EP1342150A2 - Messverfahren zur ermittlung der position eines objektes vor einem bildschirm und vorrichtung zur durchführung des verfahrens - Google Patents
Messverfahren zur ermittlung der position eines objektes vor einem bildschirm und vorrichtung zur durchführung des verfahrensInfo
- Publication number
- EP1342150A2 EP1342150A2 EP01996783A EP01996783A EP1342150A2 EP 1342150 A2 EP1342150 A2 EP 1342150A2 EP 01996783 A EP01996783 A EP 01996783A EP 01996783 A EP01996783 A EP 01996783A EP 1342150 A2 EP1342150 A2 EP 1342150A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- infrared light
- measurement
- locations
- transmission
- measuring
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/011—Arrangements for interaction with the human body, e.g. for user immersion in virtual reality
- G06F3/012—Head tracking input arrangements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/03—Arrangements for converting the position or the displacement of a member into a coded form
- G06F3/041—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means
- G06F3/042—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means by opto-electronic means
- G06F3/0421—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means by opto-electronic means by interrupting or reflecting a light beam, e.g. optical touch-screen
Definitions
- Measuring method for determining the position of an object in front of a screen and device for carrying out the method Measuring method for determining the position of an object in front of a screen and device for carrying out the method.
- the invention relates to a measuring method for determining the position of an object in front of a screen in an approved lounge area to include the object position in the display of screen contents or optical image beam tracking by means of
- Such measurement methods are primarily used to determine the head position of a display user at a computer workstation (head tracking method).
- the position data can be used, for example, to optically track the image beams of an autostereoscopic 3D display, to align a video camera to the user, or in virtual reality applications to mathematically adapt the image perspective of a rendered scene to the current head position (motion parallax) ,
- movements of other objects that sufficiently reflect infrared light can also be tracked (for example, hand movements).
- the following methods are currently used to measure the head position of a display user:
- the method is susceptible to interference in the vicinity of the measurement object due to the influence of the electromagnetic field and is expensive to implement.
- Video based techniques The measurement is carried out by evaluating camera images. There are a large number of variants of different categories: (1) The light present in the user's area or a special active light source is used permanently or intermittently with regard to the light color. (2) Feature-based special features in the user's head area (mouth, pupils, nose) or area-based special areas (skin color, individual appearance of the eye region, search for eyes using an eye database) are detected by the user. (3) One or more cameras (stereo evaluation) are used. The disadvantages of the video-based method can be seen in particular in the high cost factor, the limited measuring frequency and the susceptibility to interference when lighting conditions change. High reliability can only be achieved with individual calibration. Procedure with active infrared lighting and reflex mark.
- the present inventive method also belongs to a fourth method category. It is a measurement method with active infrared lighting without the use of reflex marks and cameras.
- the only known implementation is described in the articles by N. Tetsutani et al., "Full-Color Stereoscopic Video Pickup and Display Technique Without Special Glasses” (SID 89 Digest, pp 188-191), "Consideration on Three- Dimensional Visual Communication Systems “(IEEE Journal on selected areas in Communications, Vol. 9, No. 4, May 1991, pp 555-560) and” Development of Direct-View 3D Display for Videophones Using 15 inch LCD and Lenticular Sheet "( IEICE Trans. Inf. & Syst., Vol. E77 D, No. 9, Sept. 1994, pp 940-947).
- two infrared light beams are emitted in the screen area and the portion reflected by the user's skin as an object is in turn detected in the screen area.
- on the screen housing as a horizontal and linear "virtual line" at its two corners there are two transmission locations, each of which sends a narrowly limited infrared beam into the lounge, and two measuring locations arranged directly next to it on the screen housing.
- the two clubs emitted in parallel mark the two lateral boundaries of the permitted lounge area for the user Measurement takes place according to three criteria: (1) No reflected infrared light is received. The user is in the middle between the clubs in the approved lounge area. (2) Reflected infrared light is received at the right measuring location.
- the user is to the right of the center of the permitted lounge area.
- (3) Reflected infrared light is received at the left measuring location.
- the user is to the left of the center of the approved lounge.
- the system switches pixels in the 3D display, which means that the user does not perceive a depth reversal (pseudoscopy) in the stereo image during lateral head movements.
- the position evaluation is therefore only carried out as a relative determination. So that this matches the current position of the user head, its image is projected into a very narrow frame that is laterally delimited by the two infrared light lobes.
- the resolution of the known method is accordingly limited, which results in frequent switching even with the smallest lateral head movements. Current head positions in absolute dimensions cannot be determined.
- the measuring frame width must be individually calibrated for each individual user or selected to be very wide, which leads to correspondingly inaccurate measurement results.
- the position of the image of the reflected light on the image recorder of the camera used for the measurement can also be used to roughly conclude the distance of the head. The distance information (with increasing distance the intensity of the received light decreases) is used to control the sensitivity of the sensors at the two measuring locations.
- the problem for the present invention can be seen in summary in improving the known measurement method described using active infrared light and without using reflex marks and cameras in such a way that relative object positions in the area of stay can be defined and individually evaluated and processed.
- the user should have the greatest possible freedom of movement to prevent physiological impairments.
- the measurement error that occurs should be very small, and an adjustment to the required measurement resolution should be possible.
- the measuring process should be simple in its sequence and therefore cost-effective in its implementation components.
- a device for carrying out the method should be compact in its dimensions, so that it can be replaced in a versatile manner by a problem-free connection with differently designed and used screens.
- the measurement method according to the invention of the type mentioned at the outset therefore provides that
- the infrared light is emitted in the form of clocked short infrared light pulses at a number N of transmission locations which are predetermined as a function of the required resolution of the position determination and which are provided with a variable or constant grid dimension with respect to one another along the virtual line, in chronological and cyclical sequence, •
- the location-dependent measurement takes place with a reception characteristic adapted to the area of incidence of the reflected infrared light pulse components in time with the transmitted infrared light pulses or an integral multiple thereof and
- a transmission and reception scheme is designed along a virtual line, with which the location of the moving object is continuously scanned with a narrowly focused infrared light beam, comparable to a rotating radar beam.
- the individual transmission locations along the virtual line are continuously prompted to emit a single infrared light pulse.
- the first sending location is activated again so that the scanning infrared light beam cycles through the room from side to side again and again.
- the permissible location area can be scanned continuously and each current location of the object to be monitored can be detected immediately and converted into absolute position coordinates (based on the measuring system) by means of a corresponding conversion.
- the selected number N of transmission locations and their narrowly limited transmission characteristics determine the spatial resolution, a choice of preferably N> 8 measurement locations already guarantees a good resolution value. Furthermore, the selected number N depends on the length of the virtual line and the transmission characteristics of the transmission locations.
- the measurement of the reflected infrared light pulse components is adapted to the cycle of the infrared light pulses emitted.
- the assignment to the individual send locations or their area of incidence determines the reception characteristics of the measurement. In the case of a very broad reception characteristic, the measuring cycle can coincide with the transmission clock; in the case of a very narrowly limited characteristic, it can be a multiple thereof, whereby the measuring accuracy can be influenced.
- the evaluation of the sensor results is based on the knowledge that the position of the center of gravity of a surface is the characteristic parameter for the position of the surface itself.
- the intensity profile of the reflected infrared light components can be determined from each line scan, the sections between the individual measurement locations being linearly interpolated can.
- the area under the intensity curve which is made up of a large number of wider or narrower trapezoidal areas, is related to the reflective surface of the object.
- the coordinates of the centroid of the surface which can be determined using known algorithms (see below), then correspond to the coordinates sought for the current object position.
- the orientation of the virtual line determines the orientation of the coordinates (horizontal, vertical).
- the measuring method can detect lateral object movements (in particular the head or hand of a user) in a range of at least 30 cm, so that there is no restriction on the natural freedom of movement of the user. This can move quite naturally, the screen content or the optical image beams of an autostereoscopic 3D display are tracked accordingly with high precision.
- the head position defined as the center of gravity of the surface of the face with (parallel) projection in the direction of the measurement location, can be detected in a defined distance range from 50 cm to 100 cm, which corresponds to a normal viewing distance for computer screens at a workplace.
- the local resolution of the measured position data is better than 0.5 mm.
- the measuring method is extremely robust against changing conditions of the ambient lighting (adaptive) and with mechanical / thermal load. It can therefore also be used in difficult locations, for example in mobile applications in the moving vehicle. be used.
- the measuring process does not require any reflex marks or other components of a measuring device to be worn on the object. In addition, it does not require any imaging equipment (camera).
- the components required to carry out the method are so small that they can be integrated even in the housing of a flat screen or in the cockpit of a vehicle.
- An individual, user-dependent calibration is not necessary, which allows users to change spontaneously. If necessary, the user can fine-tune the context of an application.
- the measuring method according to the invention can provide position coordinates in all three translational spatial directions. If only the horizontal latitude coordinate is preferred, it is permissible that the measuring zone is limited to an angle of less than 20 degrees in the vertical direction. Measurements in the vertical and frontal direction related to the display can be recorded if necessary using appropriately positioned additional sensors. It is not intended to record the angle of rotation of the head, ie all six degrees of freedom.
- the location-dependent measurement of the reflected infrared light pulse components with a wide-angle reception characteristic can take place at a single measurement location in the middle of the virtual line.
- the measuring cycle is then identical to the transmission cycle.
- Each reflected infrared light pulse component is then detected at a central measuring location.
- the location-dependent measurement can, however, also with a respectively narrow-angle reception characteristic at a number M of measurement locations corresponding to the selected number N of the transmission locations, which are provided alternately with the individual transmission locations with uniform adaptation to their grid size along the virtual line, in a continuous and cyclical manner Sequence take place, which is adapted to the sequence of the emitted infrared light pulses.
- a measurement location is now assigned to each transmission location along the virtual line.
- the line is thus designed homogeneously, so that the entire permissible area can be scanned with the same measurement requirements. Thereby there are no measurement inaccuracies at the edge areas.
- the neighboring measurement location is activated once for each active transmission location, so that a number of measurement values corresponding to the number of available transmission or measurement locations can be obtained per measurement cycle.
- the location-dependent measurement of the reflected infrared light pulse components can also be carried out with a weighting in the area of the clocked active transmission location, which is taken into account in the measurement cycle and in the evaluation of the measurement results. In the implementation, this means that the measurement cycle is now a multiple of the transmit cycle. For each active transmission location, several neighboring measurement locations are queried as an assigned measurement array.
- the neighboring measurement locations can be queried simultaneously, but this is relatively complex, so that the measurement locations are also preferably queried one after the other in time.
- the measurement result can be improved by this array formation.
- four measurement locations adjacent to the active transmission location on the right and left can be included in the weighting, the measuring values of the neighboring measurement locations missing from the two outer transmission locations in each case being adopted and the measurement cycle being eight times the transmission cycle of the transmitted infrared light pulses.
- the measurement values for the missing measurement locations can either be zero or by mirroring the corresponding measurement locations that are symmetrical to the transmission location.
- the measurements at the relevant measurement locations in the array can be carried out at the same time, but this means a greater expenditure on components, or with a time delay.
- the concept of the virtual line is simple and versatile. This is further supported by different possible combinations in the positioning and geometric construction of the virtual line.
- a linear line depending on the orientation in which it is designed (horizontal or vertical), the horizontal (x) or vertical (y) position coordinates of the object to be captured, corresponding to the screen surface be determined.
- the xy coordinates in the surface can be determined accordingly.
- the most important coordinate for image tracking is generally the x coordinate, because the image contents vary most clearly when the head is moved sideways, and especially for horizontally screened images for autostereoscopic displays (e.g. using the lenticular method or the parallax barrier technique) an optical image beam tracking in the horizontal direction is required.
- the distance of the user from the screen surface ie the z coordinate
- the distance of the user from the screen surface is also important.
- adjustments (focusing) of the image content and the image rays can also be carried out.
- the virtual line or the alignment of the transmission or reception characteristics of the transmission or measurement locations has a uniformly radially curved course to the object. Due to the line course in the form of a circular arc section, a relatively wide area of the object can be detected over a relatively short line. An even shorter line in a linear form is obtained with the radial alignment of the transmission and reception characteristics, which is also easier to implement.
- the radially aligned arrangement corresponds to a projection with a central perspective, ie the size of the depicted object decreases with increasing distance from the virtual line.
- the absolute size of the depicted object can be determined using an additional linear line with a parallel alignment of reception lobes.
- the absolute distance of the object preferably the head of the user
- the virtual line is implemented as a sensor line with a length predetermined for infrared light-impermeable rail, into which a number N is specified as a function of the required resolution of the position determination
- Infrared light sources with a variable or constant grid dimension are integrated with each other, which are controlled via a control electronics in a continuous and cyclical sequence for the delivery of clocked infrared light pulses with a transmit clock, • via the control electronics also the at least one sensor in the transmit clock or an integral multiple thereof as a measurement clock will and
- the evaluation unit has a microcontroller for carrying out computing algorithms adapted to the measuring cycle for calculating the current position of the surface center of gravity from the determined current intensity profile of the reflected infrared light pulse components along the sensor line.
- the device according to the invention can be aptly referred to as a “sensor line” and represents the consequent constructive implementation of the virtual line as the basic concept of the method according to the invention.
- the sensor line is simple and robust in its construction. It is extremely inexpensive because its components, generally simple infrared - Light-emitting diodes for the realization of the transmission locations and phototransistors for the realization of the measuring locations, as mass parts are inexpensive.
- the sensor line is simple to manufacture and comprises a simple rail, which is impervious to infrared light.
- This can be, for example, a solid aluminum rail
- Individual sensor with a wide-angle reception characteristic can be arranged in the middle of the rail.
- the sensor line can also have a homogeneous, symmetrical structure.
- a number M sensors with a narrow-angle reception characteristic, alternating with the individual infrared light sources, are integrated into the rail with uniform adaptation to their pitch and the M sensors are controlled via the control electronics in a continuous and cyclical sequence, which is adapted to the sequence of the transmitted infrared light pulses, the Infrared light sources can be arranged at a constant distance of 8 mm, 16 mm or 32 mm from one another in the rail.
- the infrared light sources and the sensors can be arranged on the bottom of tubular openings or set back in optically sealed bores in the rail.
- the openings serve as screens for the infrared light sources or for the sensors and limit their exit characteristics or reception characteristics, for example, to 16 °.
- the exit or reception characteristic can optionally (or also additionally) be limited by miniature lenses in front of the light sources and the sensors.
- the optical seal prevents interference caused by scattered light, side sidelobes and rear scattered light.
- the length of the rail can correspond to a proportion of the width of the screen edge area.
- the sensor line can then be composed of two or more rails in the width of the screen edge area.
- the rails can be mounted on boards that carry the entire circuit, control and evaluation electronics, which are connected in series accordingly.
- the rails can also be fully instrumented in one housing, so that several housings can be connected in series.
- the sensor line can be curved per se or have radially oriented infrared light sources and sensors in order to enable the depth coordinate of the object to be determined.
- the sensor line can be arranged in a variety of ways in the edge of the screen.
- the sensor line can, for example, simply stand on the screen housing or be mounted on the side of it. But it can also be integrated into the edge of the housing.
- linear and curved sensor lines can be combined with one another.
- a device for determining all three coordinates x, y and z of the moving object provides a linear and a curved sensor line in the horizontal and a linear sensor line in the vertical screen edge area.
- at least one sensor line can be integrated horizontally in a removable lens raster attachment for a 2D / 3D screen. Combinations of the sensor line according to the invention with other position detection devices are also possible.
- FIG. 1 shows a flow diagram of the method according to the invention
- FIG. 2 shows a theoretical intensity curve
- FIG. 3 shows a measured intensity curve
- Figure 4 shows a first embodiment of a sensor line
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic flow diagram of the measurement method according to the invention for determining the position PO of an object O in front of a screen in an approved stay area OA for incorporating the object position PO into the display of screen contents or for optical image beam tracking in a tracked 3D display.
- the measurement method according to the invention is based on the emission E of narrowly bundled infrared light pulses IRP from a number N of transmission locations EL into the permitted stay area OA of the object O and the location-dependent measurement SM of the infrared light pulse components IRPR reflected from the object surface OS at at least one measurement location ML.
- a corresponding number M of phototransistors PT as measuring locations ML, which are at a constant distance D in a straight virtual line VL are arranged side by side and form a sensor line SL.
- the sensor line SL is shown in FIG.
- the infrared light-emitting diodes IRL emit short infrared light pulses IRP in a continuous and cyclical sequence (light control approx. 250 ⁇ s).
- the infrared light-emitting diodes IRL and the phototransistors PT are arranged to bundle the transmission or reception characteristics in the selected exemplary embodiment at an angle of 16 ° at the bottom of tubular openings TO.
- the current position PO of the object O with respect to the sensor line SL can then be concluded from the measured intensity distribution of the received light IRPR.
- Various signal processing steps ensure that the influence of extraneous light and the measurement noise is reduced so that the surface center of gravity OP of the object O in the direction of the sensor line SL can be determined with a distance of 80 cm to a few tenths of a millimeter.
- FIG. 1 shows the course of the measuring and computing processes for a sensor line SL with 32 infrared light-emitting diodes IRL and 32 photo transistors PT.
- 256 raw measured values MPT are obtained by reading out the 8 phototransistors PT in the vicinity of the infrared light-emitting diode IRL that is currently lit.
- the values of the "missing" phototransistors PT at the beginning and end of the sensor line SL are set to zero by calculation.
- the raw measured values MPT run up in a sample and hold unit SHU and are measured in an analog-digital converter AD, for example with an 8-bit Accuracy converted to digital measurement data MD
- These values MD are then read into the memory RAM of a microcontroller MC and are reduced to 32 filtered measurement data MD by weighted averaging Fl.
- a refined index value IV is obtained, which can be converted into a position value PV in metric units for the center of the current object position PO in the direction of the sensor line SL by appropriate scaling (refinement by iterative application of the input method IBS).
- the dark value at the phototransistors PT is measured in a correction step COR and, after brightness control has been carried out, is subtracted from the measurement data MD in the analog-digital converters AD.
- the analog-digital converters AD are also readjusted before each light control in order to compensate for possible drift and individual inaccuracies.
- the signal processing used in the measurement method according to the invention is briefly and generally explained below with reference to FIG. 2, which shows the intensity profile of the reflected infrared light pulse component IRPR over the sensor line SL.
- the measurement data MD pass through a filter F1, with which a new value Xnew is calculated from eight adjacent measurement data MD.
- the coefficients are chosen so (powers of 2) that you can divide with shifts. The sum of the coefficients is not equal to 1. This procedure is permissible because the absolute values of the averaging are not required. Only the differences between the evaluated infrared light-emitting diodes IRL are of interest.
- the filter F1 outlined below was implemented for weighted averaging of the measurement data MD:
- XI— - Xnew [0..31] X1 [0..31] + X8 [0..31] / 16 + X2 - X2 [0..31] + X7 [0..31] / 8 + X3 - X3 [0..31] + X6 [0..311 / 4 + X4-- X4 [0..31] + X5 [0..31] / 2 X5 - X6 - X7 - X8 -
- the position is determined with the accuracy of half the measured value distance.
- the total area S is calculated according to the trapezoid rule:
- the index value IV obtained according to the above scheme is never greater than the horizontal coordinate of the center of gravity.
- the intensity curve according to FIG. 2 shows that the gray area ⁇ F of a trapezoid must be calculated for a more precise determination of the center of area.
- the base line ⁇ x of the trapezoid refines the determination of the coordinate value sought.
- FIG. 3 shows an example of an intensity curve measured with the method according to the invention after the first evaluation step, ie before the described refinement of the measured value in step 2).
- the x-axis describes the numerical position of the illuminated one Infrared light-emitting diode IRL.
- the intensity measurement value applied in each case is the weighted averaging of the measurement values from eight phototransistors PT in the vicinity of the respectively illuminating infrared light-emitting diode IRL.
- FIG. 4 schematically shows a simple device of a sensor line SL according to the invention on the horizontal screen edge area DM of a screen D. It can be clearly seen that the straight sensor line SL has only small structural dimensions and can therefore be installed in almost any location.
- the sensor line SL shown is used as an IR head tracker. It is built on two circuit boards, each with 16 IR transmission diodes IRL and 16 phototransistors PT (only indicated in FIG. 4). These are alternately arranged side by side and mounted in a metal rail MR made of aluminum in holes of 5 mm diameter at a depth of 10 mm and optically sealed on the back.
- the selected grid dimension D is 7.62 mm.
- the distance between two adjacent IR transmission diodes IRL or between two phototransistors PT is thus 15.24 mm.
- the optical components have a total opening angle of 16 ° (nominal opening angle of the radiation or reception characteristics).
- FIG. 5 shows a device in which a sensor line SL as head tracker is integrated horizontally in a removable lenticular lens attachment LP for a flat 2D / 3D screen FS.
- the user hangs the lenticular lens attachment LP over the screen FS and moves into a favorable viewing position for good image separation.
- the electronics for signal processing of the sensor line SL are located in a separate box (not shown in FIG. 5) with a "start" switch.
- the box also has a VGA input for connection to a PC and a VGA output for connecting the Screen FS.
- the user presses Start button when he is sitting in the favorable viewing position.
- the reference position for the head tracking is thus defined by the sensor line SL, an individual calibration is not necessary.
- the box may have an RS232 or USB interface so that the position data of the head can be transferred to the computer. Image changes (for example, quasi-continuous changes in the image perspective during head movements) can then be provided in accordance with the head position.
- a pressure switch (button) is located below the sensor line on the contact surface to the display housing.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Human Computer Interaction (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Length Measuring Devices By Optical Means (AREA)
- Measurement Of Optical Distance (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE2000158244 DE10058244C2 (de) | 2000-11-19 | 2000-11-19 | Messverfahren zur Ermittlung der Position eines Objektes vor einem Bildschirm und Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens |
DE10058244 | 2000-11-19 | ||
PCT/DE2001/004382 WO2002041128A2 (de) | 2000-11-19 | 2001-11-16 | Messverfahren zur ermittlung der position eines objektes vor einem bildschirm und vorrichtung zur durchführung des verfahrens |
Publications (1)
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EP1342150A2 true EP1342150A2 (de) | 2003-09-10 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP01996783A Withdrawn EP1342150A2 (de) | 2000-11-19 | 2001-11-16 | Messverfahren zur ermittlung der position eines objektes vor einem bildschirm und vorrichtung zur durchführung des verfahrens |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
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EP (1) | EP1342150A2 (de) |
AU (1) | AU2002216927A1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE10058244C2 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2002041128A2 (de) |
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- 2001-11-16 AU AU2002216927A patent/AU2002216927A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-11-16 WO PCT/DE2001/004382 patent/WO2002041128A2/de not_active Application Discontinuation
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE10058244A1 (de) | 2002-05-29 |
AU2002216927A1 (en) | 2002-05-27 |
WO2002041128A3 (de) | 2003-05-08 |
WO2002041128A2 (de) | 2002-05-23 |
DE10058244C2 (de) | 2003-02-06 |
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