EP1485654A1

EP1485654A1 - Heating system, method for operating a heating system and use thereof

Info

Publication number: EP1485654A1
Application number: EP03706561A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Karl Heinz Gast
Original assignee: Gast Karl Heinz
Current assignee: Gast Karl Heinz
Priority date: 2002-02-22
Filing date: 2003-02-24
Publication date: 2004-12-15
Also published as: WO2003071193A8; WO2003071193A2; US20050161520A1

Abstract

The invention relates to a heating system for generating and distributing thermal energy, comprising one or more circulation systems for distributing the heat, heating circuits for generating heat and at least one storage element (14). For economical storage of large amounts of heat and in order to improve the efficiency of the system, the heating system is dependent on a level of fluid and the circulation systems, e.g. for heating (23-29), storage connection, domestic water heating (26, 30-32), after-heating, heat exchange, storage collectors (5, 7-10), heating boiler (33-38), heating pumps, procurement of heat and cooling, are connected directly to the storage element (14), whereby the storage fluid is used directly by the circulation systems. Supply devices, such as filling devices (26, 30) or (34) or devices increasing the level of fluid, introduce the fluid into the circulation system before circulation and/or supply devices keep the fluid in the circulation system and/or the circulation systems dependent on the level of fluid are provided with a emergency filling device (31, 33). The invention also relates to a method for operating a heating system and to the use thereof.

Description

Heating system, method of operating a heating system and use

The invention relates to a heating system for generating and distributing thermal energy, the heating system one or more heating circuits for distributing the heat to heat exchangers, such as radiators and / or underfloor heating and / or wall heating and / or hot water heat exchangers, and / or heating circuits for generating Heat, such as by means of collectors and / or boilers and / or heat pumps, and comprises at least one store.

From the general prior art, input-defined heating systems with circulation and storage systems are mainly known, which are under pressure. Such heating systems have the disadvantage, however, that solar circulation systems are coupled to the storage tank by means of a heat exchanger in order to enable frost-proof operation with a water glycol mixture, which results in losses and reductions in efficiency. Furthermore, the overpressure accumulators are designed to be material-consuming, with hand holes or entrances or flanges on heat exchangers or stratification pipes with the appropriate pressure stability, and are very difficult to construct modularly.

In order to avoid the use of water-glycol mixtures, from DE 28 39 258 AI, DE 195 15 580 AI and DE 43 38 604 AI arrangements are known in which the solar collector is separated from the pressure system and the solar collector is emptied by gravity when there is a risk of frost and the water is pumped back into the collector or into the positive pressure circulation system. This means that there is no need for a heat exchanger to the collector circulation system, but overpressure storage must be used. With the following disadvantages compared to non-pressurized memories:

Limited use of storage materials (mostly steel only) Safety measure "tested overpressure" Derivation of overpressure through pressure relief valves - expansion vessels for pressure maintenance

Poor accessibility e.g. B. for the assembly of laminated pipes Higher requirements for material thickness and welds

Another known possibility is the use of pressureless stores with pressurized circulation systems. But then the heating circuit is connected to a heat exchanger in the Storage connected. This also means costs for the heat exchanger, pressure losses in the heating circuit and efficiency losses in the heat exchanger and in the circulation system.

From the published patent application DE.196 08 405 AI a closed solar system is known which consists of a pressure accumulator with a glass bubble. The water can flow back from the solar collector into the storage tank through an emptying device. The solar collector can be refilled by means of an additional feed pump connected in parallel to the circulation pump. Such a solar collector system is only suitable for a maximum height of the collector up to 7m and can then only be operated at a reduced temperature. If a higher height is required, the system must be pressurized. This requires pressure storage again. The advantages of an open storage are not available with such a system. In addition, the pressure safety requirements must then be guaranteed.

From the published patent application DE 27 53 810 AI it is known that a solar collector circulation system is operated on a storage device, the storage device being closed and the return flow opening into the gas bubble in the storage device. This arrangement has the disadvantage that no temperature-dependent stratification can take place in the memory. A relatively powerful pump with corresponding operating costs is necessary for the circulation. The flow must be generated so strongly that the collector is so pressurized that the water in the collector does not boil even at low temperatures. This means that the memory is thoroughly mixed. From the published patent application DE 26 14 142 AI, a closed circulation system for solar systems is known, which is provided with an expansion tank, a return pipe ending below the water level in the expansion tank and a solenoid valve-controlled return pipe opening into the gas area of the expansion tank. By opening the solenoid valve, the collector can empty itself due to gravity. However, such a circulation system requires a heat exchanger to introduce the heat into the store, with the associated disadvantages of pressure losses,

Loss of efficiency, costs and material expenditure. The expansion tank and the pump must be installed as short as possible below the collector. Since attics are often expanded today, this means that this device is installed outside the house with additional effort for insulation and sealing with the disadvantage of poor accessibility during maintenance.

Another closed circulation system with an expansion tank is known from the patent DE 196 54 037 Cl. Here, a flow-controlled three-way valve connects the collector flow to a water tank so that the collector is emptied when the circulation comes to a standstill. This system also requires a heat exchanger with the disadvantages already mentioned. Starting from a heating system according to the preamble of claim 1, the invention is based on the object, avoiding the disadvantages of the known heating systems, to design this heating system in such a way that larger amounts of heat can be stored economically and the system efficiency is improved. Other tasks are to improve the operational safety and corrosion protection of the heating system. Furthermore, the more liberal use of materials is to be achieved. The development of additional heat sources and the storage of heat from these sources should expand the heating system.

According to the invention the object is achieved by the features specified in the characterizing part of claim 1, namely in that

• the heating system has a fluid level,

And that circulation systems, such as heating circulation systems, storage connection circulation systems, domestic water heating circulation systems, post-heating circulation systems, heat exchanger circulation systems, storage collector circulation systems, boiler circulation systems, heat pump circulation systems, heat recovery circulation systems, cooling circulation systems, are directly connected to at least one storage facility, so that the storage fluid systems are provided, so that the storage fluid systems are provided or fluid level-increasing devices which introduce the fluid into the circulation system prior to circulation, and / or wherein holding devices hold the fluid in the circulation system, such as cyclic or event-controlled or constant minimal circulation or circulation phases during standstill and / or additional sealing measures of components, such as screw connections, fittings, Valves, and / or the shut-off of circulation systems at a standstill and / or increased quality assurance of circulation system and / or fluid level increasing devices, and / or wherein heating systems with fluid level with an emergency provision device, such as manually operated or for short-term operation pumps, membrane vessels, gas pressure vessels, valves for the water network or domestic waterworks or fluid level increasing devices, or with a connection for one

Emergency provision facility are equipped. Advantageous further developments of the heating system are specified in claims 2 to 45.

The invention also relates to a method for operating a heating system, in particular according to claims 1 to 45, which is based on the same object as that Heating system. This object is achieved according to the method by the features specified in the characterizing part of claim 46, namely in that the pressure maintenance is dynamic, such as in that the pressure with dynamic pressure generation (5, 24), such as a circulating pump or a series connection of pumps or via a displacement pump or a pressure pump is built up and held by a counter-pressure generating device (12, 20), such as a valve or a turbine or a paddle wheel or a flow body or flow flaps or adapted lines or nozzles or slide or a distribution device, so that a defined part of the pressure generation is reflected in an increase in pressure in the circulation system and not in an increase in flow, and / or that the dynamically generated pressure energy, such as for pressure maintenance and / or circulation and / or provision and / or for corrosion protection, is recovered, and / or that for emptying and / or area If the fluid is provided in a circulation system, the fluid in the circulation system is exchanged with the gas from an inert gas area or with air, the fluid running through the inert gas area and / or over a gas section above the storage device or over a flow-slowed zone or a stratification device (16, 19 ), predominantly a zone or stratification device already used for other purposes, runs directly back into the store (14), and / or that heating systems can empty circulation systems or parts of circulation systems which are directly coupled to the store, and the fluid level of the store in the protrudes into the area to be emptied, and / or that heating systems for safe emptying detects the malfunction with sensors and / or with redundant elements and / or with repetitions and / or with self-sufficient additional devices the emptying is guaranteed, and / or that gas in and / for corrosion protection or outside of the heating system we collected d and the oxygen is bound in the gas, and / or for the sealing of components, such as screw connections and / or fittings and / or valves, a flexible tube or a shrink tube with seals is pulled over the components, with a predominantly flexible tube Silicone hose is used, and / or that devices for providing and / or holding and / or circulating and / or maintaining pressure and / or emptying fluid in circulation systems by means of central and / or distributed devices in a heating system, several circulation systems simultaneously or by switching to the respective one Activate the circulation circuit independently of one another with the aforementioned functions, and / or that the or parts of the heating system are pressurized dynamically for ventilation, such as circulation systems which are shut off with valves and pressurized with the aid of the provision device and are vented via float-controlled vent valves combined with a pressure relief valve, and / or that if the current leaves or if the currents in

Circulation systems are automatically switched on by the control device, provision phases or flow increase phases, and / or that circulation systems or parts thereof can be emptied to avoid air access, - and / or that in order to protect against frost and / or to avoid boiling of circulation systems, besides solar collector circulation systems also other external or frost-protected systems Circulation systems or parts thereof, such as circulation systems for heating and extracting heat from storage masses or storage solar collectors or for heat generation or cooling, can be emptied - and / or that a layer is applied to the fluid level (s) in the heating system, whereby primarily a floating layer ( 15) how paraffin oil is used and / or that the fluid pressure in or in parts of the heating system is changed dynamically to protect against corrosion. Advantageous developments of this method are specified in claims 47 to 76.

The invention furthermore relates to the use of devices of the heating system in such a way that devices according to claims 7 to 12 and 16 to 44 are used for pressurized heating systems or other pressureless or pressurized or reduced pressurized circulation systems.

The advantages described below result in the advantages described below. In today's heating systems are used for solar storage to avoid high clocking of the boiler, as a buffer when it is necessary to switch off. B. in heat pumps, for connecting fresh water stations, etc. increasingly installed water storage. The use of non-pressurized fluid heat storage in the heating system improves the economy and functions, such as larger heat storage volumes, additional installations for layering, installation of sensors or for heat recovery.

In addition, a pressureless hot water storage tank offers the advantage of the material-saving design of such storage tanks, since this and the flanges do not have to be designed for overpressure, so that increasingly more expensive corrosion-resistant materials can be used in addition to corrosive materials. Such a memory can also be welded or soldered more easily on site or be installed, whereby a better adaptation to the local space conditions can be achieved. In addition, the freedom of choice of the storage material that can be used is greater (e.g. plastic, concrete, steel, stone wall with sealing, etc.)

The modular design of such memories is also easier or can only be carried out in the first place. This means that larger storage tanks can be installed on site and assembled together.

These expanded options can lead to cheaper storage facilities, so that larger storage facilities can be used for optimal use of solar energy, thus providing better heating support from solar energy. Furthermore, the accessibility is better guaranteed in the case of a pressureless memory. So this can e.g. B. can be used to integrate stratification systems or additional latent storage.

The better accessibility also offers advantages when it comes to maintenance. For example, repairs to the layering system are possible more easily, so that there may also be advantages with regard to the service life or the useful life of the materials used.

With the direct use of the storage fluid as a heat transfer fluid in the circulation systems, without the interposition of heat exchangers, a high efficiency of the entire heating system is achieved. Firstly, in the generation of thermal energy in the solar collector, since water has a higher heat capacity than water-glycol mixtures, and secondly, by avoiding the heat exchanger losses.

When the heat is given off in the heating circuits, heat exchanger losses due to the direct circulation of the storage water can also be avoided.

Heat exchangers, safety valves, pressure compensation vessels, material-intensive storage entrances or hand holes, dismantling of the stratification system, ventilation devices can be saved with this overpressure-free heating system.

Corrosion protection is better because the oxygen that has penetrated is not oxidized by corrosion on the components, but is converted by active elements. Monitoring the intrusion of oxygen can even interfere with the system to eliminate leaks. When the circulation system is at a standstill, there is inert gas in the heating system, so that the air that has entered is not trapped anywhere like a pressure system and there leads to corrosion, but the oxygen that has entered can be actively converted in the inert gas container, since the circulation system is then connected to the inert gas container , All corrosion protection measures in the heating system, such as those mentioned above and others, can be expected to extend the life of the system and thus increase fabric productivity. The aforementioned advantages raise the question of why such heating systems with fluid levels or pressureless systems have not been developed before. The answer lies in a number of problems that had to be solved.

The protection against corrosion of such systems has not been provided to date, since pressureless circulation systems can get into the low pressure and air can thus be easily drawn. The meaning of one

Overpressure circulation system is to prevent air from getting through the overpressure.

Due to the easily penetrating air, the operational reliability of the circulation is not as high as is necessary with today's systems in order to keep maintenance costs low. In the case of the circulation systems under reduced pressure, the ventilation also works

Automatic venting devices or venting valves are not, as these devices at Unterdmck den

Would promote air access.

At heights above 7m, for example, of collectors, the vacuum is so large that the heat transfer medium

Water comes to a boil even at low temperatures and harvesting higher temperature levels would be impossible due to the disturbed circulation.

The use of powerful pumps to solve this problem is based on the higher ones

Operating costs and the lack of standard pumps for the increased temperature range are not economical.

The filling of high-pressure circulation systems requires high-performance circulation, which can mix the stratification of the storage tank.

So far there is no comprehensive solution concept for different systems (e.g. different ones

Storage heights or very high mounted collectors.).

The heating system and the method for operating a heating system are explained in more detail below with reference to the drawings, in which several exemplary embodiments are shown. The drawing shows partly in a schematic representation:

Figurl: A heating system with immaculate fluid heat storage

Figure 2: A heating system with a fluid level above the drainage level

Figure 3: A filling device with series connection Figure 4: A filling device with domestic water system

Figure 5: A filling device with a reservoir container

Figurö: A detonating gas reactor

Figure7: An emptying device

Figure 8: A storage system with heat recovery Figure 9: A fluid level increasing device FIG. 1 shows a design of a heating system according to the task. It consists of a pressureless memory (14) and several pressureless circulation systems in different designs. The circulation system for the boiler (37) shows a simple embodiment of such a circulation system. When the system is started up, the circulation system is filled with the emergency filling device, here a manually operated series connection of the circulating pump (34) and a further emergency filling circulating pump (33). To do this, the control valve must open the shut-off valve (38). After filling, the shut-off valve (38) is closed, and the fluid is kept in circulation by the check valve (35) and the closed shut-off valve (38), thus preventing the entry of air. If the circulation system were not closed, the fluid could slowly escape from the circulation system because the upper part of the

Circulation system protrudes beyond the fluid level of the reservoir (14) and is in the low pressure. The higher the circulation system rises above the fluid level, the higher the vacuum. With this vacuum, the circulation system would suck in air and the fluid would escape, and after a certain time the circulation system would no longer be able to be operated by means of the circulation pump. Shutting off the circulation system using the shut-off valves (38, 35) keeps that

Circulation system ready for operation. Thus, the control unit (1) only has to open the shut-off valve (38) and release the circulation pump in the event of a circulation request from the heating control system (4), as a result of which the fluid from the reservoir can be circulated with an operating energy similar to that of pressure systems. The availability in the case of lockable circulation systems can be increased even further by keeping the pressure generation for filling and / or for draining and / or for the circulation switched on or switched on during the shutoff process until the shutoff process has ended. Due to the increased pressure, low pressure is reduced or avoided, and the air is kept out of the circulation system. Another variant for the preparation of the fluid in the circulation system is shown in the circulation system for the domestic water heat exchanger (32). The circulation system is filled once during commissioning by means of a manually operated emergency filling pump. From this point on, the fluid is kept in the circulation circuit by cyclically switching on a short circulation phase from the controller (1) when the circulation circuit is at a standstill. As a result, the circulation circuit with the circulating pump (26) can also be operated with low operating energy when hot domestic water is required. In order to minimize the number of circulating phases switched on at a standstill, these can also be triggered in an event-controlled manner, for example by a fluid absence sensor, mounted at a height of the circulating system at which the circulating pump is still active. The screw connections and fittings and valves in the circulating circuits can also be made using additional sealing measures, such as flexible covering hoses or caps or multiple seals or seals that can be pressed on from the outside or a combination of

Thread sealants and seals or the application of paints or resins, sealed be so that the readiness of the circulatory system is further increased. For sealing, a flexible hose or a shrink hose with seals is pulled over the screw connection and / or fittings, a silicone hose being predominantly used as the flexible hose, and a sealant can be applied between the hose or shrink hose and screw connection or fitting.

Additional quality measures, such as pressing the circulation system with increased pressure or screw locks and / or monitoring the tightness of circulation systems, such as pressure maintenance measurements, fluid level measurements in the circulation system at a standstill, measurements of gas entry, increase the readiness and the installable height of such circulation systems. The security of screw connections against loosening, for example by means of metal sheets, which are fastened on one side and are bent against a surface such as the wrench surface, also maintains the readiness for a long time.

The monitoring of the circulation by means of simple flow sensors (30, 36), such as flow-actuated and preferred-position flaps or plates, which, depending on the position, magnetically provide a signal, for example, secures the pump against destruction and provides a message for actuating the emergency filling.

The use of flow sensors, also in combination with temperature sensors, enables the filling and circulation of the circulation systems to be controlled and / or regulated and / or monitored in terms of output, flow, flow volume and / or heat quantity. This enables increased operational readiness as well as heat turnover calculations and heat quantity provision according to the heat turnover.

The use of displacement pumps for circulation and drainage also improves the operational readiness of the heating system.

The circulation system for the heating heat exchanger (29) assumes that this is a complicated, widely branched circulation system which is increased in height compared to the fluid level of the store, with many screw connections, fittings and valves being installed. With such overrackless circulation systems, the problems arise that a large vacuum can occur when the circulation system is at a standstill, due to the greater height. This means that the circulation system cannot be completely gas-tight.

According to the invention, this problem is solved in that a supply device is used in such circulation systems, which first fills the circulation system with fluid in the event of a circulation request and then smoothly transfers it to the circulation operation and pressure maintenance operation. The pressure generation for the filling, circulation and drainage (24) can take place by means of a pump, which is carried out with the aid of the control and sensors such as the flow sensor (27) and a pressure maintaining device controls or regulates the pressure generation according to the functions of filling, circulation and pressure maintenance.

For the filling device, however, alternative pressure-generating devices, such as a membrane vessel (FIG. 2), which have been initiated and transferred to the circulating mode and the pressure-maintaining mode can also be used when there is a circulation requirement or when the circulation system is not ready. A compressor (41), which draws the gas from the inert gas container (17), for example, generates a gas pressure so that the fluid in the membrane vessel (40) is displaced and fills the circulation system when the shut-off valve (43) is closed. The check valve (11) and the drain relief valve (42) maintain the drain during the operation of the circulation system, so that the membrane vessel (40) remains emptied of the fluid. To empty the circulation system, the gas pressure can be released with the pressure relief valve (42), so that the fluid flows from the circulation system into the membrane vessel when the shut-off valve (43) is closed. Instead of the membrane vessel, an upward pressure vessel can also be used. A compressed gas storage system or a domestic waterworks or a pressure pump can also be used to generate pressure. As a result, the filling device can be connected to existing pressure generating devices, so that the cost-effectiveness is further increased. because smaller pumps are manufactured in larger numbers. In systems with many circulation systems and thus with many circulation pumps, it can also make sense to connect these circulation pumps for filling in series and to the circulation circuit to be filled. Figure 4 shows another economical way of filling. With the domestic waterworks (46)

Water is passed through an oxygen binding unit (74) so that water is fed into the circulation system when the filling valve (47) is open. The check valve (48) regulates the direction of filling. After the circulation system has been filled, the control device closes the filling valve (47) so that the domestic water system switches off and the circulation system can be operated. Filling with a fluid reservoir (FIG. 5), for example from a container (50) or a fluid heat store, can also be useful. For filling with a filling valve (51), fluid is introduced from the reservoir into the circulation system. The reservoir can be built up via a level-controlled valve (49) to the domestic waterworks or to the water network or during the circulation. If none of the aforementioned filling devices can be used, the filling device can consist of a control device and a displacement pump or a pressure pump. All filling devices can also be used for emergency filling, whereby the valves can be replaced by manually operated slides and the electrically operated or controlled devices by manually operated or manually controlled devices or devices designed for short-term operation.

At heights of the circulation system of 10 m above the fluid level of the reservoir (14), there is an underpressure in this height region of the circulation system which is close to zero. This would mean that the boiling point of the water drops accordingly. For circulation systems that still have to be operated at a higher temperature and for circulation systems that protrude over 10 m, drainage must ensure the appropriate pressure. The dynamic drainage consists of a pressure generating device (24) and a counter pressure generating device (20), such as an adjustable or controllable valve, turbine, paddle wheel, flow body, flow flap, adapted line, nozzle, slide, distribution device or the like. As a result, the pressure generation is not reflected in an increase in flow, but in the desired increase in pressure in the circulation system (FIG. 1).

The currently required pressure can be maintained by means of a control device which regulates the counter pressure generating device depending on the drain in the circulation system and on a drain setpoint which is somewhat above the current boiling pressure value of the circulation system. Due to the additional regulation of the pressure generation depending on

Actual flow value of the circulation system and the flow setpoint of the required circulation can save operating energy compared to fixed worst case settings. Static drainage at a standstill by blocking the circulation system with the help of a lockable counter pressure generating device (20) and the check valve (25) means that the pressure is kept in the circulation system and, for example, does not have to be generated again every time the circulation is briefly interrupted. By switching on the pressure generation for filling, drainage and circulation while the circulation system is shut off, low pressure in the circulation system is avoided and the air from the circulation system is kept outside.

With widely branching and difficult ventilation systems

Venting phases can be switched on. For example, during the circulation, if a flow that is too low is measured, a filling phase or a flow increase phase can be switched on. A further possibility of venting is to shut off the circulation system during filling, so that the pressure of the filling is held and trapped gas is removed at the corresponding venting points with vent valves. These bleed valves However, in addition to the float-controlled valve, they must be combined with an overpressure valve so that on the one hand the gas overpressure in the circulation system is reduced, but on the other hand no air can penetrate if the circulation system is suppressed.

Since pressure-free circulation systems can get into the negative pressure or are driven to operate at low operating costs in the negative pressure, they are diametrically opposed to positive pressure systems, since the meaning of the positive pressure is to hold the air from the circulating system and thus effective corrosion protection. In this heating system, this problem was solved with the aid of an inert gas container (17) (Fig. 1, 2.6) which is attached above the reservoir (14) above the stratification pipes (16, 19). The inert gas container (17) which is open towards the storage (14) or stratification pipe (16, 19) can firstly transfer the fluid from the confluent return of the circulation system (29, 9) into the stratification pipe (19, 16) and thus also transfer it into the storage , and secondly, collect the gas from the circulation system, which is entrained in the filling and in the circulation with the fluid flow, and thirdly, the gas can be used again and / or further.

In a simple version of the corrosion protection, the oxygen will corrode after the system is started up, so that there is essentially an inert gas in the inert gas container. By opening the drain valve (20) and the drain line with the drain valve (28), the fluid can be exchanged with the inert gas when the circulation system is at a standstill, so that negative pressure in the circulation system is avoided and corrosion protection is provided. By filling the inert gas container with a slight overpressure, the exchange can be carried out more quickly, so that only slight negative pressures arise during the exchange. In addition, with the gas-filled state of the circulation system in the circulation system, there is also a slight positive pressure relative to the atmosphere, so that the air can be kept out of the circulation system. In addition to the functions of gas collection and / or fluid gas exchange, the inert gas container (17) can also take over or are integrated in other functions, such as gas removal and / or oxygen binding and / or energy recovery and / or transfer from and to a stratification device and / or the stratification and or the fluid level increase and / or the fluid absorption from emptying and / or from the thermal expansion of the fluid and / or the fluid level increase, wherein an inert gas container can also serve several circulation systems with these functions.

The arrangement of the functions in or from the store spatially and / or spatially distributed in different containers, and the fact that these are connected to one another and to the store or to the stratification system with transfer devices, which can also be switched by means of valves, facilitates the spatial accommodation in different conditions. Also the Gas collection in, next to or above or in the fluid reservoir or fluid container or in the circulation system improves the arrangement flexibility.

The inert gas container (17) has a gas-permeable opening to the storage or to the layering system in or on the storage or fluid container, so that the gas bubbles from the

Stratification system or circulation system can be collected in the inert gas container. This also enables the return of the circulation systems to be fed into the storage tank or directly into the stratification channel. For gas separation, the pipes opening into the storage or fluid container or inert gas container (17) and thus the opening fluid are passed over a gas section and via distribution devices (44), such as spray heads, spray pipes, spray plates or drain slots, drain holes, drain windows, over a large area or finely distributed through the Gas space led. As a result, micro or macro gas bubbles contained in the fluid can easily escape from the fluid and are collected in the inert gas container, the distribution devices also being gas-separated and funnel-shaped, so that macro bubbles can escape upwards, and an automatic adaptation to the current flow results.

The arrangement of the inert gas container (17) in the circulation system is preferably carried out in the return of the circulation system or in the storage or fluid container or above the storage or fluid container above the stratification system or above return pipes opening into the storage or fluid container. The inert gas container (17) or the gas collecting device or fluid transfer device can also be attached in a floating, submersible or height-adjustable manner or rigidly fastened in or above the reservoir (14) or fluid container or the stratification system (16, 19) or the return of one or more circulation systems.

The inert gas container (17) is pressureless or pressurized, so that it matches the design of the reservoir or the arrangement of the inert gas container.

With a precise pressure monitoring of the gas pressure in the inert gas container over time, the leakage of the inert gas container and the circulation systems can be recognized, so that sealing measures or the activation of oxygen binding units can take place. An increase in pressure over time indicates that negative pressures occur in the circulation system, which creates an air intake. A reduction in the gas pressure indicates that there are leaks that cause an inert gas to escape. In addition, the pressure measurements must be carried out under the same conditions as the temperature and filling conditions of the circulation systems, or it must be converted to the same conditions.

Is a complete tightness of the circulation system, for example, by using many

Failure to ensure valves or gas permeable pipes creates the problem of carbon dioxide and oxygen is introduced. When the circulation systems are filled and circulated, these gases are partially dissolved in the fluid. Dissolving carbon dioxide in water creates carbonic acid, which leads to corrosion of the components. In today's heating systems, therefore, no nitrogen-carbon dioxide mixture is used as the inert gas, although both gases are inert gases. This problem is solved by passing the return line over a lime filter (21) so that the carbon dioxide is neutralized.

In addition, the water is degassed again by means of the oil layer (15) predominantly with paraffin oil on the storage water, since warm water has a lower solubility and the heated water releases the dissolved gas and this gas can rise to the outside through the oil layer (15) and through which Shielding the water with the oil layer (15) no new gas is absorbed. The oil layer (15) also prevents the edge corrosion of the reservoir when the fluid level changes due to the emptying and filling of the circulation systems. Because the oil layer thickness is greater than the change in water level. The oil layer also prevents evaporation of the storage water and enables free access to the storage. In addition, the oil layer can cause the overlying gas to dry out, since when the storage cools, the cooled gas releases moisture, which drops as water drops through the oil layer, but likewise no new moisture can rise through the oil layer. The oil layer can be applied to all fluid levels in the heating system, for example also in the water holding container or inert gas container.

The oxygen entered is bound in the inert gas container (17) with an oxygen binding unit so that it cannot corrode on the components. This can be done in a simple embodiment with an iron chip filter (21) which is wetted by the return water of the circulation system, so that the iron chips bind the oxygen in the inert gas container in iron oxide through corrosion. Other structures such as increased iron masses z. B. foams or sheet metal packages or sheet metal rolls or perforated sheets with spaces for water wetting can be used sensibly. The activity and thus the oxygen binding performance can be increased by partially immersing the iron chip filter in the water and by applying an electrical voltage between the iron and the water. This arrangement then forms an electrochemical element, which increases the corrosion on the iron chip filter. This effect can also be produced by means of a metal, such as copper, which lies apart in the voltage series, the copper also being immersed in the water, for example by means of copper wires which protrude into the iron chip filter and are likewise wetted by the return water. In addition to binding the oxygen from the gas area, the dissolved oxygen is also bound in the water. Magnesium can also be used instead of iron. If the entry of oxygen is very high, the oxygen binding can be increased by means of a hydrogen-supplied combustion unit (18) which binds the oxygen to water by means of hydrogen combustion. This can be done with a burner flame or with a detonating gas reactor or with a fuel cell.

An exemplary embodiment with a detonating gas reaction device integrated in the inert gas container is shown in FIG. 6. In the inert gas container (17), two areas are formed at the highest point. The detonating gas reaction takes place in the detonating gas reaction area (53). The underlying hydrogen monitoring area (55) serves to ensure that hydrogen is no longer in the

Container is located as is desired for the defined detonating gas reaction. The control device (1) releases a defined amount of hydrogen into the detonating gas reaction area (53) by opening the hydrogen inlet valve (58) from the hydrogen tank (60). The quantity can be determined using the flow sensor (59). Since hydrogen is the lightest gas and the detonating gas reaction area (53) is at the highest point of the inert gas container (l 7), the hydrogen remains in the

Oxygen reaction area (53). An igniter (54) tries to ignite the hydrogen. If there is oxygen in the inert gas container (17), an oxyhydrogen reaction takes place, otherwise not. The control device (1) tries to ignite cyclically until a detonating gas reaction is detected by means of a reaction flow sensor (57) attached to the detonating gas reaction area opening. Then the whole process is repeated.

In the hydrogen monitoring area (55) there is a hydrogen sensor (56) with which it is continuously detected whether hydrogen is in this area due to an error or defect. If hydrogen is detected, the safety valve (52) is opened so that the hydrogen can escape and ignition is prevented. This means that the detonating gas reaction can never go beyond the specified level.

To determine the tightness of the circulation systems and the inert gas container, the control device (1) determines the amount of hydrogen consumed and normalizes it to the time or the volume of fluid converted, and if a limit value is exceeded, reports on the seals and the reaction cycles are shortened or the detonating gas reaction strengthened. The same effect can be achieved by means of a fuel cell, the hydrogen side of the fuel cell being supplied via a hydrogen tank, the air side being evacuated through the inert gas container, and the circuit of the fuel cell being closed. The control of the hydrogen supply and the circuit and the oxygen determination can take place in the fuel cell by means of the electrical energy generated such as voltage and current. A further protection against corrosion results from the method that the penetrated oxygen or components of the air and therefrom approximately the oxygen is determined, and at If oxygen limit values are exceeded, further strategies, such as warning messages about sealing, oxygen binding or intensification of oxygen binding, can be initiated. For this purpose, the amount of the oxygen binding substance, such as hydrogen or iron or magnesium, or the amount of the substance generated in the oxygen binding reaction, such as water or iron oxide, or the energy generated in the reaction, such as flame temperature and burning time, or electrical power or rate of propagation and duration, can be used the detonating gas reaction, or by keeping the reaction constant, a simplified value, such as the duration of the reaction or the duration of the oxygen binding substance supplied or the electrical current generated, can be determined. Also the detection of the pressure change in the inert gas container (17) over time, and from that the

Determination of the air supply and from it approximately the penetrated oxygen improves the corrosion protection.

Further increased requirements for uncirculated circulation systems and thus also better functionality are shown in FIG. 1 in the exemplary embodiment of the solar collector run-on system (9). Solar collectors can be very high compared to the fluid level of the storage. This can require high operating energy for filling and draining. This problem can be solved by using modern pumps for generating pressure (5) with a high degree of efficiency and by an energy recovery device (12). For this purpose, a small turbine (12) is installed in the inert gas container under the return, which is driven by the flow of the circulation system and which, for example, drives an electric generator. A good efficiency can be achieved by means of an adjustable nozzle, which on the one hand enables pressure to be maintained and on the other hand directs the return jet optimally onto the turbine blades. When using direct current generators and motors for the pump, the obtained direct current can be fed into the pump by a simple control circuit.

If the generator current and voltage are used simultaneously as a measurement for the flow or the flow volume for control and monitoring tasks, such a device comes into the economic field. But other energy generation devices, such as compressors or mechanical transmission to the pump or other devices, can also be useful and economical if such systems already exist.

The solar collector run-on system (9) is filled with the storage fluid with a circulation request from the solar controller with the filling device (5), and the fluid is fed into the stratification pipe (16) of the storage via the return via the energy recovery (12) and the lime-iron chip filter. Normally the high flow rate and turbulence would there is a strong mixing of the storage fluid during filling, and the stratification of the storage would be impaired. By feeding the fluid from the return into the stratification tube, this problem is avoided and the fluid is also returned to the stratification at the same temperature during filling. The gas bubbles are separated out and collected in the inert gas container (17) through the gas path which the return fluid has to cover in the inert gas container. If the circulation system is filled, for example after a period of time has elapsed, or in this circulation system makes more sense when the generator has reached a certain voltage, the circulation system is switched over to the circulation and pressure maintenance mode.

For solar circulation systems, it makes sense that the drainage system is adjusted to the current temperature so that the current pressure in the circulation system is produced just above the boiling pressure of the current temperature. This saves operating energy because the solar circulation system (9) has to be operated in a wide and high temperature range, and then only the pressure energy for the current temperature has to be generated. This can be achieved by regulating or controlling the counterpressure-producing device (12), such as the opening of the nozzle, and simultaneously regulating or controlling the power of the pressure generation, so that the desired flow is established.

Another function for frost-prone circulation systems using the example of the solar collector run-on system (9) is frost protection. In the case of circulation-free circulation systems, emptying the circulation system for frost protection is sensible and can be achieved with little effort. Compared to glycol-filled circulation systems operated with heat exchangers, such as those used in today's systems, the solar collector run-on system (9) has the advantage that the efficiency is increased in two ways. Firstly, through the use of water as a heat transport medium, which has a higher heat storage capacity than that

Has water glycol mixture, and thus less liquid can be circulated with the same amount of heat transport. Secondly, by avoiding the heat exchanger, because, in contrast to the immaculate solar circulation system (9), the heat exchanger can never deliver the entire amount of heat to the storage tank. This results in an increased temperature in a heat exchanger circuit and thus a greater temperature gradient on the insulation and in the collector and thus more heat loss.

The solar energy system is emptied firstly via the return line that ends in the inert gas container in the gas space. If the drain generation for filling, circulation and drainage is shut down, for example by the solar control unit (3) taking away the circulation requirement due to the lack of solar radiation, the gas rises in the return flow from the inert gas container and the fluid runs into the storage. At the same time, the drain valve (10) is opened, so that Circulation system is quickly and completely emptied and is filled with the gas pressure of the inert gas container. This provides corrosion protection as well as frost protection for the circulation system. In addition, the solar collector can no longer boil when the storage tank has reached its heat absorption limit and there is still solar radiation. In conventional systems with drain circulation systems, a membrane barrel is provided for this case, which absorbs the drain created by the boiling and the liquid expansion. With large solar collectors or large storage volumes, the expansion tank must also be large. These large expansion tanks are only manufactured in small numbers, so that they are correspondingly expensive. This hinders the use of larger solar systems and storage systems to support heating. These disadvantages are avoided with the emptying arrangement and with over-rack-free circulation systems, since no expansion vessels are required for this and the over-pollution-free storage can accommodate the expansion volume due to the heating of the fluid. In the case of stratified pipes, where the feed can only take place from below, the outlet of the return ends in the fluid area. In this case, another valve-controlled valve is used for emptying

Emptying line from the return to the gas area of the inert gas container. The two emptying lines are advantageously brought together outside the inert gas container, so that the inert gas container does not require any design variant. The separation of the gas from the fluid during filling or circulation takes place in the case of a return through the stratification pipe leading into the storage fluid. The gas rises in the stratification pipe and is collected in the inert gas container (17). Mixing of the storage by the gas bubbles is avoided, since these rise in the stratification pipe.

Emptying the circulation system or returning to the store without an inert gas container so that the fluid gas is exchanged with the atmosphere also makes sense if, for example, corrosion-resistant materials are used in the heating system.

In addition to emptying solar circulation systems, it also makes sense to be able to empty other circulation systems for frost protection, for example, if storage masses for storing heat are external and are only heated via circulation systems. Then the circulation system insulation rods or heat exchanger insulation need only be designed for solar use and can be emptied at low temperatures for frost protection. The emptying of circulation systems for heat generation or cooling also has advantages. If several circulation systems have to be emptied, it is economical if a central emptying device can empty several circulation systems of a heating system.

The emptying of solar run-down circuits for frost protection has not yet been able to establish itself because the safety of the emptying has so far only been incompletely solved. There must be a safe drain be guaranteed, since a single non-emptying in frost leads to the destruction of the solar collector. The sources of error for non-draining are diverse, such as destruction of external insulation, mechanical defects in the drain valves, reliability problems in the electronics and sensors and mechanical elements, defects in the electronics and sensors, software errors in the control rods. Safe emptying can be ensured with sensors that detect the malfunction and / or with redundant elements and / or with repetition processes and / or with self-sufficient additional devices with a wide range of design variants, so that, depending on the complexity of the system, the cost-effectiveness of the methods is also given.

In the example in FIG. 1, reliability faults or defects or software errors, by means of which the pressurization would be switched on incorrectly or the discharge valve would be closed incorrectly, are guaranteed by means of a linked control voltage of the elements. Several redundant units, such as the solar control (3), a redundant thermostat (2) and the control device (1), must give consent for the actuation of the drain (5) and for the voltage to close the drain valve (10). But a lack of consent from one of the three institutions (1,2,3) leads to the de-energized state of the

Discharge (5) and the drain valve (10) and thus in the safe drained and frost-protected state of the solar flow control system (9). The redundant thermostat (2) measures the temperature in the lower area of the solar collector and is set so that it agrees with temperatures above the frost area, e.g. B. 5 ° C there. Malfunctions in the circulation system or defects in the drain valve can be caused by the

Water absence sensor (7) can be detected. The water absence sensor can be a simple magnetically actuated contact which is switched to a floating position, ie water presence and a position which is gravitationally different, ie water absence, by a position-limited float. If there is no absence of water when emptying, the control device (1) starts the filling device and the emptying is repeated and the absence of water is checked. This process can be repeated several times. If there is still no absence of water, an attempt is made several times to flush the drain line with the drain valve (10) while the drain valve is open, it also being possible to interpose the fill and drain cycles of the circulation system. The frequent repetition of these filling, emptying, rinsing and water-free test cycles can circumvent or solve sporadic malfunctions and reliability malfunctions of the water-free sensor, the control device and the emptying valve as well as releasable blockages, such as frozen pipe sections or dirt or buildup. A maintenance intervention can also be initiated by reporting the acoustic and visual nature of these cycles. The water-free sensor can still be monitored by the flow sensor function of the generator (12) by measuring the amount of water emptied, and in the event of plausibility errors, a redundant drain line with a redundant drain valve can be opened. Even the redundant thermostat (2) can operate at temperatures below the frost protection temperature z. B. 5 ° C control the redundant drain line with the valve. The redundant drain line protects against a blocking malfunction of the drain line and the drain valve that cannot be removed by pressure, heat and repetition.

The logging and listing of triggered safety strategies or immediate emptying that has not occurred can indicate defective components at an early stage and cause them to be replaced before a damage event occurs.

In systems in which the water level of the storage system projects into the frost-prone parts of the circulation system, a filling device with the possibility of emptying the circulation system is proposed, as shown in FIG. 2. This solar circulation system (9) is separated from the store with the shut-off valve (43) for emptying. The diaphragm vessel (40) loaded with drain is made drack-free to empty the circulation system by opening the pressure relief valve (42), and the inert gas from the diaphragm vessel can flow back into the inert gas container through the fluid drain in the circulation system. The fluid from the circulation system flows into the membrane vessel and inert gas flows through the return of the circulation system into it. This ensures frost protection.

To fill the circulation system, after closing the pressure relief valve (42) with a small compressor (41), inert gas is drawn in from the inert gas container (17) and placed on the membrane vessel. As a result, the fluid is forced back into the circulation system and the inert gas in the circulation system escapes via the return flow into the inert gas container (17). If the compressor (41) has constant output, the filling can be ended after a defined time by switching off the compressor. Otherwise, sensor signals, such as fluid level in the membrane vessel or fluid level in the circulation system or inflow volume measured with the flow sensor (6), can also be used to terminate the filling. The pressure in the membrane vessel is held by the non-return valve (11), so that the membrane vessel remains ready for emptying during the circulation and drainage. The shut-off valve (43) is opened for circulation and pressure maintenance (39).

Instead of the compressor (41), other pressure systems can also be used, such as compressed gas storage tanks, pumps or domestic waterworks with water from which the oxygen was bound, and the water being drained off with the pressure relief valve (42) when the pressure is released. The membrane vessel (40) can also be replaced by a closed water absorption vessel (Fig. 7, 75) with an emptying valve (76) in connection with the circulation system. In order to keep the water receptacle (75) ready for emptying, it is emptied into the reservoir with a filling device. To ensure readiness for emptying, the water holding vessel (75) is provided with an overflow (78), so that always into the

Water can be emptied, even if the filling device should ever fail or water incorrectly flows through the shut-off valve (43). A siphon (77) in the overflow prevents air from entering. In systems which have such a high fluid level that the circulation system can be filled with pressure, circulation and pressure maintenance (39), or where a filling device such as a pressure pump is installed directly in the circulation system, the compressor (41) or the pressure system is not required and is replaced by a pipe connection and the drain relief valve (42) is placed in the connection from the membrane vessel or vessel to the circulation system. The membrane vessel or vessel is then emptied by keeping the pressure relief valve (42) open and the shut-off valve (43) closed at the beginning of the filling or the circulation and drainage, so that the membrane vessel (40) or vessel is emptied. After the membrane vessel (40) or vessel has been emptied, the drainage relief valve (42) is closed and thus keeps the readiness for emptying of the circulating system open, and the shut-off valve (43) is opened to circulate the storage fluid. If the vessel is operated without excess contamination, readiness for emptying is ensured even in the event of faults if the vessel overflows.

The strategies for safety of emptying can also be applied to the aforementioned arrangements.

In Figure 2 there is one in the gas inert container below the return of the circulation system (9)

Distributor (44) installed. For example, this could be an open-ended funnel with perforation. Due to the openness towards the top, macro bubbles can easily escape and the shape of the funnel automatically adjusts the flow through the perforation depending on the flow volume so that the funnel does not overflow. By means of the perforation, the fluid is distributed in thin flow streams, so that micro gas bubbles can easily escape on the one hand, and on the other hand the iron chip filter underneath is washed bright and maintains its reactivity.

With circulation systems that are very high above the fluid level of the storage, the dynamic pressure maintenance can become uneconomical from the operating costs. In order to gain height, it is then proposed to arrange the fluid level as high as possible. In the simplest case, this can be achieved by means of a store which is built accordingly high and extends over several floors of a building, for example.

However, this requires a construction that is continuous across several storeys, which is often not available, especially with existing buildings.

To solve this problem, the vertical arrangement of a plurality of storage tanks without a rack (FIG. 7) is proposed, the lower stores (66, 67) being closed and the upper store (s) (61) being equipped with inert gas tanks (17). The fluid exchange can take place by means of connections (64, 65, 62, 63) from and to the next higher store. Due to the connections (64, 63) of the stratification pipes (16), the coupled stores behave like a large store, but do not have to be vertically above one another and can also be supplemented by parallel stores. This arrangement has the advantage that the storage can be distributed to building rooms and the insulation losses heat the rooms. The use of the storage network, the connections (62, 63, 64, 65) and the stratification device (16) as feeds and returns for circulation systems saves piping work. Therefore, returns from circulation systems and / or feeds from circulation systems begin in the storage network or in the connections (62, 63, 64, 65) and / or connections for returns from circulation systems are led out of the stratification channels (16). For example, in the case of stores arranged in parallel in the storage network, it may also be expedient to establish or prevent the fluid exchange in order to charge or discharge control. This can be done by shutting off the connections (62, 63, 64, 65) using valves.

If no storage can be set up in the rooms, an arrangement according to FIG. 9 can be installed. For this purpose, the inert gas container (17) is attached at a height which corresponds to the desired fluid level and is connected to a closed storage device (85) via a fluid-filled or gas-filled line (84). A fluid reservoir (83) can also be installed in the line for fluid compensation when filling and emptying circulation systems and for absorbing the thermal expansion of the fluid. This line advantageously opens into the stratification tube (16) or at the highest point of the store, so that gas bubbles can rise into the inert gas container. The fluid balance can also take place in the connection (84) if it is designed large enough so that the

Fluid container (83) can be omitted. Design variants of the arrangement consist in that the inert gas container with the connection and the storage is closed, or that the inert gas container (17) is immersed with an opening in the fluid container (83) or in the connection. Return flows from circulation systems advantageously end in connection (84) and / or feed flows from circulation systems begin in connection (84). Another possibility for a fluid level-increasing device for provision or standby in circulation systems consists of a pressure-maintaining seal between the reservoir or fluid container and the inert gas container or a gas container and a gas pressure in the container. The gas pressure is kept static or can be changed dynamically, such as by means of pressure relief via a valve in a gas storage container and pressure build-up via a compressor with suction from the gas storage container or by means of a membrane vessel, which draws the pressure from a compressor or a domestic waterworks or a pump to build up pressure, and whereby the pressure can be relieved. With the dynamic changeability of the gas pressure, the emptying and filling of circulation systems is possible. In summary, there are the following options for the fluid level increasing device. This can consist of an inert gas container (17) and / or storage and / or storage system and / or circulation system and / or an inert gas container and / or brought and / or brought under gas pressure and / or fluid pressure and / or storage and / or storage system and / or circulation system exist.

The heat recovery from the waste water is economical by means of the storage tank without rack and the arrangement of containers or double walls or double floors (Fig. 8, 69). For this purpose, the control device (1) measures the temperature in the waste water supply line (71) and the temperature in the waste water area (68). If the temperature in the supply line is higher than in the wastewater area, the wastewater valve (70) is closed. The wastewater flows through the wastewater area and exchanges its heat to the storage tank or partially functions as a storage tank itself. Otherwise, the waste water valve (70) is opened and the waste water flows directly into the waste water discharge line (73). To increase the heat recovery energy, it makes sense that the temperature in the lower region (67) is lowered as much as possible. This is achieved by attaching a preheating tank for process water or by removing storage fluid for preheating in the area of heat recovery.

Heat can be obtained from waste heat or cooling systems from other sources and stored in the storage or fluid container or storage system.

For this purpose, heat generation with a heat exchanger or storage heat exchanger, which is located in or on the storage unit or storage system or fluid container, and / or that the storage fluid is circulated directly through a heat exchanger or storage heat exchanger, which enables heat generation, is sensible. The heat can be obtained from wastewater, from cooling systems of machines, motors, compressors, generators, electronics, photovoltaic modules, fuel cells, chimneys, exhaust gases, floors, liquid ponds or containers, components such as building parts, boundary components, Privacy protection components, streets, paths, driveways, squares, transparent thermal insulation can be obtained. To increase the temperature, it is advantageous to provide the heat recovery sources with a light-absorbing and heat-converting layer or layers or foils or admixtures or admixtures or attachments or attachments. The heat sources can be further improved by attaching a transparent attachment or attachments.

The fluid is only fed into the heat recovery exchanger if the supplied fluid (72) is warmer than the fluid which is in the heat recovery exchanger (69) or the surroundings of the heat recovery exchanger, or that the storage fluid is only circulated through the heat exchanger or storage heat exchanger when cooler storage fluid than the temperature of the heat recovery source is available. To increase the heat recovery efficiency, it is advantageous in the vicinity of the heat recovery exchanger or the removal of the storage fluid for heat recovery or in the heat recovery layer in the storage fluid for preheating or a preheating container is located. The preheating can be used, for example, for preheating for process water or for preheating for building walls or ceilings, or buffer rooms or greenhouses.

If the corrosion protection permits, the heat exchanger or storage heat exchanger or preheating container can be part of the storage or fluid container or storage combination, for example a double bottom or a double bottom section or a double

Wall section or a double wall. Otherwise, separate tanks or heat exchangers or storage heat exchangers must be used.

In addition to the solar collector circulation systems, other external or frost-protected circulation circuits, such as circulation circuits for heating and heat removal from storage masses or storage solar collectors or for heat generation or cooling for frost protection and / or to avoid boiling of circulation systems, can be emptied.

The heating system can also be used to implement systems which, instead of the fluid heat store (14), are equipped with a fluid gravel store or a storage network (FIG. 8), for example according to claims 33 to 36. Heating systems can also be implemented, in which the fluid heat accumulator is replaced by a fluid container without or without overpack or reduced or with a fluid level, such as a heat exchanger or a storage heat exchanger or an intermediate store or a fluid receiving container or a boiler. This is advantageous, for example, if other storage masses are used to store the heat. Also networks with the aforementioned types of storage, which also have the characteristics of Claims 33 to 36 can be equipped, result in an economical heating system according to the type of claim 1.

The proposed heating system can be operated without overracking or reduced, or subject to excess pressure. An over-the-rack heating system should be aimed at, since all advantages such as material savings and gas permeability can then be used. But in the transition phase or with existing heating systems, which can only be converted to over-rack-free operation with great effort, a reduced-pressure or over-racked heating system also makes sense. In addition, the heating system can also be operated in negative pressure, the corrosion protection devices according to the invention contributing to this. It is also possible to operate with the combinations of non-racked or partially racked and under-racked in different parts of the heating system. Depending on the arrangement of the heating system, the fluid level or levels can be in the storage and / or in an inert gas container and / or in a fluid container and / or in one or more circulation systems and / or in a connection to the inert gas container and / or in the stratification device and / or are located in fluid receiving containers.

For example, in order to provide the fluid in the circulation systems in accordance with requirements, it is also sensible that the pressure generation capacity or flow rate or the flow volume or the amount of heat of the circulation system is controlled and / or regulated depending on the current raw material resistance.

For the variety of functions of the heating system, sensors such as temperature sensors, flow or flow sensors (6, 12, 27, 30, 36), drain sensors can be used in the circulation system and / or in the storage or fluid container (14) and / or in and on the inert gas container (17) , Fluid level sensors and fluid freedom or fluid presence sensors (7). To provide, circulate, drain, maintain pressure and hold fluid in

Circulation systems can be advantageous if a central device, such as a filling device or emergency device or fluid level increasing device, serves all circulation circuits in a heating system simultaneously or independently of one another by switching to the respective circulation circuit. To increase the storage density, it is advantageous to integrate latent storage into the storage or storage system or fluid container or fluid gravel storage.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1 control 2 thermostat 3 solar control

4 heating control

5 Pressure generation for filling, pressure maintenance and circulation

6 Flow sensor 7 Fluid freedom sensor

8 temperature sensor

9 solar collector

10 drain line with drain valve

11 check valve 12 drainage with energy recovery

13 iron chips and limescale filters

14 Over-pressureless fluid heat storage

15 oil layer

16 stratification pipe 17 inert gas container

18 oxygen binding unit

19 stratified ear

20 pressure control valve

21 Iron chips and lime filters 22 Iron chips and lime filters

23 mixing valve

24 Pressure generation for filling, pressure maintenance and circulation

25 check valve

26 Circulation pump 27 Flow sensor

28 Drain line with drain valve

29 heating heat exchanger

30 flow sensor binary

31 Emergency control device with hand pump 32 Service water heat exchanger

33 Emergency command with circulation pump series connection

34 circulation pump

35 check valve

36 Binary flow sensor 37 Boiler 38 shut-off valve

39 Pressure generation for drainage and circulation

40 membrane vessel

41 Pressure generation system 42 Pressure relief valve

43 shut-off valve

44 distribution device

45 iron chips and limescale filters

46 Domestic waterworks 47 Filling valve

48 check valve

49 Level controlled valve

50 filling vessel

51 Filling valve 52 Outlet valve

53 Detonating gas reaction area

54 detonators

55 Hydrogen monitoring area

56 Hydrogen sensor 57 Reaction flow sensor

58 Hydrogen inlet valve

59 Hydrogen flow sensor

60 hydrogen tank

61 Open memory 62 Memory connection

63 Layered storage link

64 Layered storage link

65 Memory connection

66 Closed storage 67 Closed storage

68 Waste water area temperature sensor

69 Double floor sewage area

70 by-pass for waste water area

71 Waste water supply temperature sensor 72 Waste water supply 73 Waste water discharge

74 Oxygen binding

75 water holding tank

76 Drain valve 77 Siphon

78 overflow

79 Connection to memory

80 Gas connection to the inert gas container

81 Circulation system connection to the inert gas container 82 Filling device

83 fluid containers

84 Connection of inert gas storage tank

85 fluid heat accumulators

Claims

claims

1. Heating system for the generation and distribution of thermal energy, the

Heating system one or more heating circuits for distributing the heat to heat exchangers, such as Heizköφer and / or underfloor heating and / or wall heating and / or hot water heat exchanger, and / or heating circuits for generating heat, as by means of

Collectors and / or heating boilers and / or heat pumps, and includes at least one storage device, which is also known,

• that the heating system has a fluid level,

• and that circulation systems, such as heating circulation systems, storage connection circulation systems, custom water heating circulation systems, post-heating circulation systems,

Heat exchanger systems, storage collector run-up systems, boiler circulation systems, heat pump circulation systems, heat recovery circulation systems, cooling circulation systems, are connected directly to at least one storage unit (14), so that the storage fluid is circulated directly through the circulation systems, with provision devices, such as filling devices or fluid level-increasing devices, changing the fluid before introduce the circulation system, and / or wherein holding devices keep the fluid in the circulation system, such as cyclic or event-controlled or constant minimal circulation or circulation phases during the standstill and / or additional sealing measures of components, such as

Screw connections, fittings, valves, and / or the shut-off of circulation systems in the

Standstill and / or increased quality assurance of the circulation system and / or fluid level increasing devices, and / or heating systems with fluid level with an emergency provision device, such as manually operated or designed for short-term operation

Pumps, membrane vessels, gas pressure vessels, valves for the water network or

Domestic waterworks or fluid level increasing devices, or equipped with a connection for an emergency supply device.

2. Heating system according to claim ld ad u rc h ge ke nn ze i ch n et that the memory is a fluid heat accumulator and / or fluid gravel heat accumulator and / or fluid container, such as heat exchanger or storage heat exchanger or intermediate storage or fluid receiving container or boiler, and / or a storage system Storage types is.

3. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 2, characterized by the fact that one or more circulation systems are solar circulation systems.

4. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the heating system is over-cracked or reduced under pressure or under pressure and / or under pressure.

5. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the fluid level or levels are in the storage and / or in the inert gas container and / or in one or more circulation systems and / or in a connection to the inert gas container and / or in the stratification device.

6. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the circulation systems and / or stores are equipped with further devices or processes which perform functions, such as keeping drain in the circulation system,

Ventilation of the circulation system, emptying of the circulation system, safety of emptying, degassing of the fluid, corrosion protection of the system, operational safety, operating the system at low operating costs, supplying or generating the heat in accordance with the temperature or heat quantity, stratification of the fluid in the storage.

7. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that for the filling of circulation systems, the filling initiates in the event of a circulation request and is transferred in a time-controlled and / or sensor-controlled and / or controlled manner to the circulation operation and pressure maintenance operation, and that the circulation systems are equipped with a filling device is - the type that the filling device (Fig.2) is a valve-controlled membrane vessel (40) or upward pressure vessel, which is controlled by a control device (1) with a drain from a compressed gas system or a domestic waterworks or a compressor (41) or a pressure pump is acted upon and can be relieved of the pressure (42), or the type that the filling device (Fig.3) consists of a series connection of circulation pumps (26) or pumps and a control device (1), the latter

Adequately controls series connection, or the type that the filling device consists of an interconnection device that switches the circulating pumps of the circulation circuits for filling in series and to the circulation circuit to be filled, - or the type that the filling device (Fig. 4) consists of a control device ( 1) and a valve-controlled connection (47) to the domestic waterworks, the water also being able to pass through an oxygen binding unit (74), such as an iron structure or a magnesium structure, or such that the filling device (FIG. 5) consists of a control device (1 ) and a fluid reservoir (50), such as a container or a fluid heat accumulator, which for Filling is dismantled (51), and which is built up with a valve (49) to the domestic waterworks or water network or during the circulation of a circulation system, or the type that the filling device consists of a displacement pump or pressure pump and a control device.

8. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the filling devices are used for emergency filling, wherein the valve can be replaced by manually operated slides and the electrically operated or controlled devices can be replaced by manually operated or manually controlled devices or devices designed for short-term operation.

9, heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that, when filled with compressed gas systems or compressors (41), the gas for building up the pressure is removed from the inert gas container (17) and fed back into the inert gas container (42) when the pressure is released.

10.Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the additional sealing measures of components, such as screw connections, fittings and valves, from pulling hoses or caps or multiple seals or seals that can be pressed on from the outside or a combination of thread sealant fillers and seals or the application of hardening sealants , such as paints or resins or plastics.

11. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 10 characterized in that the increased quality assurance of the circulation system from the impressions with increased pressure and / or screwing security and / or monitoring of the tightness of circulation systems, such as drainage measurements, fluid level measurements in the circulation system at a standstill, measurements of the Gas entry.

12. Heating system according to one or more of claims lbislld characterized in that when the circulation system is shut off to keep it ready, the pressure generation for the provision and / or for the pressure maintenance and / or for the circulation (34, 24) remains switched on or is switched on until the shut-off process ends is.

13. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the provision and / or circulation and / or drainage is controlled and / or regulated by power, flow volume and / or heat quantity and / or -.

14. Heating system according to one or more of claims lbisl3d characterized in that a displacement pump is used to generate pressure for the circulation and / or drainage and / or provision.

15. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that the pressure generation capacity or flow rate or the flow volume or the heat quantity of the circulation system is controlled and / or regulated depending on the current pipe network resistance.

16. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 15, characterized in that the mouths of the discharge lines of a circulation system end in the inert gas container (17) or above the storage device (14) or in or above a stratification device (16), the fluid being transferred to the storage device can.

17. Heating system according to one or more of claims lbislόd characterized in that the drain lines from the flow and return of the circulation system outside the inert gas container or storage or the stratification device are brought together, and these are valve-controlled and via a common line in the inert gas container (17) or above or into the memory (14) or over or into the stratification device.

18. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 17, characterized in that the discharge line from the flow of the circulation system outside the inert gas container or storage or the stratification device opens into the return (10) and is valve-controlled, and the return in the gas region of the inert gas container (12) or above or ends in the memory or above or in the stratification device.

19. Heating system according to one or more of claims lbislδd characterized in that in the circulation system and / or in the memory (14) and / or in and on the inert gas container (17) sensors, such as temperature sensors, flow or flow sensors (6, 12, 27, 30 , 36), drain sensors, fluid level sensors and fluid freedom or fluid presence sensors (7) are attached.

20. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 19, characterized in that at least one inert gas container (17) performs the functions of gas collection and / or gas separation and / or fluid gas exchange and / or oxygen binding and / or energy recovery and / or transfer from and to one Stratification device and / or the stratification and / or the fluid level increase and / or the fluid absorption from emptying and / or from the thermal expansion of the fluid and / or the fluid level increase takes over or are integrated in it, wherein an inert gas container can also serve several circulation systems with these functions ,

21. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 20, characterized in that the functions in the memory and / or spatially removed and / or spatially distributed in different- containers are arranged, and that these together and are connected to the memory or to the stratification device with transfer devices, which can also be switched by means of valves.

22. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 21, characterized in that the inert gas container (17) is connected via a gas-permeable opening to the storage or to the stratification device in or on the storage so that the gas bubbles from the stratification device or the Circulation system can be collected in the inert gas container.

23. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 22 dadu rc h characterized in that in the inert gas container (17) pipes opening their fluid through an opening in the stratification device (16,19) or in the memory (14) or in a circulation system can pass.

24. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 23, characterized in that the pipes opening into the storage or inert gas container and thus the opening fluid via a gas path and via distribution devices (44), such as spray heads, spray pipes, spray plates or drain slots, drain holes , Drainage window, is guided over a large area or finely distributed through the gas space, and thereby micro or macro gas bubbles contained in the fluid can easily escape from the fluid and can be collected in the inert gas container, the distribution devices also being gas-separated and funnel-shaped, so that macro bubbles are directed upwards can escape, and there is an automatic adaptation to the current flow.

25. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 24 d a d u r c h characterized in that the inert gas container (17) is in the circulation system, preferably in the return line or in the store or above the store above the stratification device or above the return pipes flowing into the store.

26. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 25 d a d u r c h characterized in that the inert gas container (17) or the collecting device or

Transfer device is floating, immersed or adjustable in height or rigidly attached in or above the reservoir (14) or the stratification device (16, 19) or the return of one or more circulation systems.

27. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 26 d a d u r c h characterized in that the fluid level increasing device from one in the corresponding

Height attached inert gas container (17) and / or storage and / or storage network and / or

Circulation system and / or consists of an inert gas container and / or storage and / or storage system and / or storage network and / or circulation system which is under gas pressure and / or fluid pressure and / or brought.

28. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 27, characterized in that a fluid-filled and / or gas-filled connection (84) is arranged between a closed storage (Fig. 9, 85) and the inert gas container (17), the connection also can open into the stratification device (16) and can additionally be equipped with a fluid container (83).

29. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 28, characterized in that the inert gas container is closed with or without connection to the memory and the memory or that the inert gas container (17) with an opening in the fluid container (83) or in the connection or is immersed directly in the memory.

30. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 29 d a d u r c h characterized in that returns of circulation systems end in the connection (84), and / or that flows of circulation systems begin in the connection (84).

31. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 30, characterized in that the fluid level increasing devices for providing or

Readiness consists of a pressure-retaining seal between the storage and the inert gas container or a gas container and a gas pressure in the container.

32. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 31, characterized in that the gas pressure is kept static or can be changed dynamically, such as by means of pressure relief via a valve in a gas storage tank and pressure build-up via a compressor with suction from the gas storage tank or by means of a membrane vessel, which obtains the pressure from a compressor or a domestic waterworks or a pump to build up the pressure, and wherein the pressure can be relieved.

33. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 32, characterized in that the memory system (Fig. 8) consists of memories (67, 66, 61) which are laterally offset one above the other, arranged individually or in parallel, and the lower ones Stores (67, 66) are closed, the stores being coupled to the next higher stores with at least one connection (62, 65) for rising fluid and gas and with at least one connection (64, 63) for falling fluid.

34. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 33 d a d u r c h characterized in that connections of the memory (64,63) connects the stratification devices (16), so that stratification is made possible over several stores.

35. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 34 d a d u r c h characterized in that in the connections (62,63,64,65) the memory returns of

Circulation systems end and / or start flows of circulation systems, and / or that connections for returns of circulation systems are led out of the stratification devices (16).

36. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 35, characterized in that the fluid exchange between the stores can either be produced or prevented.

37. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 b ^* ιs36 characterized in that heat is obtained from waste heat and / or cooling systems and is stored in the memory.

38. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 37, characterized in that the heat is obtained with a heat exchanger or storage heat exchanger, which is located in or on the storage, and / or that

Storage fluid is rolled directly through a heat exchanger or storage heat exchanger, which enables heat to be obtained.

39. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 38, characterized in that the heat is obtained from waste water, from cooling systems of machines, engines, compressors, generators, electronics, photovoltaic modules, fuel cells, chimneys, exhaust gases, floors, liquid ponds or containers, components, such as building parts, boundary components, privacy components, roads, paths, driveways, squares, thermal insulation, transparent thermal insulation.

40. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 39 d a d u r c h characterized in that the heat recovery sources are provided with a light-absorbing and heat-converting layer or layers or foils or admixture or admixtures or attachments or attachments.

41. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 40 d a d u r c h characterized in that the heat recovery sources are provided with a transparent attachment or attachments.

42. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 41, characterized in that the fluid is only fed into the heat recovery exchanger if the supplied fluid (72) is warmer than the fluid which is in the heat recovery exchanger (69) or as the surroundings of the heat recovery exchanger, or that the storage fluid is only circulated through the heat exchanger or storage heat exchanger if cooler storage fluid is available than the temperature of the heat recovery source

43. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 42, characterized in that in the vicinity of the heat recovery exchanger or the removal of the storage fluid for heat recovery or in the heat recovery layer in the storage fluid for preheating is removed, or there is a preheating container, such as preheating for service water and / or preheating for building walls, and / or ceilings, and / or buffer rooms and / or greenhouses.

44. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 43 dadurchge ke nn ze ichnet that the heat exchanger or storage heat exchanger or preheating container is part of the storage or fluid container or storage system, such as double floor or double floor section or double wall section or double wall, or a separate Container or heat exchanger or storage heat exchanger.

45. Heating system according to one or more of claims 1 to 44 d a d u r c h g e k e n n ze i c h n et that latent memories are integrated in the memory.

46. A method of operating a heating system predominantly according to one or more of claims 1 to 45 that indicates that the drainage is dynamic, such as that the pressure with a dynamic drain generation (5, 24), such as a circulation pump or a series connection of pumps or a displacement pump or a pressure pump, and a back pressure generating device (12, 20), such as a valve or a turbine or a

Paddle wheel or a flow body or flow flaps or adapted lines or nozzles or slides or a distribution device is held so that a defined part of the pressure generation is reflected in a pressure increase in the circulation system and not in a flow increase, and / or that the dynamically generated pressure energy, like for keeping up and / or

Circulation and / or provision and / or for corrosion protection is recovered again, and / or for the emptying and / or provision of the fluid in a circulation system, the fluid in the circulation system is exchanged with the gas from an inert gas region or with air, the fluid being replaced by the Inert gas area and / or over a gas line runs above the storage unit or via a slowed-down zone or a stratification device (16, 19), predominantly a zone or stratification device already used for another purpose, runs back directly into the storage device (14), and / or that heating systems circulate systems or Can empty parts of circulation systems that are directly coupled to the memory, and wherein the fluid level of the

Storage protrudes into the area to be emptied, and / or that heating systems for safe emptying detects the flow and / or reliably ensures the emptying with redundant elements and / or with repetition processes and / or with self-sufficient additional devices - and / or for corrosion protection Gas is collected in and / or outside the heating system and the oxygen is bound in the gas, and / or for the sealing of components, such as screw connections and / or fittings and / or valves, a flexible tube or a shrink tube with seals is pulled over the components, a silicone tube being predominantly used as the flexible tube, and / or that Provisioning and / or holding facilities and / or

Circulation and / or drainage and / or emptying of fluid in circulation systems by means of central and or distributed devices in a heating system, act on several circulation systems simultaneously or by switching to the respective circulation circuit independently of one another with the aforementioned functions, and / or that the or parts of the Heating systems are dynamically placed under pressure, such as circulation systems, which are shut off with valves and placed under pressure with the help of the supply device and are vented via float-controlled ventilation valves combined with a pressure relief valve, and / or that when the flow leaves or if the flow in circulation systems is too low automatically by the control device provision phases or

Flow increase phases are switched on, and / or that circulating systems or parts thereof can be emptied in order to avoid air access, and / or that in order to protect against frost and / or to avoid boiling of circulating systems, other external or frost-protected systems besides solar collector run-off systems

Circulation systems or parts thereof, such as circulation systems for heating and extracting heat from storage masses or storage solar collectors or for heat generation or cooling, can be emptied, and / or that a layer is applied to the fluid level (s) in the heating system, with a floating layer (15 ) how paraffin oil is used and / or that the fluid pack in or in parts of the heating system is changed dynamically to protect against corrosion.

47. The method according to one or more of claims 46, so that the back pressure generating device (12, 20) can be controlled or regulated in stages or analogously with respect to the back pressure so that the back pressure is generated for dynamic drainage Drackhaltung is dynamically or statically so adaptable that on the one hand the currently necessary drain is generated and on the other hand the drain generation can be carried out with minimal performance.

48. The method as claimed in one or more of claims 46 to 47, characterized in that the counter-rack generating device (12, 20) regulates the counter-pressure as a function of the rack in the circulation system and the rack-generating capacity is flow-controlled or the back pressure generating device is flow controlled and the pressure generation performance is pressure controlled.

49. The method according to one or more of claims 46 to 48, characterized in that the pressure is adapted to the current temperature of the fluid for dynamic drainage to save drainage energy, a safety distance from the boiling pressure being maintained so that the fluid in the circulation system is not Cooking is coming.

50. The method according to one or more of claims 46 to 49, characterized in that the energy is recovered by means of a turbine and a nozzle in the return of the circulating system, which directs the fluid jet onto the turbine blades, and wherein the turbine has energy conversion devices such as a generator or a Compressor or a pressure pump or a pump impeller or a mechanical transmission device.

51. The method according to one or more of claims 46 to 50 d a d u r c h characterized in that the recovered energy, such as electrical power, electrical voltage, electrical current, speed as sensor signals for power, flow, - '

Flow volume and / or with temperature measurements for heat quantity determination and / or for supply circulation switching is used.

52. The method according to one or more of claims 46 to 51, characterized in that the inert gas region is located in an inert gas container (17) and / or in the store and / or in an inert gas bag and / or a dirty gas container.

53. The method as claimed in one or more of claims 46 to 52, characterized in that, for emptying and / or providing the fluid in a circulating system, the fluid is guided via the return of another circulating system or via a separate inflow of the storage prior to the introduction into the storage.

54. The method according to one or more of claims 46 to 53, characterized in that a membrane vessel (40) or drainage vessel is used for emptying circulation systems, which is controlled by the drainage (41,42) in such a way that fluid is taken up from the circulation system in it can, and gas can flow from an inert gas area (17) into the circulation system, the inert gas area can be a separate container or can be located in the pressure vessel, and the gas exchange takes place by establishing one or more connections from the circulation systems to be emptied to the inert gas area.

55. The method according to one or more of claims 46 to 54 characterized in that the compressed gas vessel or membrane vessel is also used for emptying by means of the pressurization to provide the fluid in the circulation system.

56. The method according to one or more of claims 46 to 55, characterized in that a receptacle (FIG. 7, 75) for emptying circulation systems, which can be switched on and off by means of one or more valves (76) to circulating systems and wherein the accumulator can also be separated from circulating systems by valves (43), absorbs the fluid from the circulating systems and flows inert gas from the inert gas area into the circulating systems (81) and the Provisioning device and / or circulating device and / or pressure-maintaining device (82) feeds the fluid from the receiving container (75) back into circulation systems (81), the

Receiving container can have a gas connection (80) to the inert gas area or an oxygen binding unit.

57. Method according to one or more of claims 46 to 56 d a d u r c h g e k e n n i i c h n e t that for the safe emptying of circulating systems the water freedom or

Presence of water and / or the amount of water emptied is sensed with a sensor (7), and with the sensor signals further security strategies, such as repetition of provisioning and emptying, flushing processes, pressure loading processes, pulse pressure loading, actuation of redundant discharge valves, logging of malfunctions and / or safety strategies, logging and / or heating processes.

58. Method according to one or more of claims 46 to 57, characterized by the fact that redundant and / or self-sufficient elements such as thermostats (2), temperature sensors, valve-controlled drainage lines, evaluation units from sensors, water-free sensor with valve-controlled for the safe emptying of circulation systems Drain line, are attached and these are switched or evaluated in such a way that they perform their redundant function and / or that in the event of plausibility errors, security strategies are also initiated as in claim 57.

59. The method as claimed in one or more of claims 46 to 58, so that the control voltage for the pressure generating devices (5, 39, 41) and / or drain valves (10, 42) and / or shut-off valves is connected via a for safe emptying Chain interconnection via several redundant systems (1, 2, 3) takes place, and the consent for the generation of the drain or not being emptied is given by all of these redundant systems, and the shutdown of the generation of the drain or the emptying takes place when an approval of one of the redundant systems is removed ,

60. The method as claimed in one or more of claims 46 to 59, so that the self-sufficient additional device from a discharge device, such as an overflow (78) in the fluid receiving container (40, 75) or with, for safe emptying a sensor, the level-controlled drain valve, which drains the fluid from the frost-prone part of the circulation system.

61. Method according to one or more of claims 46 to 60, characterized in that a nitrogen-carbon dioxide mixture is used as an inert gas for corrosion protection is used, and the carbon dioxide which is formed during the mixing with water by dissolving carbon dioxide is neutralized, such as by a lime filter (13, 21, 22, 45) or by means of limestones in the storage (14) or circulation system or in the inert gas area (17).

62. The method according to one or more of claims 46 to 61, characterized in that the gas is collected in the store or in the inert gas region (17) or other containers for corrosion protection.

63. The method according to one or more of claims 46 to 62 d a d u r c h characterized in that the gas collection takes place in, next to or above the storage or in the circulation system.

64. The method according to one or more of claims 46 to 63, characterized in that, for corrosion protection, the oxygen bond predominantly with a hydrogen-supplied combustion unit, such as a burner flame or a detonating gas reactor (FIG. 6) or a fuel cell or a water-wetted iron structure (13, 21, 45) or magnesium structures, such as chips, foams, metal sheets, masses with increased surface area.

65. The method as claimed in one or more of claims 46 to 64, characterized in that a defined amount of hydrogen is left in a container (53) which is open at the bottom and closed at the top and is ignited at cyclical intervals with an igniter (54) until the detonating gas reaction runs, and this process is event-controlled or repeated cyclically so that the oxygen is converted into water with the hydrogen.

66. Method according to one or more of claims 46 to 65, characterized in that the detonating gas reaction is detected by means of a flow sensor (57).

67. The method according to one or more of claims 46 to 66, characterized in that the flow sensor (57) for the course of the detonating gas reaction is evaluated in such a way that the volume of the outflowing gas and the time period is established and conclusions can be drawn about the intensity of the detonating gas reaction and / or the bound oxygen.

68. The method according to one or more of claims 46 to 67, characterized in that the reactor vessel is part of the inert gas region (17) and is introduced at the highest point of the inert gas region (FIG. 6) or a separate container is introduced in the inert gas region.

69. The method according to one or more of claims 46 to 68 d a d u r c h characterized in that gas accumulating outside the oxyhydrogen reactor or burner or the fuel cell is discharged from the container in which the combustion unit is located for safe operation from the container.

70. The method according to one or more of claims 46 to 69, characterized in that the hydrogen side of the for corrosion protection with a fuel cell -

41

Fuel cell is evacuated from the corrosion protection area, and that the oxygen side or air side of the fuel cell is supplied via the gas area of the corrosion protection area or the gas collection area, and the circuit of the fuel cell is closed.

71. The method according to one or more of claims 46 to 70, characterized in that the current and / or the voltage of the fuel cell and / or the amount of hydrogen supplied is measured, and thus the hydrogen supply and / or the circuit of the fuel cell is regulated or controlled ,

72. The method according to one or more of claims 46 to 71, characterized in that in the inert gas region (17) oxidizing materials, such as iron chip structures (13, 21, 45) or magnesium structures, with reactivity-increasing devices, such as

Water wetting devices, bright washing devices, electrochemical element with applied electrical voltage or voltage-forming materials such as magnesium copper or iron copper are provided.

73. The method according to one or more of claims 46 to 72, characterized in that the penetration of oxygen or constituents of the air and therefrom approximately the oxygen is determined for corrosion protection, and if oxygen limit values are exceeded, further strategies, such as warning messages for sealing, oxygen binding or intensification of the Oxygen binding, can be initiated.

74. The method according to one or more of claims 46 to 73, characterized in that the amount of oxygen binding substance used, such as hydrogen or iron or magnesium, or the amount of the substance produced in the oxygen binding reaction, such as water or iron oxide, or that produced in the reaction Energy, such as flame temperature and burning time or electrical power, or the rate of propagation and duration of the detonating gas reaction, or by keeping the reaction constant, a simplified value such as the duration of the reaction or the duration of the oxygen binding substance supplied or electrical current generated, is determined.

75. The method according to one or more of claims 46 to 74 d a d u r c h characterized in that the pressure change in the inert gas region (17) is determined over time, and from this the air supply and therefrom approximately the penetrated oxygen is determined.

76. Method according to one or more of claims 46 to 75, characterized in that a sealing compound is applied between the component and the hose for sealing components.

77. The heating system is characterized by the fact that devices or properties according to claims 7 to 12 and 16 to 44 are used for heating systems which are subject to overpressure or other recirculation systems which are free of overpressure or reduced or emptied.