesh used to form the box of Figure 4 (fig. 5a), a sectional view along the axis BB of this mesh (fig. 5b) and a sectional view along the axis CC of said mesh (fig. 5 c);
- la figure 6 est une vue schématique d'un panneau formé à l'aide d'un ensemble de caissons de la figure 1 ayant leurs bases parallèles à la surface du panneau; - la figure 7 est un schéma représentant les dispositions relatives de caissons pour former un mur dans certains modes de réalisation de l'invention;- Figure 6 is a schematic view of a panel formed using a set of boxes of Figure 1 having their bases parallel to the surface of the panel; - Figure 7 is a diagram showing the relative arrangements of boxes to form a wall in some embodiments of the invention;
Le dispositif d'absorption de bruit selon l'invention met en œuvre le concept d'amortissement des résonateurs acoustiques fractals. On entend ici par - objet fractal- un objet dont la géométrie peut être décrite par une dimension non entière. Cette approche vise à réaliser un objet phoniquement absorbant présentant des surfaces d'aire maximale dans un volume donné, i.e. un objet ayant une surface "remplissant" l'espace (space filling surface). Ceci est pris au sens où la surface totale comprise dans une sphère de rayon R centrée sur l'objet varie plus vite quand R augmente que le carré du rayon R. Un tel objet présente une géométrie très irrégulière ce qui permet la localisation des modes des ondes dans la gamme de fréquence du son, au voisinage des surfaces. La localisation de ces modes pour des fréquences données, c'est-à-dire leur concentration dans une région de l'espace proche des surfaces phoniquement absorbantes entraîne un suramortissement de ces modes. Ce suramortissement résulte de l'augmentation de l'amplitude des modes sur la surface absorbante. Il y a de la sorte "frottement" accru des modes des ondes contre le matériau absorbant. On distingue donc des modes — délocalisés - pour lesquelles l'absorption par ledit dispositif est amplifiée par l'accroissement considérable de la surface absorbante par rapport à une simple surface plane et des modes - localisés - pour lesquelles on observe un suramortissement, i.e. un amortissement venant s'ajouter à l'absorption déjà observée précédemment pour les modes délocalisés.The noise absorption device according to the invention implements the concept of damping of fractal acoustic resonators. The term “fractal object” is understood here to mean an object whose geometry can be described by a non-integer dimension. This approach aims to achieve a phonically absorbent object having surfaces of maximum area in a given volume, i.e. an object having a surface "filling" space (space filling surface). This is taken in the sense that the total surface included in a sphere of radius R centered on the object varies more quickly when R increases than the square of the radius R. Such an object has a very irregular geometry which allows the localization of the modes of waves in the frequency range of sound, near surfaces. The localization of these modes for given frequencies, that is to say their concentration in a region of space close to the phonically absorbing surfaces involves an over-damping of these modes. This over-damping results from the increase in the amplitude of the modes on the absorbent surface. There is thus increased "friction" of the wave modes against the absorbent material. A distinction is therefore made between - delocalized - modes for which the absorption by said device is amplified by the considerable increase in the absorbent surface compared to a simple planar surface and from - localized - modes for which there is an over-damping, ie a damping adding to the absorption already observed previously for delocalized modes.
Le dispositif d'absorption de bruit selon l'invention comprend donc une base approximativement plane, des éléments 1 en relief et/ou en creux comportant chacun au moins un évidement ou échancrure 2. Selon l'invention, cette base révèle avec les éléments en relief et/ou en creux une configuration présentant une zone de fractalité comprise entre 1 cm et 50 cm, de dimension fractale supérieure à 2,5. Le dispositif présente avantageusement des tailles variables dans les plans parallèles au plan de la base, en fonction de leur distance audit plan de la base. Dans un mode de réalisation préféré, ces tailles et leurs variations sont au moins en partie irrégulières. On a ainsi réalisé un objet fractal au premier ordre d' approximation.The noise absorption device according to the invention therefore comprises an approximately planar base, elements 1 in relief and / or in hollow each comprising at least one recess or notch 2. According to the invention, this base reveals with the elements in relief and / or recessed a configuration having a fractal zone of between 1 cm and 50 cm, with a fractal dimension greater than 2.5. The device advantageously has variable sizes in the planes parallel to the plane of the base, as a function of their distance from said plane of the base. In a preferred embodiment, these sizes and their variations are at least in irregular parts. We thus produced a fractal object at the first order of approximation.
Dans un mode de réalisation, la surface des éléments 1 en relief et/ou en creux est générée par une droite passant par un sommet et prenant appui sur une ligne fermée contenue dans un plan ne passant pas par ledit sommet, lesdits éléments 1 étant tronqués dans leur partie supérieure 3 par un plan. La ligne fermée peut, par exemple, constituer une courbe ou un polygone. On appelle ici — base 4 - la surface circonscrite par la ligne fermée à partir de laquelle on compte perpendiculairement la hauteur de l'élément solide. Avantageusement, cette ligne fermée décrit le contour d'un moule à kouglof, i.e. elle comprend une succession d'arcs de cercle formant une ligne fermée.In one embodiment, the surface of the elements 1 in relief and / or in hollow is generated by a straight line passing through a vertex and bearing on a closed line contained in a plane not passing through said vertex, said elements 1 being truncated in their upper part 3 by a plan. The closed line can, for example, constitute a curve or a polygon. We call here - base 4 - the surface circumscribed by the closed line from which the height of the solid element is counted perpendicularly. Advantageously, this closed line describes the outline of a kouglof mold, i.e. it comprises a succession of arcs of a circle forming a closed line.
Dans un premier mode de réalisation, les éléments 1 en relief sont des troncs de pyramides 1 tels que ceux représentés sur la figure 1. Le tronc de pyramide comporte une base 4, carrée, dont deux côtés 5 et 6 sont apparents sur le schéma en perspective de la figure 1 et une partie supérieure 3. Dans un deuxième mode de réalisation, les éléments 1 en relief sont des troncs de cônes.In a first embodiment, the elements 1 in relief are trunks of pyramids 1 such as those represented in FIG. 1. The trunk of pyramid has a base 4, square, of which two sides 5 and 6 are visible in the diagram in perspective of FIG. 1 and an upper part 3. In a second embodiment, the elements 1 in relief are trunks of cones.
Chacun des éléments 1 en relief est évidé, de telle sorte qu'il comporte un tronc de cône creux 2. Cet évidement 2 tronconique peut, dans un premier mode de réalisation, avoir la droite reliant le sommet de la pyramide au centre de sa base 4 comme axe 7 ou, dans un deuxième mode de réalisation, avoir son axe 7 parallèle à la base 4 des éléments 1. Dans le premier mode de réalisation, les troncs de cône 2 sont ouverts du côté de la partie supérieure 3 des troncs de pyramides 1. Dans le deuxième mode de réalisation, les troncs de cône 2 sont ouverts à leurs extrémités 8.Each of the elements 1 in relief is hollowed out, so that it comprises a hollow truncated cone 2. This frustoconical recess 2 can, in a first embodiment, have the straight line connecting the top of the pyramid to the center of its base 4 as axis 7 or, in a second embodiment, have its axis 7 parallel to the base 4 of the elements 1. In the first embodiment, the trunks of cone 2 are open on the side of the upper part 3 of the trunks of pyramids 1. In the second embodiment, the truncated cones 2 are open at their ends 8.
Une approche théorique a été développée pour expliquer l'amélioration des propriétés d'absorption du bruit par un dispositif composé d'une telle base approximativement plane et de tels éléments 1 en relief.A theoretical approach has been developed to explain the improvement in noise absorption properties by a device composed of such an approximately planar base and such elements 1 in relief.
Cette théorie distingue deux types de mode, des modes localisés et des modes délocalisés. Pour ces derniers, l'accroissement du pouvoir d'absorption résulte de la " surface développée " du mur par rapport à sa surface projetée. La surface projetée du mur est celle généralement considérée et qui peut être définie comme étant la surface vue au plan macroscopique depuis la source sonore. Il s'agit de la surface occupée par le dispositif ou le mur.This theory distinguishes two types of mode, localized modes and delocalized modes. For the latter, the increase in the absorption power results from the "developed surface" of the wall relative to its projected surface. The projected surface of the wall is that generally considered and which can be defined as the surface viewed macroscopically from the sound source. This is the area occupied by the device or the wall.
La surface développée est le cumul de l'ensemble des surfaces, externe ou interne, du dispositif d'absorption en contact avec l'air, c'est- à-dire avec les ondes sonores.The developed surface is the sum of all the surfaces, external or internal, of the absorption device in contact with air, that is to say with sound waves.
Ainsi, cette surface développée sera, dans le cas où les éléments 1 en relief sont des troncs de pyramides, le résultat du cumul des surfaces des faces latérales des troncs de pyramides 1 et des surfaces internes aux troncs de cône creux 2.Thus, this developed surface will, in the case where the elements 1 in relief are trunks of pyramids, the result of the cumulation of the surfaces of the lateral faces of the trunks of pyramids 1 and of the surfaces internal to the trunks of hollow cone 2.
Il a été constaté que l'absorption sonore obtenue avec un tel dispositif est alors proportionnelle au rapport S de la surface développée S à la surface projetée du mur Sm.It was found that the sound absorption obtained with such a device is then proportional to the ratio S of the developed surface S to the projected surface of the wall S m .
Pour les modes dits - localisés -, on observe une zone de localisation de l'onde sonore au voisinage de la structure absorbante, résultant de la présence d'irrégularités dans ladite structure. Cette onde subit donc un phénomène de frottement avec le matériau phoniquement absorbant ce qui induit un suramortissement de celle-ci. Ce suramortissement vient augmenter le pouvoir absorbant déjà observé pour les modes délocalisés.For the so-called - localized modes, a zone of localization of the sound wave is observed in the vicinity of the absorbent structure, resulting from the presence of irregularities in said structure. This wave therefore undergoes a phenomenon of friction with the sound-absorbing material, which induces an over-damping of the latter. This over-amortization increases the absorbing power already observed for delocalized modes.
Le pouvoir d'absorption par mètre carré moyen de surface projetée du dispositif et pour une fréquence ω donnée du son, est augmenté par un facteur A(ω) donné par la formule :The absorption power per average square meter of projected surface of the device and for a given frequency ω of sound, is increased by a factor A (ω) given by the formula:
A(ω) = (Sd / Sm) x C(ω)A (ω) = (S d / S m ) x C (ω)
où S et Sm sont respectivement la surface développée et la surface projetée du mur et C(co) est le facteur de forme tel que :where S and S m are respectively the developed surface and the projected surface of the wall and C (co) is the form factor such that:
C(ω) = 1 pour des fréquences correspondant à des modes délocalisés, et C(ω) > 1 pour des fréquences correspondant à des modes localisés.C (ω) = 1 for frequencies corresponding to localized modes, and C (ω)> 1 for frequencies corresponding to localized modes.
Ces explications théoriques qui conduisent aux mêmes réalisations pratiques, sont données ici pour permettre une meilleure compréhension de l'invention et de sa portée.These theoretical explanations which lead to the same practical realizations, are given here to allow a better understanding of the invention and its scope.
Dans la description suivante, nous considérerons le cas où les éléments 1 en relief sont, selon un mode de réalisation préféré, des troncs de pyramides. L'invention ne saurait être limité, cependant, à un tel mode de réalisation. Un autre mode de réalisation préféré de l'invention étant, par exemple, des troncs cônes.In the following description, we will consider the case where the elements 1 in relief are, according to a preferred embodiment, trunks of pyramids. The invention cannot be limited, however, to such a mode of achievement. Another preferred embodiment of the invention being, for example, truncated cones.
Tels que représentés sur les figures 2 et 3, les troncs de pyramides 1 sont avantageusement réunis en caissons 9 susceptibles d'être utilisés, soit directement, soit par association de plusieurs d'entre eux, pour constituer un mur.As shown in Figures 2 and 3, the trunks of pyramids 1 are advantageously combined in boxes 9 which can be used, either directly or by combining several of them, to form a wall.
Les axes 7 de ces troncs de pyramides 1 sont avantageusement parallèles les uns aux autres et leurs bases 4 associées, de telle sorte à former une base 10 du caisson 9 qui soit plane. L'axe 7 des troncs de pyramides 1 peut être incliné d'un angle θ compris entre 0 et 5° par rapport à la normale au plan passant par la base 4 des éléments solides 1.The axes 7 of these trunks of pyramids 1 are advantageously parallel to each other and their associated bases 4, so as to form a base 10 of the box 9 which is planar. The axis 7 of the trunks of pyramids 1 can be inclined by an angle θ between 0 and 5 ° relative to the normal to the plane passing through the base 4 of the solid elements 1.
Le plan délimitant la partie supérieure 3 desdits troncs de pyramides 1 fait un angle φ par rapport au plan passant par la base 10 du caisson 9. Cet angle φ est avantageusement compris entre 2 et 10°. Dans un mode de réalisation préféré, cet angle φ vaut 6°.The plane delimiting the upper part 3 of said trunks of pyramids 1 makes an angle φ relative to the plane passing through the base 10 of the box 9. This angle φ is advantageously between 2 and 10 °. In a preferred embodiment, this angle φ is equal to 6 °.
Ces faibles valeurs pour l'angle φ assurent un décoffrage facile et sont donc adaptées aux contraintes d'une réalisation par moulage direct.These low values for the angle φ ensure easy formwork and are therefore adapted to the constraints of production by direct molding.
Avantageusement, la présence de ce plan incliné permet une variation des hauteurs des éléments 1 en relief et renforce ainsi les irrégularités du dispositif ce qui permet un élargissement de la gamme de fréquence pour laquelle est observée la localisation des modes des ondes et donc un suramortissement.Advantageously, the presence of this inclined plane allows a variation in the heights of the elements 1 in relief and thus reinforces the irregularities of the device which allows a widening of the frequency range for which the localization of the wave modes is observed and therefore an over-damping.
Les tailles des bases 4 carrées sont comprises entre 50 et 140 mm. Les hauteurs des troncs de pyramides 1 sont comprises entre 220 et 350 mm.The sizes of the 4 square bases are between 50 and 140 mm. The heights of the trunks of pyramids 1 are between 220 and 350 mm.
Dans un exemple de réalisation particulier (voir figure 3), un ensemble de 5 x 5 = 25 troncs de pyramides 1 ayant chacun pour base 4 un carré de 90 mm de côté a été réalisé. La hauteur du tronc de pyramide 1 est de 240 mm. Afin de permettre un décoffrage facile lors de la réalisation de ces caissons 9, un espacement de 30 mm est utilisé entre chaque tronc de pyramide 1.In a particular exemplary embodiment (see FIG. 3), a set of 5 × 5 = 25 trunks of pyramids 1 each having a square of 90 mm on each side 4 has been produced. The height of the trunk of pyramid 1 is 240 mm. In order to allow easy stripping during the production of these boxes 9, a spacing of 30 mm is used between each trunk of pyramid 1.
Dans un autre mode de réalisation, les éléments 1 en relief formés sur la base 10 plane des caissons 9, sont séparés par des évidements 2 réalisées dans la base 10 qui constituent des éléments en creux. La présence de ces évidements améliore le pouvoir d'absorption du dispositif en augmentant avantageusement la surface développée du caisson 9 par rapport à sa surface projetée. Ces évidements 2 sont, par exemple, des troncs de cône ouverts du coté de la partie supérieure de la base 10. Le caisson 9 peut de plus être formé par un arrangement périodique d'une même maille élémentaire 14. La Figure 4 montre un tel arrangement, dans un mode de réalisation préféré, offrant à la fois un fort pouvoir d'absorption et un décoffrage facile lors de la fabrication. Dans ce mode de réalisation, le rapport de la surface développée sur la surface projetée est de l'ordre de 10.In another embodiment, the elements 1 in relief formed on the flat base 10 of the boxes 9, are separated by recesses 2 made in the base 10 which constitute hollow elements. The presence of these recesses improves the absorption capacity of the device by advantageously increasing the developed surface of the box 9 compared to its projected surface. These recesses 2 are, for example, truncated cones open on the side of the upper part of the base 10. The box 9 can also be formed by a periodic arrangement of the same elementary mesh 14. FIG. 4 shows such a arrangement, in a preferred embodiment, offering both a high absorption power and an easy formwork during manufacture. In this embodiment, the ratio of the developed surface to the projected surface is of the order of 10.
La Figure 5 montre schématiquement la maille élémentaire 14 en vue de dessus (fig. 5 a) utilisée pour obtenir l'arrangement périodique du caisson 9 de la figure 4. Cette maille élémentaire 14 a dans le plan supérieur 15 de la base 10 une surface carrée qui comprend un premier carré 16 de coté de longueur a comportant la base 17 ouverte d'un évidement en forme de tronc de cône 18 à base circulaire 17. La maille élémentaire 14 comprend également dans ce plan supérieur 15, un deuxième carré 19 de coté de longueur b avec b < a, et les bases 20-21 rectangulaires de deux éléments 1 en relief, ces éléments 1 étant des troncs de pyramides. Chacun des éléments 1 en relief est évidé, de telle sorte qu'il comporte un tronc de cône creux 2. Cet évidement 2 tronconique a la droite reliant le sommet de la pyramide au centre de sa base 20-21 comme axe. La Figure 5 b) montre une vue en coupe suivant l'axe B-B de cette maille élémentaire et la figure 5 c) montre cette maille élémentaire 14 en coupe suivant l'axe C-C.Figure 5 schematically shows the elementary mesh 14 in top view (fig. 5 a) used to obtain the periodic arrangement of the box 9 of Figure 4. This elementary mesh 14 has in the upper plane 15 of the base 10 a surface square which comprises a first square 16 on the side of length a comprising the base 17 open with a recess in the form of a truncated cone 18 with a circular base 17. The elementary mesh 14 also comprises in this upper plane 15, a second square 19 of side of length b with b <a, and the rectangular bases 20-21 of two elements 1 in relief, these elements 1 being trunks of pyramids. Each of the elements 1 in relief is hollowed out, so that it comprises a hollow truncated cone 2. This recess 2 frustoconical on the right connecting the top of the pyramid to the center of its base 20-21 as an axis. Figure 5 b) shows a sectional view along the axis B-B of this elementary mesh and Figure 5 c) shows this elementary mesh 14 in section along the axis C-C.
La figure 6 représente un mode de réalisation d'un " mur de type 1 " 11 à l'aide d'un ensemble de caissons 9 ayant leurs bases 10 parallèles à la surface du " mur de type 1 " 11.FIG. 6 represents an embodiment of a "type 1 wall" 11 using a set of boxes 9 having their bases 10 parallel to the surface of the "type 1 wall" 11.
On entend par "mur de type 1" 11, une partie plane rigide quadrangulaire comprenant un nombre de caissons limité, avantageusement 35. Ces " murs de type 1 " 11 peuvent être montés seuls pour constituer un mur antibruit ou venir se fixer sur un support préexistant (tunnels, bordures d'autoroutes,...).The term “type 1 wall” 11 means a rigid quadrangular flat part comprising a limited number of boxes, advantageously 35. These “type 1 walls” 11 can be mounted alone to constitute a noise barrier or come to be fixed on a support preexisting (tunnels, curbs of motorways, ...).
Les caissons 9 peuvent être disposés aléatoirement les uns par rapport aux autres. Dans un mode de réalisation préféré, les caissons 9 sont regroupés par paires, de façon à former une succession de pyramides inversées.The boxes 9 can be arranged randomly with respect to each other. In a preferred embodiment, the boxes 9 are grouped in pairs, so as to form a succession of inverted pyramids.
La figure 7 représente un mode de réalisation optimisé d'un " mur de type 2 " 12 à l'aide d'un ensemble de caissons 9. Ce mur peut être regardé comme un objet fractal au deuxième ordre d'approximation.FIG. 7 represents an optimized embodiment of a "type 2 wall" 12 using a set of boxes 9. This wall can be viewed as a fractal object in the second order of approximation.
Ce " mur de type 2 " 12 est approximativement perpendiculaire à la chaussée 13. Il est formé par l'association de caissons 9 classés en deux catégories, les caissons A désignés par 9A dont la base plane est perpendiculaire au plan général du mur 12, c'est-à-dire par exemple parallèle ou perpendiculaire à la chaussée 13, et les éléments 9B qui sont perpendiculaires aux éléments 9A-This "type 2 wall" 12 is approximately perpendicular to the roadway 13. It is formed by the association of boxes 9 classified into two categories, boxes A designated by 9A whose planar base is perpendicular to the general plane of wall 12, that is to say for example parallel or perpendicular to the roadway 13, and the elements 9B which are perpendicular to the elements 9A-
Les éléments extrêmes en haut et en bas du mur sont de préférence des éléments de type A, les éléments de type A et de type B sont avantageusement regroupés selon la succession A, B, A, A, B, A. Le motif intermédiaire A A B étant répété autant de fois que nécessaire pour couvrir toute la hauteur du mur en fonction de la taille des caissons 9.The extreme elements at the top and bottom of the wall are preferably elements of type A, elements of type A and type B are advantageously grouped according to the succession A, B, A, A, B, A. The intermediate pattern AAB being repeated as many times as necessary to cover the entire height of the wall depending on the size of the boxes 9.
Dans un mode de réalisation préféré, l'une des tailles de la base 9 des caissons % que l'on appellera par exemple leur largeur, est la moitié de l'autre de leurs tailles, leur longueur. Dans un autre mode de réalisation préféré, les caissons 9 de type A sont répartis en deux catégories, respectivement, Ai et A2 perpendiculaires l'un à l'autre. On réalise ainsi un mur de type 3 - objet fractal d'ordre trois d'approximation. On obtient alors un facteur cinq d'amortissement par rapport au mur de type 1. L'invention a été décrite jusqu'à présent en considérant l'utilisation de matériaux peu absorbants. On peut encore améliorer l'absorption du dispositif de l'invention en le réalisant dans un matériau absorbant tel que, par exemple du béton-bois pour lequel il est connu que l'absorption sonore moyenne est de l'ordre de 0,5 à 0,7. II est bien connu que le béton-bois est le matériau réalisé avec des copeaux de bois liés entre eux par une matrice cimentaire. Le matériau bois utilisé est de type Epicéa ou Pin Douglas ayant avantageusement subi un traitement d'imputrescibilité. Pour un mètre cube de copeaux de bois, on utilise habituellement environ 410 Kg de ciment. Avantageusement, la proportion du nombre de copeaux de bois par rapport à la quantité de ciment mise en œuvre pour réaliser la matrice cimentaire est adaptée pour modifier les dimensions moyennes des vides crées dans le béton et augmenter ainsi le pouvoir d'absorption du matériau absorbant. Le béton poreux, le béton comportant des billes en argile expansée ou tout autre matériau absorbant alvéolaire peut également être mis en œuvre.In a preferred embodiment, one of the sizes of the base 9 of the% boxes, which will be called for example their width, is half of the other of their sizes, their length. In another preferred embodiment, the boxes 9 of type A are divided into two categories, respectively, Ai and A 2 perpendicular to each other. We thus realize a wall of type 3 - fractal object of order three of approximation. This gives a factor of five damping compared to the type 1 wall. The invention has so far been described by considering the use of poorly absorbent materials. The absorption of the device of the invention can be further improved by making it in an absorbent material such as, for example, concrete-wood for which it is known that the average sound absorption is of the order of 0.5 to 0.7. It is well known that concrete-wood is the material produced with wood chips linked together by a cement matrix. The wood material used is of the Spruce or Douglas fir type which has advantageously undergone a rot-proofing treatment. For a cubic meter of wood chips, approximately 410 kg of cement are usually used. Advantageously, the proportion of the number of wood chips per relative to the amount of cement used to make the cement matrix is suitable for modifying the average dimensions of the voids created in the concrete and thus increasing the absorption power of the absorbent material. Porous concrete, concrete comprising expanded clay balls or any other cellular absorbent material can also be used.
Dans un autre mode de réalisation, le dispositif, selon l'invention, est recouvert d'un matériau phoniquement absorbant. Dans la description faite jusqu'ici, on s'est employé à la réalisation d'un mur 12 destiné à l'absorption du bruit produit sur un seul de ses côtés. Il pourrait être utile de prévoir un dispositif absorbant sur ses deux faces, ce qui permettrait en particulier de diminuer les bruits réfléchis par des immeubles par diffraction ou réflexions multiples, au voisinage d'une route.In another embodiment, the device according to the invention is covered with a sound-absorbing material. In the description made so far, we have endeavored to produce a wall 12 intended for absorbing the noise produced on only one of its sides. It could be useful to provide an absorbent device on its two faces, which would in particular make it possible to reduce the noises reflected by buildings by multiple diffraction or reflections, in the vicinity of a road.
Dans ce cas, le mur 12 sera réalisé par association de caissons 9 tournés vers la route d'une part, vers les immeubles d'autre part.In this case, the wall 12 will be produced by association of caissons 9 facing the road on the one hand, towards the buildings on the other hand.
Ce dispositif d'absorption du bruit peut avantageusement être mis en œuvre pour limiter la pollution sonore issue de divers modes de transport (routier, ferroviaire). Il peut être disposé sur tout type d'infrastructure (mur, plafond, sol, tunnel, immeuble,...).This noise absorption device can advantageously be implemented to limit noise pollution from various modes of transport (road, rail). It can be placed on any type of infrastructure (wall, ceiling, floor, tunnel, building, ...).
Ce dispositif d'absorption du bruit est avantageusement anti-tag. This noise absorption device is advantageously anti-tag.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS 1. Dispositif d'absorption du bruit, notamment routier et ferroviaire comprenant une base approximativement plane, des éléments (1) en relief et/ou en creux comportant chacun au moins un évidement (2), caractérisé en ce que cette base révèle avec les éléments (1) en relief et/ou en creux une configuration présentant une fractalité dans une gamme de longueurs comprise entre 1 cm et 50 cm, de dimension fractale supérieure à 2,5 permettant la localisation de modes acoustiques, au voisinage desdits éléments (1). CLAIMS 1. A device for absorbing noise, in particular road and rail, comprising an approximately flat base, elements (1) in relief and / or in hollow each comprising at least one recess (2), characterized in that this base reveals with the elements (1) in relief and / or recessed a configuration having a fractality in a range of lengths between 1 cm and 50 cm, of fractal dimension greater than 2.5 allowing the location of acoustic modes, in the vicinity of said elements ( 1).
2. Dispositif d'absorption du bruit selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les éléments (1) en relief sont des troncs de cônes.2. A noise absorption device according to claim 1, characterized in that the elements (1) in relief are trunks of cones.
3. Dispositif d'absorption du bruit selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les éléments (1) en relief sont des troncs de pyramides. 3. A noise absorption device according to claim 1, characterized in that the elements (1) in relief are trunks of pyramids.
4. Dispositif d'absorption du bruit selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que la base des troncs de pyramides est rectangulaire.4. A noise absorption device according to claim 3, characterized in that the base of the trunks of pyramids is rectangular.
5. Dispositif d'absorption du bruit selon l'une quelconque des revendications 2 à 4, caractérisé en ce que l' évidement est un tronc de cône (2) creux ayant pour axe (7) la droite reliant le sommet des éléments (1) en relief au centre de leur base (4), lesdits troncs de cône (2) étant ouverts du coté de la partie supérieure des éléments (1) en relief.5. A noise absorption device according to any one of claims 2 to 4, characterized in that the recess is a truncated cone (2) having as axis (7) the straight line connecting the top of the elements (1 ) in relief at the center of their base (4), said truncated cones (2) being open on the side of the upper part of the elements (1) in relief.
6. Dispositif d'absorption du bruit selon l'une quelconque des revendications 2 à 4, caractérisé en ce que l' évidement est un tronc de cône (2) creux ayant un axe (7) parallèle à la base (4) desdits éléments (1) en relief, lesdits troncs de cône (2) étant ouverts à leurs extrémités (8).6. noise absorption device according to any one of claims 2 to 4, characterized in that the recess is a truncated cone (2) having an axis (7) parallel to the base (4) of said elements (1) in relief, said truncated cones (2) being open at their ends (8).
7. Dispositif d'absorption du bruit selon l'une des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce que le plan délimitant la partie supérieure (3) des éléments (1) en relief fait un angle φ par rapport au plan passant par la base (4) desdits éléments (1). 7. Noise absorption device according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the plane delimiting the upper part (3) of the elements (1) in relief forms an angle φ relative to the plane passing through the base (4) of said elements (1).
8. Dispositif d'absorption du bruit selon l'une des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisé en ce que les éléments (1) en relief sont réalisés en un matériau phoniquement absorbant.8. A noise absorption device according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the elements (1) in relief are made of a sound-absorbing material.
9. Dispositif d'absorption du bruit selon la revendication 8, caractérisé en ce que les éléments (1) en relief sont en béton-bois. 9. A noise absorption device according to claim 8, characterized in that the elements (1) in relief are made of concrete-wood.
10. Dispositif d'absorption du bruit selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisé en ce que les éléments (1) en relief sont recouverts d'un matériau phoniquement absorbant.10. A noise absorption device according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the elements (1) in relief are covered with a sound-absorbing material.
11. Dispositif d'absorption du bruit selon l'une des revendications 1 à 10, caractérisé en ce que les éléments (1) en relief sont regroupés en caissons (9) ayant une base plane (10) sur laquelle sont formés les éléments (1) en relief.11. Noise absorption device according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the elements (1) in relief are grouped in boxes (9) having a flat base (10) on which the elements are formed ( 1) in relief.
12. Dispositif d'absorption du bruit selon la revendication 11, caractérisé en ce que les éléments (1) en relief sont séparés par des évidements (2) formés dans la base (10).12. A noise absorption device according to claim 11, characterized in that the elements (1) in relief are separated by recesses (2) formed in the base (10).
13. Dispositif d'absorption du bruit selon la revendication 12, caractérisé en ce que les évidements (2) sont des troncs de cône (2) ouverts du coté de la partie supérieure de la base (10).13. A noise absorption device according to claim 12, characterized in that the recesses (2) are truncated cones (2) open on the side of the upper part of the base (10).
14. Dispositif d'absorption du bruit selon la revendication 12 ou 13, caractérisé en ce qu'un évidement (2) et deux éléments (1) en relief forment une maille élémentaire.14. A noise absorption device according to claim 12 or 13, characterized in that a recess (2) and two elements (1) in relief form an elementary mesh.
15. Dispositif d'absorption du bruit selon la revendication 14, caractérisé en ce que le caisson est formé d'un arrangement périodique de la même maille élémentaire. 15. A noise absorption device according to claim 14, characterized in that the box is formed by a periodic arrangement of the same elementary mesh.
16. Dispositif d'absorption du bruit selon l'une des revendications16. Noise absorption device according to one of claims
1 1 à 15, caractérisé en ce qu'il est constitué de plusieurs caissons (9) formant un mur (12), les caissons (9) ayant leurs bases (10) parallèles à la surface du mur (12).1 1 to 15, characterized in that it consists of several boxes (9) forming a wall (12), the boxes (9) having their bases (10) parallel to the surface of the wall (12).
17. Dispositif d'absorption du bruit selon la revendication 16, caractérisé en ce que les caissons (9) sont disposés aléatoirement les uns par rapport aux autres.17. A noise absorption device according to claim 16, characterized in that the boxes (9) are arranged randomly with respect to each other.
18. Dispositif d'absorption du bruit selon la revendication 17, caractérisé en ce que les éléments (1) en relief sont des troncs de pyramides et les caissons (9) sont regroupés par paires pour former une succession de pyramides inversées.18. A noise absorption device according to claim 17, characterized in that the elements (1) in relief are trunks of pyramids and the boxes (9) are grouped in pairs to form a succession of inverted pyramids.
19. Dispositif d'absorption du bruit selon la revendication 16, caractérisé en ce qu'il est constitué de plusieurs caissons (9) formant un mur (12), les caissons (9) ayant leurs bases (10) respectivement soit parallèles, soit perpendiculaires à la surface du mur (12). 19. A noise absorption device according to claim 16, characterized in that it consists of several boxes (9) forming a wall (12), the boxes (9) having their bases (10) respectively either parallel or perpendicular to the wall surface (12).
20. Dispositif d'absorption du bruit selon la revendication 19, caractérisé en ce que des caissons (9) orientés respectivement vers les deux faces du mur (12) sont associés.20. A noise absorption device according to claim 19, characterized in that boxes (9) oriented respectively towards the two faces of the wall (12) are associated.
21. Dispositif d'absorption du bruit selon les revendications 19 et 20, caractérisé en ce que des caissons (9) sont associés, de haut en bas, dans l'ordre suivant en désignant par A, un caisson (9A) dont la base (10) est perpendiculaire à la surface du mur (12) et B, un caisson (9B) dont la base (10) est parallèle à la surface du mur (12) :21. A noise absorption device according to claims 19 and 20, characterized in that boxes (9) are associated, from top to bottom, in the following order by designating by A, a box (9 A ) whose base (10) is perpendicular to the surface of the wall (12) and B, a box (9 B ) whose base (10) is parallel to the surface of the wall (12):
A B A A B A 22. Dispositif d'absorption du bruit selon la revendication 21, caractérisé en ce que les caissons (9) de type A sont répartis en deux catégories, respectivement, Ai et A2 perpendiculaires l'un à l'autre. ABAABA 22. Noise absorption device according to claim 21, characterized in that the boxes (9) of type A are divided into two categories, respectively, Ai and A 2 perpendicular to each other.
EP03738179.5A 2002-03-19 2003-03-19 Noise abatement wall Expired - Lifetime EP1488043B1 (en)

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FR0203404A FR2837508B1 (en) 2002-03-19 2002-03-19 ANTI-NOISE WALL
FR0203404 2002-03-19
PCT/FR2003/000881 WO2003078740A1 (en) 2002-03-19 2003-03-19 Noise abatement wall

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CN106996204B (en) * 2017-05-04 2019-09-06 中国航发沈阳发动机研究所 A kind of anechoic room for fan forced grade aerodynamic noise test

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WO2003078740A1 (en) 2003-09-25
FR2837508B1 (en) 2005-06-24
FR2837508A1 (en) 2003-09-26
US7308965B2 (en) 2007-12-18
CA2478579A1 (en) 2003-09-25
CA2478579C (en) 2010-07-06
US20050103568A1 (en) 2005-05-19
EP1488043B1 (en) 2013-11-06

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