EP1358305A1

EP1358305A1 - Method for cold rolling metals using an aqueous lubricant comprising at least a carboxylic acid, a phosphate ester and a wax

Info

Publication number: EP1358305A1
Application number: EP02702454A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Dominique Raison
Original assignee: Rhodia Chimie SAS
Current assignee: Rhodia Chimie SAS
Priority date: 2001-02-05
Filing date: 2002-02-05
Publication date: 2003-11-05
Also published as: JP2004527598A; US20080028812A1; RU2003127020A; FR2820431B1; FR2820431A1; JP4017523B2; AU2002235983B9; CA2437601A1; BR0206983A; MXPA03006878A; KR100512088B1; KR20030082584A; WO2002062931A1; AU2002235983B2; US20040072702A1; CA2437601C; CN1272416C; US7776799B2; RU2265645C2; CN1494584A

Abstract

The invention concerns a method for cold rolling metals using an aqueous lubricant comprising: (1) at least a mixture based on at least an acid selected among saturated or unsaturated mono- or poly-carboxylic acids, comprising 5 to 40 carbon atoms; at least an acid phosphate ester of formula (RO)x-P(=O)(OH)x', wherein: R is a hydrocarbon radical, optionally polyalkoxylated; x and x' being equal to 3; the carboxylic acid and/or the acid phosphate ester being optionally neutralised by an organic or mineral base; and (2) at least a natural or synthetic wax exhibiting a melting point not less than 50 °C and having an average particle size ranging between 0.5 and 10 νm. The use of said lubricant enables to increase the productivity of the method by at least 15 % relative to a method using a conventional lubricant.

Description

METHOD FOR COLD ROLLING OF METALS USING A

AQUEOUS LUBRICANT COMPRISING AT LEAST ONE ACID

CARBOXYLIC, A PHOSPHATE ESTER AND A WAX

The present invention relates to a cold rolling process for metals using an aqueous lubricant comprising a mixture based on at least one carboxylic acid, at least one phosphate ester and comprising at least one wax.

During metal deformation operations, such as cold rolling in particular, the use of lubricants is necessary. Indeed, these operations take place at very high speeds, pressures and applied forces, which has the direct consequence of creating an extremely high coefficient of friction. Such values of friction coefficients limit the productivity of the machines because their maximum capacity is quickly reached.

There are different types of lubricants, such as whole oils and aqueous lubricants.

In the particular case of cold rolling operations, the use of whole oils is the most widespread industrially, even if the use of aqueous lubricants is cited in the literature. However, the use of these whole oils is limited and they do not make it possible to significantly increase the productivity of the process. Indeed, to reduce the thickness of a sheet, for example, it is necessary to make several passes on the rolling mill. However, to increase productivity, it would be necessary to be able to limit the number of passages on the rolling mill, which implies an increase in the degree of reduction in the thickness of the sheet, for each passage. To achieve such a result, mechanical stresses would have to be increased. However, this would result, among other things, in a deterioration of the surface condition of the laminated sheet (scratches), and / or in exceeding the maximum reduction capacity of the tool.

The use of so-called "extreme pressure" additives makes it possible to delay the onset of these phenomena. Thus, the extreme pressure properties of the lubricant make it possible to increase the deformation of the metal (reduction of the thickness) while remaining below the limit force of reduction of the machine, by limiting micro-welds between the roughness metal and tool surfaces.

There are different types of extreme pressure additives whose fields of application are different, depending among other things on the temperatures at the tool / metal contact points to be processed. Indeed, these additives from a certain temperature release a compound which reacts with the metal surface to create a species which will protect the whole. On the other hand, the field of use of the additive in question will be limited by the temperature at which the species which has been created will degrade. Thus, when chlorine compounds are used as an extreme pressure additive, a a layer of metal chloride is created on the surface of the metal by reaction of the chlorine released with said surface at an appropriate temperature. The other additives used are based on sulfur (sulfur esters, sulfur oils) or based on phosphorus (phosphate esters) or their mixtures. They cause the formation of metallic sulfide or metallic phosphate.

However, the use of such additives still does not provide a satisfactory solution to increasing productivity.

As for the use of aqueous lubricant in cold rolling, it does not bring any particular advantage, except that of making more efficient the cooling of the metal and the tool. Furthermore, it is possible to increase the rate of reduction of the thickness of the sheet by passage, by adding conventional extreme pressure additives. Unfortunately, these aqueous lubricants are far from providing a satisfactory solution to the desired increase in productivity. In addition, we can see the appearance of a crippling phenomenon in the field, which is an irreversible degradation of the metal surface (coloring, roughness).

Thus, as can be seen, in the case of cold rolling of metals, there is still no lubricants making it possible to reduce the number of passages on the rolling mill and making it possible to increase the productivity of this process. , without seeing any substantial deterioration in the surface condition of the rolled metal. The object of the present invention is to propose a cold rolling process for metals which does not have the disadvantages of the usual processes. Thus, the method according to the invention makes it possible to work under very harsh conditions, representative of the conditions of high productivity, while preserving the surface condition of the deformed metal (coloring, gloss). These aims and others are achieved by the present invention which therefore relates to a cold rolling process for metals using an aqueous lubricant comprising (1) at least one mixture based on at least one acid chosen from mono- or poly-carboxylic acids, saturated or unsaturated, comprising 5 to 40 carbon atoms; at least one acid phosphate ester of formula (RO) _x -P (= 0) (OH) _x ., formula in which R is a hydrocarbon radical, optionally polyalkoxyl, x and x 'being equal to 1 or 2, to the condition that the sum of x and x 'is equal to 3; the carboxylic acid and / or the acid phosphate ester being optionally neutralized with an organic or inorganic base; and (2) at least one natural or synthetic wax having a melting point greater than or equal to 50 ° C and having an average particle size of between 0.5 - 10 μm.

Unless otherwise indicated, the size measurements are made either by laser diffraction or by light scattering. The choice of these two methods is made without difficulty by those skilled in the art, depending on the size of the objects. By conventional lubricant is meant either a whole oil comprising one or more extreme pressure additives, or an aqueous lubricant, also comprising one or more extreme pressure additives. It should be noted that the conventional extreme pressure additives are compounds comprising phosphorus (such as for example phosphates) or sulfur (such as in particular sulfonates).

Surprisingly, the use of an aqueous lubricant in accordance with the invention makes it possible to significantly improve the productivity of cold rolling operations. Thus, the use of this lubricant makes it possible to increase by at least 15%, more particularly by at least 20%, and very advantageously by at least 30%, the degree of reduction in the thickness of the laminated metal, with respect to the maximum degree of reduction accessible by a rolling mill using a conventional lubricant, whether the latter is a whole oil comprising one or more extreme pressure additives, or an aqueous lubricant comprising one or more extreme pressure additives. Furthermore, such results are achieved while retaining a surface finish of the rolled metal in accordance with the requirements of the trade, in particular with regard to its coloring and its gloss.

Finally, the lubricants used in the context of the present invention do not leave solid residues on the metal, after thermal degradation once the rolling has been carried out.

However, other advantages and characteristics will appear more clearly on reading the description and the examples which follow.

As indicated above, the aqueous lubricant comprises at least one mixture based on at least one acid chosen from mono- or poly-carboxylic acids, saturated or not, comprising 5 to 40 carbon atoms; at least one acid phosphate ester of formula (RO) _x -P (= O) (OH) _x ., formula in which R is a hydrocarbon radical, optionally polyalkoxyl, x and x 'being equal to 1 or 2, to the condition that the sum of x and x 'is equal to 3; the carboxylic acid and / or the acid phosphate ester being optionally neutralized with an organic or inorganic base.

Note that the mixture (1) can be an aqueous solution or an aqueous dispersion. The term dispersion denotes a dispersion of vesicles, droplets or else micelles in an aqueous medium.

First of all, the carboxylic acid used has one or more carboxylic functions, at least one radical comprising 5 to 40 carbon atoms, alkyl or alkenyl having one or more ethylenic unsaturations (carbon-carbon double bond), linear or branched, optionally substituted by one or more hydroxyl radicals. According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the acid has one or more carboxylic functions, a radical comprising 7 to 30 carbon atoms, optionally substituted by one or more hydroxyl radicals, and optionally having one or more ethylenic unsaturations. Preferably, said acid has a carboxylic function, or even two. If this second function is present, it may be at the end of the chain or not.

Preferably, the carboxylic acid is a fatty acid, saturated or unsaturated, more particularly comprising a single carboxylic function, or a mixture of several fatty acids.

As examples of saturated fatty acids, mention may be made of caproic, caprylic, capric, lauric, myristic, stearic, isostearic, palmitic, behenic and lignoceric acids.

As examples of unsaturated fatty acids, there may be mentioned unsaturated fatty acids having a single ethylenic unsaturation such as linderic, myristoleic, palmitoleic, oleic, erucic acids; unsaturated fatty acids having two ethylenic unsaturations such as linoleic acid; unsaturated fatty acids having three ethylenic unsaturations such as linolenic acid unsaturated fatty acids carrying a hydroxyl group such as ricinoleic acid as well as their mixtures.

Preferably, palmitic, behenic, stearic, isostearic, palmitoleic, oleic, erucic, linoleic, linolenic, ricinoleic acids or their mixtures are used.

As regards the acid phosphate esters, the latter correspond to the following formula (RO) _x -P (= O) (OH) _x ., Formula, in which R, identical or not, represent a hydrocarbon radical, optionally polyalkoxyl , x and x 'being equal to 1 or 2, provided that the sum of x and x' is equal to 3.

Preferably, the acid phosphate ester corresponds to the following formula: [R (OA) y] χ-P (= O) (OH) _X ', formula in which R, identical or not, represent a hydrocarbon radical comprising 1 to 30 carbon atoms, A which may or may not be identical, represent a linear or branched alkylene radical comprising 2 to 4 carbon atoms, y, which is an average value, is between 0 and 100, x and x ′ are equal to 1 or 2, on the condition that x + x '= 3.

More particularly, R is a hydrocarbon radical containing 1 to 30 carbon atoms, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, saturated or unsaturated, or aromatic. Preferably, the radicals R, which are identical or different, are alkyl or alkenyl radicals carrying one or more ethylenic unsaturations, linear or branched, containing 8 to 26 carbon atoms. As examples of such radicals, mention may be made of in particular the stearyl, oleyl, linoleyl and linolenyl radicals. In addition, the radicals R, which may or may not be identical, may be aromatic radicals carrying alkyl, arylalkyl or alkylaryl substituents; these radicals comprising 6 to 30 carbon atoms. By way of examples of such radicals, mention may be made, inter alia, of the nonylphenyl, mono-, di- and tri-styrylphenyl radicals.

More particularly, the OA groups, which may or may not be identical, correspond to an oxyethylenated, oxypropylenated, oxybutylenated radical, or their mixtures. Preferably, said group corresponds to an oxyethylenated and / or oxypropylenated radical.

As for the value of y, mean, it is preferably between 0 and 80. The acid phosphate ester used in the composition of the mixture (1) may consist of a combination of several of them.

In addition, the carboxylic acid and / or the acid phosphate ester can be in a form neutralized by an inorganic or organic base.

It should be noted that the bases used are preferably water-soluble. The term “water-soluble” means compounds which are soluble in an aqueous medium, at 20 ° C., at a concentration of 3 to 7% by weight.

Thus, by way of nonlimiting examples of such compounds, mention may be made of hydroxides, hydroxycarbonates, carbonates, bicarbonates, of alkali metals, ammonia. Preferably, the bases used are organic bases which are more particularly chosen from primary, secondary or tertiary amines or polyamines, comprising at least one hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 40 carbon atoms, linear, branched or cyclic, optionally substituted by a or more hydroxyl radicals, and or one or more alkoxy groups. Said alkoxyl groups are preferably ethoxy units. In addition, the number of alkoxy units, if present, is less than or equal to 100.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, when the amines have at least two amino functions, said functions are separated two by two by a number of carbon atoms between 2 and 5. As suitable amines, may include monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, aminoethylethanolamine, aminomethylpropanolamine. Polyalkoxylated fatty amines can also be used as an organic base, such as, for example, those sold by Rhodia Chimie under the name Rhodameen ^® CS20. Advantageously, at least the carboxylic acid is neutralized by an organic base; the amount of the latter being such that the total number of moles of amino functions is at least equal to the total number of moles of carboxylic acid functions, preferably at least twice as large. The mixture (1) can optionally further comprise at least one nonionic surfactant. The use of this type of compound may be desired when the mixture (1) is in the form of a dispersion.

Among the suitable surfactants of this type, there may be mentioned, inter alia:. polyalkoxylated alkylphenols, in particular those in which the alkyl substituent is C6-C12;

. polyalkoxylated mono-, di- or tri- (alkylaryl) phenol, preferably chosen from those in which the alkyl substituent is C 1 -C 6;

. polyalkoxy aliphatic alcohols, more particularly C8-C22; . polyalkoxy triglycerides; . polyalkoxy fatty acids; . polyalkoxylated sorbitan esters; . fatty acid amides, preferably CS-C20 _. possibly polyalkoxyls.

The number of polyalkoxy units, if present, of these nonionic surfactants usually varies from 2 to 100. It should be noted that by polyalkoxy units, we mean ethoxyls, propoxylates, or mixtures thereof.

The surfactant content usually varies, in the case where it is present, between 1 and 30% by total weight of the mixture (1).

The contents in the mixture (1) of carboxylic acid, acid phosphate ester, optionally base, preferably organic base, and optionally non-ionic surfactant, are such that the dry extract of the aqueous medium is at least

10% by weight. More specifically, the dry extract is between 10 and 70% by weight.

Preferably, the dry extract varies between 10 and 40% by weight.

Advantageously, the pH of the mixture (1) is between 7 and 9. This pH range can inter alia be reached by the addition of a buffering agent in said mixture.

According to a variant of the invention, said mixture (1) is associated with at least one metal in the form of a multivalent ion. More particularly, said metal can be in the form of a divalent ion or even a trivalent ion. It is likewise not excluded to use several metals, with identical or different degrees of oxidation.

According to a particular embodiment of the invention, said metal is chosen from columns IIA, VIII, IB, IIB, VIB, with the exception of cobalt and nickel.

More particularly, the metals are chosen from calcium, magnesium, copper, zinc, iron, aluminum, chromium, alone or in mixtures. In the case of this variant, the mixture (1) associated with the metal is more precisely in the form of a dispersion comprising lamellar crystallites of length between 0.1 and 100 μm, of width between 0.5 and 30 μm and thickness between 5 and 200 nm. These crystallites comprise a stack of organic phases (O) and aqueous solutions (A) according to the sequence O / [A / O] n, n being an integer other than 0 and such that the stack has a thickness of 5 at 200 nm. More particularly, n is between 1 and 20. As regards the size of the crystallites, their length is advantageously between 0.5 and 20 μm. The width of the lamellar crystallites is more particularly between 0.5 and 10 μm. Finally, the thickness of the lamellar crystallites is preferably between 10 and 100 nm. The dimensions of the lamellar crystallites which have just been indicated correspond to average values. In other words, there is a size distribution of the lamellar crystallites, the average of which falls within the above ranges. The dimensions of the lamellar crystallites are measured by electron transmission microscopy on a vitrified sample by cryogenics (Cryo-Met - see O. Aguerre-Chariol, M. Deruelle, T. Boukhnikachvili, M. In, N. Shahidzadeh "Cryo- TEM on vitrified samples: principles, applications to emulsions and dispersions of surfactants ”Proceedings of the World Congress of Emulsions, Bordeaux-France (1997)).

In the context of this variant, the crystallites are advantageously used in the presence of at least one nonionic surfactant.

The crystallites can be obtained by bringing a solution or a dispersion comprising the carboxylic acid, optionally neutralized, the acid phosphate ester, into contact with the metal which is in an ionic and / or metallic form.

As regards the metal, the latter can be either in its metallic form or in the form of a multivalent cation. Said cation can itself be in the form of a solid, a solution or a dispersion. In the case where the metal is used in the form of a solution, preferably aqueous, it is possible to use, for example, salts of mineral acids, such as halides, with chlorides for example; nitrates, as well as salts of organic acids such as formate, acetate, among others.

It is likewise conceivable to use the metal in the form of oxide, hydroxide, carbonate, or of the metal itself.

Preferably, the contacting is carried out in the presence of at least one compound having the effect of buffering the pH. More particularly, one or more compounds are chosen so that the pH of the medium is between 7 and 9.

The contact takes place with stirring. Preferably, the metal is introduced in the chosen form, into the mixture (1), the carboxylic acid preferably being neutralized with an organic base.

The operation advantageously takes place at a temperature below 100 ° C, and preferably at a temperature between 20 and 60 ° C. The aqueous lubricant used in the cold rolling process according to the invention also comprises at least one natural or synthetic wax, having a melting point greater than or equal to 50 ° C and having an average particle size of between 0 , 5 -10 μm. The wax or waxes are dispersed within the mixture (1), in a homogeneous and stable manner.

More particularly, the waxes are chosen from natural waxes of the type of paraffinic waxes or of synthetic waxes comprising ester and / or amide functions. Preferably, the waxes used are those comprising amide functions. Said waxes can be obtained for example, by condensation reaction, and more particularly by reaction of an ester or acid function with an amino function. Preferably, these waxes have a degree of polymerization of at most 10 and advantageously at most 3. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the aforementioned waxes correspond to the following formula: R'-CO- A - (CR "2) _n - A - CO - R '; formula in which R, identical or not, represent an aliphatic radical, saturated or comprising one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, conjugated or not, comprising 5 to 22 carbon atoms ; R ", which may or may not be identical, represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl radical comprising 1 to 4 carbon atoms; n represents an integer between 2 and 12; A, identical or not, represent -O- or -NH-. It should be noted that preferably the radicals A are of the same nature.

As examples of such waxes, there may be mentioned very particularly bis (amide) waxes, such as ethylene bis (alkylamide) or ethylene bis (alkenylamide). Preferably, the melting temperature of the waxes is greater than or equal to 80 ° C.

The wax content in the aqueous lubricant during its use is between 0.05 and 10% by weight of the lubricant, preferably between 0.05 and 5% by weight of the lubricant.

The introduction of the wax into the mixture can be carried out either by incorporating into the said mixture the particles of wax whose size is in the range mentioned above. It is possible to introduce the wax by adding it in molten form in the mixture, and to precipitate it in the mixture, the operation advantageously taking place by carrying out a grinding so as to obtain the appropriate size of particles. The aqueous lubricants according to the invention can also comprise conventional additives in this field, such as preserving agents, anti-corrosion agents, anti-foaming agents, stabilizing agents. It would not be departing from the scope of the present invention to add conventional lubrication additives to the aqueous lubricant used in the invention. By way of nonlimiting example of such additives, mention may be made of mineral or vegetable oils, fatty alcohols, fatty acids and their ester or amide derivatives. If present, the content of these compounds in the aqueous lubricant during use usually does not exceed 10% by weight of the aqueous lubricant during use.

The lubricants which have just been described are particularly suitable for lubrication during the cold rolling of metals.

The metals which can be the subject of such treatments are in particular, and mainly, steels, stainless steels, aluminum, copper, zinc, tin, copper-based alloys (bronze, brass), etc. .

The present invention is particularly applicable to the cold rolling of stainless steel.

A concrete but nonlimiting example of the invention will now be presented.

EXAMPLE

Composition according to the invention: The following mixture is prepared, in water, and with stirring:

Oleic acid: 9% by weight

Wax (*): 10% by weight

Rhodafac PA35 ( ^** ): 5% by weight : sufficient quantity to have a pH between 7 and 9 (buffer).

(*) ethylene bis-steramide; size between 0.5 and 10 μm.

( ^** ) polyethoxylated phosphate ester (derived from a mixture of fatty alcohols having an average carbon number of approximately 17, and approximately 5 ethoxyl units; marketed by Rhodia Chimie).

The resulting mixture is then diluted 10 times.

Tests:

The tests take place on a rolling mill comprising two rollers 10 cm in diameter.

The rolled metal is coiled stainless steel, 10 mm wide and about 0.4 mm thick. The force applied to the rollers varies from 200 tonnes / m to 1200 tonnes / m, so as to obtain a reduction rate of the plate varying from 20 to 55%. During the tests, the lubricant is used at 80 ° C.

Results:

The lubricant according to the invention makes it possible to obtain reduction rates of at least 55% without having reached the clamping limit of the rolling mill, at a linear speed of the rollers of 5 m / s.

The same tests carried out with a lubricant of the whole oil type comprising an extreme pressure additive (of the phosphate ester type), have shown that a maximum reduction rate is obtained before tightening the washer is 30%, with a linear speed of 5 m / s.

The use of an aqueous lubricant comprising a phosphate ester as an extreme pressure additive has shown that the maximum reduction rate reached before tightening the rolling mill is 45%.

It should be noted that the increase in linear speed (speed of 12 m / s) confirmed the superior performance of the lubricants according to the invention compared to whole oils and aqueous lubricants.

Claims

1. Cold rolling process for metals using an aqueous lubricant comprising (1) at least one mixture based on at least one acid chosen from mono- or poly-carboxylic acids, saturated or not, comprising 5 to 40 carbon atoms; at least one acid phosphate ester of formula (RO) _x -P (= O) (OH) _x ., formula in which R is a hydrocarbon radical, optionally polyalkoxyl, x and x 'being equal to 1 or 2, to the condition that the sum of x and x 'is equal to 3; the carboxylic acid and / or the acid phosphate ester being optionally neutralized with an organic or inorganic base; and (2) at least one natural or synthetic wax having a melting point greater than or equal to 50 ° C and having an average particle size of between 0.5 - 10 μm.

2. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the carboxylic acid of the mixture (1) comprises one or more carboxylic functions, at least one alkyl, alkenyl radical having one or more ethylenic unsaturations, linear or branched, optionally substituted by one or more hydroxyl radicals.

3. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the acid phosphate ester of the mixture (1) corresponds to the following formula: [R (OA) y] χ-P (= O) (OH) _X ' , in which R, identical or not, represent a hydrocarbon radical comprising 1 to 30 carbon atoms, A identical or not, represent a linear or branched alkylene radical comprising 2 to 4 carbon atoms, y, mean value, is between 0 and 100, x and x 'are equal to 1 or 2, provided that x + x' = 3.

4. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mineral base among the basic compounds creating monovalent species, chosen from hydroxides, hydroxycarbonates, carbonates, bicarbonates, of alkali metal, ammonia.

5. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the organic base is chosen from primary, secondary or tertiary amines or polyamines, comprising at least one hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 40 carbon atoms, linear, branched or cyclic , optionally substituted by one or more hydroxyl radicals, and / or one or more oxyalkylenated groups.

6. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the waxes are natural waxes chosen from paraffinic waxes, the synthetic waxes comprising ester and / or amide functions.

7. Method according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the synthetic waxes correspond to the following formula: R'-CO- A - (CR ^M 2) _n - A - CO - R '; formula in which R, identical or not, represent an aliphatic radical, saturated or comprising one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, conjugated or not, comprising 5 to 22 carbon atoms; R ", identical or not, represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl radical comprising 1 to 4 carbon atoms; n represents an integer between 2 and 12; A, identical or not, represent -O- or -NH- .

8. Method according to one of claims 6 or 7, characterized in that the waxes have a melting point greater than or equal to 80 ° C.

9. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mixture (1) comprises at least one metal in the form of a multivalent ion; the whole being in the form of lamellar crystallites of length between 0.1 and 100 μm, of width between 0.5 and 30 μm and of thickness between 5 and 200 nm, comprising a stack of organic phases ( O) and aqueous solutions (A) according to the sequence O / [A / O] n, n being an integer different from 0 and such that the stack has a thickness of 5 to 200 nm, the organic phases comprising the mixture (1) and said metal.

10. Method according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the length of the lamellar crystallites is between 0.5 and 20 μm, the width of the lamellar crystallites is between 0.5 and 10 μm, the thickness of the lamellar crystallites is between between 10 and 100 nm.

11. Method according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the metal is in the form of a multivalent cation chosen from columns IIA, VIII, IB, IIB, VIB, with the exception of cobalt and nickel, alone or in mixtures .

12. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the total content of compounds (1) and (2) in the aqueous lubricant during its use is between 0.05 and 10% by weight of the lubricant, preferably between 0.05 and 5% by weight of the lubricant.

13. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it is applicable to the cold rolling of metals such as steels, stainless steels, copper, zinc, tin, copper-based alloys (bronze, brass).

14. Method according to the preceding claim, characterized in that it is applicable to the cold rolling of stainless steel.