EP1322900A1 - Procede de rechauffage de produits metallurgiques - Google Patents
Procede de rechauffage de produits metallurgiquesInfo
- Publication number
- EP1322900A1 EP1322900A1 EP01967440A EP01967440A EP1322900A1 EP 1322900 A1 EP1322900 A1 EP 1322900A1 EP 01967440 A EP01967440 A EP 01967440A EP 01967440 A EP01967440 A EP 01967440A EP 1322900 A1 EP1322900 A1 EP 1322900A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- oven
- products
- oxy
- burners
- burner
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 title claims description 14
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000012265 solid product Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003517 fume Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 abstract description 11
- 238000003303 reheating Methods 0.000 abstract description 10
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 13
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009749 continuous casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009958 sewing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/34—Methods of heating
- C21D1/52—Methods of heating with flames
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
- F27B9/00—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity
- F27B9/30—Details, accessories or equipment specially adapted for furnaces of these types
- F27B9/3005—Details, accessories or equipment specially adapted for furnaces of these types arrangements for circulating gases
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
- F27B9/00—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity
- F27B9/30—Details, accessories or equipment specially adapted for furnaces of these types
- F27B9/36—Arrangements of heating devices
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for heating metallurgical products in which solid products, in particular steel, are heated to bring them from a temperature below substantially 400 ° C. to a temperature of at least approximately 1000 ° C. passage through an oven comprising an upstream zone in which said products are preheated and a downstream zone in which said products are brought to their final temperature at exit from the oven, the downstream zone of the oven being equipped with burners, at least some of which operate with an oxidizer which is air, the fumes generated by these burners circulating against the current of the products and coming to preheat them in the upstream preheating zone.
- Reheating furnaces in the steel industry are used to reheat steel products originating in particular from continuous casting and bring them to the rolling temperature which is of the order of 1000 to 1300 ° C.
- Ovens of this type usually consist of several successive zones. Starting with the charging (in the direction of scrolling of the products in the oven), these successive zones are the upstream zone known as exhaustion of smoke (or recovery) in which the thermal energy of the smoke produced downstream is recovered. from the oven and circulating against the current of the products to be heated, to start preheating these products.
- This preheating zone being followed by one or more heating zones, and the furnace ending in a so-called equalization zone which serves to ensure the temperature uniformity of the product at the outlet of the furnace.
- Burners can preferably be installed on either side of the product which circulates from the preheating zone until the end of the heating zone or zones. Such burners can also be placed in the roof of the oven (in the case of radiant arches) or in niches depending on the width of the oven.
- FIG. 1 shows the curve of the evolution of the temperature difference ⁇ T (defined below) during the heating of the product.
- the temperature difference ⁇ T will be the difference between the temperature of the upper surface of the product exposed to radiation from the oven and the temperature of the lower surface of the product in contact with the floor.
- the temperature difference ⁇ T will be the difference between the surface temperature and the temperature at the heart of the product.
- the position of the product in the oven is shown on the abscissa and the value of ⁇ T on the ordinate.
- ( ⁇ T i ⁇ i t ) can be zero, when the product is put in the oven at room temperature, or non-zero in the case of products whose temperature has not yet become homogeneous, for example in the case of treatment of metallurgical products little time after their development.
- X represents the position of the product in the oven, the abscissa 0 being the point for placing products in the oven, while X B is the abscissa for charging or leaving the oven.
- the curve (C) of variation of ⁇ T as a function of X in FIG. 1 comprises a point A where the parameter ⁇ T reaches a maximum ( ⁇ Tmax), a point D where the parameter ⁇ T has a value ⁇ Tini t . which is the value of ⁇ T when the product is placed in the oven and a point B or the parameter ⁇ T has a value ⁇ Tfj na ⁇ , when the product is removed from the oven (racking).
- the temperature difference ⁇ T reaches its maximum ( ⁇ Tm ax ).
- This value ⁇ Tm ax must be as small as possible, because a large difference in temperature is equivalent to deformations of the product (buckling) which can cause a deterioration of the product or an impossibility of operation of the oven or an impossibility of rolling the product at the outlet. from the oven.
- operators must limit the power of the oven and / or the production of the oven to avoid the appearance of too large temperature differences ⁇ T, which is a major drawback for an industrialist.
- FIG. 2 illustrates the relationship between the temperature difference ⁇ T and the deflection, that is to say the vertical deformation of the product during its passage through the oven.
- ⁇ Tfj na ⁇ at the outlet of the oven.
- ⁇ T fl nai should be zero at the oven outlet (racking).
- ⁇ T fj na ⁇ which should not exceed about 100 ° C for billets and 200 ° C for slabs and blooms.
- a significant temperature difference in fact causes rolling difficulties which can go as far as mechanical incidents in certain stands of the rolling mill.
- any unevenness in temperature results in a drop in quality on the finished product. It is also an object of the present invention to reduce ⁇ T ⁇ na ⁇ of a product leaving a reheating oven without increasing the energy consumption in the oven.
- the process according to the invention consists in installing burners whose oxygen percentage in the oxidizer is greater than 21% vol. and less than or equal to 100% vol. (hereinafter referred to as "oxy-burner”), these burners being installed in the oven so that they are the first burners "seen” by the products to be treated during their progress in the oven, after they have been placed in the oven.
- the preheating zone constituted by these oxy-burners is therefore the first preheating zone of the oven.
- the invention therefore consists in placing oxy-burners in the zone of the furnace where the first burners must be placed (“first” with regard to the direction of travel in the furnace of the metallurgical product).
- the method according to the invention is characterized in that there is at least one burner in the upstream preheating zone of the oven, this burner being supplied by an oxidizer and a fuel, the oxidant containing more than 21% and preferably more 30% by volume of oxygen.
- Combustion and fuel can be supplied to the burner either by separate injection (from the injectors opening into the furnace) or by coaxial injection (burner coaxial multitubes)), either by oxidizer and fuel premix before injection into the burner and then the oven.
- the invention may include two alternative embodiments.
- the first variant consists in the creation of a new oven zone comprising oxy-burners.
- the oxy-burners are installed in an area of the oven which did not initially have one.
- this may consist of the installation of oxy-fuel burners at the end of the so-called recovery furnace zone, just before the first heating zone (which normally includes aero fuel burners).
- the second variant consists in converting an existing zone, that is to say all or part of the air fuel burners are removed from an existing preheating zone in order to replace them with oxy-burners installed in the same zone.
- the method according to the invention is characterized in that the proportion of oxygen in the oxidizer injected into said oxy-fuel burner is a function of the preheating temperature of existing air-fuel burners, the proportion of oxygen being chosen so that the thermal efficiency of said oxy-fuel burner is greater than the thermal efficiency of existing air-fuel burners.
- the method according to the invention is characterized in that the proportion of oxygen in the oxidizer injected into said burner is greater than or equal to 88% vol., Preferably greater than or equal to 95% vol.
- the method according to the invention is characterized in that the oxidant supplied to said at least one burner is a mixture of industrially pure oxygen and air.
- the method according to the invention is characterized in that the oxidant supplied to said at least one burner is a mixture oxygen from a VSA (Vacuum Sewing Adsorption System, well known to those skilled in the art) and air.
- VSA Vauum Sewing Adsorption System
- the method according to the invention is characterized in that the oxidizer injected into said at least one burner comprises from 1 to 5% of argon in flight.
- the molar mass and the density of argon being higher than those of oxygen respectively, the presence of argon in the oxidizer containing oxygen makes it possible to increase the momentum of the flame. This increase in momentum will give a more stable flame, less sensitive to transverse flows, closer to the metallurgical product to be heated and will therefore result in more efficient and more homogeneous heating of the product to be heated.
- FIG. 3 an example of implementation of the invention on a billet heating furnace.
- Figure 4 an example of implementation of the invention on a slab reheating oven.
- FIG. 5 an exemplary embodiment of the invention while maintaining a constant hourly production, showing a reduction in fuel consumption.
- FIG. 6 an exemplary embodiment of the invention in which the production of the furnace is increased while retaining the same temperature differences ⁇ T as during operation before implementation of the invention.
- FIG. 9 illustrates the implementation of the invention according to FIG. 3.
- the invention can be applied to different types of oven, whether these are new ovens on which the process of the invention can be directly installed or existing ovens which are then modified.
- one of the important parameters of the process according to the invention is to use as an oxidant in at least certain burners of the furnace, oxygen-enriched air, the oxygen percentage of which can vary depending on the desired goal.
- oxygen-enriched air the oxygen percentage of which can vary depending on the desired goal.
- the percentage of oxygen in the oxidizer may vary by more than 21% vol. at 100% vol.
- FIG. 7 represents the evolution of the yield and the volume of the fumes as a function of parameters such as the air preheating temperature, on the one hand, and the percentage of oxygen, on the other hand.
- the air preheating temperature when using air as oxidant, it is possible to find a percentage of oxygen in the oxidant which gives a better yield than 'with combustion in air. For example, if the preheating temperature of Pair is 300 ° C, any oxidizer whose% O2 is greater than 30% vol. (from Figure 7) will give better thermal efficiency, synonymous with energy savings.
- FIG. 8 represents the evolution of the smoke volume (in Nm3 / h per kW of fuel) as a function of the percentage of oxygen in the oxidizer.
- the volume of smoke when using air (“aero reference” in Figure 8) is valid regardless of the air preheating temperature.
- the use of pure oxygen as an oxidizer makes it possible to reduce the volume of smoke from 10.6 to 3 Nm3 / h, ie a reduction by a factor of 3.5. This reduction in the volume of smoke allows better operation of the recuperator which therefore allows the increase in the "draw" of the oven, as explained below.
- the volume of smoke in the oven is directly linked to the pressure in the oven (which must remain minimal): increasing the thermal power delivered to the oven by keeping the air as oxidizer would effectively mean an increase in the volume of smoke in the oven and therefore an increase in the pressure in the furnace which would generate risks of deterioration of the furnace, up to and including its destruction.
- the implementation of the invention can be carried out in different ways, according to the aim to be obtained, which will be explained below:
- the use of the invention with the same draw is achieved by installing oxy-burners in the area concerned by operating these oxy-burners at a given power (P oxy ) while reducing the power of the air gas burners of other heating zones with a power at least equal to the power of the P oxy oxy- burners but less than twice the P oxy power (P oxy ⁇ power reduction ⁇ 2P oxy .)
- the power of the aero-gas burners in the modified oven is then equal to the initial aero-gas power (before modification of the oven, i.e. P a ero ref ) minus ocPoxy, with 1 ⁇ ⁇ 2
- FIG. 5 which shows the theoretical variations of ⁇ T between an all aero combustion and a combustion, in the same oven, where certain burners have been replaced by burners with pure oxygen, it is noted that the two problems linked to the difference ⁇ T temperature are resolved.
- Hourly production can be increased by maintaining the values of DT and ax ⁇ Tfi na ⁇ e as they are in the furnace using a combustion in air only. This increase in hourly production can take place in two ways: increasing the rate of charging while keeping the size of the product warmed or keeping the rate of charging and increasing the size of the heated product.
- the implementation of the invention makes it possible to reduce ⁇ Tm ax and ⁇ Tfj na ⁇ and therefore again allows the increase in pull.
- the values ⁇ T ma ⁇ and ⁇ Tfi na ⁇ will return to their initial value, but the hourly production will have been increased, and this without additional energy consumption.
- Curve G represents the case of 100% air combustion (existing oven)
- curve H represents the same oven equipped with oxy-fuel burners allowing the increase in production
- curve I represents the same oven equipped with oxy-fuel burners allowing keep production constant but lower ⁇ T ma x and ⁇ Tfi ⁇ a ⁇ .
- FIG. 3 there is shown the implementation of the invention on a billet oven 1 with side members, the oven having a power of about 30 MW, a draw of 92 t / h.
- the oven consists of an upstream zone 5 constituting the first half of the oven and a downstream zone 6 occupying the second half of the oven.
- the products 8 enter the oven 1 through the inlet 2 and move from right to left in the figure, towards the outlet 3.
- the air-fuel burners of the downstream area 6 have been preserved, while several oxy-fuel burners 11 were installed on approximately half of the upstream zone 5 (half closest to the downstream zone 6).
- the fumes circulate from the outlet to the inlet, against the flow of products 8 which are thus preheated on contact.
- the fumes are evacuated through the chimney 4. The following results were obtained on this oven
- Example 2
- FIG. 4 represents another example of implementation of the invention with a slab reheating oven.
- the same elements as those in FIG. 3 have the same references.
- the upstream zone 5 of the oven already has a heating zone
- FIG. 4a By replacing the burners 10 (fig. 4a) with the burners 11 (fig. 4b), there is again a decrease in the ⁇ T of the products of around 30% for an increase in the draft of up to 50% if the total power consumption is retained.
- the arrangement of the burners 11 follows the rules set out above for the installation of the oxy-fuel burners.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Furnace Details (AREA)
- Forging (AREA)
- Waste-Gas Treatment And Other Accessory Devices For Furnaces (AREA)
- Disintegrating Or Milling (AREA)
- Resistance Heating (AREA)
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0011480A FR2813893B1 (fr) | 2000-09-08 | 2000-09-08 | Procede de rechauffage de produits metallurgiques |
| FR0011480 | 2000-09-08 | ||
| PCT/FR2001/002772 WO2002021061A1 (fr) | 2000-09-08 | 2001-09-06 | Procede de rechauffage de produits metallurgiques |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1322900A1 true EP1322900A1 (fr) | 2003-07-02 |
| EP1322900B1 EP1322900B1 (fr) | 2005-11-02 |
Family
ID=8854113
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP01967440A Expired - Lifetime EP1322900B1 (fr) | 2000-09-08 | 2001-09-06 | Procede de rechauffage de produits metallurgiques |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6652681B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP1322900B1 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN1460170A (fr) |
| AT (1) | ATE308731T1 (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU2001287819A1 (fr) |
| DE (1) | DE60114653T2 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2813893B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2002021061A1 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ITBO20100248A1 (it) * | 2010-04-22 | 2011-10-23 | Siti B & T Group S P A | Forno per ceramiche ad efficienza migliorata |
Families Citing this family (16)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2829232B1 (fr) * | 2001-09-06 | 2004-08-20 | Air Liquide | Procede pour ameliorer le profil de temperature d'un four |
| SE521170C2 (sv) * | 2002-02-22 | 2003-10-07 | Linde Ag | Förfarande för värmebehandling av rostfritt stål |
| FR2854233B1 (fr) * | 2003-04-24 | 2005-06-03 | Air Liquide | Procede pour ameliorer les performances d'un four de rechauffage et four mettant en oeuvre ce procede |
| SE527771C2 (sv) * | 2004-10-29 | 2006-05-30 | Aga Ab | Förfarande vid tillverkning av långsträckta stålprodukter |
| SE529299C2 (sv) * | 2005-12-27 | 2007-06-26 | Aga Ab | Förfarande för att justera hårdheten hos en skivliknande metallprodukt |
| US20070163387A1 (en) * | 2006-01-17 | 2007-07-19 | Rmi Titanium Company | Method and apparatus for preheating and feeding material |
| DE102006005063A1 (de) * | 2006-02-03 | 2007-08-09 | Linde Ag | Verfahren zur Wärmebehandlung von Stahlbändern |
| RU2324745C2 (ru) * | 2006-02-26 | 2008-05-20 | Игорь Михайлович Дистергефт | Способ тепловой обработки металла в пламенной печи прямого или косвенного нагрева (варианты), способ сжигания смеси жидкого или газообразного топлива и нагретого воздуха в пламенной печи прямого или косвенного нагрева, устройство отопления (варианты) и регенеративная насадка (варианты) для осуществления способов |
| US20070231761A1 (en) * | 2006-04-03 | 2007-10-04 | Lee Rosen | Integration of oxy-fuel and air-fuel combustion |
| SE531077C2 (sv) * | 2006-04-11 | 2008-12-09 | Aga Ab | Förfarande för värmning av metallmaterial |
| FR2920438B1 (fr) | 2007-08-31 | 2010-11-05 | Siemens Vai Metals Tech Sas | Procede de mise en oeuvre d'une ligne de recuit ou de galvanisation en continu d'une bande metallique |
| US20150168067A1 (en) * | 2013-12-12 | 2015-06-18 | Rudiger Eichler | Method for heating a metal material in an industrial furnace |
| EP2891859A1 (fr) * | 2013-12-12 | 2015-07-08 | Linde Aktiengesellschaft | Procédé pour chauffer un matériau métallique dans un four industriel |
| DE102015009194A1 (de) * | 2015-07-16 | 2017-01-19 | Messer Austria Gmbh | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Wiedererwärmen metallischer Produkte |
| CN108716852A (zh) * | 2018-06-13 | 2018-10-30 | 佛山市中晨窑炉设备有限公司 | 一种窑炉烧成氧化段二次燃烧系统 |
| EP3839340A1 (fr) * | 2019-12-18 | 2021-06-23 | Linde GmbH | Procédé et système de chauffage d'un four |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2046595A5 (en) * | 1970-04-30 | 1971-03-05 | Nassheuer Jean Ind | Continuous ingot furnace for wires and - semi-finished products |
| TW265286B (fr) * | 1993-06-23 | 1995-12-11 | Gas Res Inst | |
| JPH09263836A (ja) * | 1996-03-28 | 1997-10-07 | Nippon Steel Corp | 連続加熱方法および装置 |
| US6071116A (en) * | 1997-04-15 | 2000-06-06 | American Air Liquide, Inc. | Heat recovery apparatus and methods of use |
| US5954498A (en) * | 1998-02-26 | 1999-09-21 | American Air Liquide, Inc. | Oxidizing oxygen-fuel burner firing for reducing NOx emissions from high temperature furnaces |
| FR2785668B1 (fr) * | 1998-11-10 | 2001-02-23 | Air Liquide | Procede de chauffage d'un four a chargement continu notamment pour produits siderurgiques, et four de chauffage a chargement continu |
| US6454562B1 (en) * | 2000-04-20 | 2002-09-24 | L'air Liquide-Societe' Anonyme A' Directoire Et Conseil De Surveillance Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude | Oxy-boost control in furnaces |
-
2000
- 2000-09-08 FR FR0011480A patent/FR2813893B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2001
- 2001-09-06 CN CN01815234A patent/CN1460170A/zh active Pending
- 2001-09-06 DE DE60114653T patent/DE60114653T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-09-06 EP EP01967440A patent/EP1322900B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-09-06 AT AT01967440T patent/ATE308731T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-09-06 WO PCT/FR2001/002772 patent/WO2002021061A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2001-09-06 AU AU2001287819A patent/AU2001287819A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-09-07 US US09/948,037 patent/US6652681B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO0221061A1 * |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ITBO20100248A1 (it) * | 2010-04-22 | 2011-10-23 | Siti B & T Group S P A | Forno per ceramiche ad efficienza migliorata |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20020050670A1 (en) | 2002-05-02 |
| US6652681B2 (en) | 2003-11-25 |
| DE60114653D1 (de) | 2005-12-08 |
| CN1460170A (zh) | 2003-12-03 |
| DE60114653T2 (de) | 2006-08-10 |
| ATE308731T1 (de) | 2005-11-15 |
| EP1322900B1 (fr) | 2005-11-02 |
| WO2002021061A1 (fr) | 2002-03-14 |
| AU2001287819A1 (en) | 2002-03-22 |
| FR2813893B1 (fr) | 2003-03-21 |
| FR2813893A1 (fr) | 2002-03-15 |
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