EP1324925B1 - Container comprising a massaging device - Google Patents

Abstract

A container for storing a product, such as a liquid, flowable formulation, paste, or powder. The container comprises a container body that includes an integrated massage device. The massage device comprises at least one rotatable device that is partially disposed within a seating in the exterior surface of the container body. This rotatable device is mounted so that at least a portion of the rotatable device protrudes from the container body, and so that the rotatable device may rotate (e.g., about an axis of rotation) relative to the container body. The rotatable devices may be used to massage a product into a a user's skin after the product has been dispensed from the container onto the user's skin.

Description

The invention relates to a container for liquids, flowable formulations, Pastes, powders and the like, consisting of a container body with a massage device from at least one rotatable device held in the body as well as the use of the container.

Containers - such as bottles or jars - serve u. a. as a repository of liquids in the cosmetic and dermatological field. The bottles are in particular made of a flexible plastic, so that a slight pressure on the bottle body is sufficient, the liquid in the bottle from the opening to drive.

For example, the known plastic bottles for shower preparations, liquid soaps, shampoo are cited here, without this enumeration would be complete.
Preference is given to bottles that can be closed with a screw cap.

The bottles or containers are often produced by the extrusion blow molding process.

From US 3,892,829 a method and an apparatus for the production of Flat bottles known from an extruded tube, which is pre-blown in an intermediate form and only then is transferred into an Endblasform whose Formnest the contour the produced flat bottle has.

From DE 37 02 844 A1 a method following this principle and one after working extrusion blow molding machine known. This will release a plastic tube extruded, taken in an intermediate form and there to a rotationally symmetric Blown intermediate molding. This intermediate molding, therefore one in each height has circular cross-section, has approximately already the length (height) of the produced Flat bottle and has in its main sections (bottom, body, neck) a circumference on the corresponding peripheries of the flat bottle more or less is approximated. The latter is made by transferring the intermediate molding into a final blow mold formed, as known for example from DE 27 20 448 C2.

This technique of largely waste and therefore crimp-free production Flat bottles with substantially uniform wall thickness has been proven.

In EP 0 688 658 A1, the intermediate molding is supported from below (mechanically), at least during the transfer from the intermediate mold into the final blow mold.
The intermediate molding is supported at least during the transfer from the intermediate mold into the Endblasform by an additional, movable molding.
This molding can advantageously be adapted to the bottom contour of the intermediate molding. In general, the molding must be displaced in the vertical direction, so that the closing of the Endblasform is not hindered.

US 5 131 384 discloses a container with im Screw cap integrated massage balls.

The object of the invention is to provide a container which is optimal Provides a connection between a repository and a massage device, so that a separation of the two functions in two separate facilities not more is needed.

This problem is solved surprisingly by a container, as in the main claim is described. The subclaims relate to advantageous embodiments of this Container. Claimed is also the use of such a container.

Accordingly, the invention relates to a container for liquids, flowable formulations, Pastes, powders and the like, consisting of a container body, on which a closure device can be placed, with a Massage device of at least one held in the body, rotatable Device which is held in the body such that the device at least with protrudes from the body part of its surface.

In a first advantageous embodiment, the device is in storage held, which is formed of a support seat, which is the shape of the rotatable Device adapted so that the rotatable device is so in the mounting seat is fitted so that it protrudes to a part of the mounting seat.

Further preferably, the device is additionally mounted on at least one axis of rotation.

Another preferred container has a plurality of devices, which are arranged in particular in a geometric pattern.
The patterns may consist of a regular arrangement of the devices on the container, so for example the spacings of the individual devices may be regular. The type of pattern to be selected may depend on the nature of the field of use of the container as well as its contents.

In a first embodiment of such a device, this consists of a rotatable Body, in particular a rotationally symmetrical geometric body.

The device may be made of metal, glass, ceramic, porcelain or a suitable plastic. It is very favorable to use polypropylene as the material.
Highly suitable are generally thermoplastics, elastomers or combinations of plastics from these groups. Their properties can be varied widely by adding plasticizers, fillers, stabilizers and other additives as well as by fiber reinforcement. Examples which may be mentioned of thermoplastic and elastic plastics are: all plastics consisting of linear or thermolabily crosslinked polymer molecules, for example polyolefins, vinyl polymers, polyamides, polyesters, polyacetals, polycarbonates, in some cases also polyurethanes and the like. ionomers; TPE-S (styrene-oligoblock copolymers), TPE-O (thermoplastic polyolefins), TPE-U (thermoplastic polyurethanes), TPE-E (corresponding copolyesters), TPE-A (corresponding copolyamides), natural and synthetic rubbers.

Very particular preference is given to devices which have a structured surface.

In a very advantageous further embodiment, the structuring Recesses formed in the surface, in particular recesses in symmetrical Arrangement. In a further variant, the device is structured by elevations located on the surface.

The depressions in the surface are very preferably in the form of depressions, gutters, Notches, channels and the like in front. Without restrictions, but can all here Use pits to increase functionality, for example, pits in Form of omaments, figures or characters and the like.

For the device, the two variants described below are in the inventive Senses very cheap:

On the one hand, the depressions can be arranged and dimensioned such that the Wells are present separately from each other, for example in the wells mentioned above, if they are not in contact with each other "(closed-pored").

On the other hand, the depressions can communicate with each other, so that a "channel system" is located in the macroscopic surface of the sphere ("open pore; from an alternative point of view, this is equivalent to the surveys mentioned above on the spherical surface, if the "bottom" of the channels as macroscopic Surface of the sphere is viewed).

In a further improved embodiment of the device, this is a sphere, an ellipsoid or a roller, unstructured with macroscopically smooth surfaces or just with the mentioned structures.
Other well-suited forms are, for example, cones, hyperboloids, paraboloid rotors as well as cut-outs or cut-outs or stumps of these geometric bodies, as well as irregular geometric bodies.

The storage preferably consists of a recess whose shape is the shape of the device essentially receives and whose inner diameter is slightly larger is the outer diameter of the device (for elliptical bodies are the two Half-axes corresponding to slightly larger than those of the device).

In addition, this recess is based on a spherical device (ball) explained, for differently shaped devices, the shape according to the shape of the Device is to be adapted and the description will be transmitted accordingly can.

The recess in the body of the bottle tapers slightly outwardly in shape a ring, so that the diameter of the remaining opening is slightly smaller than that Diameter of the ball. The ball can now be inserted with slight pressure in the recess be "snapping" into them and not falling out by itself. It protrudes with a part of its surface out of the device and is in all Freely rotatable directions so that when passing over the skin with a massage device forming devices in the bottle by a rolling motion a massage effect occurs.

In a variant of this recess, there is no complete ring, but it are at least two, preferably at least three ring cutouts available to the To hold a ball. These are correspondingly shaped so that the ball after snapping does not fall out.

In the case of a roller-shaped device, the storage consists of two opposite Walls, which are completed with a taper to the other wall become. In a preferred embodiment, the two side walls while sections of a tube whose diameter is slightly larger than the diameter the roller. Afterwards and backwards, this tube cut-out can be replaced by two plane-parallel walls are closed.

If one chooses the dimensions of the surface-structured sphere, the ellipsoid or the roller Accordingly, the structured systems can be integrated in the known storage systems deploy.

In the usual embodiments of the device this is free in all directions rotatably fitted in the bearing, in particular, this applies to the rotationally symmetrical Order body.

In a further advantageous embodiment, the device is additionally mounted on at least one axis of rotation. This gives the storage additional stability and further prevents the device from falling out of the container. In addition, it is possible to specify the direction of rotation of the body, which allows additional possibilities in the design of the surface geometry.
In this case, both the axis in its axle bearing and the device can be designed to be rotatable on the axis.

With the container according to the invention can be liquid and flowable substances and light distributable solids and mixtures of two or more components be, with the massage device at the same time massaging the delivered Relieves substances in the skin.

The container is eminently suitable for emulsions, suspensions, dispersions, solutions (gaseous, liquid and solid substances), colloids and the like, very preferably for applying cosmetic or dermatological agents to the skin, in particular gels, emulsions, Pickering emulsions, hydrodispersions , Lipodispersions.
The flowable formulations are preferably emulsions, suspensions, colloids, dispersions, gels or solutions.

In the technical sense are meant by gels: Relatively dimensionally stable, easily deformable Disperse systems consist of at least two components, which are usually made a solid-colloid-divided substance of long-chain molecular groupings (e.g. Gelatin, silicic acid, polysaccharides) as a scaffolding agent and a liquid dispersant (e.g., water). The colloidally divided substance is often used as thickening agent. or gelling agent. It forms a spatial network in the dispersion medium, wherein individual colloidal particles via electrostatic interaction with each other more or less firmly linked. The dispersant containing the Surrounding network is characterized by electrostatic affinity to the gelling agent, i.e., a predominantly polar (in particular: hydrophilic) gelling agent preferably gels polar dispersant (especially: water), whereas a predominantly nonpolar Gelling agent preferably gelled non-polar dispersants.

Strong electrostatic interactions, for example, in hydrogen bonds between gelling agent and dispersant, but also between dispersant molecules can be realized with each other, can be too strong networking also lead the dispersant. Hydrogels can be almost 100% water (besides, for example, about 0.2 to 1.0% of a gelling agent) and quite solid Have consistency. The water content is present in ice-like structural elements.

In cosmetic and pharmaceutical galenics are also lipogels and oleogels (from waxes, fats and fatty oils) as well as carbogels (from paraffin or petrolatum) common. In practice, one distinguishes between oleogels, which are practically anhydrous present, hydrogels which are virtually free of fat. Mostly gels are transparent. In In cosmetic or pharmaceutical galenics, gels are known usually by semi-solid, often flowable consistency.

Furthermore, so-called surfactant gels are common preparations of the prior art. This refers to systems that have a high concentration in addition to water Have emulsifiers, typically more than about 25 wt .-%, based on the total composition. Solubilized in these surfactant gels, technically also "surfactant Gels "called oil components, microemulsion gels are obtained, which Also referred to as "ringing gels". By addition of nonionic emulsifiers, For example, alkyl polyglycosides, cosmetically elegant microemulsion gels receive.

Emulsions are metastable two- or multi-phase systems in which the individual phases are in the liquid state. The most common emulsions are O / W and W / O emulsions. Rarer forms of administration are multiple emulsions, ie those which in turn contain droplets of a further dispersed phase in the droplets of the dispersed (or discontinuous) phase, for example W / O / W emulsions and O / W / O emulsions. In simple emulsions, finely dispersed droplets of the second phase enclosed by an emulsifier shell (water droplets in W / O or lipid vesicles in O / W emulsions) are present in one phase. The droplet diameters of the usual emulsions are in the range of about 1 .mu.m to about 50 .mu.m. Such "macroemulsions" are milky white and opaque without further coloring additives. Finer "macroemulsions" whose droplet diameters are in the range of about 10 ^-1 microns to about 1 micron are, again without coloring additives, bluish white colored and opaque.

Micellar and molecular solutions with particle diameters less than about 10 ^-2 μm appear clear and transparent.

By contrast, the droplet diameter of transparent or translucent microemulsions is in the range from about 10 ^-2 μm to about 10 ^-1 μm. Such microemulsions are usually of low viscosity. The viscosity of many O / W type microemulsions is comparable to that of water.

By far the most important product type in the field of skin care products, respectively in the field of cosmetic and / or dermatological preparations provide emulsions Emulsions are disperse two- or multi-phase systems, wherein cosmetic Emulsions of at least one fatty phase (fats and mineral oils, fatty acid esters, Fatty alcohols, etc.) and at least one water phase (water, glycerol, glycols, etc.) exist which with the help of emulsifiers in the form of very fine droplets into each other become. Are the two liquids water and oil and are oil droplets finely distributed in water, it is an oil-in-water emulsion (O / W emulsion, for Example milk). The basic character of an O / W emulsion is characterized by the water. A water-in-oil emulsion (W / O emulsion, for example butter) is the reverse principle, where the basic character is determined by the oil.

The oil phase is advantageously selected from the group of esters of saturated and / or unsaturated, branched and / or unbranched alkanecarboxylic acids and saturated and / or unsaturated, branched and / or unbranched alcohols, from the group of esters of aromatic carboxylic acids and saturated and / or unsaturated, branched and / or unsaturated alcohols, from the group of branched and unbranched hydrocarbons and waxes, silicone oils, dialkyl ethers, the group of saturated or unsaturated, branched or unbranched alcohols, and the fatty acid triglycerides. Any mixtures of such oil and wax components are also advantageous to use in the context of the present invention. It may also be advantageous, if appropriate, to use waxes, for example cetyl palmitate, as the sole lipid component of the oil phase.
Advantageously, the oil phase may contain or consist entirely of cyclic or linear silicone oils, for example cyclomethicone (octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane), but it is preferred to use an additional content of other oil phase components besides the silicone oil or silicone oils. The emulsions described here and below can thus be prepared in accordance with the partial or complete use of silicone oils as silicone emulsions. The same applies to the other oil-containing preparations.

The person skilled in a variety of ways known stable O / W preparations to formulate for cosmetic or dermatological use, for example in Form of creams and ointments spreadable in the range of room to skin temperature are, or as lotions and milk, which are more fluid in this temperature range and can be kept particularly favorable with the container according to the invention.

The stability of emulsions is partly due to their viscosity, in particular of the viscosity of the outer phase dependent. An emulsion then becomes unstable when the finely dispersed particles aggregate again into larger aggregates and the flow together touching droplets. This process is called coalescence designated. The process of coalescence proceeds more slowly, the more viscous the outer Phase of the emulsion is.

O / W emulsions are accordingly usually thickened by means of increase the viscosity of the aqueous phase, stabilized. Suitable for this purpose, for example Polyacrylates (carbomer) and other organic thickeners. A disadvantage This method of stability improvement is the sensitivity of these formulations against electrolytes. Furthermore, in this way are naturally predominantly higher viscosity Make formulations (such as creams or ointments).

Emulsions of "liquid" (= flowable) consistency find in cosmetics, for example as a care, cleansing, facial or hand lotion use. You have in the Typically, a viscosity of from about 2000 mPa.s to about 10,000 mPa.s. The stability of flowable emulsions is to pay special attention, as the significant greater mobility of the particles promotes faster coalescence.

Conventional emulsifiers can be subdivided according to their hydrophilic part of the molecule into ionic (anionic, cationic and amphoteric) and nonionic:
The most well-known example of an anionic emulsifier is the soap, commonly referred to as the water-soluble sodium or potassium salts of the saturated and unsaturated higher fatty acids.
Important representatives of the cationic emulsifiers are the quaternary ammonium compounds.
The hydrophilic moiety of nonionic emulsifiers often consists of glycerol, polyglycerol, sorbitans, carbohydrates or polyoxyethylene glycols and is usually linked via ester and ether bonds with the lipophilic moiety. This usually consists of fatty alcohols, fatty acids or iso-fatty acids.
By varying the structure and size of the polar and non-polar part of the molecule, the lipophilicity and hydrophilicity of emulsifiers can be varied within wide limits.

Decisive for the stability of an emulsion is the correct choice of emulsifiers. The characteristics of all substances contained in the system must be taken into account. For example, when considering skin care emulsions, polar oil components result and for example UV filters to instabilities. In addition to the emulsifiers are therefore Still other stabilizers used, for example, the viscosity of the emulsion increase and / or act as a protective colloid.

As such, the use of the usual emulsifiers in cosmetic or dermatological Preparations harmless. Nevertheless, emulsifiers, like any of them, can be used chemical substance, in an individual case allergic or on hypersensitivity of the user cause underlying reactions. There has been no lack of attempts that The amount of common emulsifiers to a minimum, ideally even completely reduce.

A reduction of the required amount of emulsifier can be achieved, for example, if it is utilized that finely divided solid particles additionally stabilizing Have effect. This leads to an accumulation of the solid at the phase boundary Oil / water in the form of a layer, causing confluence of the disperse Phases is prevented. Of essential importance are not the chemical, but the surface properties of the solid particles.

A relatively new technical development is to stabilize cosmetic or dermatological preparations only by finely divided solid particles. Such "emulsifier-free" emulsions are also referred to as Pickering emulsions according to their inventor. One way to perform a solid stabilization in a cosmetic or dermatological preparation, according to May-Alert (Pharmacy in our time, 15th year 1986, No. 1, 1-7 ), for example, to use emulsifier mixtures that are both anionic and cationic Containing surfactants. Since the combination of anionic and cationic surfactants always insoluble, electroneutral compounds fail, can be achieved by targeted precipitation of these neutral surfactants in the interface oil / water an additional solid stabilization in terms of a Pickering emulsion.

Furthermore, WO 98/42301 A1 describes emulsifier-free finely dispersed systems of the type Water-in-oil, which stabilizes by the addition of micronized, inorganic pigments be selected from the group of metal oxides, in particular titanium dioxide.

Emulsifier-free preparations based on so-called hydrodispersions have been available for some time accessible to the consumer. Hydrodispersions make dispersions of a liquid, semi-solid or solid internal (discontinuous) lipid phase in an external aqueous (continuous) phase.

In contrast to O / W emulsions, which are characterized by a similar phase arrangement However, hydrodispersions are essentially free of emulsifiers. hydrodispersions Like emulsions, they represent metastable systems and are prone to be in one Transition state of two consecutive discrete phases. In emulsions the choice of a suitable emulsifier prevents phase separation.

In the case of hydrodispersions of a liquid lipid phase in an external aqueous phase the stability of such a system can be ensured, for example, by the fact that in the aqueous phase is built up a gel backbone, in which the lipid droplets stable are suspended.

W / O lipodispersions are in the opposite analogy emulsifier-free finely dispersed preparations of the type water-in-oil.

Part of the invention is also the use of a container in conjunction with cosmetic or dermatological preparations in the form of gels, emulsions, microemulsions, Suspensions, dispersions, colloids, powders, powders and / or pastes.

Particularly advantageous is the combination of the container according to the invention with liquid cosmetic cleaning agents that can be used by the special container for massaging cleaning.
Liquid cosmetic cleaners are known per se. The invention thus relates to the combination of such agents with a package that allows the massaging application of the detergent.

Liquid cosmetic cleaners include all formulations with anionic, cationic, nonionic and amphoteric, or zwitterionic Surfactants. In addition, these formulations may contain skin care substances be.

As skin care substances can be fats, conditioners, peeling body or active ingredients be used.

A particular advantage of this packaging is the easy to clean the Massage body, as through the special construction an unhindered passage of water is ensured by the guide body. This can lead to a high preservative concentration be dispensed with in the detergent. The microbiological Safety of the product is also guaranteed.

The special construction of the massage body allows the pure pressure massage, so Skin irritation is prevented by excessive friction on the skin surface. In this way, it comes to a very gentle application of cleaning agents. The skin is made by applying a cleanser during a massage less irritated.

Some examples of cosmetic cleansers for which the inventive Container can be used excellently in the following five examples compiled.

Examples of the cosmetic cleaning agents: example 1

Wt .-% Sodium Laureth Sulfate 9.00 Cocamidopropyl betaines 4.00 Decyl glucosides 1.00 Glycol distearate 2.00 Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate 0.30 Perfume 0.80 Prunus ducis 0.20 Water ad 100.00

Example 2

Wt .-% Sodium Laureth Sulfate 9.00 Cocamidopropyl betaines 4.00 Decyl glucosides 1.00 Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate 0.30 Perfume 1.00 Vitis vinifera 1.00 Aloe barbensis 1.00 Polyquaternium-10 0.30 Water ad 100.00

Example 3

Wt .-% Sodium Laureth Sulfate 12,00 Cocamidopropyl betaines 3.00 Sodium lauroyl sarcosinate 2.00 PEG-4 Rapeseedamide 5.00 PEG-9 Cocoglycerides 2.00 Perfume 1.00 Hydroxypropyl guar 0.30 Hydroxypropyltrimonium chlorides Water ad 100.00

Example 4

Wt .-% MIPA-Laureth Sulfate (+) Laureth-4 Cocamide DEA 41,00 Soybean oil 40,00 Castor oil 14.00 Polxamer 10 1 4.00 Perfume 2.00 panthenol 1.00 Water ad 100.00

Example 5

Wt .-% Sodium Laureth Sulfate 10.00 polyethylenes 5.00 Sodium cocoamphoacetate 4.00 Magnesium Aluminum Silicate 3.00 Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate 1.00 Perfume 0.80 Water ad 100.00

In addition to the already described advantages, the container according to the invention in Area of personal care due to the caused by the changed surface Massage effect an additional benefit for the user. During the application of cosmetic or dermatological preparations can be a positive at the same time Effect can be achieved, for example, for tightening the skin or against cellulite.

Figur 1

einen besonders vorteilhaft ausgeführten Behälter in Flaschenform mit mehreren Vorrichtungen, die zusammen die Massageeinrichtung bilden, in der frontalen Ansicht,

Figur 2

den besonders vorteilhaft ausgeführten Behälter in Flaschenform mit mehreren Vorrichtungen in der seitlichen Ansicht,

Figur 3

den besonders vorteilhaft ausgeführten Behälter in Flaschenform mit mehreren Vorrichtungen in der Aufsicht,

Figuren 4 bis 7

unterschiedliche Ausführungsformen der Vorrichtung.

The inventive container will now be illustrated by a few figures without wishing to be unnecessarily limited by the choice of examples shown. Show it:

FIG. 1

a particularly advantageously designed container in bottle form with several devices, which together form the massage device, in the frontal view,

FIG. 2

the particularly advantageous container in bottle form with several devices in the side view,

FIG. 3

the container, which is particularly advantageous, in the form of a bottle, with several devices in the top view,

FIGS. 4 to 7

different embodiments of the device.

In the figure 1 is a particularly advantageous executed container in the frontal view 10 shown in bottle form. The bottle 10, produced by the extrusion blow molding process, is substantially rectangular in shape, the edges of the bottle 10th are rounded. On the body of the bottle 10 there is a neck-like enlargement 12, which serves to output the content. On the bottle 10, a lid 11 is attached, which simultaneously closes the extension 12.

In one of the wider side walls of the bottle 10 there are several devices 20, which together form a massage device. The devices 20 are here designed spherically and are rotatably mounted in the wall in recesses.

The devices 20 form a regular pattern of nine balls in total. The Pattern or the number of balls in the pattern is freely selectable, depending on Application or content of the bottle 10. The same applies to the size of the devices, which are in the container.

The user of the contents of the bottle 10 may by slight pressure on the bottle 10th remove some of the contents and apply on his skin, for example. By the massage device he can now massage the applied content comfortably into the skin, without having to grab or seek an additional device.

Figures 2 and 3 show the bottle in the side view or in the supervision.

Four different embodiments of the device, here in the form of a sphere, are shown by way of example in FIGS. 4 to 7. Shown is in each case the spherical plane 1, which can be regarded as a macroscopic surface of the ball, as well as the recesses 2 in this plane.
In FIGS. 4 to 6, these depressions 2 are present separately from one another, specifically in the form of circular depressions [FIGS. 4 and 5, different arrangements of the depressions 2] or in the form of square depressions [FIG. 6]. In Figure 6, the seam line 3 is also shown, which is formed by the injection molding in a two-part mold or when constructing the ball of two hemispheres.
FIG. 7 shows a spherical device with a system of channel-like connected depressions 2 in the surface 1 "[open-pored system"]. This system can also be considered such that the regions (triangular in this example) represent elevations on the sphere formed by the "channel plane" 2.

Claims (8)

1. Container for liquids, flowable formulations, pastes, powders, and the like, composed of a container body with a massage device composed of at least one rotatable device held within the body, and held within the body in such a way that at least part of the surface of the device protrudes from the body, the method of mounting being snap fitting into a socket, the opening of which is somewhat smaller than the diameter of the rotatable device.
2. Container according to Claim 1, characterized in that the device is held in a mounting which is formed from a seating which has been adapted to the shape of the rotatable device in such a way that the rotatable device has been fitted within the seating in such a way that part thereof protrudes from the seating.
3. Container according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that there are two or more devices present, in particular arranged in a geometric pattern.
4. Container according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the rotatable geometric device has a structured surface.
5. Container according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the rotatable body is a geometric body with rotational symmetry.
6. Container according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the structuring forms depressions in the surface of the rotatable body, in particular depressions in a symmetrical arrangement and/or in particular depressions in the form of recesses, grooves, notches, and the like.
7. Use of a container according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the cosmetic or dermatological preparations are in the form of gels, emulsions, microemulsions, suspensions, dispersions, colloids, powders, and/or pastes.
8. Use of a container according to at least one of the preceding claims in combination with liquid cosmetic cleansing compositions, in particular those with anionic, cationic, non-ionic or amphoteric, or zwitterionic, surfactants.

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