Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
  • H03M1/00—Analogue/digital conversion; Digital/analogue conversion
  • H03M1/12—Analogue/digital converters
  • H03M1/22—Analogue/digital converters pattern-reading type
  • H03M1/32—Analogue/digital converters pattern-reading type using cathode-ray tubes or analoguous two-dimensional deflection systems

Definitions

• the present invention relates generally to analog to digital conversion, and more particularly to a system and a method for high-speed analog to digital conversions.
• A/D converter analog-to-digital converter
• A/D converters operating between 30MHz and 3GHz with resolution in excess of about 10 bits. These A/D converters could be used as components in radar front-ends, intercept receivers, image processing, HDTV and in many other areas.
• Conventional semiconducting devices have well-known system limitations and cannot meet the above performance requirements. For instance, present silicon bipolar technology achieves 4 bits at 1GHz and GaAs heteroj unction bipolar transistor (HBT) technology is projected to achieve 6 bits at 1GHz. This leaves Josephson junction (JJ) technology as the most promising to potentially produce the performance necessary for advanced digital systems.
• JJ Josephson junction
• the fastest Josephson junction flash A/D converter operated at liquid He temperature achieved 6 bits at 1GHz, and 3 bits at 10GHz.
• Tc critical temperature
• Fig. 1 illustrates the current - voltage characteristic of a weak link Josephson Junction device
• Fig. 2 illustrates an electron beam excited dispersionless HTC superconducting line matched at both ends and containing a weak links in series;
• Fig. 3 illustrates a 3 bit electron beam excited superconducting A D converter
• Fig. 4 illustrates a general, N-bit, beam excited superconducting A/D converter
• Fig. 5 illustrates expected performance of the exemplary embodiment electron beam analog to digital converter
• Fig. 6 shows a miniature Stirling closed cycle refrigerator
• Fig. 7 illustrates a schematic diagram of an ultra-high performance analog to digital converter system.
• the above-discussed and other problems and deficiencies of the prior art are overcome or alleviated by the several methods and apparatus of the present invention for a system and method for converting an analog voltage signal to a digital representation at high speeds, known as an analog to digital converter (A/D converter).
• A/D converter analog to digital converter
• the invention teaches an N-bit A/D converter, made by N superconducting, preferably HTC, transmission lines.
• the N lines are arranged adjacently and in parallel with each other.
• N ⁇ 1 JJs are imbedded in series.
• the JJs form a matrix over the configuration of the N superconducting transmission lines in such a manner that across the lines the JJs give N digit binary numbers, while in the length direction these N digit binary numbers fall in numerical order.
• a scanning electron beam is made to impinge on this arrangement.
• the beam is scanned across the lines at a high frequency, while it is deflected by the applied voltage signal along the direction of the lines.
• the beam generates a voltage step on any one of the N lines on condition of hitting any one of the JJs.
• an N-bit step voltage pattern is generated on the lines. This pattern is the direct digital readout of the input voltage signal.
• a novel A/D converter system and method that is based on HTC superconductivity weak link devices which produce performance levels orders of magnitude higher than what was thought possible using conventional low Tc Josephson junction (JJ) devices.
• the system relies on two phenomena. First, that an electron beam is deflectable within the many GHz frequency range. Second, that a Josephson Junction (JJ) switches into the voltage state upon being hit by an appropriate electron beam.
• This ultra-high performance A/D converter exploits the interaction of electron beams with superconducting devices and circuits.
• the herein disclosed system and method is capable of deflecting electron beams at bandwidths in excess of 10 GHz leading to A/D converter performance of 10 GHz bandwidth at 10-bit resolution.
• This hybrid system also benefits from the important dispersionless property of superconducting transmission lines and ultra-fast switching of HTC weak links.
• a 12-bit A/D converter having an analog bandwidth of 500 MHz to 1GHz is possible. This is orders of magnitude higher than other technologies.
• A/D converter performance can be extended to 10GHz at 12 bits.
• Fig. 1 shows the current-voltage characteristics of a JJ of the weak link type, which has a critical current J 0 and is current biased at a current I g .
• J 0 is suppressed to I' 0 , well below I g , causing the device to switch from the zero voltage state to V 0 .
• This device will reset back to the zero voltage state upon removal of the electron beam excitation.
• the switching speed of weak link type JJ devices is well known to be in the sub-picosecond range.
• Fig. 2 illustrates a transmission line 20 as a component of a multiple bit A/D converter system disclosed herein.
• the transmission line 20 is a dispersionless HTC superconducting transmission lines including plural Josephson junctions 22 in series (as represented by crosses in Fig. 2).
• the transmission line 20 generally has a characteristic impedance of Z 0 , (a few Ohms) and is matched at both ends.
• a current supply biases the Josephson junctions at I g) and, as shown above, when an electron beam hits any one of these junctions, a voltage pulse V 0 is created and transmitted to the output end of the line.
• the propagation delay generally limits the bandwidth and the bits of resolution of the A/D converter.
• an A/D converter includes N transmission lines 20 described above in Fig. 2.
• the operating principles are illustrated in Fig. 3, wherein an embodiment of a 3-bit A/D converter 30 is depicted. In this case, three transmission lines 32a, 32b and 32c are placed adjacent to each other and separated by a suitable distance to minimize crosstalk.
• transmission lines 32a, 32b and 32c are oriented along the Y direction and an electron beam is made to sweep or scan in the X direction. Also shown in Fig. 3 are 2 3 , or eight, rows represented by Y 0 through Y 7 . In the X, Y plane, a matrix identification thus created which has eight rows and three columns (three transmission lines 32a, 32b and 32c). A bit pattern representing the position of each row is shown by the number of Josephson junctions (cross symbol) in each row. For instance, the first row, Y 0 , has no JJ's and the bit pattern representing the Y 0 position is (0,0,0). At the other end, Y , has 3 JJ's and the bit pattern is (1,1,1).
• a D converter function one exploits the ability to scan an electron beam in the X and Y plane very rapidly. Electron beam deflection of bandwidths approaching 20GHz is possible. In the X direction, the electron beam is swept continuously at the sampling frequency f s (f s > 10 GHz). The input analog signal is applied to the Y deflection system, deflecting the beam in the Y direction, to any position between Y 0 and Y , depending on the value of the input analog signal. For instance, when the input analog signal is zero, the electron beam will be swept in the X direction across the first row (Y 0 ) and, in this case, because there are no Josephson junctions in this row, the output voltage of the three lines is the bit pattern (0.0.0).
• the 3-bit A/D converter 30 clearly relies on the zero resistance and dispersionless quality of superconducting lines, the ultra-high switching speed of Josephson junctions and the ability to deflect the electron beam in the X and Y direction in multiple GHz bandwidths.
• a general A/D converter 40 for N bits is illustrated.
• N transmission lines 42a, 42b, 42c...42 N -_ are needed.
• the rows repeat at a period p, the length of the JJ's, which is also the length of a unit of void, the shortest portion of the line without a JJ.
• the analog bandwidth is limited by the propagation delay T of the signal in the transmission line 42, which is related to the length of the line.
• the sampling frequency is the frequency at which the election beam is swept in the X direction, and determines the ultimate performance of the system.
• the maximum analog bandwidth BW of the system cannot be larger than Vz f s .
• the performance of the A/D converter is generally bounded by three lines or regions.
• N 17 bits at BW of 1GHz.
• Fig. 5 A long length limitation in Fig. 5 is obtained because the above formula breaks down due the constraint that the transmission line length cannot be indefinitely long. Based on intuition, practical constraints such as microfabrication, electron beam scan distance, beam defocusing and others, the maximum transmission line length is about 10cm, in this case, the A/D converter performance has a 500MHz bandwidth at 18 bits of resolution.
• the invented electron beam A/D converter has orders of magnitude higher performance than the most advanced JJ-based circuits.
• the possibility of obtaining analog bandwidths of 10GHz at 13 bits or 1GHz at 17 bits is impossible to contemplate by other technologies.
• the key factor to achieving such ultra-high performance levels is the ability to create electron beam deflection circuits of bandwidths in excess of 10GHz. This was demonstrated by S. M. Kocimski (IEEE Transactions On Electron Devices, Vol. 38. page 1524, June, 1991).
• Another important advantage of this new concept is that Josephson junctions can be of the weak link type instead of the tunnel junctions having sharp quasi particle tunneling components.
• the weak link can readily be made using HTC superconducting materials making it possible to use cooling at 77°K with a miniature refrigerator as shown in Fig. 6.
• a primary concern with achieving deflection bandwidths of 20GHz and beyond relates to the linearity over the dynamic range of 2 N when N > 10.
• the disclosed A/D converter architecture can address this at the superconducting chip. Instead of having the rows repeat periodically with pitch p, certain groups of rows will have variable spacing determined by measurements of the non-linearity. This scheme, therefore, serves to minimize the non-linearity.
• a preferred embodiment of an ultra-high performance A/D converter system 70 is schematically illustrated in Fig. 7.
• the A/D converter system 70 includes three major subsystems.
• An electron beam subsystem 76 generally comprises known electron beam generating systems capable of delivering an election beam, for example, having about a 0.5 micron diameter, 0.1 ⁇ A, and voltage in the 1-5 KV range depending on the analog bandwidth desired.
• the X, Y deflection circuits are designed to achieve bandwidths in the range of 100MHz to 20GHz.
• a superconducting transmission line chip 76 is also provided, which utilizes high T c superconducting transmission lines and weak link devices providing linearized transmission generally as described above with respect to Figures 2-4, along with appropriate insulator and resistor technologies and a regulated power supply.
• the chip 76 preferably includes wide bandwidth amplifiers to interface with room temperature electronics.
• the chip 76 should be packaged in a vacuum seal arrangement such that the top surface is in the vacuum and exposed to the electron beam excitation while the other surface is thermally connected to a cooling subsystem 78
• the cooling subsystem 78 is provided to compensate for the dissipation from the superconducting circuit of a fraction of a milliwatt of power. Accordingly, the cooling constraint is not severe. Cooling may be accomplished conveniently using, for example, a miniature Stirling dosed-cycle refrigerator shown in Fig. 6, which is well known.
• Additional electronics such as linear-wide bandwidth amplifiers, sync generators and room temperature interface electronics, such as memory buffers and processors, also may be included as neede dfor the particular applaiciton.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
• Analogue/Digital Conversion (AREA)
• Superconductor Devices And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)

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• 2002
  • 2002-03-14 TW TW091104884A patent/TW523994B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 2002-03-14 JP JP2002572732A patent/JP2005508101A/ja active Pending
  • 2002-03-14 CN CN02809857.9A patent/CN1599980A/zh active Pending
  • 2002-03-14 US US10/098,906 patent/US6617987B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2002-03-14 WO PCT/US2002/007906 patent/WO2002073809A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2002-03-14 EP EP02721424A patent/EP1413056A2/en not_active Withdrawn

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