Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
  • F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
  • F16F1/00—Springs
  • F16F1/36—Springs made of rubber or other material having high internal friction, e.g. thermoplastic elastomers
  • F16F1/3605—Springs made of rubber or other material having high internal friction, e.g. thermoplastic elastomers characterised by their material
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
  • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
  • B60G11/00—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or kind of springs
  • B60G11/32—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or kind of springs having springs of different kinds
  • B60G11/48—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or kind of springs having springs of different kinds not including leaf springs
  • B60G11/60—Resilient suspensions characterised by arrangement, location or kind of springs having springs of different kinds not including leaf springs having both rubber springs and torsion-bar springs
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
  • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
  • B60G21/00—Interconnection systems for two or more resiliently-suspended wheels, e.g. for stabilising a vehicle body with respect to acceleration, deceleration or centrifugal forces
  • B60G21/02—Interconnection systems for two or more resiliently-suspended wheels, e.g. for stabilising a vehicle body with respect to acceleration, deceleration or centrifugal forces permanently interconnected
  • B60G21/04—Interconnection systems for two or more resiliently-suspended wheels, e.g. for stabilising a vehicle body with respect to acceleration, deceleration or centrifugal forces permanently interconnected mechanically
  • B60G21/05—Interconnection systems for two or more resiliently-suspended wheels, e.g. for stabilising a vehicle body with respect to acceleration, deceleration or centrifugal forces permanently interconnected mechanically between wheels on the same axle but on different sides of the vehicle, i.e. the left and right wheel suspensions being interconnected
  • B60G21/051—Trailing arm twist beam axles
  • B60G21/052—Mounting means therefor
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/02—Elements
  • C08K3/04—Carbon
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L7/00—Compositions of natural rubber
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
  • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
  • B60G2200/00—Indexing codes relating to suspension types
  • B60G2200/20—Semi-rigid axle suspensions
  • B60G2200/21—Trailing arms connected by a torsional beam, i.e. twist-beam axles
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
  • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
  • B60G2202/00—Indexing codes relating to the type of spring, damper or actuator
  • B60G2202/10—Type of spring
  • B60G2202/13—Torsion spring
  • B60G2202/136—Twist-beam type arrangement
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
  • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
  • B60G2202/00—Indexing codes relating to the type of spring, damper or actuator
  • B60G2202/10—Type of spring
  • B60G2202/14—Plastic spring, e.g. rubber
  • B60G2202/142—Plastic spring, e.g. rubber subjected to shear, e.g. Neidhart type
  • B60G2202/1424—Torsional
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
  • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
  • B60G2204/00—Indexing codes related to suspensions per se or to auxiliary parts
  • B60G2204/10—Mounting of suspension elements
  • B60G2204/12—Mounting of springs or dampers
  • B60G2204/122—Mounting of torsion springs
  • B60G2204/1226—Mounting of torsion springs on the trailing arms of a twist beam type arrangement
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
  • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
  • B60G2204/00—Indexing codes related to suspensions per se or to auxiliary parts
  • B60G2204/10—Mounting of suspension elements
  • B60G2204/12—Mounting of springs or dampers
  • B60G2204/125—Mounting of rubber type springs
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
  • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
  • B60G2204/00—Indexing codes related to suspensions per se or to auxiliary parts
  • B60G2204/10—Mounting of suspension elements
  • B60G2204/14—Mounting of suspension arms
  • B60G2204/143—Mounting of suspension arms on the vehicle body or chassis
  • B60G2204/1434—Mounting of suspension arms on the vehicle body or chassis in twist-beam axles arrangement
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
  • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
  • B60G2204/00—Indexing codes related to suspensions per se or to auxiliary parts
  • B60G2204/40—Auxiliary suspension parts; Adjustment of suspensions
  • B60G2204/41—Elastic mounts, e.g. bushings

Definitions

• Elastomeric suspension spring for a motor vehicle and articulation incorporating it.
• the present invention relates to an elastomeric suspension spring usable for carrying the load of a motor vehicle, which has both reduced creep and improved torsional endurance, a suspension joint comprising this spring and a method for reducing creep of this spring when incorporated into said articulation on said vehicle.
• a suspension device comprising elastomeric suspension springs has the advantage of having a total number of parts which is reduced, in particular because it does not have a separate filter block for connecting an axle or a suspension arm to the vehicle body.
• these elastomeric springs also makes it possible to give the corresponding suspension device the required degrees of freedom, while ensuring satisfactory filtering, in particular from an acoustic point of view.
• these elastomeric springs can be given fairly elaborate guide functions by controlling their deformations under service stresses, for example for making self-steering axles, that is to say axles which slightly turn the plane wheels under the sole effect of support transfers, or to integrate a horizontal degree of freedom.
• the international patent document WO-A-97/47486 presents a suspension device, the axle of which is provided with elastomeric suspension and anti-roll springs, which are subjected to torsional stress.
• the suspension springs which are intended to carry the load of the vehicle, control the travel of the wheel with respect to a fulcrum formed by the body of the vehicle.
• the anti-roll springs control the travel of the wheel (or of the arm carrying the wheel) relative to a fulcrum formed by the opposite wheel (or the opposite arm, respectively).
• American patent document US-A-4 383 074 discloses an elastomeric spring composition based on natural rubber which is intended to give this spring satisfactory endurance in dynamic operation.
• This composition comprises, in an amount less than or equal to 40 pce (pce: 5 parts by weight per hundred parts of elastomer) a reinforcing filler which consists of a blend of two carbon blacks, one being a very black end of grade 200 (black “ISAF” of reinforcing grade) and the other being a “coarse” black of grade 700 (black “SRF” of non-reinforcing grade).
• the reinforcing filler comprises said black of grade 200 according to a mass fraction greater than 45% and said black of grade 700 according to a mass fraction of less than 55%. This charge therefore comprises a relatively high proportion of reinforcing grade carbon black, in order to obtain the abovementioned endurance.
• This composition is also obtained by means of a sulfur crosslinking system, with a quantity of sulfur equal to 2.75 phr and a mass ratio sulfur / i 5 crosslinking accelerator equal to 2.75.
• the American patent document US-A-5 904 220 discloses, in its exemplary embodiments, an elastomeric spring composition based on natural rubber and which also comprises a reinforcing filler made of reinforcing grade carbon black. This reinforcing filler is present in said composition in an amount of
• This composition is also obtained by means of a sulfur crosslinking system, with a quantity of sulfur equal to 0.5 phr and a sulfur / crosslinking accelerator ratio of approximately 0.14.
• a crosslinked rubber composition based on natural rubber in an amount equal to or greater than 60 phr (phr: parts by weight per hundred parts of diene elastomer (s))
• a sulfur crosslinking system comprising from 0.7 to 1.2 phr of sulfur and comprising at least one crosslinking accelerator so that the mass ratio sulfur / crosslinking accelerator (s) varies from 0.15 to 2 , 70, and a charge comprising, according to a mass fraction greater than 55%:
• composition comprising in this case a total amount of filler ranging from 10 to 60 phr, or - an inert white filler, said composition comprising in this case a total amount of filler ranging from 10 to 30 pc, can be used to constitute an elastomeric suspension spring which, when it is mounted between two coaxial reinforcements to carry the load of a motor vehicle, advantageously has a minimized dynamic creep and a satisfactory endurance in torsion .
• composition based on means a composition comprising the mixture and / or the reaction product in situ of the various constituents used, some of these compounds being able to react and / or being intended to react between them, at least partially, during the various stages of manufacturing the composition.
• Natural rubber can be used in combination with one or more other “essentially unsaturated” diene elastomers in the rubber composition according to the invention, which can be present in an amount less than or equal to 40 phr.
• diene elastomer in known manner an elastomer (homopolymer or a copolymer) derived at least in part from diene monomers (monomers carrying two carbon-carbon double bonds, conjugated or not).
• diene elastomer in general, is understood here to mean a diene elastomer derived at least in part from conjugated diene monomers, this elastomer having a proportion of units or units of diene origin (conjugated dienes) which is greater than 15% (% in moles).
• conjugated diene monomers this elastomer having a proportion of units or units of diene origin (conjugated dienes) which is greater than 15% (% in moles).
• the diene elastomer of the composition according to the invention is, for example, chosen from the group of diene elastomers constituted by polybutadienes (BR), polyisoprenes (IR), or butadiene-styrene copolymers (SBR).
• BR polybutadienes
• IR polyisoprenes
• SBR butadiene-styrene copolymers
• the composition according to the invention comprises a blend: of natural rubber in an amount ranging from 70 phr to 100 phr, and of synthetic polyisoprene in an amount ranging from 30 phr to 0 phr. Even more preferably, the composition according to the invention comprises only natural rubber (that is to say in an amount of 100 phr).
• the charge that comprises the composition according to the invention preferably comprises, according to a mass fraction greater than 70%, said carbon black whose grade varies from 600 to 900 or said inert white charge.
• a filler of the composition according to the invention it is possible to use a blend of said carbon black, the grade of which varies from 600 to 900 and of said inert white filler.
• filler for said composition either said carbon black, the grade of which varies from 600 to 900, or said inert white filler (the aforementioned mass fraction being in this case equal to 100%).
• said charge comprises, depending on the aforementioned mass fraction (greater than 55% or preferably 70%), said carbon black of grade 600 to 900 (that is to say a "coarse" black of a grade known to be non-reinforcing).
• carbon blacks which can be used in the composition according to the invention for example, carbon blacks of grade 700 can be cited, such as those corresponding to the names "N772" or "N765".
• the charge of said composition comprises this grade black carbon
• the charge of the composition according to the invention comprises, according to the aforementioned mass fraction (greater than 55% or preferably 70%), an inert white charge.
• an inert white filler that is to say an inorganic filler with little or no reinforcement, sometimes also called inert clear filler
• the BET and CTAB specific surface values are close to 60 m 2 / g, such as the silica sold under the name "ULTRASIL 360”.
• clays such as kaolin, bentonite, or chalks, or even titanium oxides.
• the filler of said composition can comprise this inert white filler in an amount ranging from 10 to 30 phr. It will be noted that such an amount of inert white filler is particularly well suited to impart satisfactory cold stiffening to the composition according to the invention (by cold stiffening is understood in known manner an increase in static stiffness when the temperature decreases ).
• the filler of the composition according to the invention can comprise several carbon blacks of grade ranging from 600 to 900 and / or several inert white fillers.
• a system such as the sulfur crosslinking system is used such that the mass ratio sulfur / crosslinking accelerator (s) varies from 0.15 to 0.50. It will be noted that this preferential range for the value of the sulfur / accelerator (s) ratio makes it possible to minimize the secondary creep of the composition according to the invention (by secondary creep, one understands a creep of chemical nature due to the evolution of the network of crosslinking).
• the elastomer spring according to the invention is for example obtained: by thermo-mechanical mixing of the various constituents of the rubber composition according to the invention, which is carried out in one or more [0 steps in an internal mixer, followed by crosslinking of the crosslinkable composition thus obtained in an injection mold, according to techniques known to those skilled in the art.
• said crosslinked composition has a dynamic shear modulus G * at 100% deformation, measured according to standard ASTM D 5992-96 at a temperature of 23 ° C and at a frequency of 10 Hz according to ASTM D 1349-99, which belongs to a range from 0.5 MPa to 5.5 MPa.
• the present invention also relates to a suspension articulation of a motor vehicle, said articulation being intended to carry the load of said vehicle and consisting of two substantially cylindrical and concentric reinforcements which are connected together by an elastomeric suspension spring .
• this articulation is such that said suspension spring is as defined above.
• the present invention also relates to a method for reducing the creep of an elastomeric suspension spring usable for carrying the load of a motor vehicle, when said spring is mounted between two coaxial reinforcements in order to carry the load of a motor vehicle, said spring consisting of a crosslinked rubber composition.
• this process essentially consists in mixing by thermomechanical work:
• - one or more diene elastomers which comprise natural rubber in an amount equal to or greater than 60 phr
• a filler which comprises, according to a mass fraction greater than 55%: a carbon black whose grade varies from 600 to 900, said filler being in this case present in the composition in an amount ranging from 10 to 60 phr, or an inert white filler, said filler being in this case present in said composition in an amount ranging from 10 to 30 phr
• - a system of sulfur crosslinking comprising at least one crosslinking accelerator, said crosslinking system comprising from 0.7 to 1.2 phr of sulfur and being such that the mass ratio of sulfur to crosslinking accelerator (s) varies from 0.15 to 2 70.
• FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a rear vehicle suspension device comprising elastomeric spring joints ensuring in particular the function of suspension spring and anti-roll spring
• FIG. 2 is a sectional view along the plane II-II of FIG. 1 of said suspension device
• FIG. 3 is a sectional view along the plane of FIG. 1 of an example of an elastomeric spring suspension joint
• FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a device for measuring the static creep and the static thermo-elasticity of an elastomer spring according to the invention inside the corresponding joint
• FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a device for measuring the dynamic creep and the endurance of a spring according to the invention inside the corresponding joint.
• FIG. 1 and 2 represent a rear suspension device 1 of a motor vehicle, a more complete description of which can be found in patent document WO-A-97/47486.
• the joints 2, 2 ′ which exercise a load-carrying spring function, are fixed to the vehicle body by means of supports 4, 4 ′ and hold the suspension arms 5, 5 ′ which carry the rockets 6, 6 ', which carry the wheels 7,7'.
• the joints 8, 9 having the anti-roll function maintain the profiles 10, 11 rigidly integral with the arms 5, 5 'in a substantially concentric mutual position, and they resist elastically their relative rotation.
• Fig. 3 there is shown schematically a joint usable in the device of Figs. 1 and 2.
• This articulation 2, 2 ', 8, 9 consists of two substantially cylindrical and concentric reinforcements 12, 13 which are connected together by an elastomer spring 14, deformable and subjected to torsion around its axis 20, 20 ', 21.
• each elastomer spring 14 according to the invention was measured in the following manner.
• each elastomer spring 14 has been measured between an axis 12 'and a ring 13' on which it is mounted by fitting, the latter being respectively provided for forming said internal and external armatures of a suspension joint 2.
• This device 20 essentially comprises a displacement means 22 in torsion of the axis 12 ', which is intended to simulate the stresses applied to the elastomer spring 14 on a vehicle in service, and a sensor 23 intended to detect the variation in elevation (similar to a "trim") of the joint 2 due to the static creep of the spring 14, in response to the torsion of said axis 12 '.
• the initial mounting dimension of articulation 2 (starting attitude) is fixed by calibration.
• This displacement means 22 comprises a load 24 which is mounted at the end of an arm 25 of 1 m long, and whose weight has a given nominal value (representative of the load to which a joint 2 is subjected on a vehicle containing two people and full of fuel, load equivalent to 185 daN according to an exemplary embodiment).
• a load 24 which is mounted at the end of an arm 25 of 1 m long, and whose weight has a given nominal value (representative of the load to which a joint 2 is subjected on a vehicle containing two people and full of fuel, load equivalent to 185 daN according to an exemplary embodiment).
• the evolution of the base of the joint 2 is measured at 250 mm from said axis 12 ′.
• Each test carried out consisted of measuring, from the graphical characteristic of the attitude (in mm) as a function of time t (in hours), a creep slope (in% per decade) for each joint 2 tested, in two different configurations.
• a first configuration is characterized by a progressive loading of the joint 2 (over a period of approximately 30 seconds), in order to obtain said nominal stress value applied to the joint 2 by the load 24 (configuration of "nominal” test below), value maintained for the 24 hours mentioned above.
• a second configuration is characterized by an initial loading of the joint 2, carried out prior to the aforementioned loading at nominal stress. This initial loading is carried out by applying a predetermined stress corresponding substantially to the maximum deformation of which the spring 14 can be the seat in service, that is to say at the maximum compression limit on a vehicle (configuration "pre-deformed” test below), then by releasing this predetermined stress before carrying out said charging at nominal stress for the 24 hours mentioned above.
• each elastomer spring 14 has been measured between an axis 12 'and a ring 13' on which it is mounted by fitting, like the articulation 2 of paragraph 1 / above.
• the device 30 of FIG. 5 tests in torsion on each suspension joint 2 thus obtained, so that the corresponding spring 14 can move in torsion (for this purpose, the axis 12 is movable in torsion and the ring 13 'is connected to the frame 31 of the device 30 so as to be locked in rotation).
• This device 30 essentially comprises a displacement means 32 in torsion of the axis 12 ', which is intended to simulate the dynamic stresses applied to the elastomer spring 14 on a vehicle in service, and a sensor (not shown) intended to detect the variation side or "attitude" of the joint 2, in response to the twist of said axis 12 '.
• the initial mounting dimension of articulation 2 (starting attitude) is fixed by calibration.
• the displacement means 32 comprises a link 34 which is connected, at one of its ends, to a mobile gantry 35 mounted on the frame 31 and, at its other end, to an arm 36 which is itself connected to the 'axis 12' of the articulation 2.
• This displacement means 32 is controlled by a cylinder 37 with a linear stroke which is connected to the frame 31.
• each joint 2 is subjected to dynamic stress cycles which each have a duration of 30 minutes, so as to correspond to a real signal measured on the road, and which end with an application of said nominal load during 10 minutes for creep. Finally, each joint 2 is subjected to said nominal load for a period of 4 hours, following the above-mentioned dynamic cycles.
• Each test carried out consisted of measuring, from the graphical characteristic of the attitude (in mm) as a function of time t (in seconds), a creep slope (in% per decade) for each joint 2 tested.
• each elastomer spring 14 according to the invention has been measured between an axis 12 'and a ring 13' on which it is mounted by fitting, at the 'like articulations 2 of paragraphs 1 / and 11 / above.
• the device 30 of FIG. 5 torsional tests on three suspension joints 2 juxtaposed, as detailed in paragraph II /, so as to be able to follow the evolution of the parameters of force and deformation.
• each articulation 2 For each of the measurements carried out, an initial loading of each articulation 2 is carried out to a “shock” position of maximum deformation, then to a relaxation of this constraint until a so-called nominal attitude is obtained (the latter corresponding to the geometric position of an axle for a rolling load of 185 daN comprising two people in the vehicle and filling up with fuel), which plate is maintained for a period of 10 seconds where the effort is measured on each joint 2.
• shock means the maximum stroke of compression travel and “rebound” means the maximum possible rebound stroke for the axle incorporating these joints 2) , the last cycle being intended to provide a measure of stiffness under a large clearance.
• the measurements are stopped as a function of the minimum force values to be reached in the “shock” position.
• a so-called “static” stiffness Ks is determined at a relatively high deformation ranging from 10 to 200% in shear and at low frequency, by a measurement of dynamic shear stiffness at 15 Hz with a peak-to-peak deformation of approximately 100%. .
• a “dynamic” stiffness Kd with low deformation ranging from 0.1 to 2% in shear and at a frequency of 150 Hz is determined (the joint 2 will absorb the acoustic vibrations the better as the stiffness Ks and Kd / Ks ratio will be reduced).
• the shear moduli G * of the elastomeric springs 14 according to the invention are measured on a “SCHENCK” machine according to standard ASTM D 5992-96, at a temperature of 23 ° C and at a frequency of 10 Hz according to standard ASTM D 1349-1399. A deformation amplitude sweep is carried out from 0.1 to 100% ("outward” cycle), then from 100 to 0.1% ("return” cycle). Examples of “Control” Elastomeric Springs and According to the Invention and Joints Incorporating These Springs
• composition Tl Composition Tl:
• composition T4 is a composition of Composition T4:
• composition II Composition II:
• Composition 13 is a composition of Composition 13:
• antioxidant N- (1,3-dimethyl butyl) -N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) type 1 accelerators: n-oxy-diethylene-benzothiazyl-2-sulfonamide (NOBS) and
• Zinc-dibutylphosphorodithioate "ZBPD” Zinc-dibutylphosphorodithioate "ZBPD”; type 2 accelerators: n-oxy-diethylene-benzothiazyl-2-sulfonamide (NOBS) and tetrabenzyl thiuramdisulfide (TBZTD).
• NOBS n-oxy-diethylene-benzothiazyl-2-sulfonamide
• TBZTD tetrabenzyl thiuramdisulfide
• Each articulation comprising the elastomer spring RT1 to RT5 and RIl, RI2 and RI3 was obtained by mixing by thermo-mechanical work the various constituents of the corresponding composition in an internal mixer, followed by crosslinking of this composition between the two cylindrical reinforcements 12 and 13 above (see Fig. 3) in an injection mold.
• each articulation incorporating the spring RT1 to RT5 or RIl, RI2, RI3 corresponding are the following:
• Inner frame diameter 13 55 mm
• Outer frame diameter 12 114 mm
• Interior frame height 13 115 mm
• Inner spring height 14 100 mm
• Inner frame height 13 57.5 mm
• Inner spring height 14 50 mm
• elastomeric springs RIl, RI2 or RI3 included in the joints according to the invention which comprise as filler a non-reinforcing carbon black or a coarse silica, an amount of sulfur of between 0.7 and 1, 2 pce and a sulfur / accelerator mass ratio of between 0.15 and 2.70, present both a minimized dynamic creep between the reinforcements of said joints, as well as satisfactory endurance at torsion, unlike RTl “control” springs at RT5.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Springs (AREA)
• Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
• Vibration Prevention Devices (AREA)
• Vehicle Body Suspensions (AREA)

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• 2002
  • 2002-05-21 EP EP02747317A patent/EP1404758A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 2002-05-21 WO PCT/EP2002/005546 patent/WO2002094931A1/fr active Application Filing
  • 2002-05-21 JP JP2002592400A patent/JP4205437B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 2003
  • 2003-11-20 US US10/717,390 patent/US7175167B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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