EP1328619A1 - Menschliches tuberoinfundibuläres peptid mit 39 resten - Google Patents

Menschliches tuberoinfundibuläres peptid mit 39 resten

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Publication number
EP1328619A1
EP1328619A1 EP01979760A EP01979760A EP1328619A1 EP 1328619 A1 EP1328619 A1 EP 1328619A1 EP 01979760 A EP01979760 A EP 01979760A EP 01979760 A EP01979760 A EP 01979760A EP 1328619 A1 EP1328619 A1 EP 1328619A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
residues
human
peptide
nucleic acid
sequence
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP01979760A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Hao Wang
Kenneth S. Koblan
Hong Sun
Kimberly Della Penna
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Merck and Co Inc
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Merck and Co Inc
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Application filed by Merck and Co Inc filed Critical Merck and Co Inc
Publication of EP1328619A1 publication Critical patent/EP1328619A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/575—Hormones
    • C07K14/635—Parathyroid hormone, i.e. parathormone; Parathyroid hormone-related peptides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
    • A61P5/18—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the parathyroid hormones
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

  • polypeptide of the present invention is a human protein, which has been putatively identified as a ligand of a parathyroid hormone receptor homolog, hereinafter referred to as "PTH 2 Receptor".
  • PTH 2 Receptor a parathyroid hormone receptor homolog
  • the invention relates to isolated nucleic acid molecules, such as DNA and RNA encoding a novel human tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues.
  • GPCR G-protein coupled receptor
  • G-proteins themselves, effector proteins, e.g., phospholipase C, adenyl cyclase, and phosphodiesterase, and actuator proteins, e.g., protein kinase A and protein kinase C (Simon, M. I., et al., Science 252:802-8 (1991)).
  • the G protein transmembrane signaling pathways consist of three proteins: receptors, G proteins and effectors.
  • G-protein coupled receptors are a diverse class of receptors that mediate signal transduction by binding to G proteins. These receptors are glycoproteins and comprise a superfamily of structurally related molecules. Possible relationships among seven transmembrane receptors are reviewed in Probst, et al., DNA and Cell Biology 11(1): 1-20 (1992).
  • G-protein coupled receptors are known to share certain structural similarities and homologies (see, e-g., Gilman, A. G., Ann. Rev. Biochem. 56: 615-649 (1987), Strader, C. D., et al., The FASEB Journal 3:1825-1832 (1989), Kobilka, B. K., et al., Nature 329:75-79 (1985) and Young, et al., Cell 45:711-719 (1986)).
  • the G-protein coupled receptors exhibit detectable amino acid sequence similarity and all appear to share a number of structural characteristics including: an extracellular amino terminus; seven predominantly hydrophobic ⁇ - helical domains (of about 20-30 amino acids) connecting at least eight divergent hydrophilic loops and which are believed to span the cell membrane and are referred to as transmembrane domains 1-7; approximately twenty well-conserved amino acids; and a cytoplasmic carboxy terminus.
  • the amino acid similarity among different G- protein receptors ranges from about 10% to more than 80% and receptors which recognize similar or identical ligands generally exhibit high levels of homology.
  • the third cytosolic loop between transmembrane domains five and six is the intracellular domain responsible for the interaction with G-proteins.
  • G-protein coupled receptors are found in numerous sites within a mammalian host.
  • the G-protein coupled receptors can be grouped based on their homology levels and/or the ligands they recognize.
  • the G-protein coupled receptors includes dopamine receptors which bind to neuroleptic drugs used for treating psychotic and neurological disorders.
  • Other examples of members of this family include calcitonin, adrenergic, endothelin, cAMP, adenosine, muscarinic, acetylcholine, serotonin, histamine, thrombin, kinin, follicle stimulating hormone, opsins, endothelial differentiation gene-1 receptor and rhodopsins, odorant, cytomegalovirus receptors, etc.
  • G-protein coupled receptors recognize a great diversity of ligands, e.g., neurotransmitters, peptide hormones and small molecules and transduce their signals via heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), thereby effecting a broad array of biological activities through various intracellular enzymes, ion channels and transporters.
  • ligands e.g., neurotransmitters, peptide hormones and small molecules and transduce their signals via heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins)
  • G-proteins heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins
  • the function of GPCR activation is to stimulate GTP/GDP exchange at G proteins.
  • the guanine nucleotide exchange cycle is initiated by binding of an agonist - occupied (or activated) GPCR to a heterotrimeric G-protein in the cell membrane. This stimulates the dissociation of the GDP from the -subunit of the G- protein, thereby allowing endogenous GTP to bind in its place. This, in turn, causes dissociation of the receptor and the G ⁇ -GTP and G ⁇ r-subunits of the G-protein.
  • the G ⁇ -GTP and G ⁇ r-subunits can each activate effectors, such as adenyl cyclase, phospholipase C, and ion channels.
  • the G ⁇ -GTP is inactivated by intrinsic GTPase, which hydrolyzes the GTP to GDP; G ⁇ -GDP in turn inactivates the G ⁇ r by binding to it, thereby resulting in an inactive GDP-containing heterotrimeric G-protein ready for the next activation cycle.
  • each G-protein coupled receptor is to discriminate its specific ligand from the complex extracellular milieu and then to activate G-proteins to produce a specific intracellular signal.
  • cell surface proteins by intracellularly transmitting information regarding the extracellular environment via specific intracellular pathways induce an appropriate response to a particular stimulus. Indeed, by virtue of an array of varied membrane surface proteins, eukaryotic cells are extremelyly sensitive to their environment.
  • the parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related protein by intracellularly transmitting information regarding the extracellular environment via specific intracellular pathways induce an appropriate response to a particular stimulus.
  • PTH/PTHrP receptor-specific kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase kinase-1, vasoactive intestinal protein, CRF, secretin, calcitonin (CT), and a number of others.
  • CRF vasoactive intestinal protein
  • CRF vasoactive intestinal protein
  • CRF vasoactive intestinal protein
  • CRF secretin
  • CT calcitonin
  • the two ligands for the PTH/PTHrP receptor, PTH and PTHrP are the products of distinct, yet evolutionarily related, genes (Behar, V., et al., End
  • PTH is secreted by four small glands located behind the thyroid gland.
  • the most important physiological function of PTH is to maintain extracellular fluid calcium concentration by increasing the rate of bone destruction with mobilization of calcium and phosphate from bone, increasing renal tubular resorption of calcium, increasing intestinal absorption of calcium and decreasing renal tubular resorption of phosphate. These actions account for all-important clinical manifestations of PTH excess or deficiency (Behar, supra).
  • PTH regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism via the activation of G-protein coupled receptor that also binds PTHrP. This dual hormone recognition is presumed to be via a unique seven-transmembrane domain receptor (PTH/PTHrP receptor) that specifically recognizes the N-terminal regions 1-34 of both hormones (Behar, supra).
  • PTH synthesis and release are controlled principally by the serum calcium level: a low level stimulates and a high level suppresses both the hormone synthesis and release. PTH exerts its effects primarily through receptor-mediated activation of adenylate cyclase, although receptor-mediated activation of phospholipase C by PTH has also been reported (Hruska, et al., J. Clin. Invest. 79:230 (1987)).
  • PTH 2 receptor G-protein coupled receptor
  • the human PTH 2 receptor shares 51% identity (over 70% sequence similarity) with the human PTHi receptor (also referred to as the PTH/PTHrP receptor) as well as significant homology with the other receptors of this class (Usdin, T. B., Endocrinology 138: 831-834 (1997)).
  • the PTH 2 receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor selectively activated by PTH (1).
  • PTH receptors PTHi and PTH 2 receptors belong to the type H family of G-protein-coupled receptors that respond to peptide modulators, including calcitonin, glucagon, secretin, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide.
  • peptide modulators including calcitonin, glucagon, secretin, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide.
  • the similarity identified for PTH receptors extends to their ligands. (Usdin, T. B., et al., Endocrinology 140:3363-3371 (1999)).
  • the PTH 2 and PTHi receptors together with their ligands, have presumably evolved to selectively mediate different physiological functions.
  • the PTHi receptor mediates the principal actions of PTH (elevation of blood calcium levels) and PTHrP (a locally acting autocrine/paracrine factor and developmental regulator) whereas the PTH 2 receptor responds to TIP39 and perhaps PTH but not to PTHrP.
  • PTH 2 receptor is most abundant in the nervous system, particularly, in the brain. Its expression is relatively high in the hypothalamus, where nerve terminals in the median eminence and cell bodies in the periventricular nucleus have particularly high receptor levels, suggesting a role in the modulation of pituitary function. It is present at low levels in the placenta and testis. In many of the areas where PTH 2 receptor mRNA is present, it is clear from the size and morphology of the labeled cells that it is present within neurons. This and the fact that it is present in distinct brain nuclei suggest that it may function as a neurotransmitter receptor (Ted. B. Usdin, Endocrinology 138: 831-834 (1997)).
  • PTH 2 receptor concentration in the superficial lamina of the spinal cord dorsal horn suggests a role in the modulation of pain perception.
  • the receptor is expressed by discrete cells in a number of tissues including pancreatic islet somatostatin cells, heart and vascular muscle cells, and cells within bronchioles and vasculature in the lung (Usdin, T. B., et al., Nature Neuroscience 2:941-943 (1999); Hoare, supra).
  • PTH encoding messenger RNA is also abundantly expressed in arterial and cardiac endothelium and at lower levels in vascular smooth muscle. It is also abundant in the lung, both within bronchi and in the parenchyma, and is present within the exocrine pancreas. It is expressed by sperm in the head of the epididymis. A small number of cells associated with the vascular pole of renal glomeruli also express the receptor. These data suggest that this receptor may be responsible for PTH effects in a number of physiological systems.
  • PTH 2 receptor mRNA in the cardiovascular system and kidney suggests that it may play a role in blood pressure regulation. Indeed, elevated PTH, especially in chronic renal failure, has been reported to cause deleterious effects in the heart and lung. Stage-specific expression in sperm raises the question of whether it is involved in male infertility. The data suggest that increased PTH may play a role in several chronic diseases and because of the possibility that the PTH 2 receptor is involved. (Usdin, T. B., et al., Endocrinology 137:4285-4297 (1996)).
  • PTH was thought to be the only endogenous substance known to activate the PTH 2 receptor, so it was assumed to be the natural ligand. Recently a putative endogenous ligand for PTH 2 was isolated and characterized.
  • the 39-amino acid peptide named tuberoinfundibular peptide or TIP39, has been isolated from bovine hypothalamus. and based on the PTH 2 receptor distribution it is thought to be involved in modulation of pain and pituitary function.
  • the PTH receptor and bovine TIP39 are considered to form a part of an extended family of related receptors and ligands (1). Usdin, T. B., et al., Nature Neuroscience, 2:941-943 (1999).
  • TIP39 appears to be distantly related to PTH and PTHrP. Clues about the biological function of the PTH2 receptor and TTP39 are provided by the cellular distribution of the receptor. Strong staining using an antibody that recognizes the PTH 2 receptor has been observed in the external zone of the median eminence, where hypothalamic neurons release factors into the portal circulation that regulate pituitary hormone secretion (T.B. Usdin, TiPS 21: 128-130 (2000)).
  • Bovine TIP39 has been implicated as a good candidate as the PTH 2 receptor's endogenous ligand. Indeed, it has been shown to be a strong activator of the human, rat, and zebrafish PTH 2 receptors. According to investigators, because TEP39, used in various studies, was purified from bovine brain and PTH2 receptor expression is highest in the brain, it appears likely that, at least in the CNS, a homolog of bovine TIP39 acts on the human PTH2 receptor (Usdin, T.B., Endocrinology 140:3363-3371 (1999); Hoare, supra). Studies by T.B.
  • the PTH 2 receptor has been observed to be present in several populations of hypothalamic neurons, and its expression in the somatostatin- containing cells of the periventricular nucleus, which are major regulators of growth hormone secretion, is particularly striking.
  • the PTH 2 receptor has also been shown to be expressed in primary sensory neurons (Usdin, T.B., Endocrinology 140:3363-3371 (1999)).
  • bovine TIP39 increases cAMP in dorsal root ganglion (DRG)-like F-ll cells, and because other agents that increase cAMP in DRG neurons potentiate nociception, it is suggested that a PTH 2 receptor antagonist might be useful for ameliorating some types of pain.
  • DRG dorsal root ganglion
  • the PTH 2 receptor might stimulate somatostatin release in both pancreatic islets and the hypothalamus, and thus therapeutic agents/compounds that are selective for the PTH 2 receptor might indirectly modulate secretion of insulin, glucagon or growth hormone (T.B. Usdin, TiPS 21: 128-130 (2000)).
  • Discrete cellular populations in several peripheral organs have relatively high PTH 2 receptor expression. These include somatostatin-synthesizing D cells of the pancreatic islets, calcitonin-synthesizing parafollicular C cells of the thyroid, several populations of gastrointestinal peptide-synthesizing cells, and cartilage and heart muscle cells.
  • PTH 2 receptor and bovine TIP39 could be involved in the modulation of pituitary hormone release, sensory and particularly nociceptive sensitivity, pancreatic islet function, Ca ⁇ homeostasis and cardiovascular function (Usdin, T. B., et al., Nature Neuwscience 2:941-943 (1999)).
  • the availability of the disclosed isolated nucleic acid molecules that encode human TIP39 will fulfill the above referenced voids in the prior art and will provide detailed information of the human TEP39 structure and function based on predictions drawn from non-human TIP39 data. This, in turn, will allow for the development of therapeutic candidates that modulate pain perception, treat metabolic disorders, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and neurological disorders attending a defective human T1P39 or its respective receptor, etc. As well, the identity of a human TIP39 would enable the rapid screening of a large number of compounds to identify those candidates suitable for further, in-depth studies of therapeutic applications.
  • the invention provides isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding a novel human protein, including mRNAs, DNAs, cDNAs, genomic DNA as well as antisense analogs thereof and biologically active and diagnostically or therapeutically useful fragments thereof.
  • Another aspect of the invention provides an isolated, purified human tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (invention polypeptide/peptide), which is a ligand for the human parathyroid hormone-2 receptor.
  • Plasmids containing DNA encoding the invention peptide are also provided. Recombinant cells containing the above-described DNA, mRNA or plasmids are also provided herein.
  • processes for producing the invention peptide(s) by recombinant techniques comprising culturing transformed prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic host cells, containing nucleic acid sequences encoding the invention peptide under conditions promoting expression of the invention peptide, followed by subsequent recovery of the polypeptide(s).
  • antibodies against the invention peptide are provided.
  • nucleic acid probes comprising nucleic acid molecules of sufficient length to specifically hybridize to the polynucleotide sequences of the present invention.
  • the invention features assays for detecting the invention peptide.
  • diagnostic assays for detecting diseases related to mutations in the nucleic acid sequences encoding the invention peptide and for detecting an altered level of the encoded polypeptide.
  • a further aspect of the invention provides assay(s) for screening and identifying potential pharmaceutically effective compounds that specifically interact with and modulate the activity of cell surface proteins, particularly PTH2 receptor.
  • the invention features fragments of the invention peptide.
  • the fragment is capable of binding human PTH 2 receptor.
  • this fragment is at least six amino acids long or its analog, which is capable of binding PTH 2 receptor, wherein "analog” denotes a peptide having a sequence at least 50% (and preferably at least 70%) identical to the peptide of which it is an analog.
  • a therapeutic composition including, in a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier, (a) the invention peptide, (b) an immunologically active or biologically active fragment thereof, or (c) an antibody having affinity for (a) or (b) above.
  • invention nucleic acids, invention peptides and antibodies, including fragments thereof are useful as diagnostics, for distinguishing disease states caused by a dysfunctional endogenous human TIP39 or PTH 2 receptor from those which are not.
  • nucleic acid probes of the invention enable one of ordinary skill in the art of genetic engineering to identify and clone similar polypeptides from any species thereby expanding the usefulness of the sequences of the invention.
  • sequences of the invention will enable one skilled in the art to screen for and identify other ligands of the PTH 2 receptor in human sand other mammalian species.
  • methods for identifying cells that express the invention peptide are also provided.
  • the DNA, mRNA, vectors, and cells provided herein permit production of human tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues, as well as antibodies to the peptide.
  • the ability to screen drug substances in vitro to determine the effect of the drug on native human tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues or its binding to its native receptor should permit the development and screening of TIP39-specific or disease-specific drugs.
  • testing of the invention peptide with a variety of potential agonists or antagonists provides additional information with respect to the function and activity of the invention peptide and should lead to the identification and design of compounds that are capable of very specific interaction with native human tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues or its interaction with its specific receptor.
  • the resulting drugs should exhibit fewer unwanted side effects than drugs identified by screening with cells that express a non-human TIP39.
  • DNAs encoding the invention peptide enable identification of any alterations in such genes (e.g., mutations) which may correlate with the occurrence of certain disease states.
  • the creation of animal models of such disease states becomes possible, by specifically introducing such mutations into synthetic DNA sequences which can then be introduced into laboratory animals or in vitro assay systems to determine the effects thereof. Therefore, it is an object herein to isolate and characterize nucleic acid molecules encoding human TIP39. It is also an object herein to provide methods for the recombinant production of the invention peptide as well as to provide methods for screening compounds to identify compounds that modulate the activity of human TIP39.
  • FIG. 1 presents the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of human tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues.
  • the deduced amino acid sequence is that of the prepolypeptide, i.e., immature/precursor or prior to post-translational modification.
  • the bold sequence around the ATG (GCACGGT atgG) partially conformed to Kozak's rule (GCACACCatgG).
  • Polyadenylation signal AATAA is underlined.
  • the deduced amino acid sequence refers to the polypeptide sequence prior to post-translational modification and hence it is labeled "precursors'.
  • FIG. 2 presents depicts the alignment of the polypeptide sequences of human tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues precursors (prior to post translational modification) and its corresponding mouse equivalent.
  • the predicted signal peptide sequence in the human sequence (SEQ ID NO:2) is single-underlined, while the predicted mature sequence, is double underlined.
  • FIG. 3 depicts the alignment of the mature polypeptide amino acid sequences corresponding to human tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues and its corresponding rat, mouse and bovine equivalent.
  • the amino acid sequence of human TIP39 shown in this figure corresponds to the mature protein, i.e., after post translational modification etc.
  • FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B depict dose-response curve analysis of the effect of human and mouse tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues, human PTH and rat PTH on rat PTH 2 R (A) and human PTH 2 R (B) expressing HEK293 cells.
  • the dose- response effect is measured by an increase in cAMP levels after stimulation with a prospective ligand.
  • FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B illustrate a dose-response curve of agonists on stably-transfected HEK293 cells expressing a rat PTH 2 R (A) and human PTH 2 R (B) respectively.
  • a representative example of the dose-response effect of potential agonists is to increase intracellular calcium concentration.
  • the present invention provides isolated nucleic acid molecules that encode a novel human peptide, human tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (hTIP39).
  • isolated DNA encoding the invention peptide are described as are recombinant messenger RNA (mRNA).
  • mRNA messenger RNA
  • Splice variants of the isolated DNA are also described.
  • hTIP39 arises as a splice variant
  • hTEP39-encoding DNA will share substantial sequence homology (i.e., greater than about 90%), with the hTIP39-encoding DNA described herein.
  • DNA or RNA encoding a splice variant may share less than 90% overall sequence homology with the DNA or RNA provided herein, but such a splice variant would include regions of nearly 100% homology to the disclosed DNAs.
  • invention nucleic acid(s) and “nucleic acid molecules” are used interchangeably and refer to the nucleic acid molecules of the invention that encode the invention peptide.
  • humanTIP39 or “hTIP39” refers to a human TIP39 that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes under high stringency conditions to the nucleotide sequences disclosed herein.
  • nucleic acid molecule can be characterized in a number of ways, for example - the DNA may encode the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or 14, or the DNA may include the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:l.
  • nucleic acid molecules described herein are useful for producing invention peptides, when such nucleic acids are incorporated into a variety of protein expression systems known to those of skill in the art.
  • nucleic acid molecules or fragments thereof can be labeled with a readily detectable substituent and used as hybridization probes for assaying for the presence and/or amount of a hTIP39 encoding gene or mRNA transcript in a given sample.
  • the nucleic acid molecules described herein, and fragments thereof are also useful as primers and/or templates in a PCR reaction for amplifying genes encoding the invention protein described herein.
  • a “gene” refers to a nucleic acid molecule whose nucleotide sequence codes for a polypeptide molecule. Genes may be uninterrupted sequences of nucleotides or they may include such intervening segments as introns, promoter regions, splicing sites and repetitive sequences. A gene can be either RNA or DNA. A preferred gene is one that encodes the invention peptide.
  • nucleic acid or “nucleic acid molecule” is intended for ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), probes, oligonucleotides, fragment or portions thereof, and primers.
  • DNA can be either complementary DNA (cDNA) or genomic DNA, e.g. a gene encoding the invention peptide. Unless otherwise indicated, a nucleotide defines a monomeric unit of
  • DNA or RNA consisting of a sugar moiety (pentose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous heterocyclic base.
  • the base is linked to the sugar moiety via the glycosidic carbon (1' carbon of the pentose) and that combination of base and sugar is a nucleoside.
  • the nucleoside contains a phosphate group bonded to the 3' or 5' position of the pentose, it is referred to as a nucleotide.
  • a sequence of operatively linked nucleotides is typically referred to herein as a "base sequence” or “nucleotide sequence”, and their grammatical equivalents, and is represented herein by a formula whose left to right orientation is in the conventional direction of 5'-terminus to 3'- terminus.
  • base sequence or “nucleotide sequence”
  • nucleotide sequence Each "nucleotide sequence” set forth herein is presented as a sequence of deoxyribonucleotides (abbreviated A, G, C and T).
  • nucleic acid sequence of a nucleic acid molecule is intended, for a DNA molecule or polynucleotide, a sequence of deoxyribonucleotides, and for an RNA molecule or polynucleotide, the corresponding sequence of ribonucleotides (A, G, C and U), where each thymidine deoxyribonucleotide (T) in the specified deoxyribonucleotide sequence is replaced by the ribonucleotide uridine (U).
  • RNA molecule having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:l set forth using deoxyribonucleotide abbreviations is intended to indicate an RNA molecule having a sequence in which each deoxyribonucleotide A, G or C of SEQ ID NO:l has been replaced by the corresponding ribonucleotide A, G or C, and each deoxyribonucleotide T has been replaced by a ribonucleotide U.
  • a "fragment" of a nucleic acid molecule or nucleotide sequence is a portion of the nucleic acid that is less than full-length and comprises at least a minimum length capable of hybridizing specifically with the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:l under stringent hybridization conditions.
  • the length of such a fragment is preferably 15-17 nucleotides or more.
  • a "variant" nucleic acid molecule or DNA molecule refers to DNA molecules containing minor changes in the native nucleotide sequence encoding the invention polypeptide(s), i.e., changes in which one or more nucleotides of a native sequence is deleted, added, and/or substituted, preferably while substantially maintaining the biological activity of the native nucleic acid molecule.
  • Variant DNA molecules can be produced, for example, by standard DNA mutagenesis techniques or by chemically synthesizing the variant DNA molecule or a portion thereof. Generally, differences are limited so that the nucleotide sequences of the reference and the variant are closely similar overall and, in many regions, identical.
  • Changes in the nucleotide sequence of a variant polynucleotide may be silent. That is, they may not alter the amino acids encoded by the polynucleotide. Where alterations are limited to silent changes of this type, a variant will encode a polypeptide with the same amino acid sequence as the reference.
  • the changes may be "conservative.”
  • Conservative variants are changes in the nucleotide sequence that may alter the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide encoded by the reference polynucleotide. Such nucleotide changes may result in amino acid substitutions, additions, deletions, fusions and truncations in the polypeptide encoded by the reference sequence.
  • conservative variants are those changes in the protein-coding region of the gene that result in conservative change in one or more amino acid residues of the polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid sequence, i.e. amino acid substitution.
  • insertion refers to a change in an amino acid or nucleotide sequence resulting in the addition of one or more amino acid or nucleotide residues, respectively, as compared to the naturally occurring molecule.
  • substitution refers to the replacement of one or more amino acids or nucleotides by different amino acids or nucleotides, respectively.
  • a variant form of the preferred nucleic acid molecule has at least 70%, more preferably at least 80%, and most preferably at least 90% nucleotide sequence similarity with the native gene encoding the invention peptide.
  • “Mature” protein as it relates to the human TIP39 disclosed herein and shown in Figure 3 refers to the mature protein(s) after post-translational modification.
  • “precursors” or “precursor” or “prepolypeptide” refers to the deduced amino acid sequence of the gene product of the nucleic acid molecule encoding a human TIP39 prior to any post-translational modification.
  • Primer or “nucleic acid polymerase primer(s)” refers to an oligonucleotide, whether natural or synthetic, capable of acting as a point of initiation of DNA synthesis under conditions in which synthesis of a primer extension product complementary to a nucleic acid strand is initiated, i.e., in the presence of four different nucleotide triphosphates and an agent for polymerization (i.e., DNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase) in an appropriate buffer and at a suitable temperature.
  • the exact length of a primer will depend on many factors, but typically ranges from 15 to 25 nucleotides. Short primer molecules generally require cooler temperatures to form sufficiently stable hybrid complexes with the template.
  • a primer need not reflect the exact sequence of the template, but must be sufficiently complementary to hybridize with a template.
  • a primer can be labeled, if desired.
  • Polypeptide or “peptide” or “protein” refers to a polymer of amino acid residues and to variants and synthetic analogs of the same and are used interchangeably herein. Thus, these terms apply to amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acid residues is a synthetic non-naturally occurring amino acid, such as a chemical analog of a corresponding naturally occurring amino acid, as well as to naturally occurring amino acid polymers.
  • the invention peptide is the preferred polypeptide.
  • amino acid sequence refers to an oligopeptide, peptide, polypeptide, or protein sequence, and fragments or portions thereof, and to naturally occurring or synthetic molecules.
  • Identity or “homology” with respect to the invention peptide is defined herein as the percentage of amino acid residues in the candidate sequence that are identical with the residues in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 14, preferably SEQ ID NO: 14, corresponding to a homosapien, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent homology, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. No N- nor C-terminal extensions, deletions nor insertions shall be construed as reducing identity or homology.
  • a "variant" of the invention peptide refers to a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence with one or more amino acid substitutions, insertions, and/or deletions compared to the sequence of the invention peptide. Generally, differences are limited so that the sequences of the reference (invention peptide) and the variant are closely similar overall, and in many regions, identical. Such variants are generally biologically active and necessarily have less than 100% sequence identity with the polypeptide of interest.
  • the biologically active variant has an amino acid sequence sharing at least about 70% amino acid sequence identity with the invention peptide - SEQ ID NO: 14., preferably at least about 75%, more preferably at least about 80%, still more preferably at least about 85%, even more preferably at least about 90%, and most preferably at least about 95%.
  • Amino-acid substitutions are preferably substitutions of single amino-acid residues.
  • a "fragment" of the invention peptide (reference protein) is meant to refer to a protein molecule which contains a portion of the complete amino acid sequence of the wild type or reference protein.
  • Complementary DNA clones encoding the invention peptide may be prepared from the DNA provided.
  • the nucleic acid clones provided herein may be used to isolate genomic clones encoding the invention peptide and to isolate any splice variants by screening libraries prepared from different neural tissues.
  • the library may be screened with a suitable probe.
  • one means of isolating a nucleic acid encoding the invention peptide is to probe a mammalian genomic library with a natural or artificially designed nucleic acid probe using methods well known in the art.
  • Nucleic acid probes derived from the invention peptide encoding gene(s) are particularly useful for this purpose. Examples of nucleic acids are RNA, cDNA, or isolated genomic DNA encoding the invention peptide.
  • nucleic acids may include, but are not limited to, nucleic acids having substantially the same nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ED NO: l or one encoding the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ED NO: 2 or 14, preferably SEQ ED NO: 14.
  • Nucleic acid amplification techniques which are well known in the art, can be used to locate splice variants of the invention peptide. This is accomplished by employing oligonucleotides based on DNA sequences surrounding divergent sequence(s) as primers for amplifying human RNA or genomic DNA. Size and sequence determinations of the amplification products can reveal the existence of splice variants. Furthermore, isolation of human genomic DNA sequences by hybridization can yield DNA containing multiple exons, separated by introns that correspond to different splice variants of transcripts encoding the invention peptide. Techniques for nucleic-acid manipulation are described generally in, for example, Sambrook, et al. (1989) and Ausubel, et al.
  • nucleic acids can be synthesized, for example, on commercial automated oligonucleotide synthesizers.
  • splice variant refers to variant invention peptide(s)- encoding nucleic acid(s) produced by differential processing of primary transcript(s) of genomic DNA, resulting in the production of more than one type of mRNA.
  • cDNA derived from differentially processed primary transcript will encode the invention peptide(s) that have regions of complete amino acid identity and regions having different amino acid sequences.
  • the same genomic sequence can lead to the production of multiple, related mRNAs and proteins. Both the resulting mRNAs and proteins are referred to herein as "splice variants”.
  • a nucleic acid "probe” is single-stranded DNA or RNA, or analog thereof, that has a sequence of nucleotides that includes at least 14, preferably at least 20, more preferably at least 50, contiguous bases that are the same as or the complement of any 14 or more contiguous bases set forth in any of SEQ ED NOT .
  • the entire cDNA encoding region of the invention polypeptide, or the entire sequence corresponding to SEQ ED NOT may be used as a probe.
  • Presently preferred probe-based screening conditions comprise a temperature of about 37°C, a formamide concentration of about 20%, and a salt concentration of about 5X standard saline citrate (SSC; 20X SSC contains 3M sodium chloride, 0.3M sodium citrate, pH 7.0).
  • SSC standard saline citrate
  • Such conditions will allow the identification of sequences which have a substantial degree of similarity with the probe sequence, without requiring perfect homology.
  • hybridization conditions will be selected which allow the identification of sequences having at least 70% homology with the probe, while discriminating against sequences which have a lower degree of homology with the probe.
  • nucleic acids having substantially the same nucleotide sequence as the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ED NOT are obtained.
  • positive clones are identified by detecting a hybridization signal; the identified clones are characterized by restriction enzyme mapping and/or DNA sequence analysis, and then examined, by comparison with the sequences set forth herein, to ascertain whether they include DNA encoding the entire invention peptide. If the selected clones are incomplete, they may be used to rescreen the same or a different library to obtain overlapping clones. If desired, the library can be rescreened with positive clones until overlapping clones that encode an entire invention peptide are obtained. If the library is a cDNA library, then the overlapping clones will include an open reading frame. If the library is genomic, then the overlapping clones may include exons and introns.
  • nucleic acid probes are useful for various applications. On the one hand, they may be used as PCR primers for amplification of nucleic acid molecules according to the invention. On the other hand, they can be useful tools for the detection of the expression of molecules according to the invention in target tissues, for example, by in-situ hybridization or Northern-Blot hybridization.
  • the invention probes may be labeled by methods well-known in the art, as described hereinafter, and used in various diagnostic kits.
  • label refers to a compound or composition that facilitates detection of a compound or composition with which it is specifically associated, which can include conferring a property that makes the labeled compound or composition able to bind specifically to another molecule.
  • Label refers to a compound or composition that is specifically associated, typically by covalent bonding but non-covalent interactions can also be employed to label a compound or composition, with a label.
  • a label may be detectable directly, i.e., the label can be a radioisotope (e.g., 3 H, 14 C, 32 P, 35 S, 125 I, l31 I) or a fluorescent or phosphorescent molecule (e.g., FITC, rhodamine, lanthanide phosphors), or indirectly, i.e., by enzymatic activity (e.g., horseradish peroxidase, beta-galactosidase, luciferase, alkaline phosphatase) or by its ability to bind to another molecule (e.g., streptavidin, biotin, an antigen, epitope, or antibody).
  • enzymatic activity e.g., horseradish peroxidase, beta-galactosidase, luciferase, alkaline phosphatase
  • another molecule e.g., streptavidin, biotin, an antigen,
  • incorporation of a label can be achieved by a variety of means, ie., by use of radiolabeled or biotinylated nucleotides in polymerase-mediated primer extension reactions, epitope-tagging via recombinant expression or synthetic means, or binding to an antibody.
  • Labels can be attached directly or via spacer arms of various lengths, i.e., to reduce steric hindrance. Any of a wide variety of labeled reagents can be used for purposes of the present invention. For instance, one can use one or more labeled nucleoside triphosphates, primers, linkers, or probes.
  • a description of immunofluorescent analytic techniques is found in DeLuca, "Immunofluorescence Analysis", in Antibody As a Tool, Marchalonis, et al., eds., John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., pp. 189-231 (1982), which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • label can also refer to a "tag", which can bind specifically to a labeled molecule.
  • a tag can be an epitope or antigen (e.g., digoxigenin), and an enzymatically, fluorescently, or radioactively labeled antibody can be used to bind to the tag.
  • recombinant as a modifier of DNA, RNA, polypeptides or proteins means that the DNA, RNA, polypeptides or proteins so designated have been prepared by the efforts of human beings, e.g., by cloning, recombinant expression, and the like.
  • recombinant proteins for example, refers to proteins produced by a recombinant host, expressing DNAs which have been added to that host through the efforts of human beings.
  • TEP39 protein As used herein, “mammalian” refers to the variety of species from which the invention TEP39 protein is derived, e.g., human, rat, mouse, rabbit, monkey, baboon, chicken, bovine, porcine, ovine, canine, feline, and the like.
  • a preferred TIP39 protein herein, is human TEP39.
  • cDNAs encoding the invention peptide disclosed herein include substantially the same nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ED NO: 1.
  • Preferred cDNA molecules encoding the invention proteins include the same nucleotide sequence as that set forth in SEQ ED NO:l.
  • nucleic acid(s) having substantially the same nucleotide sequence as the reference nucleotide sequence that encodes substantially the same amino acid sequence as that set forth in SEQ ED NO:2 or 14, preferably SEQ ED NO: 14 as it relates to the polypeptide corresponding to that of a homosapien.
  • nucleic acid sequences capable of encoding substantially similar amino acid sequences are considered substantially similar or are considered as comprising substantially identical sequences of nucleotides to the reference nucleic acid sequence, i.e., human TEP39 encoding sequence.
  • substantially the same sequence means that DNA or RNA encoding two proteins hybridize under moderately stringent conditions and encode proteins that have the same sequence of amino acids or have changes in sequence that do not alter their structure or function.
  • Nucleotide sequence "similarity” is a measure of the degree to which two polynucleotide sequences have identical nucleotide bases at corresponding positions in their sequence when optimally aligned (with appropriate nucleotide insertions or deletions). Sequence similarity or percent similarity can be determined, for example, by comparing sequence information using sequence analysis software such as the the GAP computer program, version 6.0, available from the University of Wisconsin Genetics Computer Group (UWGCG). The GAP program utilizes the alignment method of Needleman and Wunsch (J. Mol. Biol. 48:443, 1970), as revised by Smith and Waterman (Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482, 1981).
  • substantially identical sequences of nucleotides share at least about 90% identity, and substantially identical amino acid sequences share more than 95% amino acid identity. It is recognized, however, that proteins (and DNA or mRNA encoding such proteins) containing less than the above-described level of homology arising as splice variants or that are modified by conservative amino acid substitutions (or substitution of degenerate codons) are contemplated to be within the scope of the present invention.
  • the present invention also encompasses nucleic acids which differ from the nucleic acids shown in SEQ ID NOT, but which have the same phenotype. Phenotypically similar nucleic acids are also referred to as “functionally equivalent nucleic acids”.
  • nucleic acids encompasses nucleic acids characterized by slight and non-consequential sequence variations that will function in substantially the same manner to produce the same protein product(s) as the nucleic acids disclosed herein.
  • Functionally equivalent sequences will function in substantially the same manner to produce substantially the same compositions as the nucleic acid and amino acid compositions disclosed and claimed herein.
  • functionally equivalent DNAs encode proteins that are the same as those disclosed herein or that have conservative amino acid variations, such as substitution of a non-polar residue for another non-polar residue or a charged residue for a similarly charged residue. These changes include those recognized by those of skill in the art as those that do not substantially alter the tertiary structure of the protein.
  • nucleic acids encode polypeptides that are the same as those disclosed herein or that have conservative amino acid variations, or that are substantially similar to one having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ED NO:2 or 14, preferably SEQ ED NO: 14.
  • conservative variations include substitution of a non- polar residue with another non-polar residue, or substitution of a charged residue with a similarly charged residue. These variations include those recognized by skilled artisans as those that do not substantially alter the tertiary structure of the protein.
  • nucleic acids encoding the invention polypeptides that, by virtue of the degeneracy of the genetic code, do not necessarily hybridize to the invention nucleic acids under specified hybridization conditions.
  • Preferred nucleic acids encoding the invention polypeptide are comprised of nucleotides that encode substantially the same amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 14, preferably SEQ ED NO: 14.
  • an exemplary nucleic acid encoding an invention polypeptide may be selected from: (a) DNA encoding the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ED NO: 2 or 14, preferably the latter.
  • the term “degenerate” refers to codons that differ in at least one nucleotide from SEQ ED NOT, but encode the same amino acids as that set forth in SEQ ED NO: 2 or 14, preferably SEQ ED NO: 14.
  • codons specified by the triplets "UCU”, “UCC”, “UCA”, and “UCG” are degenerate with respect to each other since all four of these codons encode the amino acid serine.
  • the “amino acid sequence” of SEQ ED NO: 1 or 2 refers to the deduced amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ED NO: 1 or the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ED NO: 2 corresponding to humans.
  • Each of the amino acid sequences are those of the immature protein, i.e., prior to post- translational modification.
  • SEQ ED NO: 14 refers to the mature polypeptide.
  • Hybridization refers to the binding of complementary strands of nucleic acid (i.e., sense:antisense strands or probe :target-DNA) to each other through hydrogen bonds, similar to the bonds that naturally occur in chromosomal DNA. Stringency levels used to hybridize a given probe with target-DNA can be readily varied by those of skill in the art.
  • stringent hybridization is used herein to refer to conditions under which polynucleic acid hybrids are stable.
  • T OT melting temperature
  • T, originate can be approximated by the formula: 81.5° C.-16.6(logi 0 [Na + ])+0.41(%G+C)-600/l, where 1 is the length of the hybrids in nucleotides.
  • T m decreases approximately 1°-1.5° C with every 1% decrease in sequence homology.
  • the stability of a hybrid is a function of sodium ion concentration and temperature.
  • the hybridization reaction is performed under conditions of lower stringency, followed by washes of varying, but higher, stringency. Reference to hybridization stringency relates to such washing conditions.
  • moderately stringent hybridization refers to conditions that permit target-DNA to bind a complementary nucleic acid that has about 60% identity, preferably about 75% identity, more preferably about 85% identity to the target DNA; with greater than about 90% identity to target-DNA being especially preferred.
  • moderately stringent conditions are conditions equivalent to hybridization in 50% formamide, 5X Denhart's solution, 5X SSPE, 0.2% SDS at 42°C, followed by washing in 0.2X SSPE, 0.2% SDS, at 65°C.
  • high stringency hybridization refers to conditions that permit hybridization of only those nucleic acid sequences that form stable hybrids in 0.018M NaCl at 65°C (i.e., if a hybrid is not stable in 0.018M NaCl at 65°C, it will not be stable under high stringency conditions, as contemplated herein).
  • High stringency conditions can be provided, for example, by hybridization in 50% formamide, 5X Denhart's solution, 5X SSPE, 0.2% SDS at 42°C, followed by washing in 0.1X SSPE, and 0.1% SDS at 65°C.
  • low stringency hybridization refers to conditions equivalent to hybridization in 10% formamide, 5X Denhart's solution, 6X SSPE, 0.2% SDS at 42°C, followed by washing in IX SSPE, 0.2% SDS, at 50°C. Denhardt's solution and SSPE (see, e.g., Sambrook, Fritsch, and
  • SSPE is pH 7.4 phosphate-buffered 0.18M NaCl.
  • SSPE can be prepared, for example, as a 20X stock solution by dissolving 175.3 g of NaCl, 27.6 g of NaH 2 PO 4 and 7.4 g EDTA in 800 ml of water, adjusting the pH to 7.4, and then adding water to 1 liter.
  • Denhardt's solution see, Denhardt (1966) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
  • 23:641 can be prepared, for example, as a 50X stock solution by mixing 5 g Ficoll (Type 400, Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology, INC., Piscataway N.J.), 5 g of polyvinylpyrrolidone, and 5 g bovine serum albumin (Fraction V; Sigma, St. Louis Mo.), and then adding water to 500 ml and filtering to remove particulate matter.
  • Ficoll Type 400, Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology, INC., Piscataway N.J.
  • polyvinylpyrrolidone polyvinylpyrrolidone
  • 5 g bovine serum albumin Fraction V; Sigma, St. Louis Mo.
  • Preferred nucleic acids encoding the invention polypeptide(s) hybridize under moderately stringent, preferably high stringency, conditions to substantially the entire sequence, or substantial portions (i.e., typically at least 15-30 nucleotides) of the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOT.
  • the invention nucleic acids can be produced by a variety of methods well-known in the art, e.g., the methods described herein, employing PCR amplification using oligonucleotide primers from various regions of SEQ ED NO: 1 and the like.
  • expression refers to the process by which polynucleic acids are transcribed into mRNA and translated into peptides, polypeptides, or proteins.
  • polynucleic acid is derived from genomic DNA
  • expression may, if an appropriate eukaryotic host cell or organism is selected, include splicing of the mRNA.
  • An example of the means for preparing the invention polypeptide(s) is to express nucleic acids encoding the invention polypeptide in a suitable host cell, such as a bacterial cell, a yeast cell, an amphibian cell (i.e., oocyte), or a mammalian cell, using methods well known in the art, and recovering the expressed polypeptide, again using well-known methods.
  • Invention polypeptides can be isolated directly from cells that have been transformed with expression vectors comprising nucleic acid encoding the invention peptides or fragments/portions thereof.
  • transducing expression vectors containing invention nucleic acid constructs into host cells to produce transduced recombinant cells
  • transduced recombinant cells i.e., cells containing recombinant heterologous nucleic acid
  • Suitable means for introducing (transducing) expression vectors containing invention nucleic acid constructs into host cells to produce transduced recombinant cells are well-known in the art (see, for review, Friedmann, 1989, Science, 244: 1275-1281; Mulligan, 1993, Science, 260:926-932, each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety).
  • Exemplary methods of transduction include, e.g., infection employing viral vectors (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,405,712 and 4,650,764), calcium phosphate transfection (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,399,216 and 4,634,665), dextran sulfate transfection, electroporation, lipofection (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,394,448 and 4,619,794), cytofection, particle bead bombardment, and the like.
  • the heterologous nucleic acid can optionally include sequences which allow for its extrachromosomal (i.e., episomal) maintenance, or the heterologous nucleic acid can be donor nucleic acid that integrates into the genome of the host.
  • Recombinant cells can then be cultured under conditions whereby the invention peptide(s) encoded by the DNA is (are) expressed.
  • Preferred cells include mammalian cells (e.g., HEK 293, CHO and Ltk " cells), yeast cells (e.g., methylotrophic yeast cells, such as Pichia pastoris), bacterial cells (e.g., Escherichia coli), and the like.
  • Suitable expression vectors are well-known in the art, and include vectors capable of expressing DNA operatively linked to a regulatory sequence, such as a promoter region that is capable of regulating expression of such DNA.
  • an expression vector refers to a recombinant DNA or RNA construct, such as a plasmid, a phage, recombinant virus or other vector that, upon introduction into an appropriate host cell, results in expression of the inserted DNA.
  • Appropriate expression vectors are well known to those of skill in the art and include those that are replicable in eukaryotic cells and/or prokaryotic cells and those that remain episomal or those which integrate into the host cell genome.
  • Exemplary expression vectors for transformation of E. coli prokaryotic cells include the pET expression vectors (Novagen, Madison, Wis., see U.S. Pat. No. 4,952,496), e.g., pETlla, which contains the T7 promoter, T7 terminator, the inducible E. coli lac operator, and the lac repressor gene; and pET 12a-c, which contains the T7 promoter, T7 terminator, and the E. coli ompT secretion signal.
  • Another such vector is the pIN-EIIompA2 (see Duffaud, et al, Meth. in Enzymology, 153:492-507, 1987), which contains the lpp promoter, the lacUV5 promoter operator, the ompA secretion signal, and the lac repressor gene.
  • Exemplary eukaryotic expression vectors include eukaryotic cassettes, such as the pSV-2 gpt system (Mulligan, et al, 1979, Nature, 277:108-114); the Okayama-Berg system (Mol. Cell Biol, 2:161-170), and the expression cloning vector described by Genetics Institute (1985, Science, 228:810-815). Each of these plasmid vectors are capable of promoting expression of the invention chimeric protein of interest.
  • heterologous or foreign DNA and/or RNA are used interchangeably and refer to DNA or RNA that does not occur naturally as part of the genome of the cell in which it is present or to DNA or RNA which is found in a location or locations in the genome that differ from that in which it occurs in nature.
  • heterologous or foreign DNA and RNA refers to DNA or RNA that is not endogenous to the host cell and has been artificially introduced into the cell.
  • heterologous DNA include DNA that encodes the invention peptides.
  • DNA is ligated into a vector, and introduced into suitable host cells to produce transformed cell lines that express the invention peptide, or a fragment thereof. The resulting cell lines can then be produced in quantity for reproducible quantitative analysis of the effects of drugs on receptor function.
  • mRNA may be produced by in vitro transcription of DNA encoding the invention peptide. This mRNA can then be injected into Xenopus oocytes where the RNA directs the synthesis of the invention peptide. Alternatively, the invention-encoding DNA can be directly injected into oocytes for expression of a functional invention peptide. The transfected mammalian cells or injected oocytes may then be used in the methods of drug screening provided herein.
  • Eukaryotic cells in which DNA or RNA may be introduced include any cells that are transfectable by such DNA or RNA or into which such DNA or RNA may be injected.
  • Preferred cells are those that can be transiently or stably transfected and also express the DNA and RNA.
  • Presently most preferred cells are those that can express recombinant or heterologous human TEP39 encoded by the heterologous DNA. Such cells may be identified empirically or selected from among those known to be readily transfected or injected.
  • Exemplary cells for introducing DNA include cells of mammalian origin (e.g., COS cells, mouse L cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, human embryonic kidney cells, African green monkey cells and other such cells known to those of skill in the art), amphibian cells (e.g., Xenopus laevis oocytes), yeast cells (e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris), and the like.
  • Exemplary cells for expressing injected RNA transcripts include Xenopus laevis oocytes.
  • Cells that are preferred for transfection of DNA are known to those of skill in the art or may be empirically identified, and include EEEK 293; Ltk " cells; COS-7 cells ; and DG44 cells (dhrf CHO cells; see, e.g., Urlaub, et al. (1986) Cell. Molec. Genet. 12:555).
  • EEEK 293 Ltk " cells
  • COS-7 cells COS-7 cells
  • DG44 cells dhrf CHO cells
  • Other mammalian expression systems including commercially available systems and other such systems known to those of skill in the art, for expression of DNA encoding the invention peptide provided herein are presently preferred.
  • Nucleic acid molecules may be stably incorporated into cells or may be transiently introduced using methods known in the art.
  • Stably transfected mammalian cells may be prepared by transfecting cells with an expression vector having a selectable marker gene (such as, for example, the gene for thymidine kinase, dihydrofolate reductase, neomycin resistance, and the like), and growing the transfected cells under conditions selective for cells expressing the marker gene. To produce such cells, the cells should be transfected with a sufficient concentration of invention peptide-encoding nucleic acids to form the invention peptide(s) that are encoded by heterologous DNA. The precise amounts and ratios of DNA encoding the invention peptides may be empirically determined and optimized for a particular cells and assay conditions.
  • Heterologous DNA may be maintained in the cell as an episomal element or may be integrated into chromosomal DNA of the cell.
  • the resulting recombinant cells may then be cultured or subcultured (or passaged, in the case of mammalian cells) from such a culture or a subculture thereof. Methods for transfection, injection and culturing recombinant cells are known to the skilled artisan.
  • the invention peptide(s) may be purified using protein purification methods known to those of skill in the art. For example, antibodies or other ligands that specifically bind to human TIP39 may be used for affinity purification of the invention peptide.
  • host cells are transfected with DNA encoding the invention peptide.
  • transfected cells that contain invention peptide encoding DNA or RNA can be selected.
  • Transfected cells can also be analyzed to identify those that express the invention peptide. Analysis can be carried out, for example, by measuring the ability of cells to bind the PTH2 receptor, or a PTH2 receptor agonist, compared to the PTH 2 receptor binding ability of untransfected host cells or other suitable control cells, by electrophysiologically monitoring the currents through the cell membrane in response to invention peptide, and the like.
  • eukaryotic cells which contain heterologous DNAs express such DNA and form recombinant invention peptide.
  • recombinant invention peptide activity is readily detectable because it is a type that is absent from the untransfected host cell.
  • activity of the invention peptide refers to any activity characteristic of human TEP39. Such activity can typically be measured by one or more in vitro methods, and frequently corresponds to an in vivo activity of human TEP39. Such activity may be measured by any method known to those of skill in the art, such as, for example, assays that measure parathyroid hormone-2 receptor binding and cAMP levels.
  • the invention peptide, biologically active fragments, and functional equivalents thereof can also be produced by chemical synthesis.
  • synthetic polypeptides can be produced using Applied Biosystems, Inc. Model 430A or 431 A automatic peptide synthesizer (Foster City, Calif.) employing the chemistry provided by the manufacturer.
  • the present invention also provides compositions containing an acceptable carrier and any of an isolated, purified invention polypeptide, an active fragment thereof, or a purified, mature protein and active fragments thereof, alone or in combination with each other.
  • These polypeptides or proteins can be recombinantly derived, chemically synthesized or purified from native sources.
  • the term "acceptable carrier” encompasses any of the standard pharmaceutical carriers, such as phosphate buffered saline solution, water and emulsions such as an oil/water or water/oil emulsion, and various types of wetting agents.
  • antisense oligonucleotides having a nucleotide sequence capable of binding specifically with any portion of an mRNA that encodes the invention peptide so as to prevent translation of the mRNA.
  • the antisense oligonucleotide may have a sequence capable of binding specifically with any portion of the sequence of the cDNA encoding the invention polypeptides.
  • anti-human TEP39 antibodies having specific affinity for the invention peptides. Active fragments of antibodies are encompassed within the definition of "antibody”.
  • invention antibodies can be produced by methods known in the art using invention polypeptides, proteins or portions thereof as antigens.
  • polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies can be produced by methods well known in the art, as described, for example, in Harlow and Lane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1988)), which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • Invention polypeptides can be used as immunogens in generating such antibodies.
  • synthetic peptides can be prepared (using commercially available synthesizers) and used as immunogens.
  • Amino acid sequences can be analyzed by methods well known in the art to determine whether they encode hydrophobic or hydrophilic domains of the corresponding polypeptide.
  • Altered antibodies such as chimeric, humanized, CDR-grafted or bifunctional antibodies can also be produced by methods well known in the art. Such antibodies can also be produced by hybridoma, chemical synthesis or recombinant methods described, for example, in Sambrook, et al., supra., and Harlow and Lane, supra. Both anti-peptide and anti-fusion protein antibodies can be used, (see, for example, Bahouth, et al., Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 12:338 (1991); Ausubel, et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (John Wiley and Sons, N.Y. (1989) which are incorporated herein by reference).
  • Antibody so produced can be used, inter alia, in diagnostic methods and systems to detect the level of the invention peptide(s) present in a mammalian, preferably human, body sample, such as tissue.
  • Such antibodies can also be used for the immunoaffinity or affinity chromatography purification of the invention polypeptide.
  • methods are contemplated herein for detecting the presence of invention polypeptides on the surface of a cell comprising contacting the cell with an antibody that specifically binds to invention polypeptides, under conditions permitting binding of the antibody to the polypeptides, detecting the presence of the antibody bound to the cell, and thereby detecting the presence of invention polypeptides on the surface of the cell.
  • the antibodies can be used for in vitro diagnostic or in vivo imaging methods.
  • Immunological procedures useful for in vitro detection of invention polypeptides in a sample include immunoassays that employ a detectable antibody.
  • immunoassays include, for example, ELISA, Pandex microfluorimetric assay, agglutination assays, flow cytometry, serum diagnostic assays and immunohistochemical staining procedures, which are well known in the art.
  • An antibody can be made detectable by various means well known in the art.
  • a detectable marker can be directly or indirectly attached to the antibody.
  • Useful markers include, for example, radionucleotides, enzymes, fluorogens, chromogens and chemiluminescent labels.
  • compositions comprising a carrier and an amount of an antibody having specificity for the invention peptide effective to block naturally occurring TEP39 or other ligands from binding to PTH 2 receptor are contemplated herein.
  • a monoclonal antibody directed to an epitope of the invention peptide molecule and having an amino acid sequence substantially the same as an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: may be useful for blocking binding of the invention polypeptide to human PTH 2 receptor.
  • "Immunologically active fragment(s)" of the invention peptides are also embraced by the invention.
  • Such fragments are those proteins that are capable of raising human TIP39-specific antibodies in a target immune system (e.g., murine or rabbit) or of competing with human TEP39 for binding to hTEP39-specific antibodies, and is thus useful in immunoassays for the presence of human TEP39 peptides in a biological sample.
  • a target immune system e.g., murine or rabbit
  • Such immunologically active fragments typically have a minimum size of 8 to 11 consecutive amino acids of a native human TEP39 peptide.
  • the present invention further provides transgenic non-human mammals that are capable of expressing exogenous nucleic acids encoding the invention peptides.
  • exogenous nucleic acid refers to nucleic acid sequence which is not native to the host, or which is present in the host in other than its native environment (e.g., as part of a genetically engineered DNA construct).
  • a transgenic mouse expressing exogenous invention nucleic acid encoding the invention peptide is particularly preferred.
  • Animal model systems which elucidate the physiological and behavioral roles of the invention peptides are also contemplated, and may be produced by creating transgenic animals in which the expression of the invention peptide is altered using a variety of techniques.
  • Examples of such techniques include the insertion of normal or mutant versions of nucleic acids encoding the invention polypeptide by microinjection, retroviral infection or other means well known to those skilled in the art, into appropriate fertilized embryos to produce a transgenic animal (Hogan, et al., Manipulating the Mouse Embryo: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, (1986)).
  • Invention nucleic acids, oligonucleotides (including antisense), vectors containing same, transformed host cells, polypeptides and combinations thereof, as well as antibodies of the present invention can be used to screen compounds in vitro to determine whether a compound functions as a potential agonist or antagonist to invention peptides.
  • invention peptide may be employed in a competitive binding assay.
  • Such an assay can accommodate the rapid screening of a large number of compounds to determine which compounds, if any, are capable of binding to invention peptide. Subsequently, more detailed assays can be carried out with those compounds found to bind, to further determine whether such compounds act as modulators, agonists or antagonists of invention peptide.
  • transformed host cells that recombinantly express the PTH 2 receptor can be contacted with a test compound, and the modulating effect(s) thereof can then be evaluated by comparing the invention peptide-mediated response (e.g., via measurement of second messenger activity/cAMP activity) in the presence and absence of the test compound, or by comparing the response of test cells or control cells, i.e., cells that do not express the invention peptides to the presence of the compound.
  • a compound or a signal that "modulates the activity" of invention peptide refers to a compound or a signal that alters the activity of invention peptide so that the activity of the invention peptide is different in the presence of the compound or signal than in the absence of the compound or signal.
  • such compounds or signals include agonists and antagonists. Such activity is generally detected by measuring cAMP levels.
  • agonist refers to a substance or signal, such as the invention peptide, that activates receptor function; and the term “antagonist” refers to a substance that interferes with receptor function.
  • antagonists include competitive and non-competitive antagonists.
  • a competitive antagonist or competitive blocker
  • a competitive antagonist interacts with or near the site specific for the agonist (e.g., ligand or neurotransmitter) for the same or closely situated site.
  • a non-competitive antagonist or blocker inactivates the functioning of the receptor by interacting with a site other than the site that interacts with the agonist.
  • control is a cell or culture that is treated substantially the same as the test cell or test culture exposed to the compound, with the distinction that the "control" cell or culture is not exposed to the compound.
  • control cell or culture may be a cell or culture that is identical to the transfected cells, with the exception that the "control" cell or culture do not express the invention peptide, but like the transfected cell expresses a functional human PTH 2 receptor. Accordingly, the response of the transfected cell to compound is compared to the response (or lack thereof) of the "control" cell or culture to the same compound under the same reaction conditions.
  • the activation of invention peptides can be modulated by contacting the polypeptides with an effective amount of at least one compound identified by the above-described bioassays.
  • An alternative method contemplates contacting a cell expressing a PTH 2 receptor with a test compound in the presence of the invention peptide, and determining the effect of the test compound by measuring level of cAMP as a measure of the modulating effect of the test compound on PTH 2 receptor activity, wherein an increase in cAMP levels is indicative of the modulating effects of the test compound on the PTH 2 receptor (agonist), i.e., opening of the PTH2 receptor, while a decrease reflects the opposite (antagonist).
  • agonist i.e., opening of the PTH2 receptor
  • a sample can be obtained from a patient believed to be suffering from a pathological disorder characterized by dysfunctional signal transduction, and contacted with a nucleic acid probe having a sequence of nucleotides that are substantially homologous to the nucleotide sequence set forth in one of SEQ ID NOT. Binding of the probe to any complimentary mRNA present in the sample can be determined and is indicative of the regression, progression or onset of such a pathological disorder in the patient.
  • the patient sample can be contacted with a detectable probe that is specific for the gene product of the invention nucleic acid molecule , under conditions favoring the formation of a probe/gene product complex.
  • the presence of the complex is indicative of the regression, progression or onset of said pathological disorder in the patient.
  • diagnostic systems preferably in kit form, comprising at least one invention nucleic acid in a suitable packaging material.
  • the diagnostic nucleic acids are derived from the invention peptide-encoding nucleic acids described herein. In one embodiment, for example, the diagnostic nucleic acids are derived from SEQ ED NOT.
  • invention diagnostic systems are useful for assaying for the presence or absence of nucleic acid encoding the invention peptide in either genomic DNA or in transcribed nucleic acid (such as mRNA or cDNA) encoding the invention peptide.
  • a suitable diagnostic system includes at least one invention nucleic acid, preferably two or more invention nucleic acids, as a separately packaged chemical reagent(s) in an amount sufficient for at least one assay. Instructions for use of the packaged reagent are also typically included.
  • invention nucleic probes and/or primers into kit form in combination with appropriate buffers and solutions for the practice of the invention methods as described herein. "Treatment” refers to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures. Those in need of treatment include those already with the disorder as well as those prone to have the disorder or those in which the disorder is to be prevented.
  • a “disorder” is any condition that would benefit from treatment with the invention peptide of the invention. This includes chronic and acute disorders or diseases including those pathological conditions which predispose the mammal to the disorder in question. Disorders include, but are not limited to, those of the cardiovascular system, the nervous system and those involving pain perception.
  • "functional" with respect to a recombinant or heterologous human TEP39 means that the peptide exhibits an activity attending native human TEP39 as assessed by any in vitro or in vivo assay disclosed herein or known to those of skill in the art. Possession of any such activity that may be assessed by any method known to those of skill in the art and provided herein is sufficient to designate a peptide as functional.
  • the resulting 98 bp fragment was subcloned into the PCREI vector as described by the manufacturer and sequenced. Sequence analysis indicated that the fragment encodes a peptide that aligns with bovine TEP39 peptide between positions 5-36. The sequence information obtained from this clone was utilized to design the following oligonucleotide primer pair, which should yield a PCR fragment of approximately 70 bp:
  • Hw60 (TGCATGTACGAGTTCAGCCAGTGG) (SEQ ED NO:6) and KB01 (CTTCCGGGAGCGCGCGCGGTTG) (SEQ ID NO:7).
  • HS07 GGGCGCGTCCAGTAGCAACAGC (SEQ ED NO:9) Two identical clones were obtained and sequenced. Amino acid sequence of the precursor of mouse TEP39 is homologous to Human TEP39. The predicted sequences of the prepolypeptide and mature peptide (double-underlined) are shown in Fig. 2.
  • Rat TEP39 gene was PCR amplified from rat brain cDNA using primers derived from mouse cDNA.
  • HS 16 CTTGGGTAGCCCCCTGTCTCGG (SEQ ED NO: 10) HS07: GGGCGCGTCCAGTAGCAACAGC (DEQ ED NO:9) The alignment of mature human, bovine, rat and mouse TIP39 peptide sequence is shown in Fig. 3.
  • Recombinant cell lines generated by transfection with DNA encoding human TIP39 can be further characterized using one or more of the following methods.
  • HEK293 cells were transfected with rat and human PTH 2 R and cell lines that stably express the receptors were established and evaluated. One cell line was selected for each rat and human PTH 2 R and used for all the functional assays. Specifically, HEK293 cells were transfected with pCDNA3. l/V5-His-RatPTH 2 R plasmid DNA and pCDNA3.1-E/Uni-lacZ-HumanPTH 2 R plasmid DNA using FuGENE 6 transfection reagent (Roche Molecular Biochemicals). Three days after transfection, cells were put under selection with 800 ⁇ g/ml geneticin (G418, Gibco BRL).
  • cAMP SPA Assay for PTH 2 R activation HEK293PTH 2 R cells were seeded in a 96-well poly-D-lysine coated plate at 100,000 cells per well and cultured overnight. After washing with 200 ⁇ l of PBS and treating with 100 ⁇ l of 300 nM EBMX in assay medium (MEM without phenol red and FBS) at 37 ° C for 10 min. The assay medium was then aspirated and the cells were washed with PBS. The cellular of cAMP was measured using cAMP SPA Direct Screening (Amersham/Pharmacia RPA559). Each concentration of ligand was repeated as triplicate. The dose-response curves of the ligands on HEK293 cells stably transfected with rat and human PTH 2 R are shown in Figure 4 A and Figure 4B, respectively.
  • results In order to test cAMP response in HEK293 cells stably transfected with rat and human PTH 2 R, the level of cAMP upon stimulation with an agonist peptide in HEK 293 cells expressing rat PTH 2 R was measured. Positive responses were observed when cells expressing the rat PTH cells were stimulated with Human TEP39, mouse TEEP39, human PTH (1-34) and rat PTH(l-34) i.e., an increase in the level of cAMP to about the same maximal level ( up to 29 pmol/100,000 cells). The increase in cAMP was dose-dependent and is depicted in Fig.4A.
  • the response with human PTH(l-34) appears to be slightly less potent as shown in Fig. 4A.
  • human TEP39 caused an increase in [Ca 2+ ]i in HEK293 that expresses rat PTH 2 R, which was typified by initially rapid onset (peak ⁇ 20S), followed by a rapidly declining secondary phase, returning to baseline level within 80S (data not shown).
  • Mouse TEP39 also increased [Ca 2+ ]i with similar kinetics.
  • H-EK293 cells that expresses human PTH2R was also observed.
  • the data suggest that Human TIP39 and mouse TIP39 are full agonists in comparison to the rat and human PTH.
  • Human PTHQ-34) appeared to elicit little response.
  • Maximum response elicited by rat PTH(l-34) was 42 ⁇ 2% compared to that elicited by human TEP39.
  • Sequence ID No. 1 is a nucleotide sequence encoding a human tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues and the deduced amino acid sequence of the human tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TIP39) (prepolypeptide).
  • Sequence ED No. 2 is the amino acid sequence of the prepolypeptide human tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues prepolypeptide(TEP39) The mature polypeptide is doubleunderlined.
  • Sequence ED No. 3 is the amino acid sequence of mouse tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TEP39).
  • Sequence ED No. 11 is the amino acid sequence of a mature rat tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TEP39).
  • Sequence ED No. 12 is the amino acid sequence of a mature bovine tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TEP39).
  • Sequence ED No. 13 is the amino acid sequence of a mature mouse tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues.
  • Sequence ED No. 14 is the amino acid sequence of a mature human tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (hTIP39).

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