Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
  • H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching and having potential barriers; Capacitors or resistors having potential barriers, e.g. a PN-junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
  • H01L29/66—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
  • H01L29/66992—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor controllable only by the variation of applied heat

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a rectifier and a method for converting heat of a body into electric energy by utilizing a function of rectifying thermally moving electrons within a body by means of a rectifying surface of current comprised of an aggregate of minute rectifying surfaces having one rectifying direction.
• thermodynamics Various energy forms such as potential energy, kinetic energy, electric energy, light energy and thermal energy are present in nature and these energy forms are converted into another one as needed. Human beings have longed for a conversion of thermal energy into another energy forms without a low temperature heat source, however, this conversion has not been accomplished so far. In nature, the finally converted energy form is thermal energy and the conversion of thermal energy into another forms is prohibited as defined by the second law of thermodynamics. If a method for converting the thermal energy into another energy without the low temperature heat source is found, human beings can acquire inexhaustible, inexpensive and pollution free energy. Thus, the problem of energy source, global warming and pollution that the humanity is faced with can be solved. Further, insufficient area in the second law of thermodynamics can be improved to strengthen the foundations of the modern science.
• Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for converting thermal energy into electric energy by using the rectifier.
• a rectifier of thermally moving electrons comprising a first metal layer, an electron movement barrier layer contacting to the first metal layer, and distributed layer of minute metal particles contacting the electron movement barrier layer.
• the rectifier also includes a semiconductor layer contacting the distributed layer of minute metal particles, an ohmic layer contacting the semiconductor layer, and a second metal layer contacting the ohmic layer.
• the second metal layer comprises an aggregate of minute rectifying surfaces.
• the minute rectifying surfaces have a same rectifying direction and are electrically isolated from each other. Further, the rectifying surfaces are incompletely conductive (barrier state) with one collimating electrode.
• a method for converting thermal energy into electric energy by rectifying thermally moving electrons by implementing a rectifier of thermally moving electrons utilizes a rectifying surface of an aggregate of minute rectifying surfaces to rectify each thermally moving electron and to change the random moving directions of the electrons into one direction for accomplishing the energy conversion.
• FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a rectifier of thermally moving electrons according to an embodiment of the present invention
• FIG. 2 is an apparatus for converting thermal energy into electric energy according to an embodiment of the present invention
• FIG. 4 illustrates a graph for showing a relationship between energy of electrons
• the uses and applications of the present invention are hoped to offer viable solutions for the current and prevailing problems with energy, global warming, and pollution.
• the inventor of the present invention observed that power was generated from a semiconductor surface on which minute metal particles were dispersed without a supply of energy, and found that the power was originated from rectifying phenomenon of thermally moving electrons.
• the present invention shows that the rectifying phenomenon could be elucidated and reproduced by the present scientific knowledge. It is known that atomic vibrations exist in physical objects above 0° of absolute temperature and the atomic vibrations in turn induce vibrations of electrons in conductors or semiconductors. Minute rectifying surfaces in conductors and semiconductors having one rectifying direction and a diameter of from several to twenty nanometers are insulated from each other and the minute rectifying surfaces and one collimating electrode are in incomplete conductive state (barrier state).
• Electrons having different phases and periods are rectified by the rectifying surfaces toward the collimating electrode, and at this time, the thermal energy of thermally moving electrons are converted into electric energy.
• the thermal energy of the thermally moving electrons is thermal energy of an object and thus, it was determined that the heat of an object can be converted into electric energy.
• the present invention is difficult to understand and explain by the present scientific knowledge and existing theories, since the nature of the invention is truly novel and contradicts the second law of thermodynamics.
• thermodynamics When a thermally moving electron is rectified by a rectifying surface in state of equilibrium, the temperature at the surface must be lowered according to the law of conservation energy.
• the phenomenon described by the present invention contradicts the second law of thermodynamics by which the natural phenomenon is set to proceed toward equilibrium.
• the present invention shows that power and temperature difference exists without a supply of external energy. By repeated experiments of the present invention, a generation of electric energy was observed when minute metal particles are dispersed on a surface of a semiconductor.
• thermodynamics The second law of thermodynamics is one of the most important criteria for determining the truth or falsehood of inventions related to thermodynamics. Hence, the inventor realizes the difficulty faced by various Patent Offices and makes reference to the second law of thermodynamics in so far as to help explain the new theory set forth in the present invention, which will be described below.
• experimental results which support the principle of this theory will be illustrated. The experiment is simple and any one skilled in this field can understand and carry out the experiment easily. However, the interpretation of the experiment based on the modern scientific knowledge is not an easy task, and only the simultaneous theory established by the present inventor can interpret the results of the experiment. The experiment will be described briefly below.
• the present inventor set out to detect the temperature of the surface of the semiconductor where the electromotive force has been generated and as a result, the : : conversion of heat of an object into electric energy by the rectifying phenomenon of thermally moving electrons at the rectifying surface could be verified. This experimental observation was reproducible.
• the inventor has established the following items as bases of experiments carried out for verifying the simultaneous theory suggested by the present invention and to is determine the direction of experiments.
• An electromotive force is generated from a surface of a semiconductor on which minute metal particles which are not consumed in the experiment are dispersed.
• the voltage value of the electromotive force is in a close relation with the size of the metal particles.
• a continuous and constant current is obtained from a structure which has the same structure with a chemical battery but has no consuming mate ⁇ al, and thus obtained current value per unit area is even larger than that obtained by the chemical battery.
• the direction of the electromotive force is determined by a conductivity of P or N of a semiconductor.
• the direction of the electromotive force changes to its counter direction in a vacuum and under atmospheric ambient.
• the same kind of electromotive force is found in an electrolyte or in water.
• Self-inherent conductive type electromotive force is obtained in a high vacuum.
• the copper plate becomes positive(+) electrode. Copper is precipitated during discharging and copper particles grow on the negative electrode at the portion where the copper plate is exposed, without a supply of external power.
• the surface of copper sulfide is positive(+) electrode and an inner portion of copper sulfide contacting the copper plate is a generator of a negative electrode and the copper plate of the negative electrode is a mere metal plate contacting the generator.
• the electrolysis of copper at both electrodes are implemented by the electromotive power outputted from the generator.
• the present inventor found that the outputted energy was originated from the rectifying phenomenon of thermally moving electrons. By utilizing this apparatus, a temperature drop at the portion where the electromotive force was generated, could be detected. Further, the conversion of heat of an object into electric energy by the rectifying method utilizing the thermally moving electrons can be verified. 7. When comparing the electromotive force with ambient conditions, two electromotive forces conflicting with each other seems to be present and one electromotive force is superior to the other according to the ambient conditions (especially in humidity). That is, the relative numbers of acceptor and donor depend on
• Experimental procedure is as follows. A metal was rubbed against a surface of a semiconductor or was deposited in a vacuum to form an island structure on the surface ic of the semiconductor and then an electromotive force was detected by an aluminum needle coated with an oxide layer. Onto the naturally formed oxide layer of aluminum or tantalum, metal particles were deposited by an evaporation method in a vacuum and a semiconductor was deposited onto the metal particles. For various samples, some characteristics such as temperature drop, voltage and current were detected at the is portion where the electromotive force was generated. However, experiments concerning the size of the metal particles could not be reproduced by an apparatus utilized by the present inventor.
• One copper electrode was coated with copper sulfide CuS, which was a semiconductor having P-type conductivity, by impregnating the electrode with an ammonium sulfide [(NH 4 ) 2 S X ] solution diluted by five times for about 40 seconds.
• the other electrode was utilized as a pure copper plate and copper sulfate (CuSO ) was utilized as an electrolyte.
• the pure copper plate is should be an anode by an electrochemical theory. Copper of the copper plate should be ionized into Cu ++ ion to be the electrolyte while Cu ++ ion in the electrolyte is combined with excessive sulfide present in copper sulfide.
• the electrode of the copper plate should be the anode while the copper sulfide electrode being a cathode. In fact, when copper sulfide electrode stored under atmosphere or in water for a long time is utilized
• the copper sulfide electrode was replaced with an electrolyte manufactured by the following method.
• Cu was deposited in a vacuum on the surface of Ta metal plate.
• metal plate was immersed into an aqueous CuS0 4 solution for electroplating copper onto the surface to obtain about 0.02mm thick copper layer.
• the copper coated plate was impregnated with (NH 4 ) 2 S X solution for 5 minutes to change copper into copper sulfide.
• sample was replaced with the copper sulfide electrode of the previously described battery. As a result, almost similar value of the electromotive force was obtained.
• the relationship between concentrations of the electrolyte and the electromotive force was observed.
• the electromotive force changed when the electrolyte was replaced with water, alcohol or a mixture of water and alcohol in various mixing ratios.
• the output voltage was measured when the sample was under atmosphere or in vacuum
• the electrochemical energy sources are copper and sulfide.
• Combination of copper and sulfide is an exothermic reaction according to a literature, and discharge accompanies an output of heat owing to an internal resistance.
• An input and output of electrons of semiconductor accompanies exothermic and endothermic phenomena by Peltier effect.
• the amounts of these two heats are the same and these heats do not affect an external system. Accordingly, the conversion of the heat of the object into the electric energy is determined by a relationship of an output current to a temperature drop of an apparatus for outputting the electromotive force.
• the temperature drop can be simply observed by detecting a change of voltage of a temperature sensor contacting the electrode while alternately applying charge and shutting off electricity. The present inventor observed that the temperature drop was detected during current flow.
• the output current is connected with the minute rectifying surfaces and the size of the particles is connected with the output voltage.
• the direction of the current depends on the P or N conductivity of the semiconductor.
• there's no energy source on the surface of the semiconductor however, an energy output was observed. That is, a temperature drop occurred during the current flow.
• the present inventor concluded that the conversion of the heat of the object into the electric energy is accomplished by a rectifying phenomenon of thermally moving electrons by magnetic energy. Still, the above-described experimental result cannot be explained by the existing modern scientific knowledge.
• the present inventor sets the following simultaneous theory for understanding and explaining the observed results.
• the simultaneous theory is a rectifying phenomenon of thermally moving electrons by magnetic energy.
• the simultaneous theory defines the following. In an isolated system in an equilibrium which has a certain number of particles, the probability of having a pair of particles at a boundary at the instant when they randomly enter and exit the boundary, depends on an area of the boundary.
• a unit room separated into A and B sections by an imaginary central boundary is filled with n number of gas molecules.
• the molecules can freely pass the boundary.
• the probability instantaneously having a pair of molecules at the boundary is defined as a simultaneous probability, and the equilibrium system is represented as a space having one (1/1) simultaneous probability.
• a space having zero (0/1) synchronism probability represents a non-equilibrium system which has no molecule moving in the counter direction of a molecule at the imaginary boundary.
• thermodynamics By the second law of thermodynamics, it is regarded that a portion within an equilibrium system also is in a state of equilibrium.
• a portion which has simultaneous probability of zero (0/1) is present in a system having the simultaneous probability of one (1/1 ).
• various values of discontinuous or continuous probabilities are determined by space and number of the particles.
• a P-N junction of a semiconductor of an isolated equilibrium state, entering and exiting of electrons through a rectifying boundary of a metal and a semiconductor, entering and exiting of free c electrons through an imaginary boundary in a metal or a semiconductor, entering and exiting of heat through an imaginary boundary in an object, entering and exiting of liquid molecules through an imaginary boundary in a liquid, and the like can be exemplified.
• a seawater level on the earth has a constant mean water level because the amount of water evaporating and precipitating are the same.
• the two amounts are the same and the state of equilibrium is maintained.
• the amount of water evaporated is larger and at some places, a heavy rainfall pours.
• a large amount of water inflows At an entrance of a river, a large amount of water inflows. That is, even though the seawater is collectively in equilibrium, each portions are not in equilibrium.
• thermodynamics There are various ways for describing the second law of thermodynamics. Among them, one typical definition is the following. "An isolated system which is in non-equilibrium state proceeds toward equilibrium state, and the equilibrium state is maintained if no external energy is supplied, and this process is irreversible.”
• This condition can be rephrased in other words, that is, a state when a pair of electrons having counter phases exists at the rectifying surface at the same time.
• An equilibrium starts from this point according to the simultaneous theory, and the probability of such state increases by an area of the rectifying surface at a given number of particles.
• the probability is constant regardless of the area.
• the rectifying surface when the rectifying surface is very minute, results obtained by the simultaneous theory and the second law of thermodynamics are as follows. According to the second law of thermodynamics, the minute surface maintains equilibrium as with the large surface and has no external effects. However, according to the simultaneous theory, the rectifying surface could be a minute space having only one electron or a number of electrons making both directional movements. When only one electron is
• the probability of a pair of electrons being present at the boundary is zero.
• the probability of the two electrons moving in counter direction being simultaneously present at the boundary is also nearly zero.
• a course of water flowing toward one direction, a blast of wind, a bundle of exploding and burning gas, a gushing vapor having a high pressure, free carriers in a semiconductor (diode, transistor, etc.) having one directional phase by an applied voltage, charges in a field, charges moving in a magnetic field, and the like can be illustrated as a space having zero simultaneous probability in which no particle having the counter direction is present.
• a semiconductor diode, transistor, etc.
• an irregular alternating potential is generated by electrons entering and exiting a minute rectifying surface. This generation is originated from the kinetic energy of electrons by heat.
• the rectifying phenomenon is accomplished when the rectifying condition is satisfied.
• the rectifying phenomenon occurs when there is a difference of electrons entering and exiting the rectifying surface which is caused by a heightened barrier by an externally applied voltage and a low barrier of forward direction.
• the rectifying condition is an externally applied voltage.
• a minute rectifying surface is allowed, a current amount will be very weak.
• a plurality of minute rectifying surfaces arranged in parallel will give the same effect with a rectifying surface having one large area. At this time, the rectifying phenomenon of the thermally moving electrons does not occur by the simultaneous theory.
• each particle when minute metal particles are dispersed on a surface of a semiconductor, and when each particle is elect ⁇ cally insulated, each particle maintains its own independent rectifying reaction.
• a number of metal rectifying particles are connected with a collecting metal surface with a tunnelling effect layer (in the experiments, tantalum oxide layer, aluminum oxide layer or water was utilized) between them. Then, the particles are combined in parallel to accomplish a large rectifying surface of which rectifying condition by the simultaneous theory is satisfied.
• the minute metal particles have irregular phases and periods. However, the rectifying direction of the semiconductor and the metal particles are the same. Thus, an effective rectifying reaction is implemented and about 20 Amperes per cm 2 or above of current could be obtained with rough experimental apparatuses.
• the resistance of the semiconductor has been disregarded.
• the collecting metal surface contacts the semiconductor where the metal particles are not present with the tunnelling effect layer between them. However, no discharging occurs because a reverse direction is obtained with respect to the semiconductor owing to the rectifying structure.
• the following points are similar. They collectively maintain equilibrium and are composed of portions in non-equilibrium. Appropriate installations are provided with the portions in non-equilibrium and having the simultaneous probability of zero (0/1). Energys can be obtained during the progression from non-equilibrium states to equilibrium states. The non-equilibrium states are maintained by externally supplied energy to obtain energy continuously. Electrons move toward one direction by a rectifying reaction while the water vapor generated from the seawater moves toward the upper stream of a dam. Electrons make irregular and periodic movements. This is similar to a periodicity of rain. In addition, the kinetic energy of thermally moving electrons is converted into potential energy.
• a barrier of the rectifying surface generates the energy while a bank of the dam generates the potential energy of water.
• the most important points are a cause of a head of water and a voltage difference.
• the causes are externally supplied energies.
• the difference of the water levels on both sides of the dam is externally caused by heat of the sun and a rising current of air.
• the kinetic energy of the electrons is obtained from their impact with other electrons or atoms to receive external energy. That is, electrons go over the barrier of the rectifying surface to acquire potential energy by an external thermal energy.
• the kinetic energy of the water molecule will be converted into an electric energy and the kinetic energy of the water molecule will be decreased while accompanying a temperature drop. This induces a temperature difference with surroundings and inflow of heat.
• a hot wire receives the generated power, the wire emits heat. This heated portion and a cold portion where the kinetic energy of the water molecule has been decreased, will have a temperature difference.
• a lake is divided into two sections having a slightly different water level by a floodgate.
• the floodgate When the floodgate is opened, water flows from the section having higher water level to the section having lower water level.
• the second law of thermodynamics defines this state as an equilibrium. Heat flows from an object having higher temperature to an object having lower temperature. When two objects have the same temperature, this state is also in equilibrium. Even though rippling waves are rising, the two sections of the lake are regarded to be equilibrium because they have the same mean water level. When there is no difference in the water level or in temperature for two objects, no energy can be obtained. The second law of thermodynamics concludes that no energy can be obtained without water level difference or temperature difference.
• energy can be obtained from the difference in the water level or temperature as well, however, energy can be also obtained from the rippling wave portion of the lake. If a floating body having a size similar to the rippling wave can be installed, kinetic and electric energy can be obtained. The size of the floating body should be small enough to make a collision with a peak of the rippling wave. If the floating body is too big to make a collision with a number of peaks and troughs of the waves, no kinetic energy can be obtained.
• a body having heat indicates the presence of waves of atomic vibration. If an appropriate apparatus having the wave size can be installed, electric energy can be obtained by rectifying thermally moving electrons. The water level of the lake has no relations to the generation of the rippling waves. Meantime, electrons make thermal movements even at low temperature. After closing the floodgate, one can obtain power from the energy of the waves generated at both sections. Water from one section can be transferred to the other section by utilizing this power to make a water level difference. In a body, a temperature difference can be obtained by the same manner because the origin of the heat in the body is external energy.
• the waves on the surface of the water or the thermal movements of electrons in a conductor is not considered in the explanation of equilibrium on the water level or the heat of the body by the second law of thermodynamics.
• the energy is not considered to be present in the system.
• the floodgate is closed after the two sections are at equilibrium with presence of no wind, the lake is an isolated system.
• a slight water level difference can be accomplished by utilizing remaining energy of the waves.
• the heat in the body can be considered as a stored energy.
• thermally moving electrons can be rectified to obtain power and a temperature difference.
• Same principle can be applied in obtaining energy from the waves of the lake and from the waves of vibration of electrons entering and exiting the rectifying surface.
• the wave is visible, however, the vibration of the electrons can not be perceived by our senses.
• Heat is a type of energy.
• a cold heat source is needed. Accordingly, it has been known that a conversion from the heat into another energy is not possible.
• the generation utilizing the motion of the pollen is fundamentally acceptable.
• the size of the pollen is near the water molecule size, more efficient energy generation might be obtained. In this system no cold reservoir is present. Accordingly, the efficiency is 100% and it is theoretically possible at above 0°K.
• This generation has a relation of one to one correspondence with the generation utilizing the thermally moving electrons.
• the most efficient system in obtaining kinetic energy for the hydroelectric power generation, the waves of the water and the Brownian motion of the pollen is a space having the simultaneous probability of zero (0/1) present in an equilibrium system. By utilizing an appropriate apparatus corresponding to the space, energy can be obtained.
• Most power sources are energy outputted from an actor, a spacor and a funcor installed in the spacor in a space having the simultaneous probability of zero (0/1).
• a space in which an actor of an exploded and burning gas pushes a funcor of a piston in a spacor of cylinder particles move toward one direction.
• Various energy outputting apparatuses utilizing wind force, water power, vapor pressure, electric power, and the like consist these components.
• the phases of free carriers become the same by the voltage and the rectifying surface become a funcor positioned in a spacor occupied by the free carriers.
• This example is very similar to an example containing a minute rectifying surface.
• the actor has a single phase and the funcor is the rectifying surface.
• the single phases are obtained by the applied voltage or by reducing a space.
• the shapes and the functions are the same for both examples.
• the hydroelectric power generation is already put to practical use.
• the utilization of waves is currently under research.
• the utilization of the kinetic energy of a liquid molecule seems distant because an apparatus (funcor) corresponding to that size cannot be manufactured.
• a control of a density of free carriers in a semiconductor, a control of the size of metal particles, selecting semiconductor material, a control of a rectifying characteristic between a semiconductor and metal particles, and the like can be illustrated.
• the present invention utilizes these items.
• the conversion of the thermal energy into the electric energy by means of rectifying thermally moving electrons is confirmed by repeated experiments of the present invention.
• the apparatus can be installed as a thin layer form in three dimensions and several tens of times of output power per cubic volume can be obtained.
• the heat of an object in an ambient temperature is an energy source and heat is continuously supplied from surroundings.
• the apparatus is operable at a high temperature and a cooling is possible while collecting energy. The one skilled in the art can easily implement the suggested experiment by the present inventor.
• the constitution of the apparatus according to the simultaneous theory exists in wide variety.
• Various methods can be applied for obtaining a structure having the simultaneous probability of zero (0/1) in contacting metal and semiconductor particles, in dispersing metal particles contacting both P-N junction, in applying minute particles onto one of P-N junction, in designing P-type and N-type serially.
• a barrier layer such as water, various conducting solvent and electrolyte, a resistor, conductive plastic or a tunnelling effect layer is formed on a plate of a collecting electrode.
• Minute metal particles which has an excellent rectifying characteristic with a semiconductor and a uniformed size, as determined by an electron energy, are uniformly distributed on the barrier layer in high density.
• a semiconductor layer having the same density with the metal particles and contacting the minute metal particles is formed.
• P-type semiconductor in which only acceptors are present or N-type semiconductor in which only donors are present is utilized. Materials having a large density difference between two kinds of carriers can also be preferably utilized.
• An ohmic layer is formed on the semiconductor layer.
• a metal plate contacting the ohmic layer is formed.
• an electron movement barrier layer 12 On the surface of a first metal layer 10, an electron movement barrier layer 12 is formed. On the electron movement barrier layer 12, a minute metal particle dispersed layer 14 is formed. The metal particles are regularly and uniformly dispersed in one layer. A semiconductor layer 16 and an ohmic layer 18 are sequentially formed on minute metal particle dispersed layer 14. Thereafter, a second metal layer 20 is formed on the ohmic layer 18.
• FIG. 2 is an apparatus for converting thermal energy into electric energy according to an embodiment of the present invention.
• the rectifier of thermally moving electrons is installed in a vacuum chamber 30 and air in the chamber is exhausted to create a vacuum.
• the external surface of the vacuum chamber is insulated and earthen by an earth line of a shield cable 40.
• An outer case of vacuum chamber 30 is connected to a signal line of shield cable 40 through a capacitor C to remove external noise.
• the rectifying apparatus of thermally moving electrons for experiment is constituted as follows.
• a semiconductor sample (28mm x 8mm x 4mm) of a eutectic body of Cu S-CuS-Ag 2 S was prepared.
• One surface of the sample was ground to form a mirror shape and a semiconductor layer 36 is formed.
• the ground surface was ground by means of a copper bar and rubbed by means of a paper to heat the surface.
• the other surface of the sample was fixed onto a metal plate 32 (stainless steel) by utilizing an adhesive 34 (silver paste).
• An aluminum plate having a thickness of 0.2mm was cut to form about 20° angle to form a tip.
• the tip was heated to form an aluminum oxide layer on the surface of the tip and to obtain an aluminum needle 38.
• the tip was fixed onto the mirror surface and metal plate 32 is connected to a detecting apparatus 50 through a shield cable 40.
• the observed voltage value could not be detected during a number of experiments in which the silver paste was not utilized.
• the apparatus was not a simple chemical battery. Electromotive force was obtained when the minute metal particles were dispersed on the surface of the mirror surface of the sample, however, it was not obtained when the particles were impregnated into the sample. The generation of the electromotive force was observed by utilizing various semiconductors and the minute metal particles, though the values of the electromotive forces was different.
• An Si sample 28mm x 8mm x 4mm
• platinum (Pt) minute particles were rubbed to manufacture a rectifier.
• the minute metal electrode was not consumed (as a chemical battery) and the voltage difference was observed by humidity.
• the decrease of the current values according to time was due to an oxide layer on the surface of the Si sample. When an oxide layer is between the minute metal electrode and the Si surface, the same result was obtained. This experiment was implemented at an ambient conditions.
• the minute metal particles showed tendency to impregnate into semiconductor layer 36 for the sample of the eutectic body of Cu 2 S-CuS-Ag 2 S and its impregnation speed was increased when the humidity was high. After rubbing the copper bar against the sample, the minute copper particles were dispersed on the surface to generate a sufficiently large electromotive force. However, the humidity in the laboratory was high and some minute particles were impregnated into the samples, thereby lowering the voltage.
• the number of the minute particles were decreased and reached to an optimized number to give the highest voltage value. Then, the voltage was decreased according to the decrease of the number of the minute particles. After supplying the current, the voltage was decreased and then recovered. This implied that the result was affected by humidity and characteristics of chemical battery.
• the impregnating speed of the minute particles was remarkably reduced and the output current was kept constant. No characteristics of chemical battery were illustrated.
• the rectifier of thermally moving electrons according to the present invention is different from the conventional chemical battery.
• the present inventor also considered the following metal.
• the minute metal particle When a P-type semiconductor contacts with minute metal particles and an electron moves from the metal particles to semiconductor layer 16, the minute metal particle presents higher potential against P-type semiconductor layer 16. At this time, the potential difference is forward direction and the electron readily moves toward the metal minute particles. However, when an electron moves from P-type semiconductor layer 16 to the metal minute particle, the minute metal particle presents lower potential and this potential difference is a reverse direction. Therefore, the electron cannot move toward P-type semiconductor layer 16 in vacuum. That is, a minute rectifying surface can move electrons in one direction. When the semiconductor is N-type, the opposite phenomenon occurs. If the size of the minute particle is enlargedJhe number of entering and exiting electrons becomes similar. Thus the voltage difference becomes small. If the size of the particle is too small, the voltage difference from one electron is too large and the electron cannot move, thereby giving no electromotive force.
• the rectifier of the present invention comprises a metal layer 10, a barrier layer
• a minute metal particle dispersed layer 14 and a semiconductor layer 16 and irregularly rectifies thermally moving electrons into one direction to convert thermal energy of an object into electric energy.
• Modifications to the rectifier of thermally moving electrons of the present invention can be easily achieved by one skilled in the semiconductor field.
• Various methods can be utilized to obtain a structure in contacting metal and semiconductor particles, in dispersed metal particles contacting both surfaces of P-N junction, in applying minute particles onto one of P-N junction, in designing P-type and N-type serially, in manufacturing an integrated shape, in omitting an ohmic layer, and the like.
• a common feature of these structures is an aggregate of rectifying surfaces of minute particles having the same electron rectifying directions.

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