EP1304014A2 - Optischer netzknoten mit add-drop- oder cross-connect-funktionalität - Google Patents
Optischer netzknoten mit add-drop- oder cross-connect-funktionalitätInfo
- Publication number
- EP1304014A2 EP1304014A2 EP01953934A EP01953934A EP1304014A2 EP 1304014 A2 EP1304014 A2 EP 1304014A2 EP 01953934 A EP01953934 A EP 01953934A EP 01953934 A EP01953934 A EP 01953934A EP 1304014 A2 EP1304014 A2 EP 1304014A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- optical
- cross
- connect
- branch
- add
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 173
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims 3
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims 3
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims 3
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 6
- XZKIHKMTEMTJQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Nitrophenyl Phosphate Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)OC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1 XZKIHKMTEMTJQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101100172118 Caenorhabditis elegans eif-2Bgamma gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- VXQQVDCKACIRQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N NNPP Chemical compound NNPP VXQQVDCKACIRQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101100030361 Neurospora crassa (strain ATCC 24698 / 74-OR23-1A / CBS 708.71 / DSM 1257 / FGSC 987) pph-3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- UTOGVBKEQYRZJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N PPPPPPPP Chemical compound PPPPPPPP UTOGVBKEQYRZJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 1
- JLHBAYXOERKFGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(4-nitrophenyl) phenyl phosphate Chemical compound C1=CC([N+](=O)[O-])=CC=C1OP(=O)(OC=1C=CC(=CC=1)[N+]([O-])=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 JLHBAYXOERKFGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013256 coordination polymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0287—Protection in WDM systems
- H04J14/0293—Optical channel protection
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0201—Add-and-drop multiplexing
- H04J14/0202—Arrangements therefor
- H04J14/0204—Broadcast and select arrangements, e.g. with an optical splitter at the input before adding or dropping
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0201—Add-and-drop multiplexing
- H04J14/0202—Arrangements therefor
- H04J14/0205—Select and combine arrangements, e.g. with an optical combiner at the output after adding or dropping
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0201—Add-and-drop multiplexing
- H04J14/0202—Arrangements therefor
- H04J14/0206—Express channels arrangements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0201—Add-and-drop multiplexing
- H04J14/0202—Arrangements therefor
- H04J14/021—Reconfigurable arrangements, e.g. reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers [ROADM] or tunable optical add/drop multiplexers [TOADM]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0201—Add-and-drop multiplexing
- H04J14/0202—Arrangements therefor
- H04J14/021—Reconfigurable arrangements, e.g. reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers [ROADM] or tunable optical add/drop multiplexers [TOADM]
- H04J14/0212—Reconfigurable arrangements, e.g. reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers [ROADM] or tunable optical add/drop multiplexers [TOADM] using optical switches or wavelength selective switches [WSS]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0201—Add-and-drop multiplexing
- H04J14/0202—Arrangements therefor
- H04J14/0213—Groups of channels or wave bands arrangements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04Q—SELECTING
- H04Q11/00—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems
- H04Q11/0001—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems using optical switching
- H04Q11/0005—Switch and router aspects
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0278—WDM optical network architectures
- H04J14/0283—WDM ring architectures
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04Q—SELECTING
- H04Q11/00—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems
- H04Q11/0001—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems using optical switching
- H04Q11/0005—Switch and router aspects
- H04Q2011/0007—Construction
- H04Q2011/0011—Construction using wavelength conversion
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04Q—SELECTING
- H04Q11/00—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems
- H04Q11/0001—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems using optical switching
- H04Q11/0005—Switch and router aspects
- H04Q2011/0007—Construction
- H04Q2011/0018—Construction using tunable transmitters or receivers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04Q—SELECTING
- H04Q11/00—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems
- H04Q11/0001—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems using optical switching
- H04Q11/0005—Switch and router aspects
- H04Q2011/0007—Construction
- H04Q2011/0022—Construction using fibre gratings
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04Q—SELECTING
- H04Q11/00—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems
- H04Q11/0001—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems using optical switching
- H04Q11/0005—Switch and router aspects
- H04Q2011/0007—Construction
- H04Q2011/0035—Construction using miscellaneous components, e.g. circulator, polarisation, acousto/thermo optical
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an optical network node with add-drop and / or cross-connect functionality. Due to the increasing data volume in optical networks, existing network capacity must be optimally used. Known add-drop multiplexers cannot currently meet these high demands on the network, since they can often only be used statically. To make optimal use of network capacity, new and more comprehensive concepts for optimizing traffic control are necessary.
- optical add-drop multiplexers Another disadvantage of known optical add-drop multiplexers is that an optimal allocation of the network with transmission wavelengths is not possible. If wavelengths are occupied in the WDM network that should be fed in via an optical add-drop multiplexer, the tributary input of the optical add-drop multiplexer is blocked. It is not possible to feed a transmission wavelength into the optical WDM network.
- wavelength conversion in WDM networks has only been possible with an additional element, namely with the aid of a transponder. This represents an additional hardware expenditure and can lead to a further signal deterioration.
- An additional disadvantage with previous optical add-drop multiplexers is that the tributary inputs can only be connected at the electrical level. An interconnection of the tributary inputs based on a uniform optical concept is not known. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an optical network node with add-drop and / or cross-connect functionality, which enables received and to be transmitted wavelengths to be configured completely and freely.
- the task is solved in particular by an optical network node with add-drop functionality.
- the optical network node has a first optical line with a first drop branch and a first add branch and a second optical line with a second drop branch and a second add branch, the first drop branch and the second drop branch Branch are each connected to a first cross-connect, in particular an optical cross-connect, and a second, in particular optical cross-connect; and the first add branch is connected to the first cross-connect and the second cross-connect via a first wavelength converter; and the second add branch is connected to the first cross-connect and the second cross-connect via a second wavelength converter.
- the network node with add-drop functionality is preferably arranged such that the first optical line (Line-East) and the second optical line (Line-West) preferably consist of four fibers, two fibers each as a protection line and two as Working line are designed.
- the arrangement of a first add branch and a first drop branch on the first optical line ensures and the arrangement of a second add branch and a second drop branch on the second optical line > i M r P 1 P 1 ⁇ o C ⁇ o C ⁇ o c ⁇ ⁇
- P- P P- MPO ⁇ rt P P- sQ rt OP 1 P P- PJ p, P ) f, n
- the wavelength converter is designed so that it can convert incoming wavelengths of a certain channel wavelength into wavelengths of another channel wavelength.
- the wavelength conversion is preferably carried out on the basis of an electrical wavelength conversion
- Transponder modules which consist of an optical receiver diode and a wavelength-adjustable transmitter laser diode per channel.
- a wavelength conversion is very particularly preferably based on a purely optical wavelength conversion by means of a laser-capable material.
- the wavelength converters could be arranged as a further network element in front of the network node with add-drop functionality.
- the wavelength converter is particularly advantageously mounted in the first or second add branch, as a result of which it is integrated in the network node with add-drop functionality.
- the integration offers the advantage that the signal attenuation of a WDM transmit signal is not increased by another network element.
- Tunable transponder modules are preferably used as wavelength converters. Tunable transponder modules are advantageous in that they are remotely configurable and dynamically adjustable. A tunable transponder card, TTC, is used as a tunable transponder module, for example.
- the first cross-connect has at least one first N # M switching matrix and at least one first K # L switching matrix
- the second cross-connect has at least one second N # M switching matrix and at least one second K # L switching matrix.
- the N # M switching matrices and the K # L are preferably optical space switching stages.
- the N # M switching matrices and the K # L switching matrices connect the working line and the protection line on the tributary side each on the optical lines on the line side. This advantageously opens up the possibility of freely designing the direction of working and protection paths in the network.
- Asymmetric switching matrices are preferably used. This allows the
- Network nodes can be designed particularly flexibly in the assignment of the fibers with channels on the tributary side and the line side.
- I 2 F.
- the first N # M switching matrix is connected to the first K # L switching matrix via a first upper and a first lower connecting means
- the second N # M switching matrix is connected to the second K # L switching matrix via a second upper and a second lower connecting means is connected.
- the connection has two advantages: First, the direction of the optical paths can be changed via the connection. An optical signal in the network is decoupled via the drop branch and fed back into the network via the cross-connect and the wavelength converter, although the direction of the optical signal has been changed. With such an arrangement of the connecting means, the capacity utilization in optical ring networks can be increased considerably, because the change of direction and the wavelength conversion can be used to occupy partial areas of the ring networks with channel wavelengths. Linking the N # M switching matrices with the K # L switching matrices by means of connecting means provides the further advantage that the individual inputs can be interconnected on the tributary side. A network node with add-drop functionality is preferred at the interface between one
- the inputs on the tributary side then represent, for example, the connections to individual city districts.
- the individual inputs on the tributary side (connection of the local city districts) are interconnected only one network element and nothing more c ⁇ u> r NJ P 1 P 1
- N P- P O Hi ⁇ O ⁇ N ⁇ ⁇ N ⁇ N P- ⁇ J rt cn 1
- optical paths can be determined arbitrarily. Just when a wavelength is already occupied in the network and the network is thus blocked for the wavelength of the optical transmission signal, the network node according to the invention enables feeding into the network and thus maintaining traffic by converting the wavelength of the optical transmission signal.
- the object of the present invention is also achieved in particular by a method for interconnecting optical transmission signals in an optical network node, an optical transmission signal being interconnected from the first tributary input to the first tributary output.
- the method comprises the following method steps: First, optical transmission signals are applied to a first cross-connect via a tributary input, in order to then be connected to the first tributary output by the first cross-connect. Analog optical signals can be connected from the second tributary input to the second tributary output. This has the advantage that the inputs on the tributary side can be interconnected via the optical network node according to the invention.
- the optical network node according to the invention has made it possible to find an integrated solution which enables an interconnection of the inputs on the tributary side and an interconnection of the tributary side with the line side. According to the invention, the comprehensive interconnection is ensured by only one network element and no longer by another network element upstream of the network node.
- the object is achieved in particular by using an add-drop multiplexer according to one of the preceding claims to implement a method according to one of the preceding claims.
- Figure 1 is a circuit diagram of a network node according to the invention with add-drop functionality
- Figure 2 is a schematic representation of a conversion of the wavelengths of an optical transmission signal at a
- FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of an implementation of the
- Figure 4 is a schematic representation of an implementation of the
- FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of one of the
- Figure 6 is a schematic representation of an interconnection of an optical transmission signal to the inputs of
- the first optical line 100 is shown as line east and the second optical line 200 is shown as line west.
- the first optical line 100 and the second optical line 200 are with a first
- the first add branch 180 of the first optical line 100 and the second drop branch 220 of the second optical line 200 are arranged on the second assembly 800.
- On the first assembly 700 is the first optical line 100 with the first optical drop branch 120 via the first filter and circulator device 760 and a first one
- the first drop branch 120 consists of two protection and two working paths and is connected to the first cross-connect 300 through the two protection paths and the second cross-connect 400 via the two working paths.
- the second drop branch 220 also contains two working paths and two protection paths, the two working paths being connected to the second cross-connect 400 and the two protection paths being connected to the first cross-connect 300.
- the first cross-connect 300 has a first M # N switching matrix 330 and a first K # L switching matrix 370, which are connected via a first lower connecting means 350 and a first upper connecting means 360.
- the second cross-connect 400 has a second K # L switching matrix 430 and a second M # N switching matrix 470, which are connected via a second lower connecting means 450 and via a second upper connecting means 460.
- the first M # N and K # L switching matrices 330, 370 and the second M # N and K # L switching matrices 470, 430 are 5 # 5 matrices in the present case.
- Protection paths of the second drop branch 220 are connected to the tributary output 310 via the switching matrix 370, while the two working paths of the first drop branch 120 and the two working paths of the second drop branch 220 via the switching matrix 430 are connected to the second tributary output 410.
- the first tributary input 390 is via the first M # N matrix 330 of the first cross-connect 300 over two co co M tv> P 1
- PPO PPP ⁇ PL ⁇ uq rt PL P 1 3 3 p P. ⁇ O • rt ⁇ P 3 ⁇ P- tr P- PP
- Figure 4 provides a schematic representation of the implementation of the wavelengths of an optical signal in the network with a simultaneous change of direction.
- the optical network node 1 with add-drop functionality has the same assemblies as the optical network node 1 with add-drop functionality in FIG. 2.
- the wavelength converter 500 converts the predetermined wavelengths of the optical signal to other wavelengths and feeds the optical signal with the converted wavelengths via the second add branch 280 and the first module 700 into the second optical line 200 (line-west).
- the situation is analogous to that of an optical signal of a certain wavelength in the network, which is fed into the optical network node 1 with add-drop functionality via the second optical line 200 (line west).
- the optical signal of the second optical line 200 (line-west) is interconnected by the second module 800 and the second cross-connect 400 to the second wavelength converter 600 in order to switch to the first optical via the second module 800 and the first add branch 180 Line 100 (Line East) to be fed.
- the protection paths are output via the first Cross-Connect 300.
- Optical transmission signals are applied to the tributary input 390 of the first cross-connect 300, connected to the first upper connecting means 360 via the first 5 # 5 matrix 330 and from there to the tributary via the other first 5 # 5 matrix 370 - Output 310 interconnected.
- the tributary inputs 390, 490 and tributary outputs 310, 410 are freely selectable.
- the optical network node 1 still retains its add-drop functionality.
- optical network node With the optical network node according to the invention with add-drop functionality, a possibility has been created to configure received or transmitted optical signals completely freely.
- the invention relates to a device and several methods with regard to an optical network node with add-drop and / or cross-connect functionality.
- the network node according to the invention is the connection of a first optical line via a first drop branch with a first cross-connect and a second cross-connect to a first and a second tributary output and the connection of a second optical line via a second drop branch with the first cross-connect and the second cross-connect to the first and second tributary outputs.
- a first tributary input via the first cross-connect is either coupled into the second optical line by a first wavelength converter and a second add branch or is coupled into the first optical line through a second wavelength converter and a first add branch
- a second Tributary input via the second cross-connect either coupled into the second optical line by the first wavelength converter and the second add branch or coupled into the first optical line through the second wavelength converter and the first add branch.
- This optical network node allows optical signals to maintain or change their direction and / or to maintain or change their wavelengths.
- the optical transmission signals can be freely selected in their direction and / or can maintain or change their wavelength.
- optical transmission signals can be interconnected at the inputs on the tributary side.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Optical Communication System (AREA)
- Use Of Switch Circuits For Exchanges And Methods Of Control Of Multiplex Exchanges (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10036709 | 2000-07-27 | ||
DE10036709A DE10036709B4 (de) | 2000-07-27 | 2000-07-27 | Optischer Netzknoten mit Add-Drop- oder Cross-Connect-Funktionalität und dazugehörige Verfahren |
PCT/DE2001/002771 WO2002015632A2 (de) | 2000-07-27 | 2001-07-20 | Optischer netzknoten mit add-drop- oder cross-connect-funktionalität |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1304014A2 true EP1304014A2 (de) | 2003-04-23 |
EP1304014B1 EP1304014B1 (de) | 2008-04-23 |
Family
ID=7650469
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP01953934A Expired - Lifetime EP1304014B1 (de) | 2000-07-27 | 2001-07-20 | Optischer netzknoten mit add-drop- oder cross-connect-funktionalität |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6931175B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1304014B1 (de) |
CN (1) | CN1589586A (de) |
AU (1) | AU2001276328A1 (de) |
DE (2) | DE10036709B4 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2002015632A2 (de) |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6907158B2 (en) * | 2001-11-05 | 2005-06-14 | Broadband Royalty Corporation | Configurable optical add/drop multiplexer with partial or complete wavelength drop capability |
US6907159B1 (en) * | 2002-02-21 | 2005-06-14 | Broadband Royalty Corporation | Configurable optical add/drop multiplexer with enhanced add channel capacity |
US7450851B2 (en) * | 2004-08-27 | 2008-11-11 | Fujitsu Limited | System and method for modularly scalable architecture for optical networks |
US7751705B2 (en) | 2005-02-24 | 2010-07-06 | Tellabs Operations, Inc. | Optical channel intelligently shared protection ring |
EP2862304A4 (de) | 2012-05-16 | 2016-03-09 | Oe Solutions America Inc | Wellenlängenabstimmbares array für datenkommunikation |
US20160191188A1 (en) * | 2014-12-31 | 2016-06-30 | Alcatel-Lucent Usa Inc. | System and method for local interconnection of optical nodes |
CN107819522B (zh) * | 2016-09-14 | 2020-01-14 | 中国电信股份有限公司 | Roadm设备、光网络系统以及传输方法 |
US11487063B2 (en) | 2020-03-31 | 2022-11-01 | Subcom, Llc | Pair routing between three undersea fiber optic cables |
Family Cites Families (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2928046B2 (ja) * | 1993-04-16 | 1999-07-28 | 日本電気株式会社 | 光ネットワ−ク及びその障害回復方式 |
JP3582030B2 (ja) * | 1995-07-05 | 2004-10-27 | 富士通株式会社 | クロスコネクト装置 |
US6262821B1 (en) * | 1996-10-18 | 2001-07-17 | Alcatel Cit | Optical spectral multiplexer for inserting and extracting |
US5986783A (en) * | 1997-02-10 | 1999-11-16 | Optical Networks, Inc. | Method and apparatus for operation, protection, and restoration of heterogeneous optical communication networks |
US6631018B1 (en) * | 1997-08-27 | 2003-10-07 | Nortel Networks Limited | WDM optical network with passive pass-through at each node |
US6272154B1 (en) * | 1998-10-30 | 2001-08-07 | Tellium Inc. | Reconfigurable multiwavelength network elements |
EP1142430A1 (de) * | 1998-12-30 | 2001-10-10 | Optical Technologies U.S.A. Corp. | Wellenlängen-modulares optisches querverbindungskoppelfeld |
JP2001016625A (ja) * | 1999-01-20 | 2001-01-19 | Fujitsu Ltd | 光クロスコネクト装置および光ネットワーク |
CA2348121A1 (en) * | 2000-05-30 | 2001-11-30 | Nortel Networks Limited | Optical switch with connection verification |
-
2000
- 2000-07-27 DE DE10036709A patent/DE10036709B4/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2001
- 2001-07-20 US US10/343,208 patent/US6931175B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-07-20 AU AU2001276328A patent/AU2001276328A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-07-20 EP EP01953934A patent/EP1304014B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-07-20 WO PCT/DE2001/002771 patent/WO2002015632A2/de active IP Right Grant
- 2001-07-20 CN CN01813424.6A patent/CN1589586A/zh active Pending
- 2001-07-20 DE DE50113894T patent/DE50113894D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO0215632A2 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE50113894D1 (de) | 2008-06-05 |
US20040042711A1 (en) | 2004-03-04 |
AU2001276328A1 (en) | 2002-02-25 |
US6931175B2 (en) | 2005-08-16 |
WO2002015632A3 (de) | 2002-07-18 |
CN1589586A (zh) | 2005-03-02 |
EP1304014B1 (de) | 2008-04-23 |
WO2002015632A2 (de) | 2002-02-21 |
DE10036709A1 (de) | 2002-02-14 |
DE10036709B4 (de) | 2006-07-06 |
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