EP1407141A1 - Procede et dispositif pour reguler la vitesse de rotation d'une eolienne sans multiplicateur, au moyen de dispositifs electroniques de puissance - Google Patents

Procede et dispositif pour reguler la vitesse de rotation d'une eolienne sans multiplicateur, au moyen de dispositifs electroniques de puissance

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Publication number
EP1407141A1
EP1407141A1 EP02762362A EP02762362A EP1407141A1 EP 1407141 A1 EP1407141 A1 EP 1407141A1 EP 02762362 A EP02762362 A EP 02762362A EP 02762362 A EP02762362 A EP 02762362A EP 1407141 A1 EP1407141 A1 EP 1407141A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
power
generator
wind
control
speed
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP02762362A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Rajib Datta
Steffen Bernet
Harry Reinold
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ABB Research Ltd Switzerland
ABB Research Ltd Sweden
Original Assignee
ABB Research Ltd Switzerland
ABB Research Ltd Sweden
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by ABB Research Ltd Switzerland, ABB Research Ltd Sweden filed Critical ABB Research Ltd Switzerland
Publication of EP1407141A1 publication Critical patent/EP1407141A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
    • F03D7/028—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor controlling wind motor output power
    • F03D7/0284—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor controlling wind motor output power in relation to the state of the electric grid
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
    • F03D7/0272—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor by measures acting on the electrical generator
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
    • F03D7/0276—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor controlling rotor speed, e.g. variable speed
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
    • F03D7/04—Automatic control; Regulation
    • F03D7/042—Automatic control; Regulation by means of an electrical or electronic controller
    • F03D7/048—Automatic control; Regulation by means of an electrical or electronic controller controlling wind farms
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D9/00—Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby; Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations
    • F03D9/20—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus
    • F03D9/25—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus the apparatus being an electrical generator
    • F03D9/255—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus the apparatus being an electrical generator connected to electrical distribution networks; Arrangements therefor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P9/00—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output
    • H02P9/48—Arrangements for obtaining a constant output value at varying speed of the generator, e.g. on vehicle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2220/00—Application
    • F05B2220/70—Application in combination with
    • F05B2220/706—Application in combination with an electrical generator
    • F05B2220/7064—Application in combination with an electrical generator of the alternating current (A.C.) type
    • F05B2220/70642—Application in combination with an electrical generator of the alternating current (A.C.) type of the synchronous type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2220/00—Application
    • F05B2220/70—Application in combination with
    • F05B2220/706—Application in combination with an electrical generator
    • F05B2220/7066—Application in combination with an electrical generator via a direct connection, i.e. a gearless transmission
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2220/00—Application
    • F05B2220/70—Application in combination with
    • F05B2220/706—Application in combination with an electrical generator
    • F05B2220/7068—Application in combination with an electrical generator equipped with permanent magnets
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2240/00—Components
    • F05B2240/90—Mounting on supporting structures or systems
    • F05B2240/95—Mounting on supporting structures or systems offshore
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2240/00—Components
    • F05B2240/90—Mounting on supporting structures or systems
    • F05B2240/96—Mounting on supporting structures or systems as part of a wind turbine farm
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2270/00—Control
    • F05B2270/10—Purpose of the control system
    • F05B2270/101—Purpose of the control system to control rotational speed (n)
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2270/00—Control
    • F05B2270/10—Purpose of the control system
    • F05B2270/103—Purpose of the control system to affect the output of the engine
    • F05B2270/1033—Power (if explicitly mentioned)
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2270/00—Control
    • F05B2270/10—Purpose of the control system
    • F05B2270/20—Purpose of the control system to optimise the performance of a machine
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2270/00—Control
    • F05B2270/30—Control parameters, e.g. input parameters
    • F05B2270/32—Wind speeds
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2270/00—Control
    • F05B2270/50—Control logic embodiment by
    • F05B2270/504—Control logic embodiment by electronic means, e.g. electronic tubes, transistors or IC's within an electronic circuit
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2270/00—Control
    • F05B2270/70—Type of control algorithm
    • F05B2270/705—Type of control algorithm proportional-integral
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P2101/00—Special adaptation of control arrangements for generators
    • H02P2101/15—Special adaptation of control arrangements for generators for wind-driven turbines
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/727—Offshore wind turbines

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and a device for speed-adjustable power electronic control of a gearless wind power plant, in particular an offshore wind power plant (offshore wind power plant) near the coast, which enables an always maximized power conversion even at strongly varying wind speeds.
  • Wind power or wind energy plants with their usually several ten meter high mast, on the top of which there is a nacelle for receiving a wind turbine with a rotor, usually with one to three rotor blades, generally also have a generator coupled to the turbine, if necessary with intermediate gear.
  • the generators used in wind energy or wind power plants are in most cases asynchronous generators, since they have a high level of operational safety due to their comparatively simple and robust construction and require only low maintenance costs. If these generators are connected directly to the respective power or supply network, the turbine speed, which usually ranges between 18 and 25 revolutions per minute, must be connected to the generator speed by means of an intermediate gearbox, which is determined by the respective grid frequency of 50 or 60 Hertz is given to be adjusted. The turbine speed which is thus predetermined by the grid frequency
  • the inductive reactive power is compensated by intermediate capacitor banks.
  • these capacitor banks are either connected to the circuit or separated from the circuit in order to increase the power factor of the generator.
  • the arbitrary switching on and off of the capacitor banks leads to undesired transients in the mains current or the mains voltage.
  • stator of the generator is connected directly to the three-phase power line and the rotor is fed via an active inverter.
  • an active inverter Such a circuit enables both undersynchronous and oversynchronous operation of the generator.
  • this operating principle allows regulation to the point of maximum power conversion (MPP) and a power factor of one when feeding into the grid.
  • MPP point of maximum power conversion
  • slip rings In addition to the transmission that is still present, the use of slip rings also has a disadvantage for operational safety and reliability.
  • the use of active power electronic converters connected downstream of the generator leads to a reduction in operational reliability and to an increase in costs, particularly in the range of the indicated high powers of more than one megawatt. Furthermore is reduced by losses occurring in the active power semiconductors of the active converter, its efficiency, which reduces the economy of the power plant.
  • Wind turbines are essentially characterized by their power-speed characteristic curve, that is to say the converted power is considered in relation to or as a function of the rotational speed of the wind turbine or its shaft.
  • the power value P ⁇ implemented by a wind turbine depends on the one hand on the dimensions of the corresponding system, but also on the geometry of the rotor blades, the air density and the respectively available wind speed. For a horizontally mounted wind turbine, its performance is based on the following relation
  • the power factor C p is dependent on the geometry of the rotor blades and on the rapid-action number ⁇ , which is defined as the ratio of the speed of the rotor blade tip v R to the wind speed v.
  • ⁇ z> is the angular or rotational speed of the wind turbine or the turbine shaft and R is the radius of the turbine, measured from the center of the axis of rotation to the tip of the rotor blade.
  • the power coefficient C p always reaches its maximum only for a certain rapid number ⁇ and thus a certain ratio of peak speed v R to wind speed v ⁇ However, this means that for each wind speed ⁇ w an i- There is a real rotor speed or speed that allows the system to be operated in the limit range of maximum power conversion.
  • the object of the invention is to enable and to ensure, at varying wind speeds, an always maximized power conversion of a gearless wind power or energy plant, in particular a coastal offshore wind power or wind energy plant (offshore wind energy plant).
  • This task is accomplished by a device and a method for the speed-adjustable power electronic control of one or more gearless wind power plants, which are coupled and separately controllable via a capacitive DC link to form a network, in particular offshore wind power plants, each with a mast several meters high A gondola with a wind turbine and generator unit rests on the top, and at least one converter unit for feeding in the grid, an active power electronic control unit or a field controller for torque and thus speed control, and a corresponding, preferably modular control device are released.
  • the speed of the rotor is varied electronically, depending on the prevailing wind speed, using the control device, which is preferably constructed from a plurality of control modules, so that always maximized system power conversion is achieved.
  • the device according to the invention has one or more gearless wind turbines, wind turbines or wind energy converter systems (WECS), in particular in the offshore area near the coast, with a mast several tens of meters high and a wind turbine with generator unit.
  • the wind energy plants or their generator units are electrically connected in parallel on the DC voltage side via a common capacitive DC voltage intermediate circuit and are indirectly connected or coupled to one another.
  • each generator unit is assigned a control module of the control device, which is preferably located in the immediate vicinity of the generator unit to reduce the line paths and thus the switching or control path and the control times, or is integrated into this, if necessary, for example Non-modular structure of the control device, can also be accommodated separately from the actual wind turbine in a switch station located on land.
  • the control device has at least three differently configured control module groups or functional control assemblies, these are
  • Control modules of the generator units - control modules of the grid-side active inverter units, a higher-level control module that functions as an interface between the control modules of the generator units and the active inverter units, and separate, cross-system tasks, such as triggering or actuating protective devices integrated in the circuitry in the event of any faults or malfunctions that may occur where applicable, the detection of the wind speeds prevailing locally in the respective wind energy installations and the determination of a wind speed averaged over the entire wind park.
  • All control modules are preferably implemented in the form of digital circuit complexes, each with at least one digital signal processor, but can also be hard-wired using corresponding analog control elements, such as PI controllers, PT controllers, two-point controllers, low-pass filters, subtractors, multipliers, comparators and amplifiers.
  • Each generator unit of a wind turbine has a synchronous generator, and a diode rectifier electrically connected in series with it, as well as an active, power-electronic current controller to provide the field excitation power (field controller) and a control module for regulating and controlling the generator unit and its power electronic modules. This includes in particular the acquisition and further processing of relevant system information, such as the machine currents, the terminal voltages and the speed of the generator, as well as the communication and the data and information exchange with the higher-level control module of the control device.
  • the synchronous generator is in this case connected directly, that is to say without an intermediary transmission, to the wind turbine of the wind energy installation or its turbine shaft.
  • the speed of rotation of the turbine is usually around 18 to 25 revolutions per minute, but can also exceed or decrease below it.
  • the synchronous generator should preferably be designed with a large number of poles of several tens or hundreds of pole pairs.
  • the synchronous generator has a magnetic mixer excitation system which has both permanent magnets and electrical field or excitation windings. However, it can also be carried out with a purely electrical field excitation.
  • the static component of the magnetic field or the magnetic basic or output field strength is generated by the existing permanent magnets, whereas the field or excitation windings in the current-carrying state generate a controllably variable field component, the size of which, according to the invention, is made dependent on the prevailing wind conditions.
  • Permanent magnets and electrical field windings are integrated in the rotor.
  • the power to be provided for the excitation or the resulting field structure is extracted from the capacitive DC voltage intermediate circuit by the field controller and transferred into the excitation winding with the aid of slip rings and / or transformers.
  • Excitation windings and field actuators are electrically connected in parallel to the capacitive DC voltage intermediate circuit.
  • Each generator unit also has a preferably passive rectifier with a diode bridge, with slow diodes (mains diodes), which rectifies the electrical power generated in the generator and feeds it into the capacitive DC voltage intermediate circuit.
  • the diode rectifier is electrically connected in series with the generator and the capacitive DC voltage intermediate circuit.
  • the DC voltage outputs of one or more such generator units of the wind farm are electrically connected in parallel to the capacitive DC voltage intermediate circuit on the DC voltage side.
  • the speed of the wind turbine or its rotor is not predefined by a specific value, but can vary depending on the wind strength, the speed of rotation of the turbine will set at a given wind speed at which a kind of equilibrium between the electrical power generated or converted and the mechanical turbine power is given.
  • p is the air density
  • A is the area through which the wind flows or the area swept by the rotor blades
  • v is the wind speed
  • Cp is the wind speed
  • m ax is the maximum power coefficient
  • l opt is the optimal speed index
  • ⁇ is the speed of the wind turbine
  • R is the radius of the wind turbine
  • p , o p t denote a turbine-specific parameter.
  • the generator currents, terminal voltages and the rotational speed of the synchronous generator are recorded and fed to the control module of the generator unit. From the aforementioned values, this determines the reference power P G * and the electrical power of the generator P G resulting from the generator or machine currents and terminal voltages.
  • the resulting power signal P G is filtered, for example to suppress or eliminate ripples caused by harmonics in the phase currents, and is fed as a decision value to the input of a switching device or an operating mode switch. If the power value P G lies outside a predetermined power-related hysteresis band, then there may be a switchover between two different control or operating modes.
  • Switching between the regulation to the point of maximum power conversion at variable turbine speeds and the regulation of the power conversion at constant rotational speed of the wind turbine takes place with the aid of a switching device which is operated within the power-related hysteresis band, in order in this way to cause the signal to tremble or flicker due to constant switching prevent between operating modes.
  • the electrical power generated by the generator P G is used here after passing through a low-pass filter as a decision parameter for generating a switching signal for switching between the two control or operating modes.
  • the reference power PG * is constantly compared with the electrical power of the generator P G. If the reference power P G * from the value of the electrical power of the generator P G , a proportional-integral controller is operated with the resulting differential power, which delivers a reference current / E * for controlling the field actuator of the generator unit and thus for controlling or regulating the variable field of the synchronous machine ,
  • the variable exciter field of the generator is fed via the field controller of the generator unit, which is designed, for example, as a buck converter. This is connected on the input side to the capacitive DC voltage intermediate circuit. The field of excitation and thus the torque of the generator is changed in such a way that the power difference between the reference power P G * and the electrical generator power G disappears.
  • a corresponding current control allows the field or excitation current to be varied rapidly as a function of the reference current / E *, the rate of change being limited by the inductance of the excitation winding or the time constant of the excitation field.
  • the excitation field limited only by its time constant, adjusts itself immediately to its new value. This brings about a rapid adjustment of the electrical generator power P G to the reference power P G *.
  • the wind speeds occurring in the individual power plants must be measured and transmitted to the higher-level control module of the modular control device, which is preferably housed in a switch station located on the coast, and processed there.
  • the control module uses the data provided to determine an average wind speed averaged over the entire wind farm.
  • the resulting average wind signal is then smoothed by means of a low-pass filter and fed to the control modules of the grid-side active inverter units.
  • the reference voltage / J dc * generated in the control modules for the capacitive DC voltage intermediate circuit or the active inverters located on the network side results here as a linear function of the filtered average wind signal.
  • the voltage value of the DC link is limited to a minimum of 80% and a maximum of 120 to 140% of its original value. This principle can also be used for higher voltage values.
  • the generated or converted electrical power of the respective generator is rectified by means of a diode rectifier and transmitted from the offshore wind turbine or wind farm near the coast via an underwater direct current cable at medium voltage or high voltage level to a switch or intermediate station located on land or on the coast.
  • the underwater direct current cable is part of the capacitive direct voltage intermediate circuit.
  • the switching or intermediate station there is an interface for coupling power into the network or consumer network with at least one active inverter unit on the network side, each with an inverter with pulse-width modulation (PWM inverter), which, depending on the voltage applied to the DC intermediate circuit and the rated power limit of the power plants, for example around a thyristor, in particular IGCT 's (Integrated Gate Commutated Thyristors), GTO 's (Gate Door-Off Thyristors), ETO 's , MCT's (Metal Oxi de Semiconductor Controlled Thyristors), MTO's (Metal Oxide Semiconductor turn-off thyristor) or a, is with transistors, in particular IGBT's (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors) equipped two- or multi-level inverter. An inverter equipped with SiC semiconductor switches is also possible and can be used.
  • the switching station has an associated control module for each active inverter unit and the higher-
  • the generated power is fed back into the network or consumer network at a power factor of one or another predetermined value with sinusoidal mains current.
  • the inverter units located on the network side are connected to the network or consumer network for voltage adjustment via one or more transformers, which can be separated from the supply network by at least one circuit breaker.
  • a short-circuit fault occurs in one or more of the inverter units located on the grid side, these can be isolated from the generator units by opening corresponding circuit breakers. Since in such a case any DC link capacitors that are used would run the risk of being overloaded by the generated energy, a DC chopper or DC chopper is connected in parallel in the DC voltage intermediate circuit in order to dissipate the generated energy before the generating units or the generator units can be switched off.
  • a blocking diode advantageously prevents the power generated from parallel units from being fed into the faulty diode bridge.
  • FIG. 1 Schematic power electronics structure of an offshore wind farm near the coast of the invention
  • Fig. 2 basic structure of the modular control and monitoring device
  • Fig. 3b Optional control loop with, depending on an average wind speed, variable voltage of the capacitive DC voltage intermediate circuit
  • Fig. 6a The simulation of the control method based wind speed as a function of time
  • Fig. 1 the power electronic structure of an offshore wind farm near the coast of the invention is shown schematically. Accordingly, such a wind farm one or more wind power or wind energy plants, each with a wind turbine with generator unit 1, a capacitive DC voltage intermediate circuit 2 with DC chopper 3, at least one active inverter unit 4 not located on the generator side, and at least one transformer 5 for coupling the generated electrical power into the grid.
  • the generator unit 1 of each wind turbine has a three-phase synchronous generator 6 and a diode rectifier 7 connected in series with it.
  • the three-phase synchronous generator 6, which preferably has a large number of poles, is connected directly to the wind turbine of the wind turbine or its turbine shaft.
  • the three-phase synchronous generator 6 has a magnetic mixer excitation system which has permanent magnets integrated in the rotor 9 as well as electrical field or excitation windings. However, it can also be excited exclusively electrically.
  • Each generator unit 1 also has a passive diode rectifier 7 with a three-phase diode bridge, which rectifies the electrical power generated in the stator 10 of the three-phase synchronous generator 6 and introduces it into the capacitive DC voltage intermediate circuit 2.
  • the three-phase diode bridge is connected between the stator 10 and the DC link 2.
  • the DC voltage outputs of one or more such generator units 1 of the wind farm are connected in parallel to one another in the capacitive DC voltage intermediate circuit 2.
  • the switching station 12 includes at least one grid-side active inverter unit 4, each with a three-phase inverter 13 with pulse width modulation (PWM inverter), which, depending on the rated voltage of the DC link 2 and the rated power limit of the power plants, is one with thyristors, transistors or SiC semiconductor switches equipped two or multi-point inverters. It is also possible to connect several in parallel Inverters, which can also be fed via phase-shifted three-phase systems.
  • PWM inverter pulse width modulation
  • phase-shifted three-phase systems can be implemented, for example, by different transformer switching groups.
  • the generated power is fed back into the network or consumer network at a power factor of one or another predetermined value with sinusoidal mains current.
  • the active inverter units 4, which are not located on the generator side, are connected to the interconnected or consumer network via one or more transformers 5, which in turn are separated from the supply network by at least one circuit breaker 14. If a short-circuit fault occurs in one or more of the inverter units 5 located on the grid side, these can be isolated from the generator units 1 by opening the corresponding circuit breakers 15.
  • a DC chopper 3 is connected in parallel in the direct voltage intermediate circuit 2 in order to dissipate the generated energy before the generating units or the generator units 1 can be switched off.
  • a blocking diode 16 advantageously prevents the supply of generated power from parallel units to the faulty diode bridge, for example in the event of a short circuit.
  • the monitoring and control of both the entire offshore wind farm as well as the individual power plants and their power electronic device components or components is carried out by means of the modular control and control device 20 shown in FIG. 2.
  • the control device 20 contains control modules 21 for controlling and monitoring the Generator units 1, each generator unit 1 being assigned a separate control module 21, control modules 22 for regulating and monitoring the active inverters 13 not located on the generator side, a separate control module 22 being assigned to each grid-side inverter 13 as well as a higher-level control module 23 which monitors other control modules 21 and 22, communicates with them and performs overarching functions, such as the actuation or activation of circuit breakers 15 and / or DC choppers 3 in the event of faults that occur.
  • the control module 21 of a generator unit detects, for example, the terminal voltages, the machine currents and the rotational speed ⁇ of the generator as input variables and, according to the invention, uses this to generate a reference current k * for the field controller 8 of the respective generator unit for adapting the excitation current and thus the torque and the rotational speed of the generator and as a result a regulation or optimization of the power conversion of the wind turbine.
  • the control module 22 of the respective active grid-side inverter unit 4 receives, as input signals, the voltage U dC of the capacitive DC voltage intermediate circuit 2, the mains voltage, the mains current and optionally a reference voltage l / dc * from the higher-level control module for adapting or changing the voltage of the capacitive DC voltage intermediate circuit 2.
  • FIG. 3a shows a schematic representation of the control loop according to the invention for achieving a maximized power conversion of a power plant.
  • the machine currents and terminal voltages of the generator and its instantaneous speed ⁇ are recorded and the electrical power of the generator PG is determined in a functional unit 30 of the control module 21 belonging to the generator unit 1.
  • the resulting power signal is filtered via a low-pass filter 31 and compared by means of a two-point controller with hysteresis 32 with a power-related hysteresis band or range defined by the controller, which is defined by an upper and a lower limit or threshold value.
  • the two-point controller 32 possibly generates a switching signal that a switching device or a switch 33 for switching between the two possible control modes, namely a regulation to the point of maximum power conversion with variable rotor speeds and a regulation of the power conversion Wind turbine at a fixed, maximum permissible rotor speed, moves.
  • the controller 32 If the control is currently working at variable rotor speeds ⁇ u ⁇ , the electrical generator power P G determined is above the power-related hysteresis band specified by the two-point controller 32, the controller 32 generates a switching signal which causes the switch 33 to generate a reference power P G * for further consideration to be used, which is proportional to the difference formed by means of a comparator 35 between the instantaneous speed ⁇ and the maximum permissible speed ⁇ * and is generated by means of a PI control element 36.
  • P G * P ⁇ , ⁇ * applies here. Switching to regulation of the power conversion with the maximum permissible speed ⁇ * of the wind turbine applies.
  • the reference power P G * selected by means of the switch 33 is first compared with the electrical generator power P G in a comparator 37 and then a reference current k * proportional to the power difference is generated by means of a PI control element 38, which then adjusts the field current 8 to the field controller 8 in order to adapt the excitation current is supplied to each generator unit.
  • the field controller 8 adjusts and regulates the excitation current and thus the generator torque in such a way that the power difference between the reference power P G * and the generator power P G disappears, thereby regulating and limiting the speed and thus regulating and Optimization of the power conversion of the wind turbine without measurement and knowledge of the prevailing wind speeds is made possible.
  • each generator unit 1 has its own control module 21, a separate, individual control of several wind power plants combined in a network, for example in a wind farm and in particular in a coastal offshore wind farm, is ensured. This is particularly advantageous if there are wind strength differences within the wind farm which can then be individually compensated and compensated for by the respective wind turbines.
  • the power electronic control of the power conversion by adapting the generator torque to a change in the torque of the wind turbine by means of angular adjustment of the rotor blades enables a comparatively quick or short stimulation cycle. A fact that is further promoted or supported by the local proximity between the executing control module 21 and generator unit 1.
  • the resulting signal of the average wind speed is smoothed by means of a low-pass filter 39 and fed to the control modules 22 of the active inverter units 4.
  • the reference voltage ( ⁇ ic * of the DC voltage intermediate circuit 2 for the inverters 13 located on the grid side) is determined as a linear function of the filtered signal by a corresponding control element 40 and supplied to the corresponding inverter 13, as a result of which the voltage / J dc is adjusted as a function of the wind speed and thus the power conversion of the capacitive DC voltage intermediate circuit 2 is reached.
  • the regulating and actuating elements shown in FIGS. 3a and 3b are preferably to be implemented in the context of digital signal processors, but can also be implemented by hardwiring corresponding analog regulating devices or regulating elements.
  • Fig. 4 the curve of the power coefficient Cp as a function of the rapid addition ⁇ is shown representative of a turbine. With the help of the curve shown, the characteristic power-speed characteristic curve can be determined using equation I and equation II.
  • FIG. 5 Such a characteristic curve, which is typical of wind turbines, is shown in FIG. 5 for a wind turbine with an output of 1.5 MW and wind speeds in the range between 5 m / s and 15 m / s.
  • a shift in the rotational speed or speed of the turbine with increasing wind speed in the direction of increasing values at the point of maximum power conversion can be clearly observed here.
  • the thick solid line 50 describes the maximized power conversion, point A marking the switchover point of a control at variable speeds to a control at a fixed, maximum permissible speed.
  • Power values between points A and B are obtained at constant speed by varying the generator torque reached.
  • a comparatively high wind strength or wind speed with correspondingly high shaft speeds of the turbine also permits a correspondingly high output power of the wind power plant.
  • a speed control or a limitation or setting of the speed to the maximum permissible value takes effect when the generated or converted power exceeds the upper predetermined power threshold of 800 kW and switches off or on again when the power reaches the predetermined lower power threshold of Falls below 650 kW.
  • This behavior which corresponds to the control scheme represented by FIG. 3a and the associated description, can be understood with reference to FIGS. 6b, 6c and 6d.
  • the turbine-specific maximum permissible speed of rotation here is approx. 18 rpm.
  • the speed of the wind turbine is kept almost constant at the maximum permissible value by the aforementioned control method after approx. 220 seconds.
  • the energy yield for the simulation period was 74 kWh, which is about 12% more than the yield of the unregulated system of the same structure, with constant field excitation and constant voltage U ⁇ at the DC link 2. Over a longer period of time, the energy yield can probably still be increased. Since the operating point always moves along the desired locus of the turbine characteristic, this is the maximum energy that can be generated for a given wind profile. At this point it should be mentioned that the control or operating method described above is not limited to the technical data on which it is based, but remains valid for all performance classes and turbine characteristics.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé et un dispositif pour réguler, au moyen de dispositifs électroniques de puissance, la vitesse de rotation d'une ou plusieurs éoliennes sans multiplicateur, accouplées au moyen d'un circuit intermédiaire capacitif (2) à tension continue, de manière à former un ensemble, notamment des éoliennes en mer, proches de la côte, comportant une turbine qui présente une unité génératrice (1) pourvue d'une génératrice synchrone (6) et d'un régulateur de champ (8). Afin de permettre d'obtenir une transformation maximale de la puissance de l'éolienne, le couple de rotation de la génératrice synchrone (6) et par conséquent la vitesse de rotation de la turbine sont régulés en fonction des conditions de vent à l'aide de moyens électroniques de puissance, au moyen d'un dispositif de régulation modulaire (20). A cet effet, la puissance électrique PG de la génératrice est déterminée et comparée avec une plage de puissance prédéterminée. En fonction du résultat de la comparaison, un mode de régulation est choisi parmi deux modes et une puissance de référence PG* correspondant à la transformation de puissance maximale est déterminée. Cette dernière est comparée avec la puissance électrique PG de la génératrice, puis une intensité de référence IE* proportionnelle à la différence de puissance est produite et acheminée au régulateur de champ (8). Ce dernier prélève la puissance du circuit intermédiaire capacitif (2) à tension continue, en fonction de l'intensité de référence IE*, et la conduit au champ d'excitation. Une variation du champ d'excitation provoque une variation du couple de rotation et par conséquent de la vitesse de rotation de la génératrice synchrone (6) qui entraîne une égalisation des deux valeurs de puissance.
EP02762362A 2001-07-18 2002-07-16 Procede et dispositif pour reguler la vitesse de rotation d'une eolienne sans multiplicateur, au moyen de dispositifs electroniques de puissance Withdrawn EP1407141A1 (fr)

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DE10134883 2001-07-18
DE10134883A DE10134883A1 (de) 2001-07-18 2001-07-18 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur drehzahlstellbaren leistungselektronischen Regelung einer getriebelosen Windkraftanlage
PCT/EP2002/007903 WO2003008802A1 (fr) 2001-07-18 2002-07-16 Procede et dispositif pour reguler la vitesse de rotation d'une eolienne sans multiplicateur, au moyen de dispositifs electroniques de puissance

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