EP1390463A1

EP1390463A1 - Detergent shaped bodies with viscoelastic phase

Info

Publication number: EP1390463A1
Application number: EP02732618A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Dieter Legel; Birgit Burg; Gerhard Blasey; Berthold Schreck; Peter Schmiedel
Original assignee: Henkel AG and Co KGaA
Current assignee: Henkel AG and Co KGaA
Priority date: 2001-04-25
Filing date: 2002-04-16
Publication date: 2004-02-25
Anticipated expiration: 2022-04-16
Also published as: US20040127373A1; US7598217B2; EP1390463B1; ATE342957T1; ES2274976T3; WO2002086047A1; DE10120441C2; DE50208499D1; DE10120441A1

Abstract

The invention relates to detergent or washing agent shaped bodies having a viscoelastic phase, storage module ranges between 40.000 and 800.000 Pa.

Description

"Detergent tablets with viscoelastic phase"

The present invention relates to detergent tablets which have at least one viscoelastic phase.

Detergent tablets are broadly described in the prior art and, because of their advantages, have also become established in trade and among consumers.

The usual production of detergent tablets comprises the production of particulate premixes which are compressed into tablets by tabletting processes known to those skilled in the art. In the production of detergents or cleaning agents, the starting substances cannot regularly be tabletted directly, but must be converted into a tablettable form by upstream process steps, for example granulation, which means additional time and cost. In particular, the incorporation of surfactants is problematic in this respect, with the anionic surfactants additionally having the problem that the acid form of the anionic surfactants obtained during the preparation of the surfactants first has to be converted into the active substance (the salt) by further neutralization steps.

In addition, the form in which the compressed tablet is offered means that the ingredients are in direct physical proximity to one another, which leads to undesirable reactions, instabilities, inactivity or loss of active substance in the case of incompatible substances.

In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, it has been proposed in the prior art to provide multiphase tablets in which several layers are pressed together. However, this has the disadvantage that the lower layers are exposed to multiple pressure loads, which leads to deteriorated solubility. In addition, the problems mentioned were not completely solved, since more than three-layer tablets cannot be produced with reasonable technical effort.

A further solution can be found in international patent applications WO99 / 06522, WO99 / 27063 and WO99 / 27067. It is proposed here to provide tablets from compressed and non-compressed components and to incorporate pressure-sensitive substances into the non-compressed components. According to the teaching of international patent application WO99 / 27064, a “gelatinous” phase, which is obtained from liquids by the addition of thickeners, is also suitable as the non-compressed phase. This has the disadvantage that substances which are used in the washing or cleaning process have no effect (thickener), which cause additional costs without additional benefits. There was therefore still a need to provide improved detergent tablets which combine maximum mechanical stability with good solubility and allow the incorporation of incompatible ingredients. Products should be provided that combine the conviency and performance (good washing performance due to high surfactant content) of a gel-form detergent with the user-friendliness of the "tablet" offer form. In addition, the offer form to be provided should open up the possibility of largely being able to dispense with upstream packaging steps. In particular, the use of the anionic surfactants in their acid form should be possible without having to convert them beforehand into neutralized granules.

In a first embodiment, the present invention relates to a shaped detergent or cleaning agent comprising a viscoelastic phase, the storage modulus of which is between 40,000 and 800,000 Pa.

Viscoelastic substances are classified in the area between solids and liquids. While for an ideally elastic solid at any deformation, the stress is directly proportional to the strain and independent of the rate of deformation (Hooke's law), Newton ^'s law applies to an ideally viscous liquid, ie the stress in a linear one Shear rate is proportional to the rate of deformation, but independent of the amount of deformation.

Viscoelastic materials have both viscous and elastic behavior, the elastic part of a deformation acting on a viscoelastic material being described by the storage module, while the viscous part is referred to as a loss modulus. The storage module G 'and the loss module G "can be correlated with the deformation work reversibly stored or irreversibly dissipated per oscillation period.

The determination of the elastic or viscous proportions of a reaction of viscoelastic substances to defined speed gradients is accomplished in vibration viscometers with a Couette measuring system. These measuring systems can be constructed differently. Depending on the viscosity and quantity of the substance to be examined, cylinder / cylinder measuring systems, plate / plate measuring systems or cone / plate measuring systems can be used.

In a coaxial cylinder measuring system, the outer cylinder is subjected to an oscillating movement, the angular velocity of the outer cylinder changing sinusoidally over time. A substance located in the annular gap between the outer cylinder and the inner cylinder is impressed by the outer cylinder with a speed gradient which varies in an oscillating manner depending on the frequency and amplitude. Then a resulting shear stress on the inner cylinder be measured signal that fluctuates at the same frequency but has a different amplitude and is more or less phase-shifted with respect to the input signal on the outer cylinder. The differences between the input signal on the outer cylinder and the output signal on the inner cylinder are influenced, among other things, by the elastic component.

The mathematical treatment of the data allows the determination of the storage modulus G 'and the loss modulus G ". G ^' is a measure of the energy stored in the measuring substance and thus of the elastic component, while G" is a measure of that converted into heat in the viscous flow and therefore lost energy.

Storage and loss module measurements can be carried out computer-assisted in coaxial cylinder systems, for example with a HAAKE Rotovisco RV 20 with the measuring system CV 100 at 20 ° C (Couette system).

In the measuring system consisting of two opposing plates, one plate can be subjected to an oscillating movement, the speed of the plate changing sinusoidally over time. A substance located in the gap between the plates is impressed by the excitation plate with a speed gradient which varies in an oscillating manner depending on the frequency and amplitude. A resulting shear stress signal can then be measured on the measuring plate, which fluctuates at the same frequency but has a different amplitude and is more or less phase-shifted with respect to the input signal on the exciter plate. The differences between the input signal on the exciter plate and the output signal on the measuring plate are influenced, among other things, by the elastic component.

In the context of the present invention, the measurements of the sizes G 'and G "were carried out with the Rheometer UDS 2000 from Paar Physika according to the plate-plate measuring system 25 mm, 2 mm gap, at 20 ° C.

The loss modulus of the viscoelastic phase is preferably within narrow limits. Here, detergent tablets according to the invention are preferred in which the storage modulus of the viscoelastic phase is 50,000 to 750,000 Pa, preferably 60,000 to 700,000 Pa, particularly preferably 70,000 to 650,000 Pa and in particular 80,000 to 600,000 Pa.

In particularly preferred products according to the invention, the loss modulus is smaller than the storage modulus, ie G '> G ^" . Preference is given to detergent tablets according to the invention in which the storage modulus of the viscoelastic phase is at least twice as large, preferably at least four times as large as that loss modulus. As already mentioned above, when measuring viscoelastic substances on the measuring surface (second plate or inner cylinder), a resulting shear stress signal can be measured, which fluctuates with the same frequency but has a different amplitude and more or less with respect to the input signal at the outer cylinder is strongly out of phase. In preferred embodiments of the present invention, detergent tablets are provided in which the phase shift of the viscoelastic phase is 0 to 30 °, preferably 0 to 20 ° and in particular ≤ 17 °.

A particular advantage of the detergent tablets according to the invention lies in the fact that the advantages of a gel detergent (good washing performance due to high tenside content) can be combined with the easy handling of solid supply forms. Here the viscoelastic phase is present under normal storage conditions in an almost solid consistency without losing the good solubility customary for gel detergents under washing conditions. Further general advantages with this type of detergent are the lack of drying of the surfactant-containing phase after neutralization of the starting fatty acids (e.g. ABS) and the greater formulation flexibility. The viscoelastic phase therefore particularly advantageously contains large amounts of surfactant (s), preferably anionic surfactant (s). Here, detergent tablets according to the invention are preferred, which are characterized in that the viscoelastic phase, based on its weight, is 40 to 95% by weight, preferably 50 to 90% by weight, particularly preferably 60 to 85% by weight and in particular Contains 65 to 82 wt .-% surfactant (s).

In textile detergents, the anionic surfactants are the most important class of surfactants, while in detergents for machine dishwashing they are of only minor importance. Anionic surfactants are therefore used with particular advantage in products according to the invention which are provided for textile washing. It is of particular advantage here that the invention enables the use of unneutralized raw materials which are further processed directly to the viscoelastic phase, without the time-consuming and costly process steps in granules or the like previously. have to be transferred.

Anionic surfactants in acid form are preferably one or more substances from the group of carboxylic acids, sulfuric acid half-esters and sulfonic acids, preferably from the group of fatty acids, fatty alkyl sulfuric acids and alkylarylsulfonic acids. In order to have sufficient surface-active properties, the compounds mentioned should have longer-chain hydrocarbon radicals, that is to say they should have at least 6 carbon atoms in the alkyl or alkenyl radical. The C chain distributions of the anionic surfactants are usually in the range from 6 to 40, preferably 8 to 30 and in particular 12 to 22 carbon atoms. Carboxylic acids, which are used as soaps in detergents and cleaning agents in the form of their alkali metal salts, are technically largely obtained from native fats and oils by hydrolysis. While the alkaline saponification which was carried out in the past century led directly to the alkali salts (soaps), only water is used on an industrial scale to split the fats into glycerol and the free fatty acids. Large-scale processes are, for example, cleavage in an autoclave or continuous high-pressure cleavage. Carboxylic acids which can be used as anionic surfactants in acid form in the context of the present invention are, for example, hexanoic acid (caproic acid), heptanoic acid (enanthic acid), octanoic acid (caprylic acid), nonanoic acid (pelargonic acid), decanoic acid (capric acid), undecanoic acid, etc. Preference is given to the present invention Compound the use of fatty acids such as decanoic acid (lauric acid), tetradecanoic acid (myristic acid), hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid), octadecanoic acid (stearic acid), eicosanoic acid (arachic acid), docosanic acid (behenic acid), tetracosanoic acid (lignoceric acid), hexotonic acid (tricotanoic acid) (hexotonic acid) (cerotacanoic acid) Melissic acid) and the unsaturated species 9c-hexadecenoic acid (palmitoleic acid), 6c-octadecenoic acid (petroselinic acid), 6t-octadecenoic acid (petroselaidic acid), 9c-octadecenoic acid (oleic acid), 9t-octadecenoic acid ((elaidic acid) (9adecadienoic acid) Linoleic acid), 9t, 12t-octadecadienoic acid (linolaidic acid) and 9c, 12c, 15c-octadecate For reasons of cost, it is preferred not to use the pure species, but rather technical mixtures of the individual acids, as can be obtained from fat cleavage. Such mixtures are, for example, coconut oil fatty acid (approx. 6% by weight C _8l 6% by weight C ₁₀ , 48% by weight C ₁₂ , 18% by weight C ₁₄ , 10% by weight C ₁₆ , 2% by weight. -% C _18, 8 wt .-% C _ι, 1 wt .-% C ₁₈ • ■), palm kernel oil fatty acid (about 4 wt .-% C _8, 5 wt .-% C _10, 50 wt .-% C ₁₂ , 15% by weight C ₁₄ , 7% by weight C ₁₆ , 2% by weight C ₁₈ , 15% by weight C ₁₈ -, 1% by weight C ₁₈ -), tallow fatty acid (approx. 3 wt .-% C ₁₄ 26 wt .-% C _16, 2 wt .-% C ₁₆ -, 2 wt .-% C _17l 17 wt .-% C ₁₈ 44 wt .-% _C18 ', 3 wt .-% C ₁₈ -, 1 wt.% C ₁₈ •••), hardened tallow fatty acid (approx. 2 wt.% C ₁₄ , 28 wt.% C ₁₆ , 2 wt.% C ₁₇ , 63 wt .-% C _18: 1 wt .-% C _18), technical grade oleic acid (about 1 wt .-% C _12l 3 wt .-% C _14, 5 wt .-% C _16, 6 wt .-% C ₁₆ -, 1 wt% C ₁₇ , 2 wt% C ₁₈ , 70 wt% C ₁₈ -, 10 wt% C ₁₈ -, 0.5 wt% C ₁₈ -), technical palm trees - tin / stearic acid (about 1 wt .-% C _12, 2 wt .-% C _1, 45 wt .-% C _16, 2 wt .-% C ₁₇ 47 wt .-% C _18, 1 wt. -% C ₁₈ ) and soybean oil fatty acid (approx. 2% by weight C ₁₄ , 15 wt .-% C _16, 5 wt .-% C _18, 25 wt .-% C ₁₈ - 45 wt .-% C ₁₈ - 7 wt .-% C ₁₈ -).

Sulfuric acid semiesters of longer-chain alcohols are also anionic surfactants in their acid form and can be used in the process according to the invention. Their alkali metal, in particular sodium salts, the fatty alcohol sulfates, are commercially available from fatty alcohols which are reacted with sulfuric acid, chlorosulfonic acid, amidosulfonic acid or sulfur trioxide to give the alkyl sulfuric acids concerned and are subsequently neutralized. The fatty alcohols are obtained from the fatty acids or fatty acid mixtures concerned by high-pressure hydrogenation of the fatty acid methyl esters. The most important industrial process in terms of quantity for The position of fatty alkyl sulfuric acids is the sulfonation of the alcohols with SÖ ₃ / air mixtures in special cascade, falling film or tube bundle reactors.

Another class of anionic surfactant acids which can be used according to the invention are the alkyl ether sulfuric acids, the salts of which, the alkyl ether sulfates, are distinguished in comparison to the alkyl sulfates by a higher solubility in water and less sensitivity to water hardness (solubility of the Ca salts). Like the alkyl sulfuric acids, alkyl ether sulfuric acids are synthesized from fatty alcohols which are reacted with ethylene oxide to give the fatty alcohol ethoxylates concerned. Instead of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide can also be used. The subsequent sulfonation with gaseous sulfur trioxide in short-term sulfonation reactors yields over 98% of the alkyl ether sulfuric acids concerned.

Alkane sulfonic acids and olefin sulfonic acids can also be used as anionic surfactants in acid form in the context of the present invention. Alkanesulfonic acids can contain the sulfonic acid group in a terminal bond (primary alkanesulfonic acids) or along the C chain (secondary alkanesulfonic acids), only the secondary alkanesulfonic acids being of commercial importance. These are made by sulfochlorination or sulfoxidation of linear hydrocarbons. In Reed sulfochlorination, n-paraffins are reacted with sulfur dioxide and chlorine under irradiation with UV light to give the corresponding sulfochlorides, which give the alkanesulfonates directly when hydrolysed with alkalis and the alkanesulfonic acids when reacted with water. Since di- and polysulfochlorides and chlorinated hydrocarbons can occur as by-products of the radical reaction in the sulfochlorination, the reaction is usually only carried out up to degrees of conversion of 30% and then terminated.

Another process for the production of alkanesulfonic acids is sulfoxidation, in which n-paraffins are reacted with sulfur dioxide and oxygen under irradiation with UV light. This radical reaction produces successive alkylsulfonyl radicals, which react further with oxygen to form the alkylpersulfonyl radicals. The reaction with unreacted paraffin gives an alkyl radical and the alkyl persulfonic acid, which breaks down into an alkyl peroxysulfonyl radical and a hydroxyl radical. The reaction of the two radicals with unreacted paraffin gives the alkyl sulfonic acids or water, which reacts with alkyl persulfonic acid and sulfur dioxide to form sulfuric acid. In order to keep the yield of the two end products alkylsulfonic acid and sulfuric acid as high as possible and to suppress side reactions, this reaction is usually carried out only up to degrees of conversion of 1% and then stopped.

Olefin sulfonates are produced industrially by the reaction of α-olefins with sulfur trioxide. Intermediate hermaphrodites form here, which cyclize to form so-called sultons. Under suitable conditions (alkaline or acid hydrolysis) these sultones react Hydroxylalkanesulfonic acids or alkenesulfonic acids, both of which can also be used as anionic surfactants.

Alkylbenzenesulfonates as powerful anionic surfactants have been known since the 1930s. At that time, alkylbenzenes were produced by monochlorination of kogasin fractions and subsequent Friedel-Crafts alkylation, which were sulfonated with oleum and neutralized with sodium hydroxide solution. In the early 1950s, to produce alkylbenzenesulfonates, propylene was tetramerized to give branched α-dodecylene and the product was converted to a tetrapropylenebenzene using a Friedel-Crafts reaction using aluminum trichloride or hydrogen fluoride, which was subsequently sulfonated and neutralized. This economical possibility of producing tetrapropylene benzene sulfonates (TPS) led to the breakthrough of this class of surfactants, which subsequently displaced the soaps as the main surfactant in washing and cleaning agents.

Due to the lack of biodegradability of TPS, there was a need to prepare new alkylbenzenesulfonates that are characterized by improved ecological behavior. These requirements are met by linear alkylbenzenesulfonates, which today are almost exclusively alkylbenzenesulfonates and are given the abbreviation ABS or LAS.

Linear alkylbenzenesulfonates are made from linear alkylbenzenes, which in turn are accessible from linear olefms. For this purpose, petroleum fractions with molecular sieves are separated on an industrial scale into the n-paraffins of the desired purity and dehydrogenated to the n-olefins, resulting in both α- and i-olefins. The resulting olefins are then reacted with benzene in the presence of acidic catalysts to give the alkylbenzenes, the choice of Friedel-Crafts catalyst having an influence on the isomer distribution of the linear alkylbenzenes formed: When using aluminum trichloride, the content of the 2-phenyl isomers is in the mixture with the 3, 4, 5 and other isomers at approx. 30% by weight, on the other hand, if hydrogen fluoride is used as the catalyst, the content of 2-phenyl isomer can be reduced to approx. 20% by weight , Finally, the sulfonation of linear alkylbenzenes is now possible on a large industrial scale with oleum, sulfuric acid or gaseous sulfur trioxide, the latter being by far the most important. For the sulfonation, special film or tube bundle reactors are used which deliver a 97% by weight alkylbenzenesulfonic acid (ABSS) as product which can be used as anionic surfactant acid in the context of the present invention.

By choosing the neutralizing agent, a wide variety of salts, ie alkylbenzenesulfonates, can be obtained from the ABSS. For reasons of economy, it is preferred to prepare and use the alkali metal salts and, among them, the sodium salts of the ABSS. These can be described by the general formula I:

in which the sum of x and y is usually between 5 and 13. C ₈ are preferred according to the invention as anionic surfactants in acid form. ₁₆ -, preferably C ₉ . _13- Alkylbenzenesulfonic acids. In the context of the present invention, it is also preferred to use C ₈ .ι ₆ -, preferably Cg. ₁₃ - to use alkylbenzenesulfonic acids which are derived from alkylbenzenes and which have a tetralin content below 5% by weight, based on the alkylbenzene. , Preferably - further preferred is to use alkylbenzenesulfonic acids whose alkylbenzenes HF method were prepared by the so that the C ₈ used .ι ₆ have a content of 2-phenyl isomer below 22% by weight, based on the alkylbenzenesulfonic acid.

The above-mentioned anionic surfactants in their acid form can be used alone or in a mixture with one another. However, it is also possible and preferred that the anionic surfactant in acid form, before being converted into the viscoelastic phase, contains further, preferably acidic, ingredients of detergents and cleaning agents in amounts of 0.1 to 40% by weight, preferably 1 to 15% by weight .-% and in particular from 2 to 10 wt .-%, each based on the weight of the mixture to be reacted.

Suitable acidic reactants in the context of the present invention are, in addition to the “surfactic acids”, also the fatty acids, phosphonic acids, polymer acids or partially neutralized polymer acids as well as “builder acids” and “complex builder acids” (details later in the text) alone and in any mixtures. As ingredients Detergents and cleaning agents are particularly suitable for acidic detergent and cleaning agent ingredients, for example phosphonic acids, which are neutralized form (phosphonates) as incrustation inhibitors and are a component of many detergents and cleaning agents, as well as the use of (partially neutralized) polymer acids such as polyacrylic acids is possible according to the invention, but it is also possible to mix acid-stable ingredients with the anionic surfactant acid, for example so-called small components, which would otherwise have to be added in complex further steps, for example ise optical brighteners, dyes etc., whereby the acid stability must be checked in individual cases. In the context of the present invention, particular preference is given to detergent tablets whose viscoelastic phase is 40 to 85% by weight, preferably 50 to 82.5% by weight and in particular 60 to 80% by weight alkylbenzenesulfonate (e ) contains.

The neutralized form can be generated directly during the formation of the viscoelastic phase by mixing appropriate amounts of anionic surfactant acid, water and neutralizing agent as well as optionally other ingredients. The temperature rises and the mixture can be easily processed at this temperature. When cooling, the viscoelastic phase forms, which is characterized by handling stability, storage stability and good solubility.

In preferred embodiments of the present invention, the viscoelastic phase additionally contains nonionic surfactants. In the case of detergent tablets for machine dishwashing according to the invention, these are generally the only surfactants, since the anionic surfactants mentioned above are undesirable in dishwashers because of their foaming behavior. In general, detergent tablets according to the invention are preferred in which the viscoelastic phase is 0 to 20% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 15% by weight and in particular 1 to 10% by weight, based on its weight, of nonionic surfactant (s) (e) contains.

The nonionic surfactants used are preferably alkoxylated, advantageously ethoxylated, in particular primary alcohols having preferably 8 to 18 carbon atoms and an average of 1 to 12 moles of ethylene oxide (EO) per mole of alcohol, in which the alcohol radical can be linear or preferably methyl-branched in the 2-position or may contain linear and methyl-branched radicals in the mixture, as are usually present in oxo alcohol radicals. However, alcohol ethoxylates with linear residues of alcohols of native origin with 12 to 18 carbon atoms, for example from coconut, palm, tallow or oleyl alcohol, and an average of 2 to 8 EO per mole of alcohol are particularly preferred. The preferred ethoxylated alcohols include, for example, C ₁₂ -r alcohols with 3 EO or 4 EO, C 1- alcohol with 7 EO, C ₁₃ _ _1s alcohols with 3 EO, 5 EO, 7 EO or 8 EO, C ₂ . ι ₈ alcohols with 3 EO, 5 EO or 7 EO and mixtures of these, such as mixtures of Ci ₂ -ι alcohol with 3 EO and C ₁₂ -ι ₈ alcohol with 5 EO. The degrees of ethoxylation given represent statistical averages, which can be an integer or a fraction for a specific product. Preferred alcohol ethoxylates have a narrow homolog distribution (narrow range ethoxylates, NRE). In addition to these nonionic surfactants, fatty alcohols with more than 12 EO can also be used. Examples of this are tallow fatty alcohol with 14 EO, 25 EO, 30 EO or 40 EO.

In addition, alkyl glycosides of the general formula RO (G) χ can also be used as further nonionic surfactants, in which R is a primary straight-chain or methyl-branched, in particular methyl-branched aliphatic radical having 8 to 22, preferably 12 to 18 C atoms and G is the symbol which stands for a glycose unit with 5 or 6 C atoms, preferably for glucose. The degree of oligomerization x, which indicates the distribution of monoglycosides and oligoglycosides, is any number between 1 and 10; x is preferably 1.2 to 1.4.

Another class of preferably used nonionic surfactants, which are used either as the sole nonionic surfactant or in combination with other nonionic surfactants, are alkoxylated, preferably ethoxylated or ethoxylated and propoxylated fatty acid alkyl esters, preferably with 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, in particular fatty acid methyl esters.

Nonionic surfactants of the amine oxide type, for example N-coconut alkyl-N, N-dimethylamine oxide and N-tallow alkyl-N, N-dihydroxyethylamine oxide, and the fatty acid alkanolamides can also be suitable. The amount of these nonionic surfactants is preferably not more than that of the ethoxylated fatty alcohols, in particular not more than half of them.

Other suitable surfactants are polyhydroxy fatty acid amides of the formula II,

R

I

R-CO-N- [Z] (II)

in which RCO is an aliphatic acyl radical having 6 to 22 carbon atoms, R ^{1 is} hydrogen, an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl radical having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and [Z] is a linear or branched polyhydroxyalkyl radical having 3 to 10 carbon atoms and 3 to 10 hydroxyl groups , The polyhydroxy fatty acid amides are known substances which can usually be obtained by reductive amination of a reducing sugar with ammonia, an alkylamine or an alkanolamine and subsequent acylation with a fatty acid, a fatty acid alkyl ester or a fatty acid chloride.

The group of polyhydroxy fatty acid amides also includes compounds of the formula III

R ¹ -0-R ²

I R-CO-N- [Z] (III)

in which R represents a linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl radical having 7 to 12 carbon atoms, R ^{1 represents} a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl radical or an aryl radical having 2 to 8 Carbon atoms and R ^{2 represents} a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl radical or an aryl radical or an oxy-alkyl radical with 1 to 8 carbon atoms, C _M -alkyl or phenyl radicals being preferred and [Z] representing a linear polyhydroxyalkyl radical, the Alkyl chain is substituted with at least two hydroxyl groups, or alkoxylated, preferably ethoxylated or propoxylated derivatives of this radical.

[Z] is preferably obtained by reductive amination of a reduced sugar, for example glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose, galactose, mannose or xylose. The N-alkoxy- or N-aryloxy-substituted compounds can then be converted into the desired polyhydroxy fatty acid amides by reaction with fatty acid methyl esters in the presence of an alkoxide as catalyst.

In the context of the present invention, laundry detergent or cleaning product tablets are preferred which contain anionic (s) and nonionic (s) surfactant (s), with application technology advantages being able to result from certain quantitative ratios in which the individual classes of surfactants are used.

For example, detergent tablets are particularly preferred in which the ratio of anionic surfactant (s) to nonionic surfactant (s) is between 10: 1 and 1:10, preferably between 7.5: 1 and 1: 5 and in particular between 5: 1 and 1: 2. Preference is also given to detergent tablets, the surfactant (s), preferably anionic (s) and / or nonionic (s) surfactant (s), in amounts of from 5 to 40% by weight, preferably from 7.5 to 35% by weight, particularly preferably from 10 to 30% by weight and in particular from 12.5 to 25% by weight, based in each case on the molding weight.

From an application point of view, it can be advantageous if certain classes of surfactant are present in some phases of the detergent tablets or in the entire tablet, i.e. in all phases, are not included. A further important embodiment of the present invention therefore provides that at least one phase of the shaped body is free from nonionic surfactants.

Conversely, the content of individual phases or the entire molded body, i.e. all phases, a positive effect can be achieved on certain surfactants. The introduction of the alkyl polyglycosides described above has proven to be advantageous, so that detergent tablets are preferred in which at least one phase of the tablets contains alkyl polyglycosides.

Similar to nonionic surfactants, the omission of anionic surfactants from individual or all phases can result in detergent tablets, which are more suitable for certain areas of application. For this reason, detergent tablets in which at least one phase of the tablet is free from anionic surfactants are also conceivable within the scope of the present invention.

As already mentioned, the use of surfactants in detergent tablets for machine dishwashing is preferably limited to the use of nonionic surfactants in small amounts. In the context of the present invention, detergent tablets preferably to be used as detergent tablets are characterized in that they have total surfactant contents below 5% by weight, preferably below 4% by weight, particularly preferably below 3% by weight and in particular below 2% by weight, based in each case on their total weight. Only weakly foaming nonionic surfactants are usually used as surfactants in automatic dishwashing detergents. By contrast, representatives from the groups of anionic, cationic or amphoteric surfactants are of lesser importance. The detergent tablets according to the invention for machine dishwashing particularly preferably contain nonionic surfactants, in particular nonionic surfactants from the group of the alkoxylated alcohols. The nonionic surfactants used are preferably alkoxylated, advantageously ethoxylated, in particular primary alcohols having preferably 8 to 18 carbon atoms and an average of 1 to 12 moles of ethylene oxide (EO) per mole of alcohol, in which the alcohol radical can be linear or preferably methyl-branched in the 2-position or can contain linear and methyl-branched radicals in the mixture, as are usually present in oxo alcohol radicals. However, alcohol ethoxylates with linear residues of alcohols of native origin with 12 to 18 carbon atoms, for example from coconut, palm, tallow or oleyl alcohol, and an average of 2 to 8 EO per mole of alcohol are particularly preferred. The preferred ethoxylated alcohols include, for example, C ₁₂ . ₁₄ alcohols with 3 EO or 4 EO, C ₉ . _ιr alcohol with 7 EO, Ci ₃ -i ₅ alcohols with 3 EO, 5 EO, 7 EO or 8 EO, C ₁ -ι ₈ alcohols with 3 EO, 5 EO or 7 EO and mixtures of these, such as mixtures of C ₁₂ -alcohol with 3 EO and Cι ₂ . ₁₈ alcohol with 5 EO. The degrees of ethoxylation given represent statistical averages, which can be an integer or a fraction for a specific product. Preferred alcohol ethoxylates have a narrow homolog distribution (narrow range ethoxylates, NRE). In addition to these nonionic surfactants, fatty alcohols with more than 12 EO can also be used. Examples of this are tallow fatty alcohol with 14 EO, 25 EO, 30 EO or 40 EO.

Particularly in the case of detergent tablets or detergent tablets for machine dishwashing according to the invention, it is preferred that the detergent tablets contain a nonionic surfactant which has a melting point above room temperature, preferably a nonionic surfactant with a melting point above 20 ° C. Nonionic surfactants to be used preferably have melting points above 25 ° C., particularly preferred nonionic surfactants have melting points between 25 and 60 ° C., in particular between 26.6 and 43.3 ° C. Suitable nonionic surfactants which have melting or softening points in the temperature range mentioned are, for example, low-foaming nonionic surfactants which can be solid or highly viscous at room temperature. If nonionic surfactants which are highly viscous at room temperature are used, it is preferred that they have a viscosity above 20 Pas, preferably above 35 Pas and in particular above 40 Pas. Nonionic surfactants that have a waxy consistency at room temperature are also preferred.

Preferred nonionic surfactants to be used at room temperature originate from the groups of the alkoxylated nonionic surfactants, in particular the ethoxylated primary alcohols and mixtures of these surfactants with structurally more complex surfactants such as polyoxypropylene / polyoxyethylene / polyoxypropylene (PO / EO / PO) surfactants. Such (PO / EO / PO) nonionic surfactants are also characterized by good foam control.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the nonionic surfactant with a melting point above room temperature is an ethoxylated nonionic surfactant which results from the reaction of a monohydroxyalkanol or alkylphenol having 6 to 20 carbon atoms with preferably at least 12 mol, particularly preferably at least 15 mol, in particular at least 20 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol or alkylphenol has resulted.

A particularly preferred solid at room temperature, non-ionic surfactant is selected from a straight chain fatty alcohol having 16 to 20 carbon atoms (C _{_16-2} alcohol), a C preferably ₁₈ alcohol and at least 12 mole, preferably at least 15 mol and in particular at least 20 moles of ethylene oxide won. Among these, the so-called "narrow ranks ethoxylates" (see above) are particularly preferred.

The nonionic surfactant, which is solid at room temperature, preferably additionally has propylene oxide units in the molecule. Such PO units preferably make up up to 25% by weight, particularly preferably up to 20% by weight and in particular up to 15% by weight of the total molar mass of the nonionic surfactant. Particularly preferred nonionic surfactants are ethoxylated monohydroxyalkanols or alkylphenols, which additionally have polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer units. The alcohol or alkylphenol portion of such nonionic surfactant molecules preferably makes up more than 30% by weight, particularly preferably more than 50% by weight and in particular more than 70% by weight of the total molecular weight of such nonionic surfactants.

Other nonionic surfactants with melting points above room temperature which are particularly preferably used contain 40 to 70% of a polyoxypropylene / polyoxyethylene / polyoxypropylene block polymer blend which contains 75% by weight of an inverted block copolymer of polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene with 17 mol of ethylene oxide and 44 mol of propylene oxide and 25% by weight. -% one Block copolymer of polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene initiated with trimethylolpropane and containing 24 moles of ethylene oxide and 99 moles of propylene oxide per mole of trimethylolpropane.

Nonionic surfactants that may be used with particular Vorzu, are obtainable for example under the name Poly Tergent ^® SLF-18 from Olin Chemicals.

Another preferred surfactant can be represented by the formula

R ¹ 0 [CH ₂ CH (CH ₃ ) 0] _x [CH ₂ CH ₂ θ] _y [CH ₂ CH (OH) R ² ]

describe in which R ^{1 represents} a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having 4 to 18 carbon atoms or mixtures thereof, R ² denotes a linear or branched hydrocarbon radical having 2 to 26 carbon atoms or mixtures thereof and x denotes values between 0.5 and 1, 5 and y represents a value of at least 15.

Further preferred nonionic surfactants are the end-capped poly (oxyalkylated) nonionic surfactants of the formula

R ¹ 0 [CH ₂ CH (R ³ ) 0] _x [CH ₂ ] _k CH (OH) [CH ₂ ] _j OR ²

in which R ¹ and R ^{2 represent} linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, R ^{3 represents} H or a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n- Butyl, 2-butyl or 2-methyl-2-butyl radical, x stands for values between 1 and 30, k and j stand for values between 1 and 12, preferably between 1 and 5. If the value x ≥ 2, each R ³ in the above formula can be different. R ¹ and R ² are preferably linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having 6 to 22 carbon atoms, radicals having 8 to 18 carbon atoms being particularly preferred. H, -CH ₃ or -CH ₂ CH _{3 are} particularly preferred for the radical R ³ . Particularly preferred values for x are in the range from 1 to 20, in particular from 6 to 15.

As described above, each R ³ in the above formula can be different if x ≥ 2. This allows the alkylene oxide unit in the square brackets to be varied. For example, if x is 3, the radical R ³ can be selected to form ethylene oxide (R ³ = H) or propylene oxide (R ³ = CH ₃ ) units which can be joined together in any order, for example (EO) ( PO) (EO), (EO) (EO) (PO), (EO) (EO) (EO), (PO) (EO) (PO), (PO) (PO) (EO) and (PO) ( PO) (PO). The value 3 for x has been chosen here as an example and may well be larger, the range of variation increasing with increasing x values and for example, includes a large number of (EO) groups combined with a small number of (PO) groups, or vice versa.

Particularly preferred end-capped poly (oxyalkylated) alcohols of the above formula have values of k = 1 and j = 1, so that the above formula can be used

R ¹ 0 [CH ₂ CH (R ³ ) 0] _x CH ₂ CH (OH) CH ₂ OR ²

simplified. In the last-mentioned formula, R ¹ , R ² and R ^{3 are} as defined above and x stands for numbers from 1 to 30, preferably from 1 to 20 and in particular from 6 to 18. Particularly preferred are surfactants in which the radicals R ¹ and R ^{2 have} 9 to 14 carbon atoms, R ^{3 represents} H and x assumes values from 6 to 15.

Further ingredients that can be part of the viscoelastic phase (for example bleach, bleach activators, enzymes, dyes and fragrances, optical brighteners, etc.) are described below.

From a consumer point of view, products according to the invention which contain at least one tableted phase in addition to at least one viscoelastic phase are particularly attractive, which is why detergent tablets according to the invention which additionally have at least one tableted phase which, based on their weight, 10 to 80% by weight , preferably 20 to 75% by weight and in particular 30 to 70% by weight of builder (s), are preferred.

These detergent tablets according to the invention contain builders, at least in the tableted phase, which preferably originate from the groups of zeolites, silicates, carbonates, hydrogen carbonates, phosphates and polymers.

Alkali metal phosphates is the general term for the alkali metal (especially sodium and potassium) salts of the various phosphoric acids, in which one can distinguish between metaphosphoric acids (HP0 ₃ ) _n and orthophosphoric acid H ₃ P0 _{4 in} addition to higher molecular weight representatives. The phosphates combine several advantages: they act as alkali carriers, prevent limescale deposits on machine parts or lime incrustations in tissues and also contribute to cleaning performance.

Sodium dihydrogen phosphate, NaH ₂ P0 ₄ , exists as a dihydrate (density 1.91, preferably ³ , melting point 60 °) and as a monohydrate (density 2.04, preferably ³ ). Both salts are white powders which are very easily soluble in water Heat the crystal water and lose it at 200 ^C C in the weakly acidic diphosphate (disodium hydrogen diphosphate, Na ₂ H ₂ P ₂ θ ₇ ), at higher temperature in sodium trimetaphosphate (Na ₃ P ₃ 0 ₉ ) and Maddrell's salt (see below), NaH ₂ P0 ₄ reacts angry; it occurs when phosphoric acid is adjusted to a pH of 4.5 with sodium hydroxide solution and the mash is sprayed. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (primary or monobasic potassium phosphate, potassium biphosphate, KDP), KH P0 ₄ , is a white salt with a density of 2.33 ^"3 , has a melting point of 253 ° [decomposition to form potassium polyphosphate (KP0 ₃ ) _x ] and is easily soluble in water.

Disodium hydrogen phosphate (secondary sodium phosphate), Na ₂ HP0 ₄ , is a colorless, very easily water-soluble crystalline salt. It exists anhydrous and with 2 mol. (Density 2.066 gladly ^'3 , water loss at 95 °), 7 mol. (Density 1.68 gladly ^"3 , melting point 48 ° with loss of 5 H ₂ 0) and 12 mol. Water ( Density 1.52 ^"3 , melting point 35 ° with loss of 5 H ₂ 0), becomes anhydrous at 100 ° and changes to diphosphate Na ₄ P ₂ 0 ₇ when heated more strongly. Disodium hydrogen phosphate is prepared by neutralizing phosphoric acid with soda solution using phenolphthalein as an indicator. Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (secondary or dibasic potassium phosphate), K ₂ HP0 ₄ , is an amorphous, white salt that is easily soluble in water.

Trisodium phosphate, tertiary sodium phosphate, Na ₃ PÖ ₄ , are colorless crystals which like dodeca- hydrate have a density of 1.62 ^"3 and a melting point of 73-76 ° C (decomposition), as decahydrate (corresponding to 19-20% P ₂ 0 ₅ ) have a melting point of 100 ° C. and, in anhydrous form (corresponding to 39-40% P ₂ 0 ₅ ), a density of 2.536 ^{″ 3} . Trisodium phosphate is readily soluble in water with an alkaline reaction and is produced by evaporating a solution of exactly 1 mol of disodium phosphate and 1 mol of NaOH. Tripotassium phosphate (tertiary or triphase potassium phosphate), K ₃ P0, is a white, deliquescent, granular powder with a density of 2.56 ^'3 , has a melting point of 1340 ° and is readily soluble in water with an alkaline reaction. It arises, for example, when heating Thomas slag with coal and potassium sulfate. Despite the higher price, the more soluble, therefore highly effective, potassium phosphates are often preferred over corresponding sodium compounds in the cleaning agent industry.

Tetrasodium diphosphate (sodium pyrophosphate), Na ₄ P ₂ 0 ₇ , exists in anhydrous form (density 2.534 like ^"3 , melting point 988 °, also given 880 °) and as decahydrate (density 1.815-1, 836 like ^'3 , melting point 94 ° below Substances are colorless crystals that are soluble in water with an alkaline reaction. Na ₄ P ₂ 0 is formed by heating disodium phosphate to> 200 ° or by reacting phosphoric acid with soda in a stoichiometric ratio and dehydrating the solution by spraying. The decahydrate complexes Heavy metal salts and hardness formers and therefore reduce the hardness of the water. Potassium diphosphate (potassium pyrophosphate), K ₄ P ₂ 0, exists in the form of the trihydrate and is a colorless, hygroscopic powder with a density of 2.33 like ^'3 , that is soluble in water, the pH of the 1% solution at 25 ° being 10.4. Condensation of NaH ₂ P0 ₄ or KH ₂ P0 ₄ produces higher moles. Sodium and potassium phosphates, in which one can differentiate cyclic representatives, the sodium or potassium metaphosphates and chain-like types, the sodium or potassium polyphosphates. A large number of names are used in particular for the latter: melt or glow phosphates, Graham's salt, Kurrol's and Maddrell's salt. All higher sodium and potassium phosphates are collectively referred to as condensed phosphates.

The technically important pentasodium triphosphate, Na ₅ P ₃ O ₁₀ (sodium tripolyphosphate), is an anhydrous or non-hygroscopic, water-soluble salt of the general formula NaO- [P (0) (ONa) -0] _n that crystallizes with 6 H ₂ 0 -Na with n = 3. Approx. 17 g of the salt free from water of crystallization dissolve in 100 g of water at room temperature, approx. 20 g at 60 ° and around 32 g at 100 °; After heating the solution at 100 ° for two hours, hydrolysis produces about 8% orthophosphate and 15% diphosphate. In the production of pentasodium triphosphate, phosphoric acid is reacted with sodium carbonate solution or sodium hydroxide solution in a stoichiometric ratio and the solution is dewatered by spraying. Similar to Graham's salt and sodium diphosphate, pentasodium triphosphate dissolves many insoluble metal compounds (including lime soaps, etc.). Pentapotassium triphosphate, K ₅ P ₃ O ₁₀ (potassium tripolyphosphate), is commercially available, for example, in the form of a 50% by weight solution (> 23% P ₂ O _s , 25% K ₂ 0). The potassium polyphosphates are widely used in the detergent and cleaning agent industry. There are also sodium potassium tripolyphosphates which can likewise be used in the context of the present invention. These occur, for example, when hydrolyzing sodium trimetaphosphate with KOH:

(NaP0 ₃ ) ₃ + 2 KOH - Na ₃ K ₂ P ₃ O ₁₀ + H ₂ 0

According to the invention, these phosphates can be used just like sodium tripolyphosphate, potassium tripolyphosphate or mixtures of these two; Mixtures of sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium potassium tripolyphosphate or mixtures of potassium tripolyphosphate and sodium potassium tripolyphosphate or mixtures of sodium tripolyphosphate and potassium tripolyphosphate and sodium potassium tripolyphosphate can also be used according to the invention.

Other ingredients that can be contained in the washing or cleaning agent tablets instead of or in addition to phosphates are carbonates and / or hydrogen carbonates, the alkali metal salts and, in particular, the potassium and / or sodium salts being preferred. Preferred detergent tablets contain carbonate (s) and / or bicarbonate (s), preferably alkali carbonates, particularly preferably sodium carbonate, in amounts of 5 to 50% by weight, preferably 7.5 to 40% by weight and in particular of 10 to 30 wt .-%, each based on a tableted phase. Further ingredients which may be contained in the detergent tablets according to the invention instead of or in addition to the phosphates and / or carbonates / bicarbonates mentioned are silicates, the alkali metal silicates and in particular the amorphous and / or crystalline potassium and / or sodium disilicate are preferred.

Suitable crystalline, layered sodium silicates have the general formula NaMSi _x 0 _{2x +} ι Η ₂ 0, where M is sodium or hydrogen, x is a number from 1.9 to 4 and y is a number from 0 to 20 and preferred values for x 2, 3 or 4. Preferred crystalline layered silicates of the formula given are those in which M represents sodium and x assumes the values 2 or 3. In particular, both β- and δ-sodium disilicates Na ₂ Si ₂ 0 ₅ yH ₂ 0 are preferred.

Amorphous sodium silicates with a module Na ₂ 0: Si0 ₂ of 1: 2 to 1: 3.3, preferably from 1: 2 to 1: 2.8 and in particular from 1: 2 to 1: 2.6, can also be used are delayed in dissolving and have secondary washing properties. The delay in dissolution compared to conventional amorphous sodium silicates can be caused in various ways, for example by surface treatment, compounding, compacting / compression or by overdrying. In the context of this invention, the term “amorphous” is also understood to mean “X-ray amorphous”. This means that the silicates in X-ray diffraction experiments do not provide sharp X-ray reflections, as are typical for crystalline substances, but at most one or more maxima of the scattered X-rays, which have a width of several degree units of the diffraction angle. However, it can very well lead to particularly good builder properties if the silicate particles deliver washed-out or even sharp diffraction maxima in electron diffraction experiments. This is to be interpreted as meaning that the products have microcrystalline areas of size 10 to a few hundred nm, values up to max. 50 nm and in particular up to max. 20 nm are preferred. Compacted / compacted amorphous silicates, compounded amorphous silicates and over-dried X-ray amorphous silicates are particularly preferred.

Detergent tablets preferred in the context of the present invention contain silicate (s), preferably alkali silicates, particularly preferably crystalline or amorphous alkali disilicates, in amounts of 3 to 60% by weight, preferably 15 to 50% by weight and in particular 20 up to 40 wt .-%, each based on the mass of the tableted phase (s).

Substances from the group of zeolites are also suitable as an important component in the detergent tablets according to the invention. In the case of detergent tablets in particular, these substances are preferred builders. Zeolites have the general formula

M2. _n O "Al ₂ 0 ₃ ^• x Si0 ₂ " y H ₂ 0 where M is a cation of valence n, x stands for values that are greater than or equal to 2 and y can assume values between 0 and 20. The zeolite structures are formed by linking Al0 ₄ tetrahedra with SiO ₄ tetrahedra, this network being occupied by cations and water molecules. The cations in these structures are relatively mobile and can be exchanged for other cations in different degrees. Depending on the type of zeolite, the intercrystalline “zeolitic” water can be released continuously and reversibly, while for some types of zeolite structural changes are also associated with the water release or uptake.

Preferred detergent tablets are characterized in that they contain zeolite (s), preferably zeolite A, zeolite P, zeolite X and mixtures of these, in amounts of 0 to 60% by weight, preferably 1 to 40% by weight. -% and in particular from 3 to 30 wt .-%, contain.

In addition to the constituents mentioned, builder and surfactant, the detergent tablets according to the invention can contain further ingredients from the group of bleaching agents, bleach activators, disintegration aids, dyes, fragrances, optical brighteners, enzymes, foam inhibitors, silicone oils, anti-redeposition agents, graying agents which are customary in detergents and cleaning agents. contain inhibitors, color transfer inhibitors and corrosion inhibitors. Disintegration aids are preferred ingredients, particularly in tableted phases.

In order to facilitate the disintegration of highly compressed moldings, disintegration aids, so-called tablet disintegrants, can be incorporated into them in order to shorten the disintegration times. Preferred detergent tablets contain 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably 3 to 7% by weight and in particular 4 to 6% by weight of one or more disintegration auxiliaries, in each case based on the weight of the tableted phase (s).

Disintegrants based on cellulose are used as preferred disintegrants in the context of the present invention, so that preferred detergent tablets have such a disintegrant based on cellulose in amounts of 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably 3 to 7% by weight and in particular 4 contain up to 6 wt .-%. Pure cellulose has the formal gross composition (C ₆ H ₁₀ θ ₅ ) _n and, formally speaking, is a ß-1,4-polyacetal of cellobiose, which in turn is made up of two molecules of glucose. Suitable celluloses consist of approximately 500 to 5000 glucose units and consequently have average molecular weights of 50,000 to 500,000. Cellulose-based disintegrants which can be used in the context of the present invention are also cellulose derivatives which can be obtained from cellulose by polymer-analogous reactions. Such chemically modified celluloses include, for example, products from esterifications or etherifications in which hydroxy hydrogen atoms have been substituted. But also celluloses in which the hydroxy Groups replaced by functional groups that are not bound via an oxygen atom can be used as cellulose derivatives. The group of cellulose derivatives includes, for example, alkali celluloses, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), cellulose esters and ethers and aminocelluloses. The cellulose derivatives mentioned are preferably not used alone as a cellulose-based disintegrant, but are used in a mixture with cellulose. The content of cellulose derivatives in these mixtures is preferably below 50% by weight, particularly preferably below 20% by weight, based on the cellulose-based disintegrant. Pure cellulose which is free from cellulose derivatives is particularly preferably used as the disintegrant based on cellulose.

Microcrystalline cellulose can be used as a further cellulose-based disintegrant or as a component of this component. This microcrystalline cellulose is obtained by partial hydrolysis of celluloses under conditions which only attack and completely dissolve the amorphous areas (approx. 30% of the total cellulose mass) of the celluloses, but leave the crystalline areas (approx. 70%) undamaged. A subsequent disaggregation of the microfine celluloses produced by the hydrolysis provides the microcrystalline celluloses, which have primary particle sizes of approximately 5 μm and can be compacted, for example, into granules with an average particle size of 200 μm.

Detergent tablets preferred in the context of the present invention additionally contain a disintegration aid, preferably a cellulose-based disintegration aid, preferably in granular, cogranulated or compacted form, in amounts of 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably 3 to 7% by weight. -% and in particular from 4 to 6 wt .-%, each based on the weight of the tableted phase (s).

The detergent tablets according to the invention can moreover contain a gas-developing effervescent system which is incorporated into one or more of the tableted phases. The gas-developing shower system can consist of a single substance that releases a gas when it comes into contact with water. Among these compounds, magnesium peroxide should be mentioned in particular, which releases oxygen on contact with water. Usually, however, the gas-releasing bubble system itself consists of at least two components that react with one another to form gas. While a large number of systems which release nitrogen, oxygen or hydrogen, for example, are conceivable and executable here, the bubbling system used in the detergent tablets according to the invention can be selected on the basis of both economic and ecological aspects. Preferred effervescent systems consist of alkali metal carbonate and / or hydrogen carbonate and an acidifying agent which is suitable for releasing carbon dioxide from the alkali metal salts in aqueous solution. In the case of the alkali metal carbonates or bicarbonates, the sodium and potassium salts are clearly preferred over the other salts for reasons of cost. Of course, the pure alkali metal carbonates or bicarbonates in question do not have to be used; rather, mixtures of different carbonates and bicarbonates may be preferred for reasons of washing technology.

Preferred detergent tablets are 2 to 20% by weight, preferably 3 to 15% by weight and in particular 5 to 10% by weight of an alkali metal carbonate or bicarbonate and 1 to 15, preferably 2 to 12 and in particular, the effervescent system 3 to 10% by weight of an acidifying agent, based in each case on the entire shaped body, used.

Acidifying agents which release carbon dioxide from the alkali salts in aqueous solution are, for example, boric acid and alkali metal bisulfates, alkali metal dihydrogen phosphates and other inorganic salts. However, organic acidifying agents are preferably used, citric acid being a particularly preferred acidifying agent. However, the other solid mono-, oligo- and polycarboxylic acids can also be used in particular. Tartaric acid, succinic acid, malonic acid, adipic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, oxalic acid and polyacrylic acid are preferred from this group. Organic sulfonic acids such as amidosulfonic acid can also be used. Sokalan ^® DCS (trademark of BASF), a mixture of succinic acid (max. 31% by weight), glutaric acid (max. 50% by weight) and adipic acid (commercially available and also preferably used as an acidifying agent in the context of the present invention) max. 33% by weight).

In the context of the present invention, preference is given to shaped tablets and detergents in which a substance from the group of the organic di-, tri- and oligocarboxylic acids or mixtures thereof are used as acidifying agents in the effervescent system.

Sodium percarbonate is of particular importance among the compounds which serve as bleaching agents and supply H ₂ 0 ₂ in water. "Sodium percarbonate" is a non-specific term for sodium carbonate peroxohydrates, which strictly speaking are not "percarbonates" (ie salts of percarbonic acid) but hydrogen peroxide adducts with sodium carbonate. The merchandise has the average composition 2 Na ₂ C0 ₃ -3 H ₂ 0 ₂ and is therefore not peroxycarbonate. Sodium percarbonate often forms a white, water-soluble powder with a density of 2.14 ^"3 , which easily breaks down into sodium carbonate and bleaching or oxidizing oxygen.

Further bleaching agents that can be used are, for example, sodium perborate tetrahydrate and sodium perborate monohydrate, peroxypyrophosphates, citrate perhydrates and H ₂ 0 ₂ -supplying peracid salts or peracids, such as perbenzoates, peroxophthalates, diperazelaic acid, phthaloiminoperacid or diperdodecanedioic acid. Even when using the bleaching agents, it is possible to dispense with the use of surfactants and / or builders, so that pure bleach tablets can be produced. If such bleach tablets are to be used for textile washing, a combination of sodium percarbonate with sodium sesquicarbonate is preferred, irrespective of which other ingredients are contained in the shaped bodies. If cleaning tablets or bleach tablets for machine dishwashing are manufactured, bleaching agents from the group of organic bleaching agents can also be used. Typical organic bleaching agents are the diacyl peroxides, such as dibenzoyl peroxide. Other typical organic bleaching agents are peroxy acids, examples of which include alkyl peroxy acids and aryl peroxy acids. Preferred representatives are (a) peroxybenzoic acid and its ring-substituted derivatives, such as alkylperoxybenzoic acids, but also peroxy-α-naphthoic acid and magnesium monoperphthalate, (b) the aliphatic or substituted aliphatic peroxyacids, such as peroxylauric acid, peroxystearic acid, ε-phthalimide acid [Phthaloiminoperoxyhexanoic acid (PAP)], o-carboxybenz-amidoperoxycaproic acid, N-nonenylamidoperadipic acid and N-nonenylamidopersuccinate, and (c) aliphatic and araliphatic peroxydicarboxylic acids, such as 1,12-diperoxycarboxylic acid, 1, 9-di-peracidoxyacid-oxyacid-oxyacid-oxyacid-oxyacid , The diperoxyphthalic acids, 2-decyldiperoxybutane-1,4-diacid, N, N-terephthaloyl-di (6-aminopercaproic acid) can be used.

Chlorine or bromine-releasing substances can also be used as bleaching agents in moldings for automatic dishwashing. Suitable materials which release chlorine or bromine include, for example, heterocyclic N-bromo- and N-chloramides, for example trichloroisocyanuric acid, tribromoisocyanuric acid, dibromoisocyanuric acid and / or dichloroisocyanuric acid (DICA) and / or their salts with cations such as potassium and sodium. Hydantoin compounds such as 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydanthoin are also suitable.

In order to achieve an improved bleaching effect when washing or cleaning at temperatures of 60 ° C and below, bleach activators can be incorporated. Bleach activators which support the action of the bleaching agents are, for example, compounds which contain one or more N- or O-acyl groups, such as substances from the class of anhydrides, esters, imides and acylated imidazoles or oxides. Examples are tetraacetylethylene diamine (TAED), tetraacetyl methylene diamine (TAMD) and tetraacetyl hexylene diamine (TAHD), but also pentaacetyl glucose (PAG), 1,5-diacetyl-2,2-dioxo-hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (DADHT) and isatoic acid - reanhydride (ISA).

Bleach activators which can be used are compounds which, under perhydrolysis conditions, give aliphatic peroxocarboxylic acids having preferably 1 to 10 C atoms, in particular 2 to 4 C atoms, and / or optionally substituted perbenzoic acid. Substances are suitable which contain O- and / or N-acyl groups of the specified number of carbon atoms and / or also carry substituted benzoyl groups. Preferred are multiply acylated alkylenediamines, in particular tetraacetylethylene diamine (TAED), acylated triazine derivatives, in particular 1,5-diacetyl-2,4-dioxohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (DADHT), acylated glycolurils, in particular tetraacetylglycoluril (TAGU) ), N-acylimides, especially N-nonanoylsuccinimide (NOSI), acylated phenol sulfonates, especially n-nonanoyl- or isononanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (n- or iso-NOBS), carboxylic acid anhydrides, especially phthalic anhydride, acylated polyhydric alcohols, especially triacetin 5-diacetoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran, n-methyl-morpholinium-acetonitrile-methyl sulfate (MMA) as well as acetylated sorbitol and mannitol or their mixtures (SORMAN), acylated sugar derivatives, in particular pentaacetylglucose (PAG), pentaacetylfructose, tetraacetacetylylylose and octaylylylose and ocetyl , optionally N-alkylated glucamine and gluconolactone, and / or N-acylated lactams, for example N-benzoylcaprolactam. Hydrophilically substituted acylacetals and acyllactams are also preferably used. Combinations of conventional bleach activators can also be used.

In addition to the conventional bleach activators or in their place, so-called bleach catalysts can also be incorporated. These substances are bleach-enhancing transition metal salts or transition metal complexes such as, for example, Mn, Fe, Co, Ru or Mo salt complexes or carbonyl complexes. Mn, Fe, Co, Ru, Mo, Ti, V and Cu complexes with N-containing tripod ligands as well as Co, Fe, Cu and Ru amine complexes can also be used as bleaching catalysts.

Bleach activators from the group of multi-acylated alkylenediamines, in particular tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED), N-acylimides, in particular N-nonanoylsuccinimide (NOSI), acylated phenolsulfonates, in particular n-nonanoyl- or isononanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (n-) or iso-N-NOB are preferred -Methyl-morpholinium-acetonitrile-methyl sulfate (MMA), preferably in amounts of up to 10% by weight, in particular 0.1% by weight to 8% by weight, particularly 2 to 8% by weight and particularly preferably 2 to 6 wt .-% based on the total agent used.

Bleach-enhancing transition metal complexes, in particular with the central atoms Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Mo, V, Ti and / or Ru, preferably selected from the group consisting of manganese and / or cobalt salts and / or complexes, particularly preferably cobalt (ammin ) Complexes, the cobalt (acetate) complexes, the cobalt (carbonyl) complexes, the chlorides of cobalt or manganese, of manganese sulfate are used in customary amounts, preferably in an amount of up to 5% by weight, in particular of 0 , 0025% by weight to 1% by weight and particularly preferably from 0.01% by weight to 0.25% by weight, in each case based on the total composition. But in special cases, more bleach activator can be used. Further preferred detergent tablets for machine dishwashing are characterized in that at least one phase of silver protection agent from the group of the triazoles, the benzotriazoles, the bisbenzotriazoles, the aminotriazoles, the alkylaminotriazoles and the transition metal salts or complexes, particularly preferably benzotriazole and / or alkyla - minotriazole, in amounts of 0.01 to 5 wt .-%, preferably from 0.05 to 4 wt .-% and in particular from 0.5 to 3 wt .-%, each based on the mass.

The corrosion inhibitors mentioned can also be incorporated to protect the items to be washed or the machine, silver protection agents being particularly important in the field of automatic dishwashing. The known substances of the prior art can be used. In general, silver protection agents selected from the group of the triazoles, the benzotriazoles, the bisbenzotriazoles, the aminotriazoles, the alkylaminotriazoles and the transition metal salts or complexes can be used in particular. Benzotriazole and / or alkylaminotriazole are particularly preferably to be used. In addition, detergent formulations often contain agents containing active chlorine, which can significantly reduce the corrosion of the silver surface. In chlorine-free cleaners, especially oxygen- and nitrogen-containing organic redox-active compounds, such as di- and trihydric phenols, e.g. As hydroquinone, pyrocatechol, hydroxyhydroquinone, gallic acid, phloroglucin, pyrogallol or derivatives of these classes of compounds. Salt-like and complex-like inorganic compounds, such as salts of the metals Mn, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Co and Ce, are also frequently used. Preferred here are the transition metal salts which are selected from the group consisting of manganese and / or cobalt salts and / or complexes, particularly preferably the cobalt (ammine) complexes, the cobalt (acetate) complexes, the cobalt (carbonyl) complexes , the chlorides of cobalt or manganese and manganese sulfate. Zinc compounds can also be used to prevent corrosion on the wash ware.

If anti-corrosive agents are used in multi-phase moldings, it is preferred to separate them from the bleaching agents. Detergent tablets in which one of the phases contains bleach while another contains anti-corrosion agents are therefore preferred.

The separation of the bleaching agents from other ingredients can also be advantageous. Detergent tablets according to the invention in which one of the phases contains bleaching agents while another contains enzymes are also preferred. Suitable enzymes are in particular those from the classes of hydrolases such as proteases, esterases, lipases or lipolytically active enzymes, amylases, cellulases or other glycosyl hydrolases and mixtures of the enzymes mentioned. All these hydrolases help to remove stains such as protein, fat or starchy stains and graying in the laundry. Cellulases and other glycosyl hydrolases can also be removed by Pilling and microfibrils help to maintain color and increase the softness of the textile. Oxidoreductases can also be used to bleach or inhibit color transfer. Particularly suitable are bacterial strains or fungi such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Streptomyceus griseus, Coprinus Cinereus and Humicola insolens as well as enzymatic active ingredients obtained from their genetically modified variants. Proteases of the subtilisin type and in particular proteases which are obtained from Bacillus lentus are preferably used. Here are enzyme mixtures, for example from proteases and amylase or protease and lipase or lipolytically active enzymes or protease and cellulase or from cellulase and lipase or lipolytically active enzymes or from protease, amylase and lipase or lipolytically active enzymes or protease, lipase or lipolytically active enzymes and cellulase, but in particular protease and / or lipase-containing mixtures or mixtures with lipolytically active enzymes of particular interest. Known cutinases are examples of such lipolytically active enzymes. Peroxides or oxidases have also proven to be suitable in some cases. Suitable amylases include in particular alpha-amylases, iso-amylases, pullulanases and pectinases. Cellobiohydrolases, endoglucanases and glucosidases, which are also called cellobiases, or mixtures thereof, are preferably used as cellulases. Since different cellulase types differ in their CMCase and avicelase activities, the desired activities can be set by targeted mixtures of the cellulases.

Other enzymes are naturally used in detergent tablets for machine dishwashing in order to take account of the different substrates treated and contaminants. In particular, those from the classes of hydrolases such as proteases, esterases, lipases or lipolytically active enzymes, amylases, glycosyl hydrolases and mixtures of the enzymes mentioned are suitable. All of these hydrolases contribute to the removal of stains such as stains containing protein, fat or starch. Oxidoreductases can also be used for bleaching. Particularly suitable are bacterial strains or fungi such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Streptomyceus griseus, Coprinus Cinereus and Humicola insolens as well as enzymatic active ingredients obtained from their genetically modified variants. Proteases of the subtilisin type and in particular proteases which are obtained from Bacillus lentus are preferably used. Here are enzyme mixtures, for example of protease and amylase or protease and lipase or lipolytically active enzymes or of protease, amylase and lipase or lipolytically active enzymes or protease, lipase or lipolytically active enzymes, but especially protease and / or lipase-containing mixtures or mixtures with lipolytically active enzymes of particular interest. Known cutinases are examples of such lipolytically active enzymes. Peroxidases or oxidases have also proven to be suitable in some cases. Suitable amylases include in particular alpha-amylases, iso-amylases, pullulanases and pectinases. The enzymes can be adsorbed on carriers or embedded in coating substances to protect them against premature decomposition. The proportion of the enzymes, enzyme mixtures or enzyme granules can be, for example, about 0.1 to 5% by weight, preferably 0.5 to about 4.5% by weight, in each case based on the phase in which they are used.

Further ingredients that can be part of one or more phase (s) are, for example, cobuilders, dyes, optical brighteners, fragrances, soil-release compounds, soil repellents, antioxidants, fluorescent agents, foam inhibitors, silicone and / or paraffin oils, color transfer inhibitors , Graying inhibitors, detergent boosters, etc. These substances are described below.

Usable organic builders are, for example, the polycarboxylic acids which can be used in the form of their sodium salts, polycarboxylic acids being understood to mean those carboxylic acids which carry more than one acid function. For example, these are citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, sugar acids, aminocarboxylic acids, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), as long as such use is not objectionable for ecological reasons, and mixtures of these. Preferred salts are the salts of polycarboxylic acids such as citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, tartaric acid, sugar acids and mixtures of these.

The acids themselves can also be used. In addition to their builder effect, the acids typically also have the property of an acidifying component and thus also serve to set a lower and milder pH of detergents or cleaning agents. Citric acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, gluconic acid and any mixtures thereof can be mentioned in particular.

Polymeric polycarboxylates are also suitable as builders, for example the alkali metal salts of polyacrylic acid or polymethacrylic acid, for example those with a relative molecular weight of 500 to 70,000 g / mol.

For the purposes of this document, the molecular weights given for polymeric polycarboxylates are weight-average molecular weights M _{w of} the particular acid form, which were determined in principle by means of gel permeation chromatography (GPC), using a UV detector. The measurement was made against an external polyacrylic acid standard, which provides realistic molecular weight values due to its structural relationship to the polymers investigated. This information differs significantly from the molecular weight information, for which polystyrene sulfonic acids are used as standard. The molecular weights measured against polystyrene sulfonic acids are generally significantly higher than the molecular weights given in this document. Suitable polymers are, in particular, polyacrylates, which preferably have a molecular weight of 2,000 to 20,000 g / mol. Because of their superior solubility, the short-chain polyacrylates which have molar masses from 2000 to 10000 g / mol, and particularly preferably from 3000 to 5000 g / mol, can in turn be preferred from this group.

Also suitable are copolymeric polycarboxylates, in particular those of acrylic acid with methacrylic acid and of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with maleic acid. Copolymers of acrylic acid with maleic acid which contain 50 to 90% by weight of acrylic acid and 50 to 10% by weight of maleic acid have proven to be particularly suitable. Their relative molecular weight, based on free acids, is generally 2,000 to 70,000 g / mol, preferably 20,000 to 50,000 g / mol and in particular 30,000 to 40,000 g / mol.

The (co) polymeric polycarboxylates can be used either as a powder or as an aqueous solution. The content of (co) polymeric polycarboxylates in the agents is preferably 0.5 to 20% by weight, in particular 3 to 10% by weight.

To improve water solubility, the polymers can also contain allylsulfonic acids, such as, for example, allyloxybenzenesulfonic acid and methallylsulfonic acid, as monomers.

Also particularly preferred are biodegradable polymers composed of more than two different monomer units, for example those which contain salts of acrylic acid and maleic acid as well as vinyl alcohol or vinyl alcohol derivatives as monomers or those which contain salts of acrylic acid and 2-alkylallylsulfonic acid and sugar derivatives as monomers ,

Further preferred copolymers are those which preferably have acrolein and acrylic acid / acrylic acid salts or acrolein and vinyl acetate as monomers.

Also to be mentioned as further preferred builder substances are polymeric aminodicarboxylic acids, their salts or their precursor substances. Polyaspartic acids or their salts and derivatives are particularly preferred which, in addition to cobuilder properties, also have a bleach-stabilizing effect.

Other suitable builder substances are polyacetals, which can be obtained by reacting dialdehydes with polyolcarboxylic acids which have 5 to 7 carbon atoms and at least 3 hydroxyl groups. Preferred polyacetals are obtained from dialdehydes such as glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, terephthalaldehyde and their mixtures and from polyolcarboxylic acids such as gluconic acid and / or glucoheptonic acid. Other suitable organic builder substances are dextrins, for example oligomers or polymers of carbohydrates, which can be obtained by partial hydrolysis of starches. The hydrolysis can be carried out by customary processes, for example acid-catalyzed or enzyme-catalyzed. They are preferably hydrolysis products with average molar masses in the range from 400 to 500,000 g / mol. A polysaccharide with a dextrose equivalent (DE) in the range from 0.5 to 40, in particular from 2 to 30, is preferred, DE being a customary measure of the reducing effect of a polysaccharide compared to dextrose, which has a DE of 100 , is. Both maltodextrins with a DE between 3 and 20 and dry glucose syrups with a DE between 20 and 37 as well as so-called yellow dextrins and white dextrins with higher molar masses in the range from 2000 to 30000 g / mol can be used.

The oxidized derivatives of such dextrins are their reaction products with oxidizing agents which are capable of oxidizing at least one alcohol function of the saccharide ring to the carboxylic acid function. A product oxidized at C _{6 of} the saccharide ring can be particularly advantageous.

Oxydisuccinates and other derivatives of disuccinates, preferably ethylenediamine disuccinate, are further suitable cobuilders. Ethylenediamine-N, ^{N'-disuccinate} (EDDS) is preferably in the form of its sodium or magnesium salts. Glycerol disuccinates and glycerol trisuccinates are also preferred in this context. Suitable amounts for use in formulations containing zeolite and / or silicate are 3 to 15% by weight.

Other useful organic cobuilders are, for example, acetylated hydroxycarboxylic acids or their salts, which may also be in lactone form and which contain at least 4 carbon atoms and at least one hydroxyl group and a maximum of two acid groups.

Another class of substances with cobuilder properties are the phosphonates. These are, in particular, hydroxyalkane or aminoalkane phosphonates. Among the hydroxyalkane phosphonates, 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonate (HEDP) is of particular importance as a cobuilder. It is preferably used as the sodium salt, the disodium salt reacting neutrally and the tetrasodium salt in an alkaline manner (pH 9). Preferred aminoalkane phosphonates are ethylenediaminetetramethylenephosphonate (EDTMP), diethylenetriaminepentamethylenephosphonate (DTPMP) and their higher homologs. They are preferably in the form of the neutral sodium salts, e.g. B. as the hexasodium salt of EDTMP or as the hepta and octa sodium salt of DTPMP. HEDP is preferably used as the builder from the class of the phosphonates. The aminoalkanephosphonates also have a pronounced ability to bind heavy metals. Accordingly, it can, especially if the Means also contain bleach, be preferred to use aminoalkanephosphonates, in particular DTPMP, or to use mixtures of the phosphonates mentioned.

In addition, all compounds that are able to form complexes with alkaline earth metal ions can be used as cobuilders.

In order to improve the aesthetic impression of the detergent tablets according to the invention, they can be wholly or partly colored with suitable dyes. Special optical effects can be achieved if the individual phases are colored differently in the case of moldings composed of several phases. Preferred dyes, the selection of which is not difficult for a person skilled in the art, have a high storage stability and insensitivity to the other ingredients of the compositions and to light, and no pronounced substantivity to the treated substrates, such as textile fibers or dishes, in order not to stain them.

Preferred for use in detergent tablets according to the invention are all colorants which can be oxidatively destroyed in the washing process, and also mixtures thereof with suitable blue dyes, so-called blue toners. It has proven to be advantageous to use colorants which are soluble in water or at room temperature in liquid organic substances. For example, anionic colorants, for example anionic nitroso dyes, are suitable. One possible dye is, for example, naphthol green (Color Index (CI) Part 1: Acid Green 1; Part 2: 10020)., That is as a commercial product, for example as Basacid ^® Green 970 from BASF, Ludwigshafen available, as well as mixtures thereof with suitable blue dyes. Other colorants include Pigmosol ^® Blue 6900 (Cl 74160), Pigmosol ^® Green 8730 (Cl 74260), Basonyl ^® Red 545 FL (Cl 45170), Sandolan ^® Rhodamine EB400 (Cl 45100), Basacid ^® Yellow 094 (Cl 47005 ), Sicovit ^® Patentblau 85 E 131 (Cl 42051), Acid Blue 183 (CAS 12217-22-0, Cl Acidblue 183), Pigment Blue 15 (Cl 74160), Supranol ^® Blau GLW (CAS 12219-32-8, Cl Acidblue 221)), Nylosan ^® Yellow N-7GL SGR (CAS 61814-57-1, Cl Acidyellow 218) and / or Sandolan ^® Blue (Cl Acid Blue 182, CAS 12219-26-0).

When choosing the colorant, care must be taken to ensure that the colorants do not have too strong an affinity for the textile surfaces and especially for synthetic fibers. At the same time, when choosing suitable colorants, it must also be taken into account that colorants have different stabilities against oxidation. In general, water-insoluble colorants are more stable to oxidation than water-soluble colorants. Depending on the solubility and thus also on the sensitivity to oxidation, the concentration of the colorant in the washing or cleaning agents varies. In the case of colorants which are readily water-soluble, for example the above-mentioned Basacid ^® green or the above-mentioned Sandolan ^® blue, colorant concentrations in the range of a few 10 ^"2 to 10 ^{" 3} % by weight are typically chosen. In the due to their brilliance, particularly preferred, but are less readily water-soluble pigment dyes, for example the above-mentioned Pigmosol ^® ATTO-dyes, the appropriate concentration of the colorant is in washing or cleaning agents, however, typically a few 10 ^'3 to 10 ^"4 wt .-% ,

The detergent tablets according to the invention can contain one or more optical brighteners. These fabrics, which are also called "whiteners", are used in modern laundry detergents because even freshly washed and bleached white laundry has a slight yellow tinge. Optical brighteners are organic dyes that convert part of the invisible UV radiation from sunlight into longer-wave blue light. The emission of this blue light complements the "gap" in the light reflected by the textile, so that a textile treated with an optical brightener appears whiter and brighter to the eye. Since the action mechanism of brighteners presupposes that they are drawn onto the fibers, a distinction is made depending on the "dyed" fibers, for example brighteners for cotton, polyamide or polyester fibers. The commercially available brighteners suitable for incorporation in detergents essentially include five structural groups on the stilbene, the diphenylstilbene, the coumarin-quinoline, the diphenylpyrazoline group and the group of the combination of benzoxazole or benzimidazole with conjugated systems. Suitable are e.g. Salts of 4,4'-bis [(4-anilino-6-morpholino-s-triazin-2-yl) amino] -stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid or similarly structured compounds which, instead of the morpholino group, have a diethanolamino group , a methylamino group, an anilino group or a 2-methoxyethylamino group. In addition, brighteners of the substituted diphenylstyryl type may be present, e.g. the alkali salts of 4,4'-bis (2-sulfostyryl) diphenyl, 4,4'-bis (4-chloro-3-sulfostyryl) diphenyl, or 4- (4-chlorostyryl) -4 '- (2- sulfostyryl). Mixtures of the aforementioned brighteners can also be used.

Fragrances are added to the agents according to the invention in order to improve the aesthetic impression of the products and, in addition to the performance of the product, to provide the consumer with a visually and sensorially "typical and distinctive" product. Individual fragrance compounds, for example the synthetic products of the ester, ether, aldehyde, ketone, alcohol and hydrocarbon type, can be used as perfume oils or fragrances. Fragrance compounds of the ester type are, for example, benzyl acetate, phenoxyethyl isobutyrate, p-tert.-butylcyclohexyl acetate, linalyl acetate, dimethylbenzylcarbyl acetate, phenylethyl acetate, linylbenzoate, benzyl formate, ethylmethylphenylglycinate, allylcyclohexylpropylatepylpropylateylatepylpropionate. The ethers include, for example, benzyl ethyl ether, the aldehydes include, for example, the linear alkanals with 8-18 C atoms, citral, citronellal, citronellyloxyacetaldehyde, cyclamaldehyde, hydroxycitronellal, lilial and bourgeonal, and the ketones include, for example, the ionones, «- isomethyl ionone and methyl -cedryl ketone, the alcohols anethole, citronellol, eugenol, geraniol, linalool, phenylethyl alcohol and terpineol, the hydrocarbons mainly include the terpenes like limes and pinene. However, preference is given to using mixtures of different fragrances which together produce an appealing fragrance. Perfume oils of this type can also contain natural fragrance mixtures such as are obtainable from plant sources, for example pine, citrus, jasmine, patchouly, rose or ylang-ylang oil. Also suitable are muscatel, sage oil, chamomile oil, clove oil, lemon balm oil, mint oil, cinnamon leaf oil, linden blossom oil, juniper berry oil, vetiver oil, olibanum oil, galbanum oil and labdanum oil as well as orange blossom oil, neroliol, orange peel oil and sandalwood oil.

The fragrance content of the laundry detergent tablets produced according to the invention is usually up to 2% by weight of the total formulation. The fragrances can be incorporated directly into the agents according to the invention, but it can also be advantageous to apply the fragrances to carriers which increase the adhesion of the perfume to the laundry and ensure a long-lasting fragrance of the textiles due to a slower fragrance release. Cyclodextrins, for example, have proven useful as such carrier materials, and the cyclodextrin-perfume complexes can additionally be coated with further auxiliaries.

In addition, the detergent tablets can also contain components which have a positive effect on the ability to wash out oil and fat from textiles (so-called soil repellents). This effect becomes particularly clear when a textile is soiled that has already been washed several times beforehand with a detergent according to the invention which contains this oil and fat-dissolving component. The preferred oil- and fat-dissolving components include, for example, nonionic cellulose ethers such as methyl cellulose and methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose with a proportion of methoxyl groups from 15 to 30% by weight and of hydroxypropylene groups from 1 to 15% by weight, in each case based on the nonionic cellulose ether, as well as the polymers of phthalic acid and / or terephthalic acid or their derivatives known from the prior art, in particular polymers of ethylene terephthalates and / or polyethylene glycol terephthalates or anionically and / or nonionically modified derivatives thereof. Of these, the sulfonated derivatives of phthalic acid and terephthalic acid polymers are particularly preferred.

Foam inhibitors that can be used in the agents produced according to the invention are, for example, soaps, paraffins or silicone oils, which can optionally be applied to carrier materials.

Graying inhibitors have the task of keeping the dirt detached from the fiber suspended in the liquor and thus preventing the dirt from being re-absorbed. Water-soluble colloids of mostly organic nature are suitable for this purpose, for example the water-soluble salts of polymeric carboxylic acids, glue, gelatin, salts of ether sulfonic acids of starch or cellulose or salts of acidic sulfuric acid esters of cellulose or starch. Also something- Serum-soluble polyamides containing acidic groups are suitable for this purpose. Soluble starch preparations and starch products other than those mentioned above can also be used, for example degraded starch, aldehyde starches, etc. Polyvinylpyrrolidone can also be used. However, cellulose ethers such as carboxymethyl cellulose (sodium salt), methyl cellulose, hydroxyalkyl cellulose and mixed ethers such as methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl carboxymethyl cellulose and mixtures thereof are preferably used in amounts of 0.1 to 5% by weight, based on the composition

Since textile fabrics, in particular rayon, rayon, cotton and their mixtures, can be wrinkled because the individual fibers prevent bending and kinking. If pressing and squeezing across the grain are sensitive, the agents produced according to the invention can contain synthetic anti-crease agents. These include, for example, synthetic products based on fatty acids, fatty acid esters. Fatty acid amides, alkylol esters, alkylolamides or fatty alcohols, which are mostly reacted with ethylene oxide, or products based on lecithin or modified phosphoric acid esters.

To combat microorganisms, the agents produced according to the invention can contain antimicrobial agents. Depending on the antimicrobial spectrum and the mechanism of action, a distinction is made between bacteriostatics and bactericides, fungiostatics and fungicides, etc. Important substances from these groups are, for example, benzalkonium chlorides, alkyllyl sulfonates, halogenophenols and phenol mercuric acetate, although these compounds can be dispensed with entirely.

In order to prevent undesirable changes in the agents and / or the treated textiles caused by the action of oxygen and other oxidative processes, the agents can contain antioxidants. This class of compounds includes, for example, substituted phenols, hydroquinones, pyrocatechols and aromatic amines as well as organic sulfides, polysulfides, dithiocarbamates, phosphites and phosphonates.

Increased wearing comfort can result from the additional use of antistatic agents, which are additionally added to the agents produced according to the invention. Antistatic agents increase the surface conductivity and thus enable the flow of charges that have formed to improve. External antistatic agents are generally substances with at least one hydrophilic molecular ligand and give a more or less hygroscopic film on the surfaces. These mostly surface-active antistatic agents can be divided into nitrogen-containing (amines, amides, quaternary ammonium compounds), phosphorus-containing (phosphoric acid esters) and sulfur-containing (alkyl sulfonates, alkyl sulfates) antistatic agents. To improve the water absorption capacity, the rewettability of the treated textiles and to facilitate the ironing of the treated textiles, for example silicone derivatives can be used in the agents produced according to the invention. These additionally improve the rinsing behavior of the agents due to their foam-inhibiting properties. Preferred silicone derivatives are, for example, polydialkyl or alkylarylsiloxanes in which the alkyl groups have one to five carbon atoms and are completely or partially fluorinated. Preferred silicones are polydimethylsiloxanes, which can optionally be derivatized and are then amino-functional or quaternized or have Si-OH, Si-H and / or Si-Cl bonds. The viscosities of the preferred silicones at 25 ° C. are in the range between 100 and 100,000 centistokes, the silicones being used in amounts between 0.2 and 5% by weight, based on the total agent.

Finally, the agents produced according to the invention can also contain UV absorbers, which absorb onto the treated textiles and improve the light resistance of the fibers. Compounds which have these desired properties are, for example, the compounds and derivatives of benzophenone which are active by radiationless deactivation and have substituents in the 2- and / or 4-position. Substituted benzotriazoles, phenyl-substituted acrylates (cinnamic acid derivatives), optionally with cyano groups in the 2-position, salicylates, organic Ni complexes and natural substances such as umbelliferone and the body's own urocanoic acid are also suitable.

With all of the above-mentioned ingredients, advantageous properties can result from separating them from other ingredients or assembling them together with certain other ingredients. In the case of multi-phase moldings, the individual phases can also have a different content of the same ingredient, which can result in advantages.

The detergent tablets according to the invention dissolve completely in the washing or cleaning cycle, and - as mentioned above - it can be advantageous if the different regions have different dissolution rates. Here, for example, due to the hardness and / or content of individual tableted phases of disintegration aid, the viscoelastic phase can dissolve well before the tableted phase (s). Due to the different dissolution rates, in addition to the release of certain ingredients, the properties of the washing or cleaning liquor can also be changed in a targeted manner. For example, detergent tablets are preferred in which the pH of a 1% by weight solution in water is in the range from 8 to 12, preferably from 9 to 11 and in particular from 9.5 to 10. Moldings according to the invention are preferred for aesthetic reasons and because they are easier to handle, in which the viscoelastic phase is surrounded by two tableted phases. The layer structure is particularly suitable here. In the simplest case, such a preferred shaped body according to the invention has the shape of a three-layer tablet, the outer layers of which are tableted, while the middle layer is the viscoelastic phase. Of course, the outer "lids" can also consist of multilayer tablets, and the viscoelastic phase can also be composed of several - possibly differently composed - viscoelastic phases. Here, detergent tablets according to the invention are preferred which have two tableted phases which are in the form of Have layers, the viscoelastic phase being located as the third layer between the tableted layers.

The tablettability of the tableted phases and their hardness / solubility profile can be improved if their surfactant content is kept as low as possible. Preference is given to tablets or viscoelastic components in which the tablet (s) phase (s), based in each case on their weight, are less than 15% by weight, preferably less than 7% by weight, particularly preferred preferably less than 3% by weight and in particular contain no surfactant (s).

The design of the three-layer tablet described above is particularly attractive if the viscoelastic layer is 0.1 to 0.6 times, preferably 0.15 to 0.5 times and d in particular 0.2 to 0.4 -fold the total tablet height.

As described above, the premix can be composed of a wide variety of substances. Regardless of the composition of the premixes to be pressed in process step a), physical parameters of the premixes can be selected so that advantageous molded body properties result.

To produce the tableted phase (s), particulate premixes are compacted in a so-called die between two punches to form a solid compressed product. This process, which is briefly referred to below as tableting, is divided into four sections: metering, compression, plastic deformation and ejection.

First of all, the premix is introduced into the die, the filling quantity and thus the weight and the shape of the molding being formed being determined by the position of the lower punch and the shape of the pressing tool. The constant dosing, even with high molding throughputs, is preferably achieved by volumetric dosing of the premix. As the tableting continues, the upper punch touches the premix and lowers further in the direction of the lower punch. With this compression the Particles of the premix are pressed closer together, the void volume within the filling between the punches continuously decreasing. From a certain position of the upper punch (and thus from a certain pressure on the premix) the plastic deformation begins, in which the particles flow together and the molded body is formed. Depending on the physical properties of the premix, some of the premix particles are also crushed and sintering of the premix occurs at even higher pressures. With increasing pressing speed, that is to say high throughput quantities, the phase of elastic deformation is shortened further and further, so that the resulting shaped bodies can have more or less large cavities. In the last step of tableting, the finished molded body is pressed out of the die by the lower punch and transported away by subsequent transport devices. At this point in time, only the weight of the molded body is finally determined, since the compacts can still change their shape and size due to physical processes (stretching, crystallographic effects, cooling, etc.).

Tableting takes place in commercially available tablet presses, which can in principle be equipped with single or double punches. In the latter case, not only is the upper stamp used to build up pressure, the lower stamp also moves towards the upper stamp during the pressing process, while the upper stamp presses down. For small production quantities, eccentric tablet presses are preferably used, in which the stamp or stamps are attached to an eccentric disc, which in turn is mounted on an axis with a certain rotational speed. The movement of these rams is comparable to that of a conventional four-stroke engine. The pressing can take place with one upper and one lower punch, but several punches can also be attached to one eccentric disc, the number of die holes being correspondingly increased. The throughputs of eccentric presses vary depending on the type from a few hundred to a maximum of 3000 tablets per hour.

In the case of eccentric presses, the lower punch is generally not moved during the pressing process. A consequence of this is that the resulting tablet has a hardness gradient, i.e. is harder in the areas closer to the upper stamp than in the areas closer to the lower stamp. In the context of the present invention, such tablets are preferably oriented such that the “softer” side lies on the inside, ie comes into contact with the viscoelastic phase. The “hard” side then lies on the outside and brings about a high degree of stability Pressing forces stable and quick-dissolving tablets can be obtained.

For larger throughputs, rotary tablet presses are selected in which a larger number of dies is arranged in a circle on a so-called die table. The number of matrices varies between 6 and 55 depending on the model, although larger matrices are also commercially available. Each die on the die table is assigned an upper and lower stamp, whereby again the pressure can only be built up by the upper or lower stamp, but also by both stamps. The die table and the stamps move around a common vertical axis, the stamps being brought into the positions for filling, compression, plastic deformation and ejection by means of rail-like curved tracks during the rotation. Wherever a particularly serious lifting or lowering of the punches is required (filling, compacting, ejecting), these cam tracks are supported by additional low-pressure pieces, low-tension rails and lifting tracks. The die is filled via a rigidly arranged feed device, the so-called filling shoe, which is connected to a storage container for the premix. The pressing pressure on the premix can be individually adjusted via the pressing paths for the upper and lower punches, the pressure being built up by rolling the punch shaft heads past adjustable pressure rollers.

Rotary presses can also be provided with two filling shoes to increase the throughput, with only a semicircle having to be run through to produce a tablet. For the production of two- and multi-layer moldings, several filling shoes are arranged one behind the other without the slightly pressed first layer being ejected before further filling. With suitable process control, jacket and dot tablets can also be produced in this way, which have an onion-shell-like structure, the top side of the core or the core layers not being covered in the case of the dot tablets and thus remaining visible. Rotary tablet presses can also be equipped with single or multiple tools, so that, for example, an outer circle with 50 and an inner circle with 35 holes can be used simultaneously for pressing. The throughputs of modern rotary tablet presses are over one million tablets per hour.

Of course, in the context of the present invention, the “lids” can also be designed in multiple phases, in particular in multiple layers. For example, it is possible to use two-layer tablets as “lids”, the layer of the respective two-layer tablet which is in contact with the viscoelastic phase in its Composition and thickness can also be selected as a “barrier layer”, which prevents penetration of ingredients from or into the viscoelastic phase (s).

The moldings can be manufactured in a predetermined spatial shape and a predetermined size. Practically all practical configurations can be considered as the spatial shape, for example, the design as a board, the bar or bar shape, cubes, cuboids and corresponding spatial elements with flat side surfaces, and in particular cylindrical configurations with a circular or oval cross section. This last embodiment covers the presentation form from the tablet to compact cylinder pieces with a ratio of height to diameter above 1. The spatial shape of another embodiment of the shaped bodies is adapted in its dimensions to the induction chamber of commercially available household washing machines or the dosing chamber of commercially available dishwashers, so that the shaped bodies can be dosed directly into the induction chamber without dosing aid, where they dissolve during the induction process or from where they are released during the cleaning process. Of course, the detergent tablets can also be used without problems using dosing aids.

After pressing, the detergent tablets have a high stability. The breaking strength of cylindrical shaped bodies can be determined via the measured variable of the diametrical breaking load. This can be determined according to

2 σ = πDt

Herein D stands for diametral fracture stress (DFS) in Pa, P is the force in N that leads to the pressure exerted on the molded body that causes the molded body to break, D is the molded body diameter in meters and t the height of the moldings.

Examples:

The following raw materials were mixed with one another to produce viscoelate-safe phases according to the invention:

This resulted in viscoelastic phases of the following composition

* Tallow alcohol (Dehydol ^® TA 30)

The storage and loss modulus of the viscoelastic phases according to the invention are shown in the table below (measurement with the rheometer UDS 2000 from Paar Physika according to the plate-plate measuring system 25 mm, 2 mm gap, at 20 ° C.).

The viscoelastic phases are stable, can be stored well and are readily soluble in cold and warm water. Three-layer tablets according to the invention can be produced by placing the above-mentioned viscoelastic phases between two "lid" tablets produced by pressing technology. Framework formulations for such tablet lids are, for example (in each case based on the mass of the tableted phase):

Layered silicates / water glasses 3 - 30% by weight, preferably 4 to 25% by weight

Soda / potash 0 - 30% by weight, preferably 10 to 25% by weight

Bicarbonates 0-30% by weight, preferably 3-20% by weight

Na citrate / citric acid 0-10% by weight, preferably 0 to 5% by weight

Cobuilder 0-10% by weight, preferably 0 to 5% by weight

Bleaching agent 0 - 50% by weight, preferably 5 to 40% by weight

Bleach activators 0-20% by weight, preferably 3 to 15% by weight

Perfume oil 0.1-2% by weight, preferably 0.2-1% by weight, optical brightener 0-2% by weight, preferably 0.1-1% by weight

Foam inhibitors 0-6% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 4% by weight

Soil repellent 0-5% by weight, preferably 0.2 to 3% by weight

Enzymes 0 - 5% by weight, preferably 1 to 4% by weight

Disintegration aid 0-10% by weight, preferably 3 to 8% by weight

The different distribution of ingredients between the two tableted phases can also be advantageous. If two differently composed "lids" are produced, the following frame formulations are preferred:

Based on the total tablet, the following amounts are preferred:

Claims

claims:

1. Detergent tablets, comprising a viscoelastic phase, the storage modulus of which is between 40,000 and 800,000 Pa.

2. Detergent tablets according to claim 1, characterized in that the storage module of the viscoelastic phase is 50,000 to 750,000 Pa, preferably 60,000 to 700,000 Pa, particularly preferably 70,000 to 650,000 Pa and in particular 80,000 to 600,000 Pa.

3. shaped detergent or cleaning product according to one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the storage module of the viscoelastic phase is at least twice as large, preferably at least four times as large as the loss modulus.

4. Detergent tablets according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the phase shift of the viscoelastic phase is 0 to 30 °, preferably 0 to 20 ° and in particular ≤ 17 °.

5. Detergent tablets according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the viscoelastic phase based on its weight 40 to 95 wt .-%, preferably 50 to 90 wt .-%, particularly preferably 60 to 85 wt .-% % and in particular 65 to 82 wt .-% surfactant (s) contains.

6. Detergent tablets according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the viscoelastic phase based on its weight 40 to 85 wt .-%, preferably 50 to 82.5 wt .-% and in particular 60 to 80 wt. -% contains alkylbenzenesulfonate (s).

7. Detergent tablets according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the viscoelastic phase based on its weight 0 to 20 wt .-%, preferably 0.5 to 15 wt .-% and in particular 1 to 10 wt. % nonionic surfactant (s) contains.

8. shaped detergent or cleaning product according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that it additionally has at least one tableted phase which, based on their weight, 10 to 80 wt .-%, preferably 20 to 75 wt .-% and contains in particular 30 to 70% by weight of builder (s).

9. shaped detergent or cleaning product according to claim 8, characterized in that it has two tableted phases which have the form of layers, the viscoelastic phase being located as a third layer between the tableted layers.

10. shaped detergent or cleaning product according to one of claims 8 or 9, characterized in that the tableted phase (s), in each case based on their weight, less than 15 wt .-%, preferably less than 7 wt .-% , particularly preferably less than 3 wt .-% and in particular contain no surfactant (s).

11. Detergent tablets (“three-layer tablet”) according to one of claims 9 or 10, characterized in that the viscoelastic layer 0.1 to 0.6 times, preferably 0.15 to 0.5 times and d in particular 0.2 to 0.4 times the total tablet height.