EP1468269B1 - Method and device for determining penetration of gaseous substances through a membrane - Google Patents
Method and device for determining penetration of gaseous substances through a membrane Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1468269B1 EP1468269B1 EP02711556A EP02711556A EP1468269B1 EP 1468269 B1 EP1468269 B1 EP 1468269B1 EP 02711556 A EP02711556 A EP 02711556A EP 02711556 A EP02711556 A EP 02711556A EP 1468269 B1 EP1468269 B1 EP 1468269B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- package
- oxygen
- gaseous substance
- gas
- time period
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 71
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 title 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 108
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 108
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 108
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 239000000825 pharmaceutical preparation Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229940127557 pharmaceutical product Drugs 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 19
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 17
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000005022 packaging material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001143 conditioned effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 235000019542 Cured Meats Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019634 flavors Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000005003 food packaging material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000012055 fruits and vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229920001903 high density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004700 high-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009758 senescence Effects 0.000 description 2
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 2
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003466 anti-cipated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002860 competitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003869 coulometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005038 ethylene vinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012417 linear regression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013208 measuring procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000035764 nutrition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012536 packaging technology Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002985 plastic film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006255 plastic film Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007492 two-way ANOVA Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012795 verification Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/08—Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface area of porous materials
- G01N15/082—Investigating permeability by forcing a fluid through a sample
- G01N15/0826—Investigating permeability by forcing a fluid through a sample and measuring fluid flow rate, i.e. permeation rate or pressure change
Definitions
- This invention relates to a method and device for measuring the penetration of gases through a package material. More specific, it relates to a method for predicting the transmission rate of a gaseous substance through the walls of a package as a function of time from a limited number of measured concentrations of the gaseous substance within the package. Even more specific, the invention relates to a method and device that is effective, versatile and relatively inexpensive for testing the oxygen transmission rates into packages employed for instance in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
- Oxygen enters into many reactions which affect the shelf life of foods, e.g. microbial growth, colour changes in fresh and cured meats, oxidation of lipids and consequent rancidity, and senescence of fruit and vegetables.
- the shelf life of many foods is therefore determined by the oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of the material used to package the food, especially during long-term storage.
- barrier packages within the food industry, since they provide a cost efficient and practical manner of packaging food products while offering good protection from detrimental gases in the ambient air.
- the "barrier plastic" portion of the food packaging market is the fastest growing segment, and there is a world wide activity in achieving new and improved plastic barrier materials for food packaging, which can offer better protection against gas penetration and longer shelf life for a wide range of products.
- the detector becomes oversaturated and may be damaged if exposed to higher oxygen concentrations such as for instance in ordinarily air.
- care must be taken not to overexpose the oxygen sensor.
- the conventional method is cumbersome, expensive, and has a limited capacity such that it is usually restricted to testing packaging materials at non-realistic temperatures and air humidities.
- the main objective of this invention is to provide a method and device for determining the transmission rate of a gaseous substance into a package as a function of time.
- Another objective of this invention is to provide a method and device for determining of the oxygen transmission rate into packages under realistic field temperature, barometric pressure, and relative humidity conditions that can be expected for a wide variety of for instance food or pharmaceutical products.
- OTR oxygen transmission rate
- p 0 is the partial pressure of oxygen in the ambient air
- p is the partial pressure of oxygen within the package
- t time
- D is the diffusion constant
- S is the solubility coefficient
- A is the surface area of the package
- V is the volume of the package
- L is the thickness of the barrier material
- T is the temperature of the gas in the package
- k is the Boltzmann constant.
- Eqn. (3) can be employed to determine ⁇ from only two measurements of the partial pressure of oxygen inside the package, since by applying Eqn.
- ⁇ 1 t 1 - t 2 ⁇ ln ⁇ p 2 - p 0 p 1 - p 0
- p 2 is the partial pressure of oxygen at time t 2 .
- ⁇ may be determined without knowing the material and dimensional characteristics of the package. This allows determining the product of the often unknown diffusion constant and solubility coefficient for the packaging material, since the other constants and variables in Eqn. (2) are straightforward to measure/determine.
- the oxygen transmission rate (OTR) as a measure of the oxygen penetration into the package instead of the resulting oxygen concentration which is the outcome of Eqn. (3).
- the OTR is normally expressed as dV oxygen /dt, where the oxygen volume V Oxygen is referred to the pressure of the standard atmosphere.
- Eqn. 4 and 5 constitutes an especially practical tool for predicting the oxygen penetration into food packages as a function of time, since all that is needed as input are two measurements of the actual oxygen concentration in the gas inside the package at two different times and the volume of the package.
- Eqn. 3 is a general theoretical expression for the partial pressure of oxygen inside a package (or volumetric flow of oxygen into the package, Eqn. 5) due to diffusion through the package walls which is based on the fundamental physics involved when oxygen molecules diffuses through a material, it will give a robust and reliable prediction valid for virtually any ambient condition the package may encounter as long as the ambient conditions are essentially stable during the measurements.
- the commercially established methods for measuring OTR will normally measure the oxygen penetration through the barrier material in the case when one side of the material faces a gas stream with a constant oxygen content and the other side faces an oxygen free gas.
- the driving force for the diffusion process is therefore always at a maximum in the conventional method, in contrast to the inventive method of this invention where the diffusion process faces an increasing oxygen concentration on the inside of the package which results in a corresponding decrease in the driving force.
- OTR values as determined by the inventive method with conventional values, and which are the standard in the field of food packages one should use the values for the initial period when there is no oxygen concentration within the package and the oxygen in the ambient air is exposed to an maximum driving force for penetrating the barrier material.
- the oxygen transmission rate at time zero can be given as: d V Oxygen d t ⁇
- inventive method is based on exploiting the theoretical expressions for predicting the OTR into a package. That is, the inventive method can be summarised as follows:
- the inventive method has an advantage over prior methods since it gives the penetration rate of a gaseous substance into a package for all times, regardless of the ambient conditions as long as they are fairly stable during the measurements.
- Conventional methods for measuring OTR are confined to standardised conditions which simulates an oxygen free package (maximum achievable driving force for the diffusion process).
- the inventive method can be applied for any type of food package at any condition they may face, including temperatures below 0°C.
- the inventive method does not require that the interior of the package at the beginning of the first period is absolutely free from the gaseous substance. All that is required is that the concentration inside the package is sufficiently low compared to the concentration outside the package that a diffusion process is emerging. In practice this means that the interior should only be rather low of the gaseous substance at the beginning of the measurements, and this gives a considerable ease in practising the inventive method since absolute removal of a gaseous substance is hard to achieve.
- any conventional method for measuring the concentration of the gas in question inside the package can be employed, including for instance analysers that must have gas samples withdrawn from the interior of the package and analysers that can detect the gas concentration through the material wall. It is also envisioned analysers that withdraw a gas sample, performs the gas concentration determination and then reinjects the gas sample into the package.
- analysers that require a withdrawn gas sample that is being subsequently discharged
- a change of the package volume will induce an error in the estimate, and this error should be minimised by minimising the volume of the extracted gas sample.
- a preferred instrument is MOCON/Toray oxygen analyser LC-700F with a zirconium oxide cell (Modern Controls Inc, Minnesota, USA) with a system accuracy of ⁇ 2 % in the interval 0-50 % O 2 (with two decimals) and ⁇ 3 % in the interval 0-0.5 % O 2 (with three decimals).
- the package should be flushed with sufficiently amounts of pure N 2 prior the measurements in order to ensure that the interior of the package is almost free of oxygen.
- the MOCON/Toray oxygen analyser LC-700F requires that a gas sample from the interior of the package is taken out and inserted into the zirconium oxide cell. The gas sample is being discharged after the measurement.
- a sample taking device that is sealing of the package during testing and sample taking is required. It is preferred to obtain this by penetrating the package wall with a hollow bolt which is threaded in both ends and equipped with a centre flange containing a sealing gasket.
- the package material between the flange with the sealing gasket by screwing on a retaining nut with another sealing gasket onto the inward protruding end of the bolt, such that the only escape route for gas inside the package is through the interior of the hollow bolt.
- the hollow interior of the bolt is sealed off from the ambient air by for instance screwing on an endnut with a barrier septum onto the outward protruding end of the hollow bolt, one may take out gas samples from the interior of the package without breaking the sealing by inserting a needle of a syringe through the barrier septum.
- FIG. 1 An example of a preferred embodiment of a syringe for taking out an exact amount of gas is illustrated in Figure 1 .
- the syringe 1 is connected to a supply 4 of pure nitrogen and a needle 3 by a three-way valve 2.
- the syringe can be flushed with pure nitrogen before inserting the needle into the package through the sealing septum, and the syringe may be filled with a controllable amount of pure nitrogen gas that is to be injected into the package.
- the syringe can be filled with an exact equal amount of gas from the interior of the package, and the syringe with needle is withdrawn from the package and inserted into the oxygen analyser. Finally, the gas sample is injected in order to obtain the oxygen concentration of the sample.
- the needle syringe and barrier septum may be used to empty the package for gas and then inject an inert gas for several cycles in order to flush out virtually all oxygen inside the package.
- FIG. 2 A typical measuring procedure is illustrated schematically in Figure 2 , and may be described as follows:
- the Toray instrument was always calibrated before starting the measurement of each series of initial or final O 2 -concentration.
- the instrument was calibrated towards air in the upper part of the scale and towards a reference gas containing 0.21 % O 2 in N 2 in the lower part of the scale.
- the inventive method can be employed to make screening tests for a packaging material at various conditions expected to be found during handling of the food package in commercial use, and employ these tests to produce graphs over the OTR-value as a function of time for a set of expected ambient conditions.
- These graphs may constitute a very useful instrument for performing spot tests of package materials, since they provide a data bank which may be employed to check whether new packages behave like the packages employed in the screening tests. That is, screening tests of a certain packaging material at the conditions found in food stores according to the inventive method may be used to produce graphs (such as the graph running from t 0 to F in Fig. 2 ) of the oxygen transmission rate as a function of time (for an empty package, no oxygen being consumed) at these conditions. Then, e.g. a manufacturer etc. of the food packaging material can perform spot testing by simply take out an empty package from the production line, let it stay for a certain time period at the expected condition, and then take out a gas sample and measure the oxygen concentration inside the package. This value will immediately tell whether the late package behaved like the packages employed for the screening tests, since the spot test oxygen concentration should be lying on the screen test graph if the OTR-values are equal.
- this device may be in the form of a pocket sized integrated unit containing a penetration device, an oxygen analyser, and means for displaying the determined oxygen concentration. It may also contain means for storing the screening tests and software that performs the comparison between the spot test and screening tests, in order to make the apparatus very practical in use for large series of spot tests.
- This device will therefore constitute a very simple and relatively inexpensive way of obtaining spot testing in the food package industry.
- Today, the conventional methods for measuring the OTR are so cumbersome and expensive, that regularly spot testing of package materials are not practically feasible.
- the packages and materials were: 1) 300 ml polyvinylchloride (PVC)-bottles (Grathwol AS, Glostrup, Denmark); 2) 960 ml thermoformed trays; top web: a laminate of 20 ⁇ m polyamide (PA) and 60 ⁇ m polyethylene (PE), base web: a laminate of 530-550 ⁇ m PVC and 45 ⁇ m PE with 3 % ethylenevinylacetate (EVA) (Dixie Union, Germany); 3) 540 ml high density polyethylene (HDPE)-bottles (MG Plast AS, Moss, Norway); 4) 500 ml polypropylene (PP)-bottles (MG Plast AS, Moss, Norway); and 5) 175 ml PS-cup (Dynopack Stj ⁇ rdal, Norway). It was anticipated that the selected packages would have different
- Ox-Tran measurements were performed using a Mocon Ox-tran 100 twin (Modern Controls Inc, Minnesota, USA). Standard specifications from designation F 1307 - 90 of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) were applied.
- the permeant was oxygen in ambient air; the gradient was thus 0,21 atm.
- the packages were conditioned for 18-24 hours before measuring the Ox-Tran-values.
- (HDPE-bottle c ): 3 0.38 ⁇ 0.01 a ml O 2 /day b elapsed time days between measurement of initial and final O 2 -concentration c this HDPE-bottle had a different production number than the HDPE-bottles above that the standard deviation can be expected to be slightly higher when using the inventive method compared to the Ox-Tran method.
- the inventive method can therefore be considered to be a reliable and precise alternative method to the Ox-Tran-method for measuring OTR of whole packages.
- the equipment required in the inventive method is relatively inexpensive and the capacity is high, and the method is flexible with respect to the range of OTR-values and to package size.
- inventive method has been described as a method for determining the oxygen penetration into food packages, it is obvious for a skilled person that the inventive method can be applied for determining penetration of any other specie that possibly could diffuse through a material, by simply substitute the nitrogen gas (if necessary) and apply an appropriate inert gas and analysing equipment that is able to detect the actual specie. It is also fairly obvious that this method is far from constricted to food packages, but can be employed for all types of packages of any size, shape, material, intended use etc.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
- Food Preservation Except Freezing, Refrigeration, And Drying (AREA)
- Examining Or Testing Airtightness (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Non-Biological Materials By The Use Of Chemical Means (AREA)
- Vacuum Packaging (AREA)
- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/NO2002/000025 WO2003060485A1 (en) | 2002-01-18 | 2002-01-18 | Method and device for determining penetration of gaseous substances through a membrane |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1468269A1 EP1468269A1 (en) | 2004-10-20 |
EP1468269B1 true EP1468269B1 (en) | 2008-10-08 |
Family
ID=19904231
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP02711556A Expired - Lifetime EP1468269B1 (en) | 2002-01-18 | 2002-01-18 | Method and device for determining penetration of gaseous substances through a membrane |
Country Status (10)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7004010B2 (pt) |
EP (1) | EP1468269B1 (pt) |
CN (1) | CN1615431A (pt) |
AT (1) | ATE410672T1 (pt) |
AU (1) | AU2002230300A1 (pt) |
DE (1) | DE60229297D1 (pt) |
DK (1) | DK1468269T3 (pt) |
ES (1) | ES2315352T3 (pt) |
PT (1) | PT1468269E (pt) |
WO (1) | WO2003060485A1 (pt) |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN1946998B (zh) * | 2004-03-31 | 2012-06-20 | 新加坡科技研究局 | 用于测量测试材料气体渗透率的传感器 |
ITPI20060106A1 (it) | 2006-09-12 | 2008-03-13 | Extrasolution S R L | Metodo per la misurazione di permeabilita' ai gas di contenitori ed elementi di tenuta in genere. |
WO2008046419A1 (en) * | 2006-10-18 | 2008-04-24 | Pbi-Dansensor A/S | A device for the use in permeability testing of containers |
US8567236B2 (en) * | 2007-12-13 | 2013-10-29 | University Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc. | Method and apparatus for measuring gas transmission rate of semi-barrier materials |
CN101963571B (zh) * | 2010-09-21 | 2012-06-06 | 同济大学 | 水泥土屏障隔离法处置效果的室内检测方法 |
JP5510348B2 (ja) * | 2011-01-28 | 2014-06-04 | 三菱マテリアル株式会社 | 水蒸気バリア性の評価方法 |
Family Cites Families (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CH618013A5 (pt) * | 1977-05-20 | 1980-06-30 | Lyssy Georges H | |
DE3724160A1 (de) * | 1986-08-06 | 1988-02-11 | Horst Gruen | Verfahren zur pruefung der wasserdurchlaessigkeit von aussenwaenden und/oder schlechter raumdurchlueftung und verwendung dieses verfahrens |
US4864845A (en) * | 1987-09-29 | 1989-09-12 | Board Of Regents University Of Texas System | Electronic field permeameter |
US4854157A (en) * | 1988-03-07 | 1989-08-08 | The Kendall Company | Device for measuring effective porosity |
US5131261A (en) * | 1988-08-26 | 1992-07-21 | The Dow Chemical Company | Permeation measurement device |
US4944180A (en) * | 1988-08-26 | 1990-07-31 | The Dow Chemical Company | Permeation measurement device |
ATE93623T1 (de) * | 1989-10-09 | 1993-09-15 | Nestle Sa | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur gleichzeitigen bestimmung des sauerstoffgehaltes und des restdruckes in einer verpackung. |
ES2074860T3 (es) * | 1992-03-09 | 1995-09-16 | Robopac Sistemi Srl | Maquina para envolver apilamientos paletizados de mercancias con un material de pelicula plastica. |
US5347845A (en) * | 1993-02-19 | 1994-09-20 | Whirlpool Corporation | Appliance shipping container air sampling system |
US5361625A (en) * | 1993-04-29 | 1994-11-08 | Ylvisaker Jon A | Method and device for the measurement of barrier properties of films against gases |
CH689148A5 (de) * | 1995-02-15 | 1998-10-30 | Lyssy Georges H | Verfahren und Messeinrichtung zur Messung der Sauerstoffpermeabilitaet eines Prueflings. |
JPH1130579A (ja) * | 1997-05-16 | 1999-02-02 | Japan Pionics Co Ltd | 酸素拡散量測定方法、酸素拡散量測定装置および酸素拡散量で通気量を規定した発熱袋 |
KR100267507B1 (ko) * | 1998-06-11 | 2000-10-16 | 김충섭 | 비다공성막을 통과하는 투과물의 투과특성측정방법 및측정장치 |
US6422063B1 (en) * | 1998-08-11 | 2002-07-23 | Ramaswamy C. Anantheswaran | Rapid method to experimentally measure the gas permeability of micro-perforated films |
US6684684B2 (en) * | 2000-05-30 | 2004-02-03 | Instrotek, Inc. | Systems and methods for determining the porosity and/or effective air void content of compacted material |
US6598463B2 (en) * | 2001-05-02 | 2003-07-29 | Du Pont | Method for determining gas accumulation rates |
-
2002
- 2002-01-18 AT AT02711556T patent/ATE410672T1/de active
- 2002-01-18 AU AU2002230300A patent/AU2002230300A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-01-18 WO PCT/NO2002/000025 patent/WO2003060485A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-01-18 CN CNA028272072A patent/CN1615431A/zh active Pending
- 2002-01-18 EP EP02711556A patent/EP1468269B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-01-18 PT PT02711556T patent/PT1468269E/pt unknown
- 2002-01-18 DK DK02711556T patent/DK1468269T3/da active
- 2002-01-18 ES ES02711556T patent/ES2315352T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-01-18 US US10/501,466 patent/US7004010B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-01-18 DE DE60229297T patent/DE60229297D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DK1468269T3 (da) | 2009-02-16 |
DE60229297D1 (de) | 2008-11-20 |
AU2002230300A1 (en) | 2003-07-30 |
PT1468269E (pt) | 2009-01-13 |
CN1615431A (zh) | 2005-05-11 |
US20050076705A1 (en) | 2005-04-14 |
ATE410672T1 (de) | 2008-10-15 |
WO2003060485A1 (en) | 2003-07-24 |
EP1468269A1 (en) | 2004-10-20 |
US7004010B2 (en) | 2006-02-28 |
ES2315352T3 (es) | 2009-04-01 |
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