EP1454674A1 - Procédé d'application électrostatique d'une poudre sur un support à état de surface notamment irrégulier - Google Patents
Procédé d'application électrostatique d'une poudre sur un support à état de surface notamment irrégulier Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1454674A1 EP1454674A1 EP04290287A EP04290287A EP1454674A1 EP 1454674 A1 EP1454674 A1 EP 1454674A1 EP 04290287 A EP04290287 A EP 04290287A EP 04290287 A EP04290287 A EP 04290287A EP 1454674 A1 EP1454674 A1 EP 1454674A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- powder
- coated
- deflector
- support
- jet
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
- B05B1/00—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means
- B05B1/26—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means with means for mechanically breaking-up or deflecting the jet after discharge, e.g. with fixed deflectors; Breaking-up the discharged liquid or other fluent material by impinging jets
- B05B1/262—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means with means for mechanically breaking-up or deflecting the jet after discharge, e.g. with fixed deflectors; Breaking-up the discharged liquid or other fluent material by impinging jets with fixed deflectors
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
- B05B5/00—Electrostatic spraying apparatus; Spraying apparatus with means for charging the spray electrically; Apparatus for spraying liquids or other fluent materials by other electric means
- B05B5/08—Plant for applying liquids or other fluent materials to objects
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D1/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D1/02—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials performed by spraying
- B05D1/04—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials performed by spraying involving the use of an electrostatic field
- B05D1/06—Applying particulate materials
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrostatic application process of a powder on a surface of a support and a support thus coated.
- anodization techniques are used in particular and / or varnishing, depending on the desired surface finish.
- irregularities surface may correspond to information which must remain visible even after applying this layer of powder.
- irregularities can correspond to letters, numbers or patterns individuals stamped, or stamped in the surface to be coated, these characters contributing in particular to the aesthetics of packaging.
- the method according to the invention makes it possible to obtain a layer of powder of identical thickness whether for a flat surface or for an area having an irregular surface, so that this layer of powder does not attenuate the visibility of desired surface irregularities.
- the powder can be propelled along a trajectory orthogonal to the irregular surface.
- surface irregularities correspond to recesses oriented at approximately 90 ° from the surface from from which they are formed.
- this powder does not pile up in the corners of these setbacks.
- the surface to be coated has an irregular area with an irregular surface finish.
- the deflector is preferably arranged opposite this area. Irregularities are not defined in the same plane as the rest of the surface. These irregularities can to be hollows or setbacks from the plane of the surface they exceed or sink relatively to this plane by a few tenths of millimeters for example. They are for example obtained by stamping, or stamping, or embossing of the support.
- the surface to be coated with the support undergoes other preparatory steps before being covered with powder. For example, the support is deburred, possibly polished, and then degreased.
- the deflector makes it possible to decrease the speed of the powder particles which will be fixed on the surface to be coated, and in particular to decrease the speed of those intended to be applied against the area of the surface to be coated behind the deflector. Comparatively, the particles which are not deflected, are directly projected against the rest of the surface to be coated.
- the advantage of the invention of having a deflector independent of the projection is mainly due to the fact that the projection device emits generally the particles in the form of a frustoconical cloud whose apex is delimited by the exit of the projection member.
- the powder is no longer guided after this exit, but its trajectory is partly defined by the emission speed and the shape of the outlet.
- this surface interrupting the trajectory powder particles to hold them at their point of impact, plus the base of the cloud will be wide and the impact points spaced from each other. More particularly at the level of a peripheral zone of this base, the points impact may be less concentrated than in the central part of the base.
- the deflector can be placed opposite of the irregular area, and we can then choose to place this irregular area in the peripheral zone of the cloud, never placing it in the center of the cloud. So, only the few particles arriving in the peripheral zone are deflected by the deflector. These particles also traveling a longer path before reach this peripheral zone, their speed is lower, and when they reach the deflector, their speed is zero and they end up running then attracted only by the electrostatic field created at the level of the surface to be coated. They then move along the shortest path from the deflector to reach the irregular area and do not reduce reliefs by filling the hollows as is particularly the case when the particles arrive along an oblique path relative to this area irregular.
- Another advantage of the invention in having an independent deflector is to be able to easily adjust the distance between this deflector and the surface to be coated independently of the distance settings between the outlet of the projection member and the surface to be coated.
- the angular position of this deflector relative to the surface can be chosen independently of the angular position of the projection member relative to this same surface.
- the cloud obtained between the deflector and the surface located opposite is preferably diffuse, the particles of this cloud are then attracted towards the surface to be coated, regardless of the direction with which they were initially projected.
- the deflector is electrically neutral.
- the powder jet is emitted by means of a gun electrostatic, or a triboelectric generator, namely a generator producing static electricity by friction.
- the powders emitted are by example negatively charged, and the electrical potential of the surface to be coated is such that the powder particles are attracted to it.
- this surface is conductive, from preferably metallic, especially aluminum.
- the method implements a single electrical supply which allows to charge the powder particles and also to establish the potential electric at the surface to be coated.
- This food then has a power of the order of 60 to 80 kilovolts (kV), and preferably 70 kV.
- the surface to be coated is preferably arranged so as to be upright perpendicular to the axis of projection of the powder jet.
- the point of emission at from which the powder is emitted, in the form of a jet, is arranged at a distance at least four times greater than a width of the surface to be coated.
- the jet has an emission spectrum of generally conical shape. To this end, we set an opening diameter of a shutter disposed at an outlet of an emitting means of the powder jet to determine the dimensions of this emission spectrum.
- the spectrum is such that the top of the cone is located at a distance from the base of the cone which is greater than or equal to four times the diameter of the base of the cone.
- the width is the dimension of the surface parallel to the ground and height the dimension perpendicular to the ground. If the height of the surface to be coated is greater than the dimension covered by the spectrum powder emission, then we can plan to move this point vertically resignation. Conversely, we can consider that the width corresponds to the dimension of the surface to be coated perpendicular to the ground, and then plan to move the emission point parallel to the ground.
- the surface to be coated has a symmetry of revolution, for example example corresponds to the outer periphery of a tube, then we rotate this surface so as to coat it.
- the width of the surface to be coated corresponds to a diameter of the tube, the diameter being by example considered at the section of the tube in the extension of the axis main jet of powder.
- the support undergoes advantageously a last cooking step so as to keep this layer of powder.
- Cooking is carried out for example in an oven between 100 ° C and 180 ° C.
- the cooking time is for example between 10 and 15 minutes.
- the support is maintained at its potential electric so that the powder particles remain attracted to it homogeneous.
- the support can be disconnected of its power supply.
- a homogeneous polymerization of the powder layer by heating the surface to be coated beforehand, and projecting powder particles at a temperature below the temperature from the surface.
- the powder particles are emitted at temperature ambient, while the temperature on the surface of the support is brought between 50 ° C. and 80 ° C.
- This step of heating the support makes it possible in particular to improve the adhesion of powder particles on low conductive surfaces of electricity.
- a powder is chosen from the family of polyester epoxies.
- This powder has a particle size such that the diameter of its grains is understood between 28 micrometers and 50 micrometers, and preferably between 28 ⁇ m and 35 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the powder layer thus deposited is at least equal to the grain diameter, greater than or equal to 28 ⁇ m.
- the average thickness of the powder layer may be less than 28 ⁇ m, since the entire surface is not covered with juxtaposed grains. Indeed, the use of the deflector allows the formation of a cloud, which allows a finer deposit of powder.
- a deflector such that we preferably have its center facing the area of the surface to be coated behind the deflector. If the main axis of the powder jet is not oriented on the the surface to be coated located behind the deflector, but for example slightly above, we shift slightly vertically and upwards the center of the deflector, towards this main axis.
- the deflector is preferably a plate which is not electrically charged, erected perpendicularly to the main axis of the powder jet.
- This deflector can in particular have a square shape with sides greater than the dimensions of the zone of the surface to be coated behind the deflector. Especially if we define a width and height of an irregular area to be coated behind the deflector, the sides of the deflector are all respectively greater than this width and at this height.
- the finer deposit also depends on the particle density powder presented by the cloud formed between the deflector and the surface to to coat, this density also depending on the distance between the deflector and this surface.
- the deflector is placed at a greater distance or equal to twice the width of the area of the surface to be coated behind the deflector, and in particular twice the width of the irregular area, the width being considered as the dimension of the area parallel to the ground.
- the sides of the deflector are substantially equal to the diameter of the tube at this strip, and the deflector is raised parallel to this outer circumference.
- the deflector is placed at a distance of the order of twice the diameter of the tube of this strip.
- Figure 1 shows a sectional view of a support 1 having a surface to be covered 2, this surface being covered with a layer 3 of powder according to a state-of-the-art process.
- Surface 2 has an irregularity 4 constituted by a step in the plane formed by the surface 2. This offset is clear and forms a song erected at 90 ° between the plane formed by the surface 2 and the irregular zone 5 delimited by this recess 4.
- the layer 3 of powder uniformly covers the surface 2 and the irregular area 5. at the level of the step 4, the powder area fills the space and forms a gradual drop, with a slope of the order of 40 ° relative to the plane of the surface 2. The offset is therefore not very visible with this layer 3.
- the method according to the invention is implemented.
- support 1 so that the surface to be coated stands perpendicular to the ground.
- the medium 6 is presented so that the jet it projects is defined along a main axis of projection 7, this axis 7 coming perpendicular to the contact of the surface 2.
- the jet emitted forms a conical cloud 8 including an axis connecting the top S at the base B of this cone corresponds to the main axis 7.
- the base B of the cone corresponds in particular to surface 2.
- shutter 9 at the outlet of this means 6 to define an angle opening 10 of the cone inside which the powder is sprayed.
- the S summit of cone i.e. the point of emission of the powder jet is located at a distance 11 of surface 2.
- Surface 2 stands perpendicular to axis 7, and width 12 of the surface corresponds to a dimension defined parallel to the ground, whereas the height 13 corresponds to a dimension defined perpendicular to the ground.
- the support 1 forms a tube with an axis of symmetry of revolution 14 standing perpendicular to the ground.
- the width 12 is defined by an outside diameter of the tube, and that the height 13 corresponds to the height of this tube.
- the support 1 can then be driven in rotation by a rotary shaft 15 on which it is erected to be coated with powder all around its exterior.
- the axis 7 stands perpendicular to the surface 2 of such so that it cuts this surface at a median height of the surface, by example according to a plane of symmetry of the surface 2, so that the cloud conical uniformly covers this surface 2.
- the distance 11 is chosen so that it is at least four times greater than the width 12.
- the powder emitted by the means 6 is kept in contact with the surface 2 because the powder and the surface are electrically charged so opposite.
- the means 6 is an electrostatic gun which projects the powder particles, for example negatively charging them.
- the gun 6 is supplied by a source 16.
- This source 16 is also connected to the device 1 for placing the surface 2 at a given electrical potential. In the case present, the potential of surface 2 would be positive to see particles adhere to it negatively charged powder.
- the particles being dispersed in the spectrum homogeneous emission, these are deposited so as to form a homogeneous layer on the surface of surface 2.
- the spectrum emission of the powder particles is broken by means of a deflector 17 disposed intermediate between the emitting means 6 and the irregular area 5 of the surface 2.
- the deflector 17 is independent of the emitting means 6, they do not are not related to each other.
- the deflector 17 forms a mask which interrupts the trajectory of the powder particles emitted by means 6.
- the trajectory of these particles is modified so that the impact of the particles against the deflector entrains them in a movement around the deflector.
- Particles bypass the deflector at each of its borders and then form a cloud particle electrostatic 18 between the deflector 17 and the surface 2. From preferably, the cloud of particles 18 comes into contact with the irregular zone 5.
- a deflector with dimensions adapted to those of the irregular area 5 to be covered.
- the deflector 17 parallel to this zone 5, so that it is distant by a distance 19 which is greater than or equal to twice the width 12, and at least twice greater than a width 20 of the irregularity pattern as shown in FIG. 3.
- a deflector 17 is chosen having a width 21 and a height 22.
- the width 21 is substantially equal to the width 20 of the pattern irregularities.
- the height 22 of the deflector 17 is substantially greater than the height 23 of the irregular zone 5. If a center is defined geometrical of the deflector this one can for example be centered on the pattern of the zone 5. But in a variant, presented, Figures 2 and 4, given the position of zone 5 relative to axis 7, the center of the deflector is slightly shifted upwards so that the powder jet not broken by the deflector has an opening angle 24 such that no powder particle comes directly into contact with zone 5, and that only the particles of the cloud formed at the rear of the deflector come into contact with this zone 5.
- a square deflector is chosen such that the width 21 is equal to height 22, and such that its sides are greater than or equal width 20 of the irregular pattern of zone 5.
- the zone 5 forms by example a strip, in this case presented on the bottom of the tube, relatively at the position of the emission point 6 of the powder particles.
- the deflector remains fixed.
- Figure 4 is such that the layer deposited in direct flux from the emission point 6 on the surface 2 has a thickness 25, whereas at the level of zone 5 the thickness 26 of the layer is less than the thickness 25. From plus, since the deposit at zone 5 is done by attraction electrostatic particles on the surface of zone 5, they move without attenuating the angles of the recesses such as 4. Indeed, the particles deviated then go along the shortest path towards the surface located at the rear of the deflector 17, namely by moving along a trajectory orthogonal to the surface to which they are attracted. This displacement is therefore parallel to the recess 4 along which the particles are hardly fixed.
- the thickness 27 at the edge 4 is almost zero, and therefore, even after deposition of layer 3, the visibility of the step 4 remains the same, since the proportions of the hollows and the extra thicknesses are maintained.
- the thickness 25 is for example between 28 ⁇ m and 35 ⁇ m, while in the irregular zone 5 the average thickness 26 of the deposited layer is less than 28 ⁇ m.
Landscapes
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
- Electrostatic Spraying Apparatus (AREA)
- Glanulating (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- un organe de projection émet un jet de particules de poudre chargée électriquement en direction du support,
- un générateur établit un potentiel électrique au niveau de la surface à enduire de telle sorte que les particules de poudre sont attirées vers cette surface,
- un déflecteur, indépendant de l'organe de projection, est disposé en vis-à-vis de la surface de manière à ce qu'au moins une partie des particules de poudre soit déviée et forme un nuage entre ce déflecteur et la surface, ce nuage étant attiré de manière uniforme sur la surface, sous l'effet de l'attraction électrostatique générée par ladite surface.
Le nuage obtenu entre le déflecteur et la surface située en vis-à-vis est de préférence diffus, les particules de ce nuage sont alors attirées vers la surface à enduire, indépendamment de la direction avec laquelle elles ont été initialement projetées. De préférence, le déflecteur est électriquement neutre.
Claims (18)
- Procédé de recouvrement par voie électrostatique d'un support (1) comportant une surface (2) à enduire caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte les étapes suivantes:un organe de projection (6) émet un jet (8) de particules de poudre chargée électriquement en direction du support,un générateur (16) établit un potentiel électrique au niveau de la surface à enduire de telle sorte que les particules de poudre sont attirées vers cette surface,un déflecteur (17), indépendant de l'organe de projection, est disposé en vis-à-vis de la surface de manière à ce qu'au moins une partie des particules de poudre soit déviée et forme un nuage (18) entre ce déflecteur et la surface, ce nuage étant attiré de manière uniforme sur la surface, sous l'effet de l'attraction électrostatique générée par ladite surface.
- Procédé selon la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que la surface à enduire comporte une zone (5) présentant un état de surface irrégulier, notamment avec des creux formés par exemple par estampage, matriçage ou embossage.
- Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 2, caractérisé en ce qu'on émet le jet de poudre au moyen d'un pistolet électrostatique, ou d'un générateur triboélectrique.
- Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce qu'on dispose le point d'émission du jet de poudre à une distance (11) au moins quatre fois supérieure à une largeur (12) de la surface à enduire.
- Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce qu'on règle un diamètre d'ouverture d'un obturateur (9) disposé à une sortie d'un moyen émetteur du jet de poudre pour déterminer le spectre (10) de ce jet.
- Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce qu'on déplace axialement un moyen émetteur du jet de poudre le long de la surface à enduire.
- Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce qu'on utilise un déflecteur de dimensions telles que ses cotés (21, 22) sont chacun respectivement supérieurs aux dimensions respectives (20, 23) de la zone de la surface à enduire située derrière le déflecteur.
- Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisé en ce qu'on dispose le déflecteur à une distance (19) au moins deux fois supérieure à une largeur (20) de la zone de la surface à enduire située derrière le déflecteur.
- Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisé en ce qu'on dispose le déflecteur tel que son centre se situe en vis-à-vis de la zone de la surface à enduire située derrière le déflecteur, et de préférence légèrement décalé verticalement en direction du jet central de poudre.
- Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 9, caractérisé en ce que la poudre est choisie parmi la famille des époxy polyesters, et en ce qu'elle est au préalable broyée pour obtenir une granulométrie comprise entre 28 µm et 50 µm, et de préférence entre 28 µm et 35 µm.
- Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 10, caractérisé en ce qu'on ébavure, éventuellement polit, et dégraisse au préalable la surface à enduire du support.
- Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 11, caractérisé en ce qu'on choisit un support conducteur de préférence métallique, notamment en aluminium.
- Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 12, caractérisé en ce qu'on chauffe la surface à une température supérieure à celles des particules de poudre émises, de manière à ce qu'une température de surface soit par exemple de l'ordre de 50 à 80°C, pour favoriser l'adhérence de la poudre sur la surface.
- Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 13, caractérisé en ce qu'après enduction de poudre, on place le support ainsi enduit dans une étuve de cuisson, cette étuve ayant une température comprise entre 100°C et 180°C pour permettre la polymérisation de la poudre sur le support.
- Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 14, caractérisé en ce qu'on maintient le potentiel électrique du support et la charge électrostatique de la poudre au moyen d'un générateur (16) dont la puissance est comprise entre 60 et 80 kV.
- Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 15, caractérisé en ce que la surface à enduire présente une symétrie de révolution autour d'un axe (14) dressé perpendiculairement au jet de poudre, et en ce qu'on entraíne (15) en rotation cette surface de manière à enduire l'intégralité de la surface.
- Procédé de recouvrement d'un support (1) comportant une surface (2) à enduire, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte les étapes suivantes:on choisit une poudre dans la famille des époxy polyesters,on broie cette poudre pour obtenir une granulométrie comprise entre 28 µm et 50 µm, et de préférence entre 28 µm et 35 µmon émet (6) un jet avec une poudre chargée électriquement, au moyen d'un organe de projection en direction du support,on établit (16) un potentiel électrique au niveau de la surface à enduire de telle sorte que la poudre soit attirée vers cette surface,on dispose un déflecteur (17), indépendant de cet organe de projection, entre un point d'émission du jet et une zone (5) à enduire,on place ensuite le support recouvert de poudre dans une étuve de cuisson.
- Dispositif comportant un support (1) présentant une surface (2) à enduire avec une zone (5) présentant un état de surface irrégulier, la surface à enduire étant recouverte d'une couche de poudre polymérisée, caractérisé en ce que l'épaisseur (25) de cette couche est comprise entre 28 µm et 35 µm au niveau de la surface à enduire, sauf dans la zone irrégulière où la couche a une épaisseur moyenne (26) inférieure à 28 µm.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0302877 | 2003-03-07 | ||
| FR0302877A FR2851939B1 (fr) | 2003-03-07 | 2003-03-07 | Procede d'application electrostatique d'une poudre sur un support a etat de surface notamment irregulier |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1454674A1 true EP1454674A1 (fr) | 2004-09-08 |
| EP1454674B1 EP1454674B1 (fr) | 2008-08-27 |
Family
ID=32799654
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP04290287A Expired - Lifetime EP1454674B1 (fr) | 2003-03-07 | 2004-02-04 | Procédé d'application électrostatique d'une poudre sur un support à état de surface notamment irrégulier |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1454674B1 (fr) |
| AT (1) | ATE406214T1 (fr) |
| DE (1) | DE602004016070D1 (fr) |
| ES (1) | ES2311136T3 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2851939B1 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102814374A (zh) * | 2012-08-06 | 2012-12-12 | 合肥美的荣事达电冰箱有限公司 | 一种冰箱、用于冰箱的板材及其加工方法 |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3521815A (en) | 1969-05-07 | 1970-07-28 | Imre Szasz | Guns for the electrostatic spray coating of objects with a powder |
| FR2751567A1 (fr) | 1996-07-26 | 1998-01-30 | Manducher Sa | Dispositif de masquage d'une piece pour l'application electrostatique d'un appret poudre sur sa bordure |
-
2003
- 2003-03-07 FR FR0302877A patent/FR2851939B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2004
- 2004-02-04 EP EP04290287A patent/EP1454674B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-02-04 AT AT04290287T patent/ATE406214T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-02-04 ES ES04290287T patent/ES2311136T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-02-04 DE DE602004016070T patent/DE602004016070D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3521815A (en) | 1969-05-07 | 1970-07-28 | Imre Szasz | Guns for the electrostatic spray coating of objects with a powder |
| FR2751567A1 (fr) | 1996-07-26 | 1998-01-30 | Manducher Sa | Dispositif de masquage d'une piece pour l'application electrostatique d'un appret poudre sur sa bordure |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102814374A (zh) * | 2012-08-06 | 2012-12-12 | 合肥美的荣事达电冰箱有限公司 | 一种冰箱、用于冰箱的板材及其加工方法 |
| CN102814374B (zh) * | 2012-08-06 | 2015-08-12 | 合肥美的电冰箱有限公司 | 一种冰箱、用于冰箱的板材及其加工方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ATE406214T1 (de) | 2008-09-15 |
| DE602004016070D1 (de) | 2008-10-09 |
| EP1454674B1 (fr) | 2008-08-27 |
| FR2851939B1 (fr) | 2006-05-26 |
| FR2851939A1 (fr) | 2004-09-10 |
| ES2311136T3 (es) | 2009-02-01 |
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