EP1331462A2 - Echangeur de chaleur pour véhicule automobile - Google Patents

Echangeur de chaleur pour véhicule automobile Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1331462A2
EP1331462A2 EP03250318A EP03250318A EP1331462A2 EP 1331462 A2 EP1331462 A2 EP 1331462A2 EP 03250318 A EP03250318 A EP 03250318A EP 03250318 A EP03250318 A EP 03250318A EP 1331462 A2 EP1331462 A2 EP 1331462A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
heat exchanger
tubes
tube
plates
fluid medium
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
EP03250318A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1331462A3 (fr
Inventor
John Smith
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Marelli Automotive Systems UK Ltd
Original Assignee
Calsonic Kansei UK Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Calsonic Kansei UK Ltd filed Critical Calsonic Kansei UK Ltd
Publication of EP1331462A2 publication Critical patent/EP1331462A2/fr
Publication of EP1331462A3 publication Critical patent/EP1331462A3/fr
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B39/00—Evaporators; Condensers
    • F25B39/04—Condensers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28B—STEAM OR VAPOUR CONDENSERS
    • F28B1/00—Condensers in which the steam or vapour is separate from the cooling medium by walls, e.g. surface condenser
    • F28B1/06—Condensers in which the steam or vapour is separate from the cooling medium by walls, e.g. surface condenser using air or other gas as the cooling medium
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
    • F28D1/04—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits
    • F28D1/053—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/02—Tubular elements of cross-section which is non-circular
    • F28F1/06—Tubular elements of cross-section which is non-circular crimped or corrugated in cross-section
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
    • F28F1/12—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element
    • F28F1/14—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending longitudinally
    • F28F1/22—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending longitudinally the means having portions engaging further tubular elements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
    • F28F13/06—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by affecting the pattern of flow of the heat-exchange media
    • F28F13/08—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by affecting the pattern of flow of the heat-exchange media by varying the cross-section of the flow channels
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F3/00—Plate-like or laminated elements; Assemblies of plate-like or laminated elements
    • F28F3/02—Elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with recesses, with corrugations
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F3/00—Plate-like or laminated elements; Assemblies of plate-like or laminated elements
    • F28F3/02—Elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with recesses, with corrugations
    • F28F3/04—Elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with recesses, with corrugations the means being integral with the element
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
    • F28F9/0219—Arrangements for sealing end plates into casing or header box; Header box sub-elements
    • F28F9/0221—Header boxes or end plates formed by stacked elements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
    • F28D1/04—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits
    • F28D1/0408—Multi-circuit heat exchangers, e.g. integrating different heat exchange sections in the same unit or heat exchangers for more than two fluids
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
    • F28D2021/0019—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for
    • F28D2021/008—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for for vehicles
    • F28D2021/0082—Charged air coolers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/02—Tubular elements of cross-section which is non-circular
    • F28F2001/027—Tubular elements of cross-section which is non-circular with dimples
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F2240/00—Spacing means

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an automotive heat exchanger, and in particular to an automotive heat exchanger comprising mating plates defining tubes for a fluid medium.
  • an automotive heat exchanger comprising respective flowpath arrays for a first fluid medium and a second fluid medium comprising air; a series of tubes for the first fluid medium comprising joined mating plates, the tubes having opposed open ends and a flow path extending between the open ends, adjacent tubes having spaced external surface portions defining the flowpath array for the air fluid medium.
  • the flowpath arrays are configured to direct the flow of the first fluid medium and a second fluid medium comprising air in mutually transverse (preferably substantially perpendicular) directions.
  • one or both plates include internally projecting formations arranged to form contact zones internally of the tube.
  • both plates preferably include internally projected formations, the internally projected formations contacting one or other internally of the tube.
  • the internally projecting formations serve to strengthen the construction and also provide turbulation for the fluid medium flowing internally of the tubes.
  • the internally projecting formations comprise dimples, preferably arranged in transverse rows, beneficially a plurality of rows being spaced along the length of the tube.
  • One or both plates defining the respective tube preferably include externally projecting formations arranged to form contact zones with adjacent tubes, the contact zones being externally of the respective tubes defining the flowpath array for the air medium.
  • Beneficially adjacent plates of adjacent spaced tubes comprise correspondingly co-aligned externally projecting formations arranged to contact one another.
  • the externally projecting formations comprise elongate ridges extending transversely to the longitudinal direction of the tubes, a series of substantially parallel ridges preferably being spaced in the longitudinal direction of the tubes.
  • the internally and externally projecting formations ensure that the heat exchanger can be built up as a stack of plates prior to fusion bonding; accurate spacing of the plates for the tubes and inter-tube airways is ensured by the internally and externally projecting formations.
  • the plates comprising respective tubes have overlapping marginal portions, and spanning portions extending between the marginal portions.
  • the marginal portions extend substantially perpendicularly to the respective spanning portions.
  • the tubes in the region of the open ends, comprise relatively wider open mouth portions leading to a relatively narrower tube width extending in the region between the open ends of the tube.
  • the width of the tube is in the direction of the stacked array of tubes in the heat exchanger.
  • the relatively wider open mouth portions preferably taper to the narrower tube width dimension in the region extending between the open ends of the tube.
  • Beneficially adjacent tubes contact one another in the region of the relatively wider open mouth portions.
  • the wider open mouth portions may be bonded (for example brazed) to the contact portions of mouth portions of adjacent stacked tubes. This enables, where preferred, the formed tube plates provided for conventional header tanks to be dispensed with. This has constructional benefits.
  • the plates comprising the tube are of aluminium material.
  • the plates comprising the tubes preferably have an aluminium core alloy of relatively high strength, and an external cladding material of aluminium brazing alloy. This arrangement is highly beneficial in that it enables the construction to be assembled from the plates built up one adjacent another and subsequently brazed in a single shot brazing operation. A good brazed join and seal is effected at the contact zones between the externally and internally projecting formations and also along the overlapping lengths of the marginal portions comprising the respective plates.
  • the first medium may also comprise air. This enables the construction to be used for a charge air cooler for air subsequently to be directed to a turbocharger arrangement.
  • the arrangement may be used as an automotive radiator in which the first fluid medium will typically comprise liquid engine coolant (water).
  • the heat exchanger may comprise an automotive condenser for a vehicle air conditioning system, in which the first fluid medium will comprise a refrigerant.
  • the arrangement provides an alternative to conventional constructions of heat exchanger which usually include tube-internal turbulators and external tube airway matrix fins.
  • the internal projecting formations provide turbulation; the external tube formations provide strength and air flow direction.
  • the arrangement enables relatively thin gauge aluminium plate material to be utilised such as gauges less than .3mm. Relatively low spacing between the tubes less than or equal to 2mm may also be achieved.
  • the arrangement can also be utilised for combined, automotive radiators and condensers such as those referred to as unified condenser radiators. These terms are well known in the art.
  • the arrangement of the present invention provides more compact heat exchanger units compared to prior art arrangements whilst still having comparable efficiency. Additionally, header tanks are not required to have aperture formed tube plates (as described above).
  • the length of pass of the first fluid material through the automotive heat exchanger is substantially greater than the length of flow of the air through the heat exchanger in the transverse direction.
  • the length of passage of the first fluid medium is five times more (or more preferably ten times more) than the length or passage of the second media comprising air through the heat exchanger.
  • Figure 1 shows a charge air cooler (generally designated 1) formed in accordance with the invention by joining mating plates to define tubes 2 extending in a longitudinal direction A.
  • the tubes are spaced as will be explained hereinafter to define inter-tube airways 3.
  • the arrangement is such that a first heat transfer medium travels through tubes 2 in the direction of arrow A.
  • the second air flow medium flows through inter-tube airways 3 in the direction of arrow B (the direction of arrow B is perpendicular to the direction of arrow A).
  • both the first and second fluid medium are arc, for other embodiments the first medium may comprise liquid, vapour or a liquid/vapour mix.
  • the second fluid medium will always be gas (air).
  • each heat exchange tube 2 comprises a pair of mating plates 4,5 which are substantially identical although inverted relative one another to form a respective tube.
  • each plate 4,5 comprises a core 6 of high strength aluminium alloy and an external surface cladding 7 of aluminium brazing alloy (for example an Al-Si alloy).
  • An internal corrosion resistant cladding layer 8 may also be provided. In certain circumstances brazing alloy layer 7 and corrosion resistant layer 8 may be reversed.
  • the plates 4,5 include respective spanning portions 4a,5a and respective marginal portions 4b,5b, 4c,5c extending transversely to the spanning portions 4a,5a. Respective marginal portions 4b,5b, 4c,5c overlap and, subsequent to brazing, form a sealed brazed joint along the marginal lengths of tube 2.
  • Each tube 2 comprises a series of spaced rows of pressed dimples 9 projecting internally into the interior of the tube.
  • the inwardly projecting dimples 9 on adjacent mating plates 4,5 are co-aligned to contact and abut one another internally of the respective tube 2. This is shown most clearly in Figure 8.
  • each plate 4,5 includes a series of outwardly projecting ridge formations 10 extending transversely to the longitudinal direction of the tube 2.
  • the ridge formations 10 provided on adjacent plates defining adjacent tubes 2 are co-aligned to abut one another and provide rigidity and accurate spacing between the respective tubes 2 (to define the airway depth/spacing).
  • the spacing between ridges 10 in the longitudinal direction of the tubes 2 can be varied to achieve the required Reynolds number for the theoretical fluid flow for the relevant application of the particular heat exchanger. This will vary between different applications (such as for condensers, radiators, charge air coolers) dependent upon the different fluids flowing through the relevant tube 2 airway with respect to the air flowing transversely in the inter-tube airways.
  • the ridges 10 are provided with respective proud standing super-ridges 10a and recesses 10c such that when adjacent plates 4,5 in adjacent tubes 2 are stacked (and the relevant plates inverted) super-ridges 10a mate with recesses 10c.
  • Respective plates 4,5 are also provided with relatively wider mouth portions (dimension H) and relatively narrower tube length portions (dimension h) (see Figure 2). This is achieved by respective tapering portions 4d,5d at the margins of the plates 4,5. This enables adjacent tubes to be brazed to one another at an interface X (see Figure 8). A conventional header tank tube plate may therefore not be required.
  • the arrangement provided has numerous applications and is believed to be applicable for automotive heat exchangers such as charge air coolers (as shown in Figure 1), radiator assemblies (as shown in Figures 9 to 11), condenser assemblies (as shown in Figures 12 to 14) and unified or combined condenser and radiator assemblies (as shown in Figures 15 to 17).
  • charge air coolers as shown in Figure 1
  • radiator assemblies as shown in Figures 9 to 11
  • condenser assemblies as shown in Figures 12 to 14
  • unified or combined condenser and radiator assemblies as shown in Figures 15 to 17.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Geometry (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
EP03250318A 2002-01-22 2003-01-17 Echangeur de chaleur pour véhicule automobile Ceased EP1331462A3 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0201309A GB2384299B (en) 2002-01-22 2002-01-22 Automotive heat exchanger
GB0201309 2002-01-22

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1331462A2 true EP1331462A2 (fr) 2003-07-30
EP1331462A3 EP1331462A3 (fr) 2007-01-17

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ID=9929447

Family Applications (1)

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EP03250318A Ceased EP1331462A3 (fr) 2002-01-22 2003-01-17 Echangeur de chaleur pour véhicule automobile

Country Status (2)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1331462A3 (fr)
GB (1) GB2384299B (fr)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2005124258A1 (fr) * 2004-06-15 2005-12-29 Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg Echangeur thermique de conception entierement en metal, de preference entierement en aluminium
JP2008039322A (ja) * 2006-08-08 2008-02-21 Univ Of Tokyo 熱交換器およびこれを備える熱交換装置
EP1992898A3 (fr) * 2007-05-16 2010-08-04 AKG-Thermotechnik GmbH & Co.KG Echangeur thermique pour fluides caloporteurs gazeux
EP1836451B1 (fr) * 2004-12-13 2017-11-08 MAHLE Behr GmbH & Co. KG Dispositif d'echange de chaleur destine a des gaz contenant de l'acide

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102435024A (zh) * 2010-12-08 2012-05-02 苏州嘉言能源设备有限公司 广口冷凝器
CN106537078B (zh) * 2014-07-30 2019-11-12 株式会社T.Rad 无集管板热交换器的扁平管

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1376882A (en) * 1919-10-14 1921-05-03 Motor Radiator & Mfg Corp Radiator
US1902320A (en) * 1930-08-18 1933-03-21 Burton Stuart Melvill Heat exchanger
JPH11153389A (ja) * 1997-11-21 1999-06-08 Showa Alum Corp 熱交換器の製造方法

Family Cites Families (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR339401A (fr) * 1904-01-07 1904-06-09 Gottfried Egloff Radiateur
FR682988A (fr) * 1929-10-09 1930-06-04 Radiateur plus particulièrement destiné au refroidissement des moteurs à explosions et à combustion
US3757856A (en) * 1971-10-15 1973-09-11 Union Carbide Corp Primary surface heat exchanger and manufacture thereof
US3757855A (en) * 1971-10-15 1973-09-11 Union Carbide Corp Primary surface heat exchanger
US4183402A (en) * 1978-05-05 1980-01-15 Union Carbide Corporation Heat exchanger headering arrangement
US5369883A (en) * 1989-02-24 1994-12-06 Long Manufacturing Ltd. Method for making an in tank oil cooler
JP3853863B2 (ja) * 1995-12-21 2006-12-06 株式会社デンソー 熱交換器
SE9601438D0 (sv) * 1996-04-16 1996-04-16 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance Plattvärmeväxlare
KR100261006B1 (ko) * 1996-07-03 2000-07-01 오타 유다카 열교환기용 편평튜우브
CA2215173C (fr) * 1997-09-11 2004-04-06 Thomas F. Seiler Dispositif d'assemblage a extremites deportees et saillies d'ecartement pour echangeurs thermiques
JP3146246B1 (ja) * 1999-10-19 2001-03-12 川崎重工業株式会社 プレート式熱交換器及びその溶接方法
DE10014266A1 (de) * 2000-03-22 2001-09-27 Zeuna Staerker Kg Luftgekühlter Abgaskühler für ein verbrennungsmotorisch angetriebenes Kraftfahrzeug

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1376882A (en) * 1919-10-14 1921-05-03 Motor Radiator & Mfg Corp Radiator
US1902320A (en) * 1930-08-18 1933-03-21 Burton Stuart Melvill Heat exchanger
JPH11153389A (ja) * 1997-11-21 1999-06-08 Showa Alum Corp 熱交換器の製造方法

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2005124258A1 (fr) * 2004-06-15 2005-12-29 Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg Echangeur thermique de conception entierement en metal, de preference entierement en aluminium
EP1836451B1 (fr) * 2004-12-13 2017-11-08 MAHLE Behr GmbH & Co. KG Dispositif d'echange de chaleur destine a des gaz contenant de l'acide
JP2008039322A (ja) * 2006-08-08 2008-02-21 Univ Of Tokyo 熱交換器およびこれを備える熱交換装置
EP1992898A3 (fr) * 2007-05-16 2010-08-04 AKG-Thermotechnik GmbH & Co.KG Echangeur thermique pour fluides caloporteurs gazeux

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB2384299B (en) 2006-03-22
GB0201309D0 (en) 2002-03-06
GB2384299A (en) 2003-07-23
EP1331462A3 (fr) 2007-01-17

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