EP1272108A2 - Camera portative a capacite tomographique - Google Patents

Camera portative a capacite tomographique

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Publication number
EP1272108A2
EP1272108A2 EP01928448A EP01928448A EP1272108A2 EP 1272108 A2 EP1272108 A2 EP 1272108A2 EP 01928448 A EP01928448 A EP 01928448A EP 01928448 A EP01928448 A EP 01928448A EP 1272108 A2 EP1272108 A2 EP 1272108A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
detector
radiation
gamma
lesion
camera
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP01928448A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1272108A4 (fr
Inventor
Irving N. Weinberg
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
PEM Technologies Inc
Original Assignee
PEM Technologies Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by PEM Technologies Inc filed Critical PEM Technologies Inc
Publication of EP1272108A2 publication Critical patent/EP1272108A2/fr
Publication of EP1272108A4 publication Critical patent/EP1272108A4/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
    • G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
    • G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
    • G01T1/161—Applications in the field of nuclear medicine, e.g. in vivo counting
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B6/00—Apparatus for radiation diagnosis, e.g. combined with radiation therapy equipment
    • A61B6/02—Devices for diagnosis sequentially in different planes; Stereoscopic radiation diagnosis
    • A61B6/03—Computerised tomographs
    • A61B6/037—Emission tomography
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B6/00—Apparatus for radiation diagnosis, e.g. combined with radiation therapy equipment
    • A61B6/42—Apparatus for radiation diagnosis, e.g. combined with radiation therapy equipment with arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis
    • A61B6/4208—Apparatus for radiation diagnosis, e.g. combined with radiation therapy equipment with arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis characterised by using a particular type of detector
    • A61B6/4258—Apparatus for radiation diagnosis, e.g. combined with radiation therapy equipment with arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis characterised by using a particular type of detector for detecting non x-ray radiation, e.g. gamma radiation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
    • G01T7/00—Details of radiation-measuring instruments

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a tomographic imaging system and method.
  • Intraoperative visualization of target lesions and overlying tissues can reduce the time and invasiveness of surgical procedures, which results in cost savings and reductions in surgical complications .
  • gamma-ray surgical guidance tools include gamma-ray sensitive nonimaging "probes" . These non-imaging gamma-ray probes resemble classic Geiger counters in appearance. Most modern nonimaging gamma-ray probes have enhanced directional responses (unlike Geiger counters) so that the surgeon can point to structures of interest, and feature a user interface that generates squawks and whistles instead of clicks.
  • Gamma-ray probes are utilized in surgical procedures in which patients are administered radioactive substances prior to surgery.
  • the radioactive substances can be injected systemically, as in the case of tumor-seeking radiotracers (e.g., carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) analogues for ovarian cancer surgery) .
  • CCA carcinoembryonic antigen
  • the surgeon's goal is to detect occult nests of cancer cells for removal to increase the chances for complete tumor kill during chemotherapy.
  • the radioactive substances can also be injected locally, in order to delineate lymphatic drainage patterns (i.e., sentinel node procedure) .
  • lymphatic drainage patterns can be studied to stage the patient's disease.
  • the radioactive substances are injected locally near the site of a known primary cancer, so that the drainage patterns to local lymph nodes can be ascertained.
  • the sentinel node a single node stands at the entryway to more distant sites. Subscribers to this theory attempt to identify and remove this sentinel node. By examining whether the sentinel node contains tumor cells, pathologists aim to predict whether the tumor is likely to have spread to distant locations. Sampling of the sentinel node is preferable to the traditional surgical practice of removing entire blocks of nodes, because of the reduced levels of complications following node removal.
  • Gamma-ray probes have become the standard of care for surgical procedures involving melanoma in the extremities (i.e., legs and hands).
  • extremities i.e., legs and hands
  • the lack of depth and size information provided by simple nonimaging probes can reduce the efficacy of surgical guidance with gamma-ray probes.
  • lymphatic drainage patterns can in some areas of the body be quite complex, and often vary widely from patient to patient.
  • the present invention also contemplates a method of imaging a radiation emitting lesion located in a volume of .interest comprising the steps of positioning a detector that is sensitive to radiation at multiple locations in relation to the lesion to obtain information as to the energy and distribution of the radiation detected by the detector; recording the positions and angulations of the detector in relation to the lesion; integrating the positions and angulations of the detector with the energy and distribution information; and deriving a three dimensional representation of the lesion based on the integration.
  • the present invention also contemplates a method of imaging a gamma ray emitting lesion in a patient comprising the steps of positioning a gamma camera that is sensitive to gamma radiation at multiple locations in relation to the lesion to obtain information as to the energy and distribution of gamma rays detected by the detector; recording the positions and angulations of the camera in relation to the lesion; integrating the positions and angulations of the camera with the energy and distribution information; and deriving a three dimensional representation' of the lesion based on the integration.
  • the present invention also contemplates a method of radioactive waste surveillance comprising the steps of positioning a detector at multiple locations in relation to the waste, the detector being sensitive to radiation emitted by the waste and providing information as to the energy and distribution of the radiation detected by the detector; recording the positions and angulations of the detector in relation to the waste; integrating the positions and angulations of the detector with the source and distribution information; and deriving a three dimensional representation of the waste based on the integration.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic of the inventive imaging system using a single hand-held pinhole gamma camera.
  • FIG. 2 shows a comparison of the geometry for positron emission mammography backprojection and hand-held pinhole gamma camera backproj ection .
  • FIG. 3 shows an example of a graphic user interface supplying a user with feedback about the location of a hand-held pinhole gamma camera.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a comparison of simulated backprojection images derived from a hand-held pinhole gamma camera.
  • Figure 4B is inverted with respect to Figure 4C.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates an efficiency correction calculation for a hand-held pinhole gamma camera.
  • FIG. 6 compares positron emission mammography reconstruction geometry and hand-held pinhole gamma camera backprojection geometry.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates an alternative - embodiment of the imaging system using a multiple gamma- ray sensitive cameras to define a line of backprojection between two of the cameras .
  • FIG. 8 illustrates an alternative embodiment utilizing a Compton scattering approach to define a line of backprojection.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the imaging system using a multiple cameras to define a line of backprojection, in which the cameras are of different sizes.
  • FIG. 10 illustrates an alternative embodiment in which two gamma-ray sensitive cameras can obtain an image of the prostate.
  • a moveable detector 1 that is sensitive to radiation 3 emitted by a source 4 in a volume of interest 5 is provided.
  • the detector can be a hand held gamma camera that provides a two dimensional image of radiation that enters the camera through an aperture 7 and strikes material on a backplane 6, which material is sensitive to the deposition of energy from incident gamma rays.
  • a position sensor 2 or some other device for recording the position and angulation of the camera in time with respect to the source 4 and volume of interest 5.
  • Information regarding the camera's position and angulation, and the detected radiation are transmitted to a data acquisition device 8 and sent digitally to a computer 9 or other computational device with a display also sometimes referred to as a graphical user interface (an example of which is shown in Figure 3) .
  • the camera 1 may contain shielding material to reduce the number of events detected on the backplane that do not traverse the aperture.
  • the aperture may be a single hole (i.e, "pinhole") or multiple pinholes ("i.e., coded aperture"), or many pinholes in a grid ("parallel hole collimator") .
  • the pinhole grid pattern may converge (“converging hole collimator"), diverge (“diverging hole collimator”), or slant (“slant hole collimator”) .
  • a one-inch square field-of-view portable gamma camera was built, using a Hamamatsu R5900 C8 position-sensitive photomultiplier .
  • the camera head weighed less than two pounds, and included a tungsten housing and pinhole assembly.
  • a pinhole size of 2.5mm diameter was selected to provide good spatial resolution.
  • the camera head is placed on a plastic handle in which a Polhemus electromagnetic position sensor is disposed.
  • the Polhemus system includes an electromagnetic transmitter and one or more receivers. The receiver is about one cubic centimeter in size.
  • the Polhemus transmitter and the camera are attached via cables to an electronics controller assembly, which includes analog-to-digital conversion and power circuitry.
  • the Polhemus circuitry interfaces with the computer via a serial port, using ASCII commands that are interpreted by the controller circuitry.
  • the Polhemus Euler angle specification system is similar to the standard "Goldstein" type angles .
  • the inventive imaging system and method integrates information as to the energy and distribution of gamma rays detected by the detector backplane 6 as well as the position and angulation of the detector backplane 6 in time. Integrating positions and angulations of the detector backplane with source information solves several problems. For example, the angulation information provided by the imaging system is needed to perform a tomographic backprojection or reconstruction with the data generated from the detector.
  • the angulation information also is needed to determine the depth of a source or lesion, j Further, data is not discarded when the detector is moved to different positions and angulations and the field of view of the hand-held camera is determined by the position of the camera in relation to the lesion of interest, so that the size of the camera is not a critical determinant of the field-of-view.
  • a small camera that can fit in close quarters can be moved by the user to provide information relating to a much large field-of-view.
  • a "backprojection method” can be used to determine the position of the source and to provide a three dimensional mapping or representation of the source, which for example can be a lesion in a patient that has been injected with a gamma ray emitting radiotracer.
  • a backprojection a line is drawn (or calculated) from the detector in which energy was deposited, back towards the location where the gamma ray could have originated.
  • a positron annihilation 14 results in rays 16 and 18 from coincident events detected on two parallel detector planes 10 and 12, which are projected onto virtual planes (plane 1-plane 6) between the two detectors. Pixel values are incremented at the locations on each virtual plane intersected by the rays. A coincident angle is defined by the angle of incidence of the ray 18 on the detector plane 12.
  • FIG. 2B An example of a hand-held camera backprojection is shown in Figure 2B.
  • each event recorded by the detector 20, which includes a scintillator in an array mounted on a position-sensitive photomultiplier, or ' PMT ' is assigned to a particular crystal in the detector array, hereafter sometimes referred to as the ' event origin".
  • the ' event origin Both the location of the event origin 28 and the location of the center of the pinhole 24 are dependent on the position and angulation of the receiver.
  • the Euler angle formalism allows transformation from the rotating and translating camera frame of reference to the stationary frame of reference as for example is described in Goldstein, Classical Mechanics, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Copyright 1950, pages 107-109.
  • An algorithm implemented in a computer program utilizes the angular and position information for each detected event to calculate the location of the event origin and center of the pinhole in the stationary frame of reference.
  • the detector plane 20 is free to move with respect to the stationary virtual planes.
  • the output of the Polhemus receiver that is attached to the hand-held camera can be used to determine the ray angle ⁇ .
  • a graphical user interface supplies a user with a virtual image of the hand-held camera 31, Polhemus transmitter 32 and a plane 40 in the backprojection volume.
  • a line 33 is drawn between the Polhemus transmitter 32 to the Polhemus receiver 30, which is located at the base of the hand-held camera 31.
  • a virtual ray 38 is generated arising from the event origin 35, where the energy of the gamma ray was deposited in the backplane 34 of the camera 31.
  • a second line 37 shows the location of the rigid body hand held camera with respect to the Polhemus receiver 30. The direction of the virtual ray is determined using the two point formula for a line. These two points (in the stationary reference frame) include the event location 35, and the center of the pinhole 36.
  • the virtual ray 38 is allowed to project onto one or more virtual planes, for example plane 40.
  • the virtual plane's pixel value is incremented by one.
  • the pixel value may be
  • 11 incremented by a number different from one (e.g., in excess of one) and may factor in such weighting factors as efficiency and dwell time.
  • the virtual planes (Planes 1-6 in Figure 2B) or plane (40 in Figure 3) are set at varying distances X from the origin of the stationary frame of reference.
  • the origin of the state of reference is shown as 32 in Figure 3, which in this figure is also the location of the Polhemus transmitter.
  • X is the coordinate associated with jthe depth.
  • Y or Z can be the coordinates designated for depth.
  • Position sensing can be implemented by utilizing a transmitter (set at the origin of the stationary frame of reference 32 in Figure 3) that creates an electromagnetic field, and one or more receivers (31 in Figure 3) that send information about the strength and direction of the electromagnetic field in order to tell the computer where the receiver is located.
  • position sensing can be implemented with optical detectors or with potentiometers .
  • the depth information presented by this backprojection method is similar to a tomographic image in which a structure appears sharpest in the plane in which the structure is located.
  • the positron emission mammography backprojection method reproduces this behavior, since if a source is actually present at the location along X of a particular virtual plane, rays passing through the source will converge in the same source virtual plane and form a sharp, bright point there. For positron emission mammography, the intersection of source rays form a blur in virtual
  • the behavior of a moving handheld camera in the present invention is different from the typical behavior of a stationary gamma camera. If the handheld camera were stationary during the entire data acquisition, rays from a source would form a disk on each virtual plane, with the size of the disk depending on the distance to the detector plane of the pinhole camera. This stationary handheld camera is equivalent to a simple stationary pinhole camera projection image, and would not provide any depth information.
  • Figure 4B depicts an image as seen by a pinhole camera when no camera motion occurs .
  • the sources appear inverted because of pinhole geometry. All four sources (a,b,c,d) contribute to the image. Because of overlap from source d, images of sources a and b cannot be individually resolved.
  • the efficiency of data collection must be calculated for each actual position and angle in the orbit.
  • the implemented efficiency correction involves backprojecting onto virtual planes the influence of all possible events that could have been detected on the detector plane for the time that the handheld detector was in each particular position. The actual event backprojection is then divided by this efficiency backprojection to get an efficiency-corrected backprojection data set.
  • An approximate efficiency correction for the handheld detector was developed by calculating a simulated efficiency backprojection that was dependent on the positions and angulations encountered along the handheld camera's orbit. This efficiency correction is shown schematically in Figures 5A and 5B.
  • Figure 5A shows an example of three detector elements 51, 53 and 55 disposed on moving detector backplane 50 contributing projections 58, 60
  • a mathematical artifice is employed to ensure that only the set of virtual rays traversing the volume of interest 59 will enter into the image formation process.
  • the artifice includes drawing the boundaries 54 and 56 of the volume of interest 59, backprojecting the virtual rays 58, 60 and 62 through the volume of interest 59, and determining mathematically where the virtual rays cross the boundaries of the volume of interest.
  • the two locations on the boundaries 54 and 56 of the volume of interest 59 are then considered to have generated new lines. These new lines can be considered to be like the lines of response generated by coincident events in a positron emission tomography (“PET”) scanner. These are called “pseudo-coincident" events.
  • PET positron emission tomography
  • Figure 5B shows an illustration of multiple simulated projections on boundary planes and reconstruction volume. It is seen that the accumulated pseudo-coincident events from all rays that intersect the boundary planes on both sides of the reconstruction volume 64 are binned into a sinogram, just as would be the case in a PET scanner. Because the orbit of the hand-held camera is not fixed, it is necessary to correct the sinogram for the effect of variations in collection efficiency along the orbit.
  • the efficiency of the collection of radiation by the hand-held camera is estimated by simulating events in the volume of interest numerically (e.g., through Monte-Carlo statistical methods, or through analytic approaches) , and using a computer to calculate the events that would have been detected by the hand-held camera as the camera ran through the actual orbit of the hand-held camera around the volume of interest. This numerical result yields an efficiency
  • the sinogram from actual gamma-ray events can be divided by the efficiency sinogram before proceeding to backprojection or reconstruction.'
  • the same correction strategy follows for multiple camera heads as well, in which simulations of events arising in the volume of interest are combined with the known orbit of the camera in order to obtain an efficiency correction sinogram or other correction factor or matrix.
  • the simulations can be updated as the camera moves to different positions.
  • Figure 6A shows geometry for reconstruction of positron emission mammography data sets.
  • a positron annihilation 74 results in coincident gamma rays 71 and 73 that are detected at coordinates (Y1,Z1) on detector 70 and at coordinates (Y2,Z2) on detector 72.
  • a reconstruction volume 76 is defined between the two detector planes 70 and 72.
  • a sinogram of pixels on the two detector planes is submitted for reconstruction by an iterative Monte Carlo algorithm.
  • Figure 6B shows a formalism that converts rays from a moving pinhole into the equivalent of the dual detector geometry depicted in Figure 6A.
  • Boundary planes 88 and 96 are defined, which are traversed by rays passing through the pinhole 84.
  • the detector backplane 82 is beyond the volume of reconstruction.
  • the event origin on the detector backplane 82 is backprojected onto the boundary 88 of the reconstruction volume 90.
  • the pixels on the boundary planes 88 and 96 that are struck by backprojected rays are considered to arise from two "pseudo-coincident" events.
  • the event can be considered to be equivalent to coincident gamma rays detected at coordinates (Y1,Z1) on planar detector 88 and coordinates (Y2, Z2) on planar detector 96.
  • a sinogram is then formed from coincident events in these planar or "pseudo" detectors 88 and 96, and the sinogram is reconstructed as in the positron emission mammography case.
  • Figure 7 shows an alternative embodiment where multiple detectors 100 and 116 are used.
  • both detectors can be handheld gamma cameras sensitive to radiation of 511 keV energy emitted coincidently by positron annihilation.
  • both detectors can be handheld gamma cameras sensitive to radiation of 511 keV energy emitted coincidently by positron annihilation.
  • both detectors can be handheld gamma cameras sensitive to radiation of 511 keV energy emitted coincidently by positron annihilation.
  • each gamma camera could be sensitive to prompt radiation emitted in two directions by Indium-Ill.
  • one of the detectors can be a handheld gamma camera and the other detector can be a stationary detector.
  • a positron annihilation occurring in source 104 within a volume of interest 106 emits coincident radiation 108 that is deposited simultaneously in two gamma-ray detectors at positions 112 and 118.
  • Volume of interest 106 can be prescribed by the user of the system, or can be defined on the basis of other mathematical reasons.
  • Position sensors 102 and 114 are affixed to the respective detectors i 100 and 116.
  • the detectors 100 and 116 are connected to a data acquisition device 110 and a computer 120 with display.
  • the data acquisition device 110 gets input from both cameras as well as from position sensors 102 and 114 mounted on both cameras, and can determine whether coincidence occurred in hardware (via an AND gate) or software (by inspection of a time-stamped list mode file) or both.
  • the position-sensing receiver can be affixed to the hand-held component alone. In that case, since the other detector component (s) would not move, the position of these detector components can be determined through a rigid- body relationship to the Polhemus transmitter or other position-sensing apparatus.
  • a "Compton camera” alternatively can be used to detect radiation from a source 124.
  • a gamma ray 126 is emitted by a source 124 located in a volume of interest 125. Energy from the gamma ray 126 is deposited into a first detector plane 128 and then into a second detector plane 134 of a Compton camera 136 with position sensor 130, taking into account angular deviation 132 due to Compton interaction.
  • a data acquisition device 138 and a computer 140 with display are included in the system.
  • a set of virtual rays can be generated for each event which deposits energy in both detector planes and each of these virtual rays can be backprojected to derive an image of the source 124.
  • the camera can be a mobile nonimaging detector or probe that records the amount of radiation detected at each point in time.
  • the term "camera” is used loosely in reference to a nonimaging detector, because no image is formed at the
  • the number of counts received by the backplane can be integrated with the position and angulation data to backproject rays into a volume, thereby creating an image of the source.
  • the backprojection method is similar to the method shown in Figure 2B and subsequent figures, except that the "event location" 28 of Figure 2B is the location of the detector element of the nonimaging detector, rather than a single pixel on a detector plane as represented in Figure 2B.
  • one component of the camera may emit radiation that passes through an area of interest and is then recorded by another component of the detector.
  • one of the two gamma camera heads shown in Figure 7 can be miniaturized so that one or many of the camera heads can be in a body cavity and other camera heads be outside the body cavity, or for all camera heads to be inside
  • a first camera 156 which can inserted into a body cavity or orifice, includes a position sensor 158 and a backplane 160.
  • a second camera 142 is disposed outside the patient's body.
  • the second camera includes a second position sensor 146 and a second backplane 144.
  • the cameras are connected to a data acquisition device 162 and a computer 164 with a display.
  • a gamma-ray emitting source 152 is located in a volume of interest 150 between the two cameras . The cameras detect emitted coincident or prompt gamma rays 148 and 154.
  • FIG. 10 illustrates the use of the camera arrangement of Figure 9 to obtain an image of the prostate.
  • a first camera 166 is disposed anterior to the urinary bladder 170 and pubic symphysis 168.
  • a second smaller camera 172 is disposed inside the rectal vault near the prostate 180.
  • the second camera 172 includes a handle 176 with an aperture 178 through which an optional biopsy or intervention needle 174 can be inserted.
  • the needle which is thus rigidly attached to camera 172, can be used to help the user localize objects of interest in space. By using rigid- body mechanics it is possible to display a "virtual needle tip" in the same graphical user interface that is
  • the needle need not be inserted through the handle of one of the detectors and instead can be separate from the 'detector .
  • a position sensor can be attached to the needle or to a holder for the needle.
  • the needle 174 can be replaced by some other form of focal intervention such as for example, a focused ultrasound beam, radiotherapy beam, heating element, or a light guide.
  • Another way of deriving an image is through reconstruction rather than backprojection.
  • a backprojection when the lines cross planes that do not contain the actual source (out-of-source planes) , pixels on the planes are incremented. This has the effect of making it appear that background activity is present in the out-of-source planes (i.e., that do not actually contain a source) . This false background activity in each plane from sources in other planes can obscure the effect of true sources in each plane.
  • the contributions of backprojected lines from source planes to out-of-source planes are minimized or eliminated. Thus there is less background activity outside the source plane, thereby increasing detectability of sources.
  • filtered backprojections are not as useful as they would be for x-ray computed tomography where the detector goes around the source in a complete rotation. Therefore, for limited angle projection sets, which for example are provided by the inventive imaging system when a hand held gamma camera is used, it is preferable to use an iterative reconstruction, which is generally more flexible than a filtered backprojection approach.
  • Iterative reconstructions take an initial estimate as to the source distribution (i.e., "estimated source distribution"), and perform a projection of this estimate onto the known positions of the detectors. The projection of the estimated source distribution is then compared to the actual projection from the source, and the estimated source distribution is modified based on this comparison. In most cases, assuming that the estimate and the method of modifying the estimated source distribution were reasonable, an estimated source distribution is arrived at that is very close to the actual source distribution.
  • MLE maximum likelihood estimation
  • the system transfer matrix can be thought of as a method of establishing which detectors would be excited by a source at which location.
  • the system transfer function can be assembled analytically for cameras with detectors at known fixed positions. For rings of detectors, as in conventional PET scanners or SPECT scanner heads with fixed orbits, it is possible to solve for system transfer functions using analytical formulas, and to apply symmetries to reduce the size of the transfer functions (so-called "ordered-subset" methods) .
  • the system transfer function is not readily calculated using analytical formulas, and there are few symmetries that can be used to reduce the matrix size. Accordingly, Monte Carlo methods have been used to determine the system transfer function. Every location at which the detectors have been, represents a set of possible events, and among these possible events a Monte Carlo simulation is used to generate the system transfer function. Alternatively, the set of all possible events can be tabulated at each position in order to generate a system transfer function. Since with a handheld detector the user can vary the dwell time that is spent at each detector location, a dwell time factor also can be incorporated in the system transfer function incrementing the set of possible events at each detector location for the dwell time at that location.
  • iterative reconstruction methods listed above, or other iterative reconstruction methods are used to generate estimates for the actual source distribution. For example, in one reconstruction method, a user prescribes a volume of reconstruction, so
  • Another application for position- integrating technology is in the surveillance of radioactive waste.
  • High-level radioactive waste has been generated in the form of spent fuel from civilian nuclear power plants in the U.S.
  • the task of cleaning up high-level and low-level radioactive waste has been investigated by the Environment Management program at the Department of Energy, with a Base Case estimate of $227 billion required for cleanup.
  • 25 electromagnetic sensor is replaced with one or more Global Position Sensing detectors.
  • detectors that are sensitive to radioactive emissions other than gamma-rays also can be used.
  • a gamma ray detector array can be replaced with a neutron detector such as a lutetium orthosilicate, which has a high stopping power for neutrons, and the tungsten pinhole face replaced or augmented with cadmium.
  • neutron detector such as a lutetium orthosilicate
  • the detector system of this invention can detect many forms of radiation, including gamma radiation, particulate radiation (e.g., neutrons, alpha particles) or electromagnetic radiation.
  • the word "handheld” is to be taken to include any method of moving a part without a fixed predetermined orbit.
  • the use of a human hand to move the part is not required, and computer-directed or servo-controlled positioning is also intended to be covered by the invention disclosure, so long as the orbit is determined according to (or influenced by) the specific requirements determined at the time of examination.

Abstract

L'invention concerne un système d'imagerie tomographique comprenant un ou plusieurs détecteurs mobiles permettant de détecter un rayonnement gamma, un ou plusieurs capteurs de position permettant de déterminer la position et l'angulation des détecteurs par rapport à une source émettrice de rayons gamma, ainsi qu'un dispositif informatique destiné à intégrer la position et l'angulation des détecteurs avec des informations relatives à l'énergie et à la distribution des rayons gamma détectés par les détecteurs et à fournir une représentation en trois dimensions de la source sur la base sur cette intégration. L'invention concerne également un procédé d'imagerie d'une lésion émettrice de rayonnement située dans un volume étudié.
EP01928448A 2000-04-12 2001-04-11 Camera portative a capacite tomographique Withdrawn EP1272108A4 (fr)

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US19665400P 2000-04-12 2000-04-12
US196654P 2000-04-12
PCT/US2001/011708 WO2001079884A2 (fr) 2000-04-12 2001-04-11 Camera portative a capacite tomographique

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JP2003532870A (ja) 2003-11-05
AU2001255305A1 (en) 2001-10-30
CA2405592A1 (fr) 2001-10-25
WO2001079884A2 (fr) 2001-10-25
WO2001079884A3 (fr) 2002-08-29
WO2001079884A9 (fr) 2002-12-19

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