EP1272371A1 - Electric energy production and sun protection device for motor vehicles - Google Patents

Electric energy production and sun protection device for motor vehicles

Info

Publication number
EP1272371A1
EP1272371A1 EP01995616A EP01995616A EP1272371A1 EP 1272371 A1 EP1272371 A1 EP 1272371A1 EP 01995616 A EP01995616 A EP 01995616A EP 01995616 A EP01995616 A EP 01995616A EP 1272371 A1 EP1272371 A1 EP 1272371A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
solar cells
layer
vehicle
thin
transparent
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP01995616A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Daniel Damson
Ekkehard Laqua
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Robert Bosch GmbH
Original Assignee
Robert Bosch GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Robert Bosch GmbH filed Critical Robert Bosch GmbH
Publication of EP1272371A1 publication Critical patent/EP1272371A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L8/00—Electric propulsion with power supply from forces of nature, e.g. sun or wind
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K16/00—Arrangements in connection with power supply of propulsion units in vehicles from forces of nature, e.g. sun or wind
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/02—Details
    • H01L31/0232—Optical elements or arrangements associated with the device
    • H01L31/02322—Optical elements or arrangements associated with the device comprising luminescent members, e.g. fluorescent sheets upon the device
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/02—Details
    • H01L31/0236—Special surface textures
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/02—Details
    • H01L31/0236—Special surface textures
    • H01L31/02363—Special surface textures of the semiconductor body itself, e.g. textured active layers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/0248—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies
    • H01L31/0256—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by the material
    • H01L31/0264—Inorganic materials
    • H01L31/032—Inorganic materials including, apart from doping materials or other impurities, only compounds not provided for in groups H01L31/0272 - H01L31/0312
    • H01L31/0322—Inorganic materials including, apart from doping materials or other impurities, only compounds not provided for in groups H01L31/0272 - H01L31/0312 comprising only AIBIIICVI chalcopyrite compounds, e.g. Cu In Se2, Cu Ga Se2, Cu In Ga Se2
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/054—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
    • H01L31/056—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means the light-reflecting means being of the back surface reflector [BSR] type
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K16/00—Arrangements in connection with power supply of propulsion units in vehicles from forces of nature, e.g. sun or wind
    • B60K2016/003—Arrangements in connection with power supply of propulsion units in vehicles from forces of nature, e.g. sun or wind solar power driven
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/52—PV systems with concentrators
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/541—CuInSe2 material PV cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/7072—Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/80—Technologies aiming to reduce greenhouse gasses emissions common to all road transportation technologies
    • Y02T10/90—Energy harvesting concepts as power supply for auxiliaries' energy consumption, e.g. photovoltaic sun-roof

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for power generation and shading in motor vehicles, the genus defined in the preamble of claim 1.
  • the device according to the invention for power generation and for shading in motor vehicles has the advantage over the prior art that, on the one hand, essential parts of the motor vehicle are shaded by solar cells and this heats up less, and on the other hand, at the same time Electricity is generated, which is fed into the vehicle electrical system or the battery. This is possible in particular when the vehicle is at a standstill, so that on the one hand electricity is generated in sunshine or daylight and on the other hand the heating of the vehicle is reduced. This may also reduce the performance of the air conditioning system for cooling the vehicle.
  • solar cells are provided on suitable body parts of the vehicle as separate or integrated components and are connected to consumers or the battery of the vehicle for feeding in the electrical current generated.
  • solar cells that are mirrored on the back or provided with an internal reflection layer are provided as solar cells.
  • the solar cells which are mirrored on the back or provided with an internal reflection layer are designed as semiconductor, in particular silicon, semiconductor solar cells.
  • thermo-ionic cells are described. - Neither article describes nor suggests the use and / or application of such cells in connection with power generation and shading in motor vehicles.
  • the solar cells are built up on a carrier layer and that the carrier layer is firmly connected to a suitable body part, in particular the vehicle roof.
  • the carrier layer of the solar cells can be rigid or flexible.
  • thin-film solar cells are provided as solar cells, and these thin-film solar cells are integrally grown and manufactured on suitable carrier layers or directly on vehicle body parts, in particular on the vehicle roof.
  • the thin-film solar cell is constructed as a CIS solar cell, where CIS stands for the elements copper, indium and selenium from which the photovoltaically active absorber layer is constructed.
  • CIS stands for the elements copper, indium and selenium from which the photovoltaically active absorber layer is constructed.
  • the thin-film solar cells are provided with a protective layer that is optically matched to the painting of the vehicle. This means that the solar cells are integrated into the design of the vehicle in a visually appealing way.
  • transparent solar cells are provided as solar cells.
  • this third embodiment of the device according to the invention provides that the transparent solar cells are embedded in glass.
  • the transparent solar cells are provided on windows of the vehicle or are integrated between two panes of a window.
  • the transparent solar cells can be attached to side windows and / or rear windows and / or the upper region of the front pane, in particular on the inside thereof.
  • POWER solar cells so-called polycrystalline afer engineering result
  • transparent solar cells in which tiny holes are machined into the base material, in particular silicon, by mechanical processing, as a result of which the Get solar cell transparency.
  • FIG. 1 shows schematically in sectional view a first implementation of the invention with the aid of a mirrored solar cell, which is applied to a suitable body part of a motor vehicle, together with the schematic irradiation and
  • FIG. 3 schematically shows the structure of a CIS thin-film solar cell which can be used according to the invention in accordance with a second embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 4 schematically shows the sequence of manufacturing a CIS thin-film solar cell according to FIG. 4,
  • FIG. 5 schematically shows the structure of a transparent solar cell, which is provided according to a third embodiment of the invention.
  • a first implementation of the invention is shown schematically in the sectional view.
  • a solar cell 1 mirrored on the rear is applied to a suitable body part 2 of a motor vehicle.
  • a suitable body part 2 of a motor vehicle below the body part 2, which can be, for example, the body panel of the roof of a motor vehicle, which is not shown in any more detail, an insulation and, if appropriate, interior trim layer 3 is provided towards the interior of the vehicle.
  • the solar cell 1 consists, seen in FIG. 1 from bottom to top, essentially of a carrier layer 11, a reflection layer 12 on the back of an active photovoltaic layer 13 and a protective layer 14 covering it upwards or outwards in the direction of the incident radiation.
  • the incident radiation, sunlight or daylight, is represented by the family of downward-pointing arrows 4 and that on the boundary between the photovoltaic layer 13 and the Reflection layer 12 reflected radiation is represented by the two arrows 5 bent upwards.
  • the total reflected radiation is represented by the five arrows 6, it is composed of the portion already mentioned, which is reflected at the boundary between the photovoltaic layer 13 and the reflection layer 12 and emerges from the photovoltaic layer 13, represented by the two arrows 5, and the portions , which are reflected on the one hand on the surface of the protective layer 14 and on the other hand on the boundary layer between the protective layer 14 and the photovoltaic layer 13.
  • the reflection layer 12 represents a rear-side mirroring of the photovoltaic layer 13. Radiant energy incident in this photovoltaic layer 13, which radiation energy does not convert there into electrical energy, i.e. Current that is converted is reflected according to the two arrows 5. As a result, the photovoltaic layer 13 and thus the entire solar cell 1 and the structure below it, such as in particular the carrier layer 11 and the body part 2, heat up less. In this way, the aim of the present invention, namely reduction of the heat input in vehicles by shading or reflection of unconverted solar radiation, is achieved in a sustainable manner with simultaneous improved power generation for the vehicle electrical system.
  • the preferred area for such solar cells, such as that shown in FIG. 1, is the vehicle roof.
  • Usual solar cells absorb light in a typical frequency range and convert it into electrical energy. A large proportion of the radiation heats up the solar cells and the carrier material. This leads to a deterioration in the efficiency of the solar cells and to a heating of the carrier material, for example the vehicle roof and thus the vehicle interior. This effect described above is achieved by the provision of prevented on the back mirrored solar cells 1.
  • a further part of the incident radiation is converted from thermal energy into electrical energy. The radiation component that cannot be converted into electrical energy is reflected on the reflection layer 12 and does not lead to any heating of the carrier layer 11 and the body part 2 underneath, for example the vehicle roof.
  • the support layer 11 of the solar cell 1 is firmly connected to the body part 2 underneath.
  • the carrier layer 11 can be rigid in itself or it can be flexible in order to adapt better to the shape of the body part 2, if necessary.
  • the firm connection between the carrier layer 11 and the body part 2 can e.g. done by gluing.
  • the reflection behavior of silicon semiconductor solar cells with the reflection R as a function of the wavelength ⁇ of the incident radiation schematically shows the reflection behavior of silicon semiconductor solar cells with the reflection R as a function of the wavelength ⁇ of the incident radiation.
  • the three different curves represent examples of different reflective silicon semiconductor solar cells.
  • the wavelength ⁇ is given in nm. Approximately below the wavelength of approx. 780 nm is the visible and above that the infrared range of the incident radiation. The spectral shown
  • Characteristic curves show that the reflection R is lower than in the infrared range, with the reflection being almost total and essentially constant from a wavelength of approximately 1200 nm.
  • the reflection R of such solar cells 1, as shown in FIG. 1 and shown in FIG. 2 by way of example in the reflection behavior, by means of a separate reflecting layer 12 attached to the rear between the photovoltaic layer 13 and the carrier layer 11 or a internal reflective layer can be realized within the active photovoltaic layer.
  • FIG. 3 shows an example of the structure of the CIS thin-film solar cell 30 on a suitable body part, which according to the second embodiment of the invention is also a body panel 32, such as that from the roof of a motor vehicle.
  • An approximately 0.5 ⁇ m thick molybdenum layer is applied as electrical contact to the body sheet 32 serving as the carrier layer.
  • An approximately 2 ⁇ m thick photovoltaically active absorber layer 31 which contains copper indium diselenide.
  • step 41 an approximately 0.5 ⁇ m thick molybdenum layer is deposited on a carrier substrate by cathode sputtering and functions as a so-called electrical back contact.
  • step 42 the back contact is structured by means of laser treatment.
  • step 43 the photovoltaically active absorber layer made of Cu (In, Ga) Se 2 is applied by simultaneous evaporation, in a thickness of approximately 2 ⁇ m.
  • step 44 an approximately 0.05 ⁇ m thick CdS intermediate layer is applied, for example in a chemical immersion bath.
  • step 45 the photovoltaically active absorber layer is structured mechanically.
  • step 46 an approximately 1 ⁇ m thick ZnO layer is deposited by cathode sputtering to form the so-called electrical front contact.
  • step 47 the front contact is structured mechanically.
  • step 48 the electrical end contacts are finally attached and the sealing is carried out.
  • the second implementation of the invention described on the basis of the CIS thin-film solar cells allows the integration of these solar cells on suitable body parts, such as, for example, the vehicle roof, both for shading the areas below and for simultaneously generating electricity.
  • suitable body parts such as, for example, the vehicle roof
  • the advantages of thin-film solar cells include the low cost of materials and the associated low costs, with the trend continuing to decline.
  • the manufacturing process can be easily automated.
  • the molybdenum layer provided for contacting is not applied to glass, but can be applied directly to a body part.
  • the solar cell is built up further on this layer. This enables a direct integration of the solar cell into, for example, the vehicle roof and a simple automation of the direct solar cell production.
  • thin-film solar cells produced in this way not limited to CIS thin-film solar cells, where CIS stands for the elements copper, indium and selenium, are protected against environmental influences by a protective lacquer layer that is optically matched to the vehicle body part. Since the thickness of the thin-film solar cells is only a few ⁇ m, simple integration into the design and painting of the vehicle is possible.
  • a third implementation of the basic solution according to the invention provides that transparent solar cells are used as solar cells.
  • the transparent solar cells can be embedded in glass.
  • the transparent solar cells are attached to side windows and / or to rear windows and / or in the upper region of the front window, in particular on the respective inner side thereof.
  • a transparent solar cell 50 is described with reference to FIG. 5.
  • a so-called POWER solar cell 50 where POWER stands for polycrystalline wafer engineering result, is advantageously provided.
  • tiny holes 51 are machined into the base material, in particular silicon, by mechanical processing, as a result of which the solar cell receives transparency.
  • the holes 51 arise at the intersection of the intersecting and partially penetrating approximately V-shaped grooves 52 and 53.
  • the grooves are produced by mechanical milling with a correspondingly shaped, rotating diamond roller set with diamonds, which in the direction of the grooves 52 and 53 is moved over the silicon semiconductor block 54 with an adapted feed.
  • the front contact 55 is produced and attached to the upper ridges of the webs between the grooves 52
  • the rear combs 56 are made in the lower ridges of the webs between the grooves 53.
  • Other necessary or expedient measures for producing such transparent solar cells 50 need not be discussed here with regard to the purpose and aim of the invention.
  • Such POWER solar cells are, for example, from sunways AG, Macairestr. 5 in D-78467 Konstanz and are described in more detail in a company brochure. As a module, they have an external dimension of 10 x 10 cm and a thickness of approximately 330 ⁇ m. The transparency is around 20%, but can be varied. These transparent solar cells are therefore suitable in the manner described above according to the invention as shading and electricity-generating solar cells on windows of motor vehicles as separate components with little application. The effect of tinted windows is visual.
  • the device according to the invention has the general advantage that, on the one hand, essential parts of the motor vehicle are shaded by solar cells and this heats up less, and on the other hand, electricity is generated at the same time, which is fed into the vehicle electrical system or the battery. This is possible in particular when the vehicle is at a standstill, so that on the one hand electricity is generated in sunshine or daylight and on the other hand the heating of the vehicle is reduced. This may also reduce the performance of the air conditioning system for cooling the vehicle.
  • three different implementation examples are described, each of which contain useful and advantageous further developments and refinements.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a device which is used to produce electric energy and provide motor vehicles with protection against the sun. In a first embodiment, a solar cell (1) having a rear-side reflector is placed on a suitable part of the bodywork (2) of a motor vehicle. An insulating and interior covering layer (3) is provided towards the inside underneath the bodywork part which can be the sheet metal of the roof of a motor vehicle. The solar cell is substantially comprised of a carrier layer (11), a reflecting layer (12) on the rear side of an active photovoltaic layer (13) and a protective layer (14) providing cover therefor above or towards the outside in the direction of incident radiation. The incident radiation, i.e. sunlight or daylight, is represented by the plurality of arrows (4) and the radiation which is reflected at the limit between the photovoltaic layer and the reflecting layer is represented by two arrows (5). The total amount of reflected radiation is represented by five arrows (6) and is composed of one part which is reflected at the limit between the photovoltaic layer and the reflecting layer and which exits from the photovoltaic layer, in addition to parts which are reflected on the surface of the protective layer and on the defining layer between the protective layer (14) and the photovoltaic layer. Thin-layered solar cells or transparent solar cells can also be provided in other embodiments.

Description

ROBERT BOSCH GMBH, 70442 StuttgartROBERT BOSCH GMBH, 70442 Stuttgart
Einrichtung zur Stromerzeugung und zum Abschatten bei KraftfahrzeugenDevice for power generation and shading in motor vehicles
Stand der TechnikState of the art
Die Erfindung geht aus von einer Einrichtung zur Stromerzeugung und zum Abschatten bei Kraftfahrzeugen, der im Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1 definierten Gattung.The invention relates to a device for power generation and shading in motor vehicles, the genus defined in the preamble of claim 1.
Aus der DE 40 17 670 AI ist ein Verfahren zur direkten leistungsoptimalen Anpassung zwischen einem Solargenerator und dem Motor eines Serienfahrzeuglüfters bekannt, bei dem die Anpassung zwischen dem Solargenerator und dem Motor durch einen DC-DC- Abwärtswandler vollzogen wird. Dabei kann der Solargenerator in das Schiebedach eines Kraftfahrzeuges integriert sein. Eine generelle Einspeisung der über den Solargenerator erzeugten Strom in das Bordnetz und eine beabsichtigte Abschattung von wesentlichen Teilen des Kraftfahrzeuges ist bei diesem bekannten Stand der Technik weder beabsichtigt noch ausdrücklich vorgesehen. Vorteile der ErfindungFrom DE 40 17 670 AI a method for direct performance-optimal adaptation between a solar generator and the motor of a series vehicle fan is known, in which the adaptation between the solar generator and the motor is carried out by a DC-DC step-down converter. The solar generator can be integrated into the sunroof of a motor vehicle. A general feeding of the electricity generated by the solar generator into the vehicle electrical system and an intended shading of essential parts of the motor vehicle is neither intended nor expressly provided for in this known prior art. Advantages of the invention
Die erfindungsgemäße Einrichtung zur Stromerzeugung und zum Abschatten bei Kraftfahrzeugen, mit den kennzeichnenden Merkmalen des Anspruchs 1 hat gegenüber dem Stand der Technik den Vorteil, dass zum einen wesentliche Teile des Kraftfahrzeuges durch Solarzellen abgeschattet werden und sich dieses dadurch weniger aufheizt, und dass zum anderen gleichzeitig Strom erzeugt wird, der in das Bordnetz bzw. die Batterie eingespeist wird. Dies ist insbesondere bei Stillstand des Fahrzeuges möglich, so dass bei Sonnenschein bzw. Tageslicht einerseits Strom erzeugt wird und andererseits die Aufheizung des Fahrzeuges vermindert wird. Damit kann gegebenenfalls auch die Leistung der Klimaanlage zum Kühlen des Fahrzeuges vermindert werden.The device according to the invention for power generation and for shading in motor vehicles, with the characterizing features of claim 1, has the advantage over the prior art that, on the one hand, essential parts of the motor vehicle are shaded by solar cells and this heats up less, and on the other hand, at the same time Electricity is generated, which is fed into the vehicle electrical system or the battery. This is possible in particular when the vehicle is at a standstill, so that on the one hand electricity is generated in sunshine or daylight and on the other hand the heating of the vehicle is reduced. This may also reduce the performance of the air conditioning system for cooling the vehicle.
Gemäß der Erfindung wird dies prinzipiell dadurch erreicht, dass Solarzellen auf geeigneten Karosserieteilen des Fahrzeuges als separate oder integrierte Bauteile vorgesehen sind und zur Einspeisung des erzeugten elektrischen Stromes mit Verbrauchern bzw. der Batterie des Fahrzeuges verbunden sind.According to the invention, this is principally achieved in that solar cells are provided on suitable body parts of the vehicle as separate or integrated components and are connected to consumers or the battery of the vehicle for feeding in the electrical current generated.
Durch die in den jeweils abhängigen Ansprüchen niedergelegten Maßnahmen sind vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen, Weiterbildungen und Verbesserungen der im Anspruch 1 angegebenen Einrichtung möglich.The measures set out in the respective dependent claims allow advantageous refinements, developments and improvements of the device specified in claim 1.
Entsprechend einer ersten vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung der erfindungsgemäßen Einrichtung sind als Solarzellen rückseitig verspiegelte oder mit einer internen Reflexionsschicht versehene Solarzellen vorgesehen. Gemäß einer vorteilhaften Weiterbildung dieser erfindungsgemäßen Einrichtung sind die rückseitig verspiegelten oder mit einer internen Reflektionsschicht versehenen Solarzellen als Halbleiter-, insbesondere Silizium- Halbleiter-Solarzellen ausgeführt .According to a first advantageous embodiment of the device according to the invention, solar cells that are mirrored on the back or provided with an internal reflection layer are provided as solar cells. According to an advantageous development of this device according to the invention, the solar cells which are mirrored on the back or provided with an internal reflection layer are designed as semiconductor, in particular silicon, semiconductor solar cells.
Solche rückseitig verspiegelte oder mit einer internenSuch mirrored on the back or with an internal
Reflexionsschicht versehene Solarzellen sind an sich bekannt und beispielsweise in der Raumfahrt verwendet. In einem Artikel „TPV CELLS WITH HIGH BSR" von P.A. lies und C.L. Chu, erschienen in The Second NREL Conference on Thermophotovoltaic Generation of Electricity, AIP Conference Proceedings 358, Woodberg, New York, 1996, Seite 361 - 371, sind verschiedene Versionen und Materialien beschrieben und dargelegt, dass mit derartigen Solarzellen höhere Wirkungsgrade erreichbar erscheinen. In einem weiteren Artikel „Optical Properties of Thin Semiconductor Devise Structures with Reflective Back-Surface Layers" von M.B. Clevenger, C.S. Murray, S.A. Ringel, R.N. Sacks, L. Qin, G.W. Charache und D.M. Depoy, erschienen in Thermophotovoltaic Generation of Electricity, Fourth NREL Conference, AIP Conference Proceedings 460, New York, 1999, Seite 327 - 334, sind Verbesserungen des Wirkungsgrads von thermovoItaischen Zellen beschrieben. - Beide Artikel beschreiben keine Verwendung und/oder Anwendung solcher Zellen im Zusammenhang mit Stromerzeugung und Abschattung bei Kraftfahrzeugen, noch legen sie eine solche nahe.Solar cells provided with a reflective layer are known per se and are used, for example, in space travel. In an article “TPV CELLS WITH HIGH BSR "by PA lies and CL Chu, published in The Second NREL Conference on Thermophotovoltaic Generation of Electricity, AIP Conference Proceedings 358, Woodberg, New York, 1996, pages 361 - 371, various versions and materials are described and presented, that higher efficiencies appear to be achievable with such solar cells. In another article "Optical Properties of Thin Semiconductor Devise Structures with Reflective Back-Surface Layers" by MB Clevenger, CS Murray, SA Ringel, RN Sacks, L. Qin, GW Charache and DM Depoy , published in Thermophotovoltaic Generation of Electricity, Fourth NREL Conference, AIP Conference Proceedings 460, New York, 1999, pages 327 - 334, improvements in the efficiency of thermo-ionic cells are described. - Neither article describes nor suggests the use and / or application of such cells in connection with power generation and shading in motor vehicles.
Eine vorteilhafte Weiterbildung der ersten Ausgestaltung der Erfindung sieht vor, dass die Solarzellen auf einer Trägerschicht aufgebaut sind und dass die Trägerschicht mit einem geeigneten Karosserieteil, insbesondere dem Fahrzeugdach, fest verbunden ist. Gemäß vorteilhafter Fortbildung kann die Trägerschicht der Solarzellen starr oder flexibel sein.An advantageous development of the first embodiment of the invention provides that the solar cells are built up on a carrier layer and that the carrier layer is firmly connected to a suitable body part, in particular the vehicle roof. According to an advantageous further development, the carrier layer of the solar cells can be rigid or flexible.
Entsprechend einer zweiten vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung der erfindungsgemäßen Einrichtung sind als Solarzellen Dünnschicht- Solarzellen vorgesehen und diese Dünnschicht-Solarzellen sind auf geeigneten Trägerschichten oder direkt auf Fahrzeugkarosserieteilen, insbesondere auf dem Fahrzeugdach, integrativ aufgewachsen und gefertigt.According to a second advantageous embodiment of the device according to the invention, thin-film solar cells are provided as solar cells, and these thin-film solar cells are integrally grown and manufactured on suitable carrier layers or directly on vehicle body parts, in particular on the vehicle roof.
Gemäß einer vorteilhaften Weiterbildung dieser zweiten Ausgestaltung der erfindungsgemäßen Einrichtung ist die Dünnschicht-Solarzelle als CIS-Solarzelle aufgebaut, wobei CIS für die Elemente Kupfer, Indium und Selen steht, aus denen die photovoltaisch aktive Absorberschicht aufgebaut ist. In entsprechend dem vorzugsweise vorgesehenen Einsatzgebiet der Erfindung ist in vorteilhafter Fortbildung vorgesehen, die Dünnschicht-Solarzellen mit einer auf die Lackierung des Fahrzeugs optisch abgestimmten Schutzschicht zu versehen. Damit sind die Solarzellen optisch ansprechend in das Design des Fahrzeugs integriert.According to an advantageous development of this second embodiment of the device according to the invention, the thin-film solar cell is constructed as a CIS solar cell, where CIS stands for the elements copper, indium and selenium from which the photovoltaically active absorber layer is constructed. In accordance with the application area of the invention that is preferably provided, in an advantageous further development it is provided that the thin-film solar cells are provided with a protective layer that is optically matched to the painting of the vehicle. This means that the solar cells are integrated into the design of the vehicle in a visually appealing way.
Entsprechend einer dritten vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung der erfindungsgemäßen Einrichtung sind als Solarzellen transparente Solarzellen vorgesehen.According to a third advantageous embodiment of the device according to the invention, transparent solar cells are provided as solar cells.
Eine besonders zweckmäßige Weiterbildung dieser dritten Ausgestaltung der erfindungsgemäßen Einrichtung sieht vor, dass die transparenten Solarzellen in Glas eingebettet sind. Die transparenten Solarzellen sind in vorteilhafter Weiterbildung an Fenstern des Fahrzeugs vorgesehen oder zwischen zwei Scheiben eines Fensters in dieses integriert vorgesehen. Dabei können in zweckmäßiger Weiterbildung die transparenten Solarzellen an Seitenfenstern und/oder Rückfenstern und/oder dem oberen Bereich der Frontscheibe, insbesondere auf deren Innenseite, angebracht sein.A particularly expedient development of this third embodiment of the device according to the invention provides that the transparent solar cells are embedded in glass. In an advantageous further development, the transparent solar cells are provided on windows of the vehicle or are integrated between two panes of a window. In an expedient development, the transparent solar cells can be attached to side windows and / or rear windows and / or the upper region of the front pane, in particular on the inside thereof.
Gemäß vorteilhafter und zweckmäßiger Weiterbildung dieser dritten Ausgestaltung der erfindungsgemäßen Einrichtung sind als transparente Solarzellen sogenannte POWER-Solarzellen (POWER steht für Polycristalline afer Engineering Result) vorgesehen, bei denen durch einen mechanische Bearbeitung in das Basismaterial, insbesondere Silizium, winzige Löcher eingearbeitet sind, wodurch die Solarzellen Transparenz erhalten.According to an advantageous and expedient development of this third embodiment of the device according to the invention, so-called POWER solar cells (POWER stands for polycrystalline afer engineering result) are provided as transparent solar cells, in which tiny holes are machined into the base material, in particular silicon, by mechanical processing, as a result of which the Get solar cell transparency.
Zeichnungdrawing
Die Erfindung wird anhand der in der Zeichnung dargestellten Ausführungs- und Realisierungsbeispielen in der nachfolgenden Beschreibung näher erläutert, wobei in der Fig. 1 schematisch im Schnittbild eine erste Realisierung der Erfindung mit Hilfe einer rückseitig verspiegelten Solarzelle, die auf einem geeigneten Karosserieteil eines Kraftfahrzeuges aufgebracht ist, zusammen mit den schematisierten Einstrahlungs- undThe invention is explained in more detail in the following description with reference to the exemplary embodiments and implementation examples shown in the drawing, in which Fig. 1 shows schematically in sectional view a first implementation of the invention with the aid of a mirrored solar cell, which is applied to a suitable body part of a motor vehicle, together with the schematic irradiation and
ReflektionsVerhältnissen;Reflection ratios;
Fig. 2 schematisch das Reflektionsverhalten von Silizium- Halbleiter-Solarzellen in Abhängigkeit von der Wellenlänge λ der einfallenden Strahlung;2 schematically shows the reflection behavior of silicon semiconductor solar cells as a function of the wavelength λ of the incident radiation;
Fig. 3 schematisch den Aufbau einer CIS-Dünnschicht- Solarzelle, die entsprechend einer zweiten Ausgestaltung der Erfindung erfindungsgemäß verwendbar ist;3 schematically shows the structure of a CIS thin-film solar cell which can be used according to the invention in accordance with a second embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 4 schematisch den Ablauf der Herstellung einer CIS- Dünnschicht-Solarzelle gemäß Fig. 4, undFIG. 4 schematically shows the sequence of manufacturing a CIS thin-film solar cell according to FIG. 4, and
Fig. 5 schematisch den Aufbau einer transparenten Solarzelle, die gemäß einer dritten Ausgestaltung der Erfindung vorgesehen ist.5 schematically shows the structure of a transparent solar cell, which is provided according to a third embodiment of the invention.
Beschreibung der AusführungsbeispieleDescription of the embodiments
In Fig. 1 ist schematisch im Schnittbild eine erste Realisierung der Erfindung dargestellt. Bei dieser Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist eine rückseitig verspiegelte Solarzelle 1 auf einem geeigneten Karosserieteil 2 eines Kraftfahrzeuges aufgebracht. Unterhalb des Karosserieteils 2, welches zum Beispiel das Karosserieblech des Daches eines nicht weiter dargestellten Kraftfahrzeugs sein kann, ist zum Inneren des Fahrzeuges hin eine Isolations- und gegebenenfalls Innenverkleidungsschicht 3 vorgesehen. Die Solarzelle 1 besteht, in Fig. 1 von unten nach oben gesehen, im wesentlichen aus einer Trägerschicht 11, einer Reflektionsschicht 12 auf der Rückseite einer aktiven Photovoltaikschicht 13 und einer diese nach oben bzw. außen hin in Richtung auf die einfallende Strahlung abdeckende Schutzschicht 14. Die einfallende Strahlung, Sonnen- bzw. Tageslicht, ist durch die Schar der nach unten weisenden Pfeile 4 dargestellt und die an der Grenze zwischen der Photovoltaikschicht 13 und der Reflektionsschicht 12 reflektierte Strahlung ist durch die beiden nach oben gebogenen Pfeile 5 dargestellt. Die gesamte reflektierte Strahlung wird durch die fünf Pfeile 6 dargestellt, sie setzt sich zusammen aus dem bereits erwähnten an der Grenze zwischen der Photovoltaikschicht 13 und der Reflektionsschicht 12 reflektierten und aus der Photovoltaikschicht 13 austretendem Anteil, dargestellt durch die beiden Pfeile 5, und den Anteilen, die zum einen an der Oberfläche der Schutzschicht 14 selbst und zum anderen an der Grenzschicht zwischen der Schutzschicht 14 und der Photovoltaikschicht 13 reflektiert werden.In Fig. 1, a first implementation of the invention is shown schematically in the sectional view. In this embodiment of the invention, a solar cell 1 mirrored on the rear is applied to a suitable body part 2 of a motor vehicle. Below the body part 2, which can be, for example, the body panel of the roof of a motor vehicle, which is not shown in any more detail, an insulation and, if appropriate, interior trim layer 3 is provided towards the interior of the vehicle. The solar cell 1 consists, seen in FIG. 1 from bottom to top, essentially of a carrier layer 11, a reflection layer 12 on the back of an active photovoltaic layer 13 and a protective layer 14 covering it upwards or outwards in the direction of the incident radiation. The incident radiation, sunlight or daylight, is represented by the family of downward-pointing arrows 4 and that on the boundary between the photovoltaic layer 13 and the Reflection layer 12 reflected radiation is represented by the two arrows 5 bent upwards. The total reflected radiation is represented by the five arrows 6, it is composed of the portion already mentioned, which is reflected at the boundary between the photovoltaic layer 13 and the reflection layer 12 and emerges from the photovoltaic layer 13, represented by the two arrows 5, and the portions , which are reflected on the one hand on the surface of the protective layer 14 and on the other hand on the boundary layer between the protective layer 14 and the photovoltaic layer 13.
Die Reflektionsschicht 12 stellt eine rückseitige Verspiegelung der Photovoltaikschicht 13 dar. In diese Photovoltaikschicht 13 einfallende Strahlungsenergie, die dort nicht in elektrische Energie, d.h. Strom, umgewandelt wird, wird entsprechend den beiden Pfeilen 5 reflektiert. Dadurch erwärmt sich die Photovoltaikschicht 13 und somit die gesamte Solarzelle 1 und der darunter liegende Aufbau, wie insbesondere die Trägerschicht 11 und das Karosserieteil 2 weniger. Auf diese Weise wird das Ziel der vorliegenden Erfindung, nämlich Reduktion des Wärmeeintrags in Fahrzeuge durch Abschattung bzw. Reflektion nicht umgewandelter Sonneneinstrahlung, bei gleichzeitiger verbesserter Stromerzeugung für das Bordnetz nachhaltig erreicht. Bevorzugte Fläche für solche Solarzellen, wie die in Fig. 1 dargestellte ist das Fahrzeugdach.The reflection layer 12 represents a rear-side mirroring of the photovoltaic layer 13. Radiant energy incident in this photovoltaic layer 13, which radiation energy does not convert there into electrical energy, i.e. Current that is converted is reflected according to the two arrows 5. As a result, the photovoltaic layer 13 and thus the entire solar cell 1 and the structure below it, such as in particular the carrier layer 11 and the body part 2, heat up less. In this way, the aim of the present invention, namely reduction of the heat input in vehicles by shading or reflection of unconverted solar radiation, is achieved in a sustainable manner with simultaneous improved power generation for the vehicle electrical system. The preferred area for such solar cells, such as that shown in FIG. 1, is the vehicle roof.
Übliche Solarzellen absorbieren in einem typischen Frequenzbereich Licht und wandeln es in elektrische Energie um. Ein großer Anteil der Strahlung erwärmt die Solarzellen und das Trägermaterial. Dies führt zu einer Verschlechterung des Wirkungsgrads der Solarzellen und zu einer Erwärmung des Trägermaterials, z.B. des Fahrzeugdaches und damit dem Fahrzeuginnenraum. Dieser vorstehend beschriebene Effekt wird durch das erfindungsgemäße Vorsehen von rückseitig verspiegelten Solarzellen 1 verhindert. Neben der direkt in der Photovoltaikschicht 13 von Licht in Strom umgewandelten Strahlung wird dort ein weiterer Teil der einfallenden Strahlung von thermischer Energie in elektrische Energie gewandelt. Derjenige Strahlungsanteil, der nicht in elektrische Energie umgewandelt werden kann, wird an der Reflektionsschicht 12 reflektiert und führt zu keiner Erwärmung der Trägerschicht 11 und dem darunter liegenden Karosserieteil 2, beispielsweise dem Fahrzeugdach. Die führt zu einer Reduzierung des Wärmeeintrags ins Fahrzeug und der Wirkungsgrad der Solarzelle 1 fällt nicht ab, da sich diese weniger erwärmt. Durch den so reduzierten Wärmeeintrag ins Fahrzeug, stellt sich dort eine niedrigere Fahrzeuginnenraumtemperatur ein. Dies bedeutet eine Komfortsteigerung und gegebenenfalls eine Reduktion der notwendigen Kühlleistung der Klimaanlage und dem damit verbundenen Energieaufwand. Die gleichzeitig erzeugte elektrische Energie, auch bei Stillstand des Fahrzeuges, wird in das Bordnetz eingespeist. Die führt zu einer Reduktion des Kraftstoffaufwandes für den elektrischen Leistungsbedarf im Fahrzeug.Usual solar cells absorb light in a typical frequency range and convert it into electrical energy. A large proportion of the radiation heats up the solar cells and the carrier material. This leads to a deterioration in the efficiency of the solar cells and to a heating of the carrier material, for example the vehicle roof and thus the vehicle interior. This effect described above is achieved by the provision of prevented on the back mirrored solar cells 1. In addition to the radiation converted directly from light to current in the photovoltaic layer 13, a further part of the incident radiation is converted from thermal energy into electrical energy. The radiation component that cannot be converted into electrical energy is reflected on the reflection layer 12 and does not lead to any heating of the carrier layer 11 and the body part 2 underneath, for example the vehicle roof. This leads to a reduction in the heat input into the vehicle and the efficiency of the solar cell 1 does not drop because it heats up less. The reduced heat input into the vehicle results in a lower vehicle interior temperature. This means an increase in comfort and possibly a reduction in the necessary cooling capacity of the air conditioning system and the associated energy expenditure. The electrical energy generated at the same time, even when the vehicle is stationary, is fed into the vehicle electrical system. This leads to a reduction in fuel consumption for the electrical power requirement in the vehicle.
Die Solarzelle 1 ist mit ihrer Trägerschicht 11 fest mit dem darunter liegenden Karosserieteil 2 verbunden. Dabei kann die Trägerschicht 11 in sich starr sein oder sie kann flexibel sein, um sich gegebenenfalls an die Form des Karosserieteils 2 besser anzupassen. Die feste Verbindung zwischen Trägerschicht 11 und Karosserieteil 2 kann z.B. durch Kleben erfolgen.The support layer 11 of the solar cell 1 is firmly connected to the body part 2 underneath. The carrier layer 11 can be rigid in itself or it can be flexible in order to adapt better to the shape of the body part 2, if necessary. The firm connection between the carrier layer 11 and the body part 2 can e.g. done by gluing.
In Fig. 2 ist schematisch das Reflektionsverhalten von Silizium- Halbleiter-Solarzellen mit der Reflektion R in Abhängigkeit von der Wellenlänge λ der einfallenden Strahlung dargestellt. Die drei verschiedenen Kurven stellen Beispiele von unterschiedlichen reflektierenden Silizium-Halbleiter-Solarzellen dar. Die Wellenlänge λ ist in nm angegeben. Etwa unterhalb der Wellenlänge von ca. 780 nm ist der sichtbare und darüber der infrarote Bereich der einfallenden Strahlung. Die dargestellten spektralen2 schematically shows the reflection behavior of silicon semiconductor solar cells with the reflection R as a function of the wavelength λ of the incident radiation. The three different curves represent examples of different reflective silicon semiconductor solar cells. The wavelength λ is given in nm. Approximately below the wavelength of approx. 780 nm is the visible and above that the infrared range of the incident radiation. The spectral shown
Kennlinien zeigen, dass im sichtbaren Bereich die Reflektion R geringer als im infraroten Bereich ist, wobei ab einer Wellenlänge von ca. 1200 nm die Reflektion teilweise fast total und im wesentlichen konstant ist.Characteristic curves show that the reflection R is lower than in the infrared range, with the reflection being almost total and essentially constant from a wavelength of approximately 1200 nm.
Es sei darauf hin gewiesen, dass die Reflektion R von derartigen Solarzellen 1, wie sie in Fig. 1 dargestellt und in Fig. 2 beispielhaft im Reflektionsverhalten gezeigt, durch eine rückwärtig angebrachte separate spiegelnde Schicht 12 zwischen der Photovoltaikschicht 13 und der Trägerschicht 11 oder eine interne reflektierende Schicht innerhalb der aktiven Photovoltaikschicht realisiert werden kann.It should be pointed out that the reflection R of such solar cells 1, as shown in FIG. 1 and shown in FIG. 2 by way of example in the reflection behavior, by means of a separate reflecting layer 12 attached to the rear between the photovoltaic layer 13 and the carrier layer 11 or a internal reflective layer can be realized within the active photovoltaic layer.
An Hand der in Fig. 3 schematisch dargestellten sogenannten CIS- Dünnschicht-Solarzelle 30 wird eine zweite Realisierung der erfindungsgemäßen Einrichtung erläutert, bei der generell alsA second implementation of the device according to the invention is explained with reference to the so-called CIS thin-film solar cell 30, which is shown schematically in FIG
Solarzellen Dünnschicht-Solarzellen 30 vorgesehen sind und diese Dünnschicht-Solarzellen 30 auf geeigneten Trägerschichten oder direkt auf Fahrzeugkarosserieteilen, insbesondere auf dem Fahrzeugdach, integrativ aufgewachsen und gefertigt sind. Fig. 3 zeigt im Schnittbild beispielhaft den Aufbau der CIS-Dünnschicht- Solarzelle 30 auf einem geeigneten Karosserieteil, das entsprechend der zweiten Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ebenfalls ein Karosserieblech 32, wie beispielsweise das vom Dach eines Kraftfahrzeuges sein kann. Auf dem als Trägerschicht dienenden Karosserieblech 32 ist eine etwa 0,5 um dicke Molybdänschicht als elektrische Kontaktierung aufgebracht. Darüber befindet sich eine etwa 2 μm dicke photovoltaisch aktive Absorberschicht 31, die Kupfer-Indium-Diselenid enthält. Über der aktiven Photovoltaikschicht 31 ist eine etwa 0,05 μm dicke CdS- Zwischenschicht 34 und darüber eine etwa 1 μm dicke ZnO-Solar cells thin-film solar cells 30 are provided and these thin-film solar cells 30 are integrally grown and manufactured on suitable carrier layers or directly on vehicle body parts, in particular on the vehicle roof. FIG. 3 shows an example of the structure of the CIS thin-film solar cell 30 on a suitable body part, which according to the second embodiment of the invention is also a body panel 32, such as that from the roof of a motor vehicle. An approximately 0.5 μm thick molybdenum layer is applied as electrical contact to the body sheet 32 serving as the carrier layer. Above it is an approximately 2 μm thick photovoltaically active absorber layer 31, which contains copper indium diselenide. There is an approximately 0.05 μm thick CdS intermediate layer 34 above the active photovoltaic layer 31 and an approximately 1 μm thick ZnO layer
Kontaktierungsschicht für die Frontkontaktierung vorgesehen. Diese Solarzelle 30 kann, in Fig. 3 nicht dargestellt, dann letztlich mit einer Schutzschicht versehen sein, die auf die Lackierung des Fahrzeuges optisch abgestimmt ist. Dass die abschattenden und elektrischen Eigenschaften des Dünnschicht-Solarzelle 30 dadurch nicht wesentlich beeinträchtigt werden, versteht sich von selbst. An Hand der Fig. 4 wird der Fertigungsablauf zur Herstellung von CIS-Dünnschicht-Solarzellen zum besseren Verständnis schematisch erläutert. Im Schritt 41 wird auf ein Trägersubstrat durch Kathodenzerstäubung die Abscheidung einer etwa 0,5 μm dicken Molybdänschicht vorgenommen, die als sogenannter elektrischer Rückkontakt fungiert. Im Schritt 42 wird mittels Laserbehandlung der Rückkontakt strukturiert. Im Schritt 43 wird durch Simultanverdampfung die photovoltaisch aktive Absorberschicht aus Cu(In,Ga)Se2 aufgebracht, und zwar in einer Stärke von etwa 2 μm. Im Schritt 44 wird eine etwa 0,05 μm dicke CdS-Zwischenschicht, beispielsweise im chemischen Tauchbad aufgebracht. Im Schritt 45 wird die photovoltaisch aktive Absorberschicht mechanisch strukturiert. Im Schritt 46 wird zur Bildung des sogenannten elektrischen Frontkontakts eine etwa 1 μm dicke ZnO-Schicht durch Kathodenzerstäubung abgeschieden. Im Schritt 47 wird der Frontkontakt mechanisch strukturiert. Im Schritt 48 werden schließlich die elektrischen Endkontakte angebracht und es wird die Versiegelung vorgenommen.Contact layer provided for the front contact. This solar cell 30, not shown in FIG. 3, can then ultimately be provided with a protective layer which is optically matched to the painting of the vehicle. It goes without saying that the shadowing and electrical properties of the thin-film solar cell 30 are not significantly impaired thereby. 4, the manufacturing process for the manufacture of CIS thin-film solar cells is schematically explained for better understanding. In step 41, an approximately 0.5 μm thick molybdenum layer is deposited on a carrier substrate by cathode sputtering and functions as a so-called electrical back contact. In step 42, the back contact is structured by means of laser treatment. In step 43, the photovoltaically active absorber layer made of Cu (In, Ga) Se 2 is applied by simultaneous evaporation, in a thickness of approximately 2 μm. In step 44, an approximately 0.05 μm thick CdS intermediate layer is applied, for example in a chemical immersion bath. In step 45, the photovoltaically active absorber layer is structured mechanically. In step 46, an approximately 1 μm thick ZnO layer is deposited by cathode sputtering to form the so-called electrical front contact. In step 47, the front contact is structured mechanically. In step 48, the electrical end contacts are finally attached and the sealing is carried out.
Die zweite, an Hand der CIS-Dünnschicht-Solarzellen beschriebene Realisierung der Erfindung gestattet die Integration dieser Solarzellen auf geeigneten Karosserieteilen, wie z.B. dem Fahrzeugdach, sowohl zum Abschatten der darunter liegenden Bereiche aus auch zur gleichzeitigen Stromgewinnung. Die Vorteile von Dünnschicht-Solarzellen liegen unter anderem im geringen Materialaufwand und den damit verbundenen geringen Kosten, mit weiterhin fallender Tendenz. Der Fertigungsprozess ist im Gegensatz zu herkömmlichen Silizium-Solarzellen gut automatisierbar. Bei der Erfindung wird die zur Kontaktierung vorgesehene Molybdänschicht nicht auf Glas, sondern kann direkt auf ein Karosserieteil aufgebracht werden. Auf dieser Schicht wird, wie beschrieben , die Solarzelle weiter aufgebaut. Dadurch wird eine unmittelbare Integration der Solarzelle in beispielsweise das Fahrzeugdach und eine einfache Automatisierung der direkten Solarzellenproduktion ermöglicht. Schließlich verden die so erzeugten Dünnschicht-Solarzellen, nicht beschränkt auf CIS-Dünnschicht-Solarzellen, wobei CIS für die Elemente Kupfer, Indium und Selen steht, durch eine optisch auf das Fahrzeugkarosserieteil abgestimmte Schutzlackschicht gegen Umwelteinflüsse geschützt. Da die Dicke der Dünnschicht- Solarzellen nur wenige μm beträgt ist eine einfache Integrierung in das Design und die Lackierung des Fahrzeugs möglich.The second implementation of the invention described on the basis of the CIS thin-film solar cells allows the integration of these solar cells on suitable body parts, such as, for example, the vehicle roof, both for shading the areas below and for simultaneously generating electricity. The advantages of thin-film solar cells include the low cost of materials and the associated low costs, with the trend continuing to decline. In contrast to conventional silicon solar cells, the manufacturing process can be easily automated. In the invention, the molybdenum layer provided for contacting is not applied to glass, but can be applied directly to a body part. As described, the solar cell is built up further on this layer. This enables a direct integration of the solar cell into, for example, the vehicle roof and a simple automation of the direct solar cell production. Finally die The thin-film solar cells produced in this way, not limited to CIS thin-film solar cells, where CIS stands for the elements copper, indium and selenium, are protected against environmental influences by a protective lacquer layer that is optically matched to the vehicle body part. Since the thickness of the thin-film solar cells is only a few μm, simple integration into the design and painting of the vehicle is possible.
Eine dritte Realisierung der prinzipiellen erfindungsgemäßen Lösung sieht vor, dass als Solarzellen transparente Solarzellen Verwendung finden. Entsprechend einer vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung können die transparenten Solarzellen in Glas eingebettet sein. Weiterhin ist es möglich und sehr vorteilhaft, die transparenten Solarzellen an Fenstern des Fahrzeugs vorzusehen oder zwischen zwei Scheiben eines Fensters in dieses integriert zu verwenden. In weiterer zweckmäßiger Anwendung, die einer besonderen Abschattung des Fahrzeuginnenraums dient, sind die transparenten Solarzellen an Seitenfenstern und/oder an Rückfenstern und/oder in dem oberen Bereich der Frontscheibe, insbesondere auf deren jeweiliger Innenseite, angebracht.A third implementation of the basic solution according to the invention provides that transparent solar cells are used as solar cells. According to an advantageous embodiment, the transparent solar cells can be embedded in glass. Furthermore, it is possible and very advantageous to provide the transparent solar cells on windows of the vehicle or to use them integrated between two panes of a window. In a further expedient application, which serves to provide special shading for the vehicle interior, the transparent solar cells are attached to side windows and / or to rear windows and / or in the upper region of the front window, in particular on the respective inner side thereof.
An Hand der Fig. 5 wird ein Beispiel einer transparenten Solarzelle 50 beschrieben. So wird zur Realisierung der Erfindung vorteilhafterweise eine sogenannte POWER-Solarzelle 50, wobei POWER für Polycristalline Wafer Engineering Result steht, vorgesehen. Bei dieser POWER-Solarzelle 50 sind durch mechanische Bearbeitung in das Basismaterial, insbesondere Silizium, winzige Löcher 51 eingearbeitet, wodurch die Solarzelle Transparenz erhält. Die Löcher 51 entstehen an den Kreuzungspunkten der sich kreuzenden und tiefenmäßig teilweise durchdringenden etwa V— förmigen Rillen 52 und 53. Die Rillen werden durch mechanisches Fräsen mit einer entsprechend geformten, mit Diamanten besetzten schnell rotierenden Metallrolle erzeugt, die in Richtung der Rillen 52 bzw. 53 über den Siliziumhalbleiterblock 54 mit angepasstem Vorschub gefahren wird. An den oberen Kämmen der Stege zwischen den Rillen 52 wird der Frontkontakt 55 hergestellt und an den unteren Kämmen der Stege zwischen den Rillen 53 wird der Rückkontakt 56 gefertigt. Auf andere notwendige oder zweckmäßige Maßnahmen zur Herstellung solcher transparenten Solarzellen 50 braucht hier im Hinblick auf Zweck und Ziel der Erfindung nicht eingegangen zu werden.An example of a transparent solar cell 50 is described with reference to FIG. 5. To implement the invention, a so-called POWER solar cell 50, where POWER stands for polycrystalline wafer engineering result, is advantageously provided. In this POWER solar cell 50, tiny holes 51 are machined into the base material, in particular silicon, by mechanical processing, as a result of which the solar cell receives transparency. The holes 51 arise at the intersection of the intersecting and partially penetrating approximately V-shaped grooves 52 and 53. The grooves are produced by mechanical milling with a correspondingly shaped, rotating diamond roller set with diamonds, which in the direction of the grooves 52 and 53 is moved over the silicon semiconductor block 54 with an adapted feed. The front contact 55 is produced and attached to the upper ridges of the webs between the grooves 52 The rear combs 56 are made in the lower ridges of the webs between the grooves 53. Other necessary or expedient measures for producing such transparent solar cells 50 need not be discussed here with regard to the purpose and aim of the invention.
Solche POWER-Solarzellen werden beispielsweise von der Firma sunways AG, Macairestr. 5 in D-78467 Konstanz hergestellt und sind in einem Firmenprospekt näher beschrieben. Sie haben als Modul eine äußere Abmessung von 10 x 10 cm und eine Dicke von etwa 330 μm. Die Transparenz liegt bei etwa 20%, kann aber variiert werden. Diese transparenten Solarzellen sind daher geeignet in der vorstehend beschriebenen Weise gemäß der Erfindung als abschattende und Strom erzeugende Solarzellen an Fenstern von Kraftfahrzeugen als separate Bauteile mit wenig Auftrag angebracht zu werden. Optisch ergibt sich dabei der Effekt von getönten Scheiben.Such POWER solar cells are, for example, from sunways AG, Macairestr. 5 in D-78467 Konstanz and are described in more detail in a company brochure. As a module, they have an external dimension of 10 x 10 cm and a thickness of approximately 330 μm. The transparency is around 20%, but can be varied. These transparent solar cells are therefore suitable in the manner described above according to the invention as shading and electricity-generating solar cells on windows of motor vehicles as separate components with little application. The effect of tinted windows is visual.
Die erfindungsgemäße Einrichtung hat den generellen Vorteil, dass zum einen wesentliche Teile des Kraftfahrzeuges durch Solarzellen abgeschattet werden und sich dieses dadurch weniger aufheizt, und dass zum anderen gleichzeitig Strom erzeugt wird, der in das Bordnetz bzw. die Batterie eingespeist wird. Dies ist insbesondere bei Stillstand des Fahrzeuges möglich, so dass bei Sonnenschein bzw. Tageslicht einerseits Strom erzeugt wird und andererseits die Aufheizung des Fahrzeuges vermindert wird. Damit kann gegebenenfalls auch die Leistung der Klimaanlage zum Kühlen des Fahrzeuges vermindert werden. Zum Erreichen dieser Vorteile sind drei verschiedene Realisierungsbeispiele beschrieben, die in sich selbst noch jeweils zweckmäßige und vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen und Ausgestaltungen beinhalten. The device according to the invention has the general advantage that, on the one hand, essential parts of the motor vehicle are shaded by solar cells and this heats up less, and on the other hand, electricity is generated at the same time, which is fed into the vehicle electrical system or the battery. This is possible in particular when the vehicle is at a standstill, so that on the one hand electricity is generated in sunshine or daylight and on the other hand the heating of the vehicle is reduced. This may also reduce the performance of the air conditioning system for cooling the vehicle. To achieve these advantages, three different implementation examples are described, each of which contain useful and advantageous further developments and refinements.

Claims

Ansprüche Expectations
1. Einrichtung zur Stromerzeugung und zum Abschatten bei Kraftfahrzeugen dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass Solarzellen (1, 30, 50) auf geeigneten Karosserieteilen (2, 32) des Fahrzeuges als separate oder integrierte Bauteile vorgesehen sind und zur Einspeisung des erzeugten elektrischen Stromes mit Verbrauchern bzw. der Batterie des Fahrzeuges verbunden sind.1. Device for power generation and shading in motor vehicles, characterized in that solar cells (1, 30, 50) are provided on suitable body parts (2, 32) of the vehicle as separate or integrated components and for feeding the generated electrical current with consumers or the battery of the vehicle are connected.
Einrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass als Solarzellen rückseitig verspiegelte (12) oder mit einer internen Reflektionsschicht versehene Solarzellen (1) vorgesehen sind.Device according to Claim 1, characterized in that solar cells (1) which are mirrored on the back (12) or provided with an internal reflection layer are provided as solar cells.
3. Einrichtung nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die rückseitig verspiegelten oder mit einer internen Reflektionsschicht versehenen Solarzellen (1) als Halbleiter-, insbesondere Silizium-Halbleiter-Solarzellen ausgeführt sind. 3. Device according to claim 2, characterized in that the rear mirrored or provided with an internal reflection layer solar cells (1) are designed as semiconductor, in particular silicon-semiconductor solar cells.
4. Einrichtung nach Anspruch 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Solarzellen (1) auf einer Trägerschicht (11) aufgebaut sind und dass die Trägerschicht (11) mit einem geeigneten Karosserieteil, insbesondere dem Fahrzeugdach (2) , fest verbunden ist.4. Device according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the solar cells (1) are constructed on a carrier layer (11) and that the carrier layer (11) with a suitable body part, in particular the vehicle roof (2), is firmly connected.
5. Einrichtung nach Anspruch 4 dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Trägerschicht (11) der Solarzellen (1) starr oder flexibel ist.5. Device according to claim 4, characterized in that the carrier layer (11) of the solar cells (1) is rigid or flexible.
6. Einrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass als Solarzellen Dünnschicht-Solarzellen (30) vorgesehen sind und dass diese Dünnschicht-Solarzellen (30) auf geeigneten Trägerschichten oder direkt auf Fahrzeugkarosserieteilen, insbesondere auf dem Fahrzeugdach (32) , integrativ aufgewachsen und gefertigt sind.6. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that thin-film solar cells (30) are provided as solar cells and that these thin-film solar cells (30) on suitable carrier layers or directly on vehicle body parts, in particular on the vehicle roof (32), are integrally grown and manufactured are.
7. Einrichtung nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Dünnschicht-Solarzelle (30) als CIS-Solarzelle aufgebaut ist, wobei CIS für die Elemente Kupfer, Indium und Selen steht, aus denen die photovoltaisch aktive Absorberschicht (31) aufgebaut ist.7. Device according to claim 6, characterized in that the thin-film solar cell (30) is constructed as a CIS solar cell, where CIS stands for the elements copper, indium and selenium from which the photovoltaically active absorber layer (31) is constructed.
8. Einrichtung nach Anspruch 6 oder 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Dünnschicht-Solarzellen (30) mit einer auf die8. Device according to claim 6 or 7, characterized in that the thin-film solar cells (30) with one on the
Lackierung des Fahrzeugs optisch abgestimmten Schutzschicht versehen ist.Painting of the vehicle is provided with a visually coordinated protective layer.
9. Einrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass als Solarzellen transparente Solarzellen (50) vorgesehen sind.9. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that transparent solar cells (50) are provided as solar cells.
10. Einrichtung nach Anspruch 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die transparenten Solarzellen' (50) in Glas eingebettet sind. 10. Device according to claim 9, characterized in that the transparent solar cells ' (50) are embedded in glass.
11. Einrichtung nach Anspruch 9 oder 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die transparenten Solarzellen (50) an Fenstern des Fahrzeuges vorgesehen sind oder zwischen zwei Scheiben eines Fensters in dieses integriert vorgesehen ist.11. The device according to claim 9 or 10, characterized in that the transparent solar cells (50) are provided on windows of the vehicle or is provided integrated between two panes of a window in this.
12. Einrichtung nach Anspruch 9, 10 oder 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die transparenten Solarzellen (50) an Seitenfenstern und/oder Rückfenstern und/oder dem oberen Bereich der Frontscheibe, insbesondere auf deren Innenseite, angebracht sind.12. The device according to claim 9, 10 or 11, characterized in that the transparent solar cells (50) on side windows and / or rear windows and / or the upper region of the front window, in particular on the inside, are attached.
13. Einrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 9 bis 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass als transparente Solarzellen (50) sogenannte POWER-Solarzellen (POWER steht für Polycristalline afer Engineering Result) vorgesehen sind, bei denen durch mechanische Bearbeitung in das Basismaterial (54), insbesondere Silizium, winzige Löcher (51) eingearbeitet sind, wodurch die Solarzellen (50) Tranzparenz erhalten. 13. Device according to one of claims 9 to 12, characterized in that so-called POWER solar cells (POWER stands for polycrystalline afer engineering result) are provided as transparent solar cells (50), in which mechanical processing into the base material (54), in particular Silicon, tiny holes (51) are incorporated, which gives the solar cells (50) transparency.
EP01995616A 2000-12-28 2001-12-15 Electric energy production and sun protection device for motor vehicles Withdrawn EP1272371A1 (en)

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DE10065530A DE10065530A1 (en) 2000-12-28 2000-12-28 Device for power generation and shading in motor vehicles
PCT/DE2001/004753 WO2002053408A1 (en) 2000-12-28 2001-12-15 Electric energy production and sun protection device for motor vehicles

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