EP1268827A2 - Procede de selection et de mise au point de vegetaux de meilleure qualite racinaire et de meilleure resistance a la verse racinaire - Google Patents

Procede de selection et de mise au point de vegetaux de meilleure qualite racinaire et de meilleure resistance a la verse racinaire

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Publication number
EP1268827A2
EP1268827A2 EP01918948A EP01918948A EP1268827A2 EP 1268827 A2 EP1268827 A2 EP 1268827A2 EP 01918948 A EP01918948 A EP 01918948A EP 01918948 A EP01918948 A EP 01918948A EP 1268827 A2 EP1268827 A2 EP 1268827A2
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Prior art keywords
root
plant
expression
group
lodging
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German (de)
English (en)
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Wesley B. Bruce
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Pioneer Hi Bred International Inc
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Pioneer Hi Bred International Inc
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Publication of EP1268827A2 publication Critical patent/EP1268827A2/fr
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/88—Lyases (4.)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
    • A01H6/00—Angiosperms, i.e. flowering plants, characterised by their botanic taxonomy
    • A01H6/46—Gramineae or Poaceae, e.g. ryegrass, rice, wheat or maize
    • A01H6/4684—Zea mays [maize]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
    • A01H1/00—Processes for modifying genotypes ; Plants characterised by associated natural traits
    • A01H1/04—Processes of selection involving genotypic or phenotypic markers; Methods of using phenotypic markers for selection
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
    • A01H5/00—Angiosperms, i.e. flowering plants, characterised by their plant parts; Angiosperms characterised otherwise than by their botanic taxonomy
    • A01H5/10—Seeds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
    • C12N15/8261—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
    • C12Q1/6888—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for detection or identification of organisms
    • C12Q1/6895—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for detection or identification of organisms for plants, fungi or algae
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/156—Polymorphic or mutational markers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/158—Expression markers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
    • Y02A40/146—Genetically Modified [GMO] plants, e.g. transgenic plants

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to plant breeding and plant transformation. More specifically, it relates to improved methods for selecting and advancing breeding lines based on molecular predictors of a desired phenotype.
  • the present invention further generally relates to plant molecular biology. More specifically, it relates to nucleic acids and methods for modulating their expression in plants.
  • Breeding programs strive to improve appropriate traits while countering negative environmental influences that reduce crop yield. Some agronomic characteristics, such as plant height or flowering time, are more easily bred; others, such as improved root-related traits, are usually selected indirectly. Since root lodging, a failure of plants to maintain an upright stature, can drastically reduce harvestable yield in numerous crops (e.g. corn, [Carter and Hudelson, 1988]), it is an important trait for breeding programs. While improving yield, attempts are made to apply selection pressure in improving root lodging resistance in hybrids, usually scored as percent of the plants root lodged. However, this measurement is difficult to reproduce due to the reliance on adverse weather conditions (e.g. high winds) to reveal contrasts in root lodging scores.
  • adverse weather conditions e.g. high winds
  • Root mass, root volume, root numbers, diameter of individual roots, angle of root growth from the stem, stalk diameter, ear height to plant height ratios, and length of base internodes were all shown to correlate with either natural or artificial root lodging resistance (Baker et al., 1998; Crook et al., 1994; Ennos et al., 1993; Guingo and Hebert, 1997; Hebert et al, 1992; Kato and Koinuma, 1999; Seo et al, 1996; Stamp and Kiel, 1992).
  • Another study demonstrated that soil components affect root development characteristics and that these traits correlate with root lodging (Goodman and Ennos, 1999).
  • the present invention provides polynucleotides associated with improved root quality and improved root lodging resistance, whereby plants having at least one, or more specifically a combination of two or more, of the polynucleotides exhibit improved root quality and root lodging characteristics.
  • the present invention also provides methods for selecting and advancing breeding lines using these polynucleotides as molecular markers or primers, and methods of developing transformed plants whereby the regenerated plants exhibit improved root quality and improved root lodging resistance.
  • the GeneCallingTM analysis is an open-architecture, gel-based assay that reproducibly measures changes in the levels of tens of thousands of cDNA fragments (Bruce et al, 2000; Shimkets et al, 1999). This analysis provides a means of comparing cDNA fragment profiles from different RNA samples and connecting the cDNA fragments to genes that modulate in expression levels between treatments.
  • the GeneCallingTM analysis has been successfully used to identify gene members of the known flavonoid pathway that were induced by appropriate transcription factors under inductive controls (Bruce et al, 2000). By this approach, several genes are identified whose differential expression between the two inbred lines demonstrate a role in root lodging resistance in maize.
  • the present invention relates to methods to predict the level of root lodging resistance which a plant and its progeny will exhibit.
  • the present invention also relates to methods for producing plants having improved root quality and improved root lodging resistance.
  • the present invention also relates to transgenic plants having improved root quality and improved root lodging resistance.
  • Figure 1 is a bar graph showing differences in lodging among hybrids created using inbred lines 100, 101, and 105, and the inbred per se.
  • B Mechanical root lodging scores for a parental line, 105, used in an introgression backcross program, and two contrasting progeny lines which resulted, H2 and AC7. These lines were scored for resistance on a 1-9 scale where 1 is poor and 9 is excellent resistance. The standard error of the mean was 1.6 or less for the values shown.
  • Figure 2 is a table of selected morphological measurements for inbreds 100 and 101.
  • Root Nos. is the number of roots on the seventh node.
  • Stet diameter is the diameter, in mm, of the internode above the eighth root node.
  • Root diameter is the average diameter, in mm, of five seventh-nodal roots per plant.
  • Root angle is the angle of root growth, relative to the vertical, of five seventh-nodal roots per plant.
  • Figure 3 includes a bar graph of the N-fold difference ratio (inbred 101:inbred 100) for 69 cDNA fragments at two developmental stages, and a linear regression of N-fold difference ratios at V8 against N-fold difference ratios at N12.
  • the ⁇ -fold difference ratio (twofold or greater) of 69 cD ⁇ A fragments from inbred 101 compared to 100 from roots sampled at two developmental stages are shown and are from four to six replicate cD ⁇ A samples derived from two root samples.
  • the standard deviation for each data point is less than 5 % of the mean value.
  • Figure 4 shows the GeneCallingTM ratio and R ⁇ A gel blot analysis of the identified genes from N8 stage root samples from four maize lines.
  • GeneCallingTM-mediated ratio values are shown at the left and were calculated in the following manner: the proportion of the observed peak height value for a target cD ⁇ A fragment was first determined as the difference between the control peak value and the gene-specific-primer-competed peak value from the competitive PCR reactions. The final ratios are calculated as the competed PCR difference values from inbred 101 samples over inbred 100 samples. The year of sample harvest is shown above R ⁇ A gels. Gel blots for the V12 stage root samples showed little or no difference from those of the N8-stage root samples.
  • Figure 5 is an alignment of nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the polymorphic ⁇ -terminal region of the TrpA gene from inbreds 100 and 101.
  • Nucleotide sequence alignment starting with the ATG and extending 305 nucleotides includes the three nucleotide polymorphism.
  • amplified is meant the construction of multiple copies of a nucleic acid sequence or multiple copies complementary to the nucleic acid sequence using at least one of the nucleic acid sequences as a template.
  • Amplification systems include the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) system, ligase chain reaction (LCR) system, nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA, Cangene, Mississauga, Ontario), Q-Beta Replicase systems, transcription-based amplification system (TAS), and strand displacement amplification (SDA). See, e.g., Diagnostic Molecular Microbiology: Principles and Applications, D. H. Persing et al, Ed., American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. (1993). The product of amplification is termed an amplicon.
  • An "expression profile” is the result of detecting a representative sample of expression products from a cell, tissue, or whole organism, or a representation (picture, graph, data table, database, etc.) thereof. For example, many RNA expression products of a cell or tissue can be simultaneously detected on a nucleic acid array, or by the technique of differential display or modification thereof such as Curagen's GeneCallingTM technology.
  • a "portion" or “subportion” of an expression profile, or a "partial profile” is a subset of the data provided by the complete profile, such as the information provided by a subset of the total number of detected expression products.
  • correlation unless indicated otherwise, is used herein to indicate that a “statistical association" exists between, for example, an expression product and the degree of root lodging resistance.
  • hybrid plants refers to plants which result from a cross between genetically different individuals.
  • nucleic acid includes reference to a deoxyribonucleotide or ribonucleotide polymer, or chimeras thereof, in either single- or double-stranded form, and unless otherwise limited, encompasses known analogues having the essential nature of natural nucleotides in that they hybridize to single-stranded nucleic acids in a manner similar to naturally occurring nucleotides (e.g., peptide nucleic acids).
  • nucleic acid library is meant a collection of isolated DNA or RNA molecules which comprise and substantially represent the entire transcribed fraction of a genome of a specified organism, tissue, or of a cell type from that organism. Construction of exemplary nucleic acid libraries, such as genomic and cDNA libraries, is taught in standard molecular biology references such as Berger and Kimmel, Guide to Molecular Cloning Techniques, Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 152, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA (Berger); Sambrook et al, Molecular Cloning - A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., Vol. 1-3 (1989); and Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, F.M. Ausubel et al, Eds., Current Protocols, a joint venture between Greene Publishing Associates, Inc. and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1994).
  • plant includes reference to whole plants, plant parts or organs (e.g., leaves, stems, roots, etc.), plant cells, seeds and progeny of same.
  • Plant cell as used herein, further includes, without limitation, cells obtained from or found in: seeds, suspension cultures, embryos, meristematic regions, callus tissue, leaves, roots, shoots, gametophytes, sporophytes, pollen, and microspores. Plant cells can also be understood to include modified cells, such as protoplasts, obtained from the aforementioned tissues.
  • the class of plants which can be used in the methods of the invention includes both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. A particularly preferred plant is Zea mays.
  • polynucleotide includes reference to a deoxyribopolynucleotide, ribopolynucleotide, or chimeras or analogs thereof that have the essential nature of a natural deoxyribo- or ribo- nucleotide in that they hybridize, under stringent hybridization conditions, to substantially the same nucleotide sequence as naturally occurring nucleotides and/or allow translation into the same amino acid(s) as the naturally occurring nucleotide(s).
  • a polynucleotide can be full-length or a subsequence of a native or heterologous structural or regulatory gene. Unless otherwise indicated, the term includes reference to the specified sequence as well as the complementary sequence thereof.
  • DNAs or RNAs with backbones modified for stability or for other reasons are "polynucleotides" as that term is intended herein.
  • DNAs or RNAs comprising unusual bases, such as inosine, or modified bases, such as tritylated bases, to name just two examples are polynucleotides as the term is used herein. It will be appreciated that a great variety of modifications have been made to DNA and RNA that serve many useful purposes known to those of skill in the art.
  • polynucleotide as it is employed herein embraces such chemically, enzymatically or metabolically modified forms of polynucleotides, as well as the chemical forms of DNA and RNA characteristic of viruses and cells, including among other things, simple and complex cells.
  • sequences include reference to hybridization, under stringent hybridization conditions, of a nucleic acid sequence to a specified nucleic acid target sequence to a detectably greater degree (e.g., at least 2-fold over background) than its hybridization to non-target nucleic acid sequences, and to the substantial exclusion of non-target nucleic acids.
  • Selectively hybridizing sequences typically have about at least 80% sequence identity, preferably 90% sequence identity, and most preferably 100% sequence identity (i.e., are complementary) with each other.
  • tester parent refers to a parent that is genetically different from a set of lines to which it is crossed. The cross is for purposes of evaluating differences among the lines. Using a tester parent in a sexual cross allows one of skill in the art to determine the genetic differences between the tested lines as to the phenotypic trait under consideration.
  • Maize (Zea mays L.) inbreds 100 and 101 originated from an F3 pool generated from a segregating F2 population of a cross between two Pioneer proprietary elite inbreds. Two plants were selfed six generations before undergoing trait evaluations. The inbreds 100 and 101 were analyzed with 106 RFLP, isoenzyme, and SSR markers, essentially as described in Beavis et al. (1994). Eighty of the 106 markers were identical between inbreds 100 and 101, suggesting that the genomes of these two lines were 75% homologous. Regions of marker differences were distributed throughout the genome.
  • Inbred lines 100 and 101 were crossed to several common testers, and the resulting FI hybrids were evaluated in single- or two-row plots at a variety of locations in North America and Europe.
  • Agronomic trait data such as grain yield and percent lodging were collected from the hybrids grown between 1993-1995.
  • Root lodging resistance the number of replicates examined exceeded 200. Root lodging scores were determined as a percent of plants lodged per replicate.
  • Figure IA shows the average percentage of lodged plants per replicate for hybrids created by crossing the inbred lines to five to twenty testers.
  • Inbred 100 produced hybrids with a significantly higher percentage of root lodging than hybrids from inbred 101. It is evident that the root-lodging-resistant phenotype can be manifested in heterozygous genotypes from a number of tester backgrounds.
  • the H2 and AC7 lines were generated from an introgression backcrossing program for root lodging resistance into the parental inbred 105 and showed contrasting root lodging scores (P. Desbons and S. Openshaw, unpublished results).
  • mechanical root lodging data were collected for the lines 105, H2 and AC7 either directly ("FP98", “FE98” and “FE99-1") or in hybrid combinations with two different testers ("FE99-2” and “FE99-3") as shown in Figure IB. Since there was a lack of sufficient wind-damage, natural root lodging could not be measured.
  • Ten to twelve plants per replicate for three replicates per location were pushed by hand using a one-meter wooden rod placed just below the primary ear. The plants were evaluated just after extensive irrigation.
  • the H2 and AC7 lines were grown in the same location as inbreds 100 and 101 for tissue harvesting and RNA gel blot analysis as described below.
  • the differences in root lodging scores between hybrids from inbreds 100 and 101 may be due in part to differences in root morphological characteristics in the parental inbreds, similar to what was observed by Guingo and Hebert (1997).
  • Figure 2 shows the root and stem characteristics for both inbreds averaged over the two years. Based on analysis of variance, the root morphology for each line did not vary significantly (P>0.63) between the two years of measurements, in contrast to observations made by Hebert et al. (1992). The seventh node was chosen for measurements based on the conclusion that upper nodal roots correlated more strongly with the strength of plant anchorage than did lower, older roots (Guingo and Hebert, 1997).
  • Inbred 101 showed nearly a 30% increase in the number and diameter of 7th nodal roots over inbred 100.
  • the angle of root growth from the vertical axis for inbred 101 was nearly 50% more than that for inbred 100, showing a mean value of 30.6° ⁇ 9.73 ( Figure 2).
  • RNA samples were subjected to GeneCallingTM analysis (see U. S. Patent No. 5,871,697, issued February 16, 1999, herein incorporated by reference; see also Bruce et al, 2000, and Shimkets et al, 1999). RNA samples were harvested from two stages prior to flowering, the V8 and V12 stages. A divergence in overall root traits is generally manifested between the N6 and N10 stage of development for inbreds 100 and 101.
  • the upper nodal roots (5 l -8 th ) initiate around the N8 stage and are essentially developed by the N15 stage (Ritchie et al, 1997), and these roots were suggested to play a major role in resistance to root lodging (Guingo and Hebert, 1997). Therefore, it was anticipated that any actively-transcribed genes contributing to differences in root anchorage would be evident within the V8-N12 developmental stages.
  • the GeneCallingTM analysis involved the quantitative comparisons of restriction enzyme-digested cD ⁇ A generated from whole root tissue of the two contrasting inbreds at the two developmental stages. This approach comprehensively samples cD ⁇ A populations in a highly sensitive manner, allowing for detection of both expression levels and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) associated with individual cD ⁇ A fragments.
  • RFLP restriction fragment length polymorphisms
  • In root R ⁇ A samples from both inbred lines 13,630 and 13,544 cD ⁇ A fragments were detected at the N8 and N12 developmental stages, respectively. Comparing the cD ⁇ A fragment trace data between inbreds, 229 and 325 cD ⁇ A fragments showed two-fold or greater differences in the N8 and N12 developmental stages, respectively. Only cD ⁇ A fragments showing highly significant gel trace differences (P ⁇ 0.01) were included in the analysis.
  • the seven fragments corresponded to five known genes, tryptophan synthase (TrpA; (Kramer and Koziel, 1995; GenBank Accession No. X76713)), heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70; Rochester et al, 1986; GenBank Accession Nos. X03714, X03697, X03658), elongation factor lot (Efla; Cao et al, 1997; GenBank Accession No. U76259), cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase (CYP71C2; Frey et al, 1995, GenBank Accession No. X81829; Frey et al, 1997, GenBank Accession No. Yl 1404), and an impedance-induced protein (Huang et al, 1998; GenBank Accession Nos. AF001634,
  • the competitive PCR reaction provides a sensitive method for determining the proportion of a target cDNA fragment that is present in a band within the gel trace data, and it can also readily reveal intra-fragment polymorphisms that exist between different genotypes.
  • the cDNA fragment for TrpA was first detected with an apparent 17-fold higher expression level in inbred 101 than in 100. However, based on the competitive PCR reaction with both inbred samples, this difference was due to a polymorphism.
  • the gel trace data revealed that three TrpA gene cDNA fragments from inbred 101 were approximately nine ( ⁇ 1.5) nucleotides shorter than the corresponding fragments for inbred 100.
  • Genomic DNA was isolated from root tissue of the inbreds 100 and 101 (Doyle and Doyle, 1990) and used in a PCR reaction with the Hot Star Taq Polymerase kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Primers (SEQ ID. Nos. 5 and 6) were used to amplify at least three independent identical fragments of the maize TrpA gene (Kramer and Koziel, 1995).
  • the resulting fragments were cloned using the pCR2.1TOPO kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), sequenced to 4X coverage and aligned using the PC software of Sequencher 4.05 (Gene Codes Corp., Ann Arbor, MI).
  • FIG. 5 shows the alignment of the TrpA gene between the two inbreds 100 and
  • TrpA of inbred 100 shows a three-base insertion relative to that of inbred 101, resulting in a change in 15 amino acids in the N-terminal region of the gene product. Also the TrpA gene was mapped to a locus on chromosome IL (Davis et al, 1999) very close to where there is a polymorphic marker between the two inbred lines, confirming the differences detected both by GeneCallingTM and sequencing. Contrasting levels of gene expression between inbred samples for four cDNA fragments were observed.
  • RNA gel blot analysis shown in Figure 4, to confirm the expression differences detected by GeneCallingTM .
  • RNA gel blot analysis has been previously demonstrated to correlate well with the modulations of the levels of cDNA fragments detected by GeneCallingTM (Bruce et al, 2000).
  • the differentially expressed cDNA fragments identified for the inbreds 100 and 101 by competitive PCR method were matched to corresponding EST clones from the Pioneer/DuPont EST collection and these clones were used as probes for the RNA gel blot analysis.
  • CYP71C2 also known as Bx3
  • DIMBOA 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-l,4-benzoxazin-3-one
  • the CYP71C2 enzyme is part of a pathway of converting indole-3-glycerol phosphate into DIMBOA, and the indole-3-glycerol phosphate is an important intermediate for numerous secondary metabolic pathways, including tryptophan and indole acetic acid biosynthesis (Frey et al, 1997).
  • the first committed enzyme in the DIMBOA pathway is Bxl, involved in indole production, and is highly homologous to the TrpA gene (Frey et al, 1997), suggesting an association between expression differences of members of the DIMBOA pathway including CYP71C2 and differences between the inbreds showing contrasting root traits.
  • Rutherford et al demonstrated that mutations in the Arabidopsis TrpA gene (trp3-l) caused greater compressions in the root waving phenotype on tilted agar surfaces.
  • the root waving phenomenon may be a result of integrating gravitropic and impedance avoidance stimuli with circumnutation-like growth.
  • Rutherford et al. (1998) postulated that localized reduction in free L-tryptophan in the roots affected root tip rotation and the circumnutation-like growth in a gravitropism-independent manner. It is possible that maize genotypes showing differential resistance to root lodging may be producing varied levels of tryptophan-related metabolic enzyme activities (TrpA and CYP71C2) in root tissues, ultimately affecting root growth and architecture.
  • the impedance-induced gene was previously shown to be rapidly induced when elongating roots encounter physical impedance (Huang et al, 1998).
  • This gene product is very similar to ZrpS, which is expressed in a subset of cortical cells near the expansion zone of root tips (John et al, 1992) and may be part of a multigene family in maize.
  • the impedance-induced gene product may also function in the early stages of stress-inducible responses (Huang et al, 1998) and act as an indicator of the state of root growth under non-ideal soil conditions, especially for the contrasting maize lines.
  • Hsp70 gene family member was associated with differences in root morphology or root lodging. Hsp70 proteins have been shown to interact with DnaJ proteins via the DnaTs "J-domain" (Zuber, 1998). One plant DnaJ protein was recently described as being encoded by the ARGl gene. When this gene is mutated in Arabidopsis, altered gravitropic responses in roots and hypocotyl were observed without pleiotropic phenotypes (Sedbrook et al, 1999). The Hsp70 gene product showing differential expression in the two maize inbreds may influence gravitropic responses via a protein-protein interaction with the gene product of an orthologous maize ARGl. This interaction may generate differences in the angle of root growth that are important in root lodging resistance.
  • RNA from a second pair of maize lines (H2 and AC7) derived from a backcrossing program of introgressing root lodging resistance into a root lodging susceptible parent (inbred 105) was also used in the RNA gel blot analysis (Figure 4).
  • H2 exhibits significantly higher root lodging resistance relative to a control line, AC7, either directly or in one of the two hybrid combinations tested.
  • Figure IB Since both the H2 and AC7 lines were grown in the same location a few rows away from inbreds 100 and 101 for RNA sampling in 1999, it is expected that all four lines experienced the same environmental influences.
  • Four of the five genes tested showed RNA patterns similar to inbred 100 and 101, while the Hsp70 gene showed a converse pattern. At least for most of the identified genes, these data help confirm the expression differences observed with inbreds 100 and 101.
  • the present invention provides utility in such exemplary applications as screening breeding lines for resistance to root lodging and/or root quality using polynucleotides associated with root lodging resistance and/or improved root quality as molecular markers, PCR primers or other molecular techniques known to those of skill in the art.
  • Measuring morphological traits provides an advantage in consistency of evaluation.
  • Molecular characterization provides an advantage in that the high-throughput nature of profiling can dramatically speed the process of selection and increase the rate of crop improvement.
  • the present invention also provides utility through methods of transforming plant tissue and regenerating transformed plant tissue into plants comprising the polynucleotides or the genes associated with the polynucleotides of the present invention, whereby the transformed plants exhibit improved root quality and/or improved root lodging resistance.
  • a further utility is the transformation of plants with a combination of two or more of the polynucleotides of the present invention whereby the transformed plants exhibit improved root quality and/or improved root lodging resistance.
  • Root morphology analysis Whole roots are carefully excavated from the two inbred lines at the V8 developmental stage. Soil is removed by two gentle washes in water and roots are patted dry with paper towels. The maize vegetative developmental stage designations are as previously described (Ritchie et al, 1997) and are dependent on the emergence of the leaf ligule (e.g. V8 refers to the emergence of the 8th ligule on the plant). Morphological measurements are taken essentially as described by Guingo and Hebert (1997).
  • the number of roots on the seventh node (top most node of the incipient root development) and the diameter of five randomly chosen 7 th nodal roots per plant are measured using an electronic caliper (Fred N. Fowler Co., Inc., Newton, MA).
  • the angle of 7 th nodal root growth from the vertical surface is measured on five roots per plants using a protractor.
  • Stem diameter of the internode above the eighth node where adventitious roots emerge is measured. At least six plants per replicate are recorded. These data are averaged across years.
  • RNA isolation and RNA gel blot analysis Whole roots are carefully excavated from the two inbred lines at the V8 and VI 2 developmental stages.
  • RNA gel blot analysis is conducted using 10 ⁇ g of total RNA per gel lane as described by Bruce et al. (2000).
  • the blots may be successively probed and re-stripped using the Strip-EZ kit (Ambion, Inc.) according to manufacturer's protocol, using randomly-primed 32 P -labeled probes generated from the Pioneer/DuPont maize expressed sequence tag (EST) database representing genes of interest, such as Efla (cssaq52), TrpA (czaal73), Hsp70 (cgeuk42), impedance-induced protein (crtba20) and CYP71 C2 (cebae55).
  • EST expressed sequence tag
  • RNA, cDNA, genomic DNA, or a hybrid thereof can be obtained from plant biological sources using any number of cloning methodologies known to those of skill in the art.
  • oligonucleotide probes which selectively hybridize, under stringent conditions, to the polynucleotides of the present invention are used to identify the desired sequence in a cDNA or genomic DNA library. Isolation of RNA, and construction of cDNA and genomic libraries is well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. See, e.g., Plant Molecular Biology: A
  • nucleic acids of the present invention can also be prepared by direct chemical synthesis by methods such as the phosphotriester method of Narang et al, Meth. Enzymol. 68: 90-99 (1979); the phosphodiester method of Brown et al, Meth. Enzymol. 68: 109-151 (1979); the diethylphosphoramidite method of Beaucage et al, Tetra. Lett.
  • the present invention further provides methods for detecting a polynucleotide of the present invention in a nucleic acid sample suspected of containing a polynucleotide of the present invention, such as a plant cell lysate, particularly a lysate of maize.
  • the nucleic acid sample is contacted with the polynucleotide to form a hybridization complex.
  • the polynucleotide hybridizes under stringent conditions to a gene encoding a polypeptide of the present invention.
  • Detection of the hybridization complex can be achieved using any number of well-known methods.
  • the nucleic acid sample, or a portion thereof may be assayed by hybridization formats including but not limited to, solution phase, solid phase, mixed phase, or in situ hybridization assays.
  • Detectable labels suitable for use in the present invention include any composition detectable by spectroscopic, radioisotopic, photochemical, biochemical, immunochemical, electrical, optical or chemical means.
  • Useful labels in the present invention include biotin for staining with labeled streptavidin conjugate, magnetic beads, fluorescent dyes, radiolabels, enzymes, and colorimetric labels.
  • Other labels include ligands which bind to antibodies labeled with fluorophores, chemiluminescent agents, and enzymes. Labeling the nucleic acids of the present invention is readily achieved, such as with labeled PCR primers.
  • inbreds 100 and 101 originated from an F3 pool generated from a segregating F2 population of Pioneer proprietary elite lines. Two plants were selfed six generations before undergoing trait evaluations. The inbred 100 and 101 lines were analyzed by 106 RFLP, isoenzyme and SSR markers essentially as described (Beavis et al, 1994). Generally, these inbred lines were crossed to several common testers and the resulting FI hybrids were evaluated in single- or two-row plots at a variety of locations in North America and Europe. Agronomic trait data such as grain yield and percent lodging were collected from such hybrids grown between 1993-1995.
  • Root lodging resistance For root lodging resistance, the number of replicates examined exceeded 200 where indicated. Root lodging scores were determined as a percent of plants lodged per replicate.
  • the H2 and AC7 lines were generated from an introgression backcrossing program for root lodging resistance into the parental inbred line 105 and showed contrasting root lodging scores.
  • the H2 and AC7 lines were grown in the same location as inbreds 100 and 101 in 1999 for tissue harvesting as described below.
  • This example describes GeneCallingTM analysis.
  • each differentially expressed gene fragment was established either by a GeneCallingTM search in a sequence database, or by cloning and sequencing the desired cDNA fragment.
  • the identity of the cDNA fragment was confirmed by competitive PCR in which the original PCR reaction was re-amplified in the presence or absence of an excess of an unlabeled, gene-specific PCR primer.
  • This example describes use of RNA gel blot analysis to predict root lodging resistance among maize inbreds and hybrids.
  • RNA samples harvested from the N8 or V12 stages are subjected to analysis.
  • Total R ⁇ A is extracted from whole root tissue using the method of Dehesh et al, 1990. Isolated from total R ⁇ A with the use of a PolyATtract ® kit (Promega), approximately 2 ⁇ g of poly(A)-enriched R ⁇ A is separated on a 1.2% SeaKem gel containing MOPS (Ambion, Inc.) and 4% formaldehyde.
  • the gel is washed twice in 2 X SSC (1 X SSC is 0.15 M ⁇ aCl and 0.015 M sodium citrate) and blotted overnight onto a ⁇ ytran membrane by using the TurboBlotter (Schleicher and Schuell) system and protocol. The blot is air-dried for 15 minutes and UN cross-linked in a Stratalinker (Stratagene) at 1200 ⁇ j/cm 2 .
  • the R ⁇ A gel blot is prehybridized and hybridized in ExpressHyb buffer (Clontech), according to the manufacturer's protocol, with randomly primed 32 P-labeled probes from the Pioneer/DuPont EST collection which correspond to the four differentially-expressed cDNA fragments (CYP71C2, Hsp70, Efl ⁇ , and impedance-induced) identified herein for the inbreds 100 and 101.
  • the blot may be successively probed and stripped by using the Strip-EZ kit (Ambion, Inc.) according to the manufacturer's protocol. After probing, the blot is exposed to X-ray film for one to four days.
  • the resulting expression profiles are compared to the results shown in Figure 4, and root-lodging-resistant inbreds are selected based on similarity to root-lodging-resistant inbreds 101 and H2.
  • Example 4 This example describes the construction of a cDNA library.
  • Total RNA can be isolated from maize tissues with TRIzol Reagent (Life Technology Inc. Gaithersburg, MD) using a modification of the guanidine isothiocyanate/acid-phenol procedure described by Chomczynski and Sacchi (Chomczynski, P., and Sacchi, N. Anal Biochem. 162, 156 (1987)).
  • plant tissue samples are pulverized in liquid nitrogen before the addition of the TRIzol Reagent, and then further homogenized with a mortar and pestle. Addition of chloroform followed by centrifugation is conducted for separation of an aqueous phase and an organic phase. The total RNA is recovered by precipitation with isopropyl alcohol from the aqueous phase.
  • RNA from total RNA can be performed using the PolyATtract system (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI). Biotinylated oligo(dT) primers are used to hybridize to the 3' poly(A) tails on mRNA. The hybrids are captured using streptavidin coupled to paramagnetic particles and a magnetic separation stand. The mRNA is then washed at high stringency conditions and eluted by RNase-free deionized water. cDNA synthesis and construction of unidirectional cDNA libraries can be accomplished using the Superscript Plasmid System (Life Technology Inc. Gaithersburg, MD). The first strand of cDNA is synthesized by priming an oligo(dT) primer containing a Not I site.
  • cDNA libraries can be prepared by any one of many methods available.
  • the cDNAs may be introduced into plasmid vectors by first preparing the cDNA libraries in Uni-ZAPTM XR vectors according to the manufacturer's protocol (Stratagene Cloning Systems, La Jolla, CA). The Uni-ZAPTM XR libraries are converted into plasmid libraries according to the protocol provided by Stratagene. Upon conversion, cDNA inserts will be contained in the plasmid vector pBluescript.
  • the cDNAs may be introduced directly into precut Bluescript II SK(+) vectors (Stratagene) using T4 DNA ligase (New England Biolabs), followed by transfection into DH10B cells according to the manufacturer's protocol (GEBCO BRL Products).
  • plasmid DNAs are prepared from randomly picked bacterial colonies containing recombinant pBluescript plasmids, or the insert cDNA sequences are amplified via polymerase chain reaction using primers specific for vector sequences flanking the inserted cDNA sequences. Amplified insert DNAs or plasmid DNAs are sequenced in dye-primer sequencing reactions to generate partial cDNA sequences (expressed sequence tags or "ESTs"; see Adams et al, (1991) Science 252:1651-1656). The resulting ESTs are analyzed using a Perkin Elmer Model 377 fluorescent sequencer.
  • This method describes construction of a full-length enriched cDNA library.
  • An enriched full-length cDNA library can be constructed using one of two variations of the method of Carninci et al. Genomics 37: 327-336, 1996. These variations are based on chemical introduction of a biotin group into the diol residue of the 5' cap structure of eukaryotic mRNA to select full-length first strand cDNA. The selection occurs by trapping the biotin residue at the cap sites using streptavidin-coated magnetic beads followed by RNase I treatment to eliminate incompletely synthesized cDNAs.
  • Second strand cDNA is synthesized using established procedures such as those provided in Life Technologies' (Rockville, MD) "Superscript Plasmid System for cDNA Synthesis and Plasmid Cloning" kit. Libraries made by this method have been shown to contain 50% to 70% full-length cDNAs. The first strand synthesis methods are detailed below. An asterisk denotes that the reagent was obtained from Life Technologies, Inc. A. First strand cDNA synthesis method 1 (with trehalose) mRNA (lOug ) 25 ⁇ l
  • mRNA and Not I primer are mixed and denatured at 65°C for 10 min. They are then chilled on ice and other components added to the tube. Incubation is at 45°C for 2 min. Twenty microliters of RT (reverse transcriptase) is added to the reaction and start program on the thermocycler (MJ Research, Waltham, MA):
  • Step 2 45°C -0.3°C/cycle , 2 seconds/cycle Step 3 go to 2 for 33 cycles
  • Step 6 45°C 0.2°C/cycle, 1 sec/cycle
  • Step 7 go to 7 for 49 cycles Step 8 55°C 0.1°C/cycle, 12 sec/cycle
  • Step 9 go to 8 for 49 cycles
  • Step 12 go to 11 for 9 times Step 13 4°C forever
  • Step 14 end B.
  • First strand cDNA synthesis method 2 mRNA (lO ⁇ g) 25 ⁇ l water 30 ⁇ l *Not I adapter primer (5 ⁇ g) 1 O ⁇ l 65°C for lOmin, chill on ice, then add following reagents, *5x first buffer 20 ⁇ l
  • Step 1 45°C for 6 sec, -0.1°C/cycle
  • Step 2 go to 1 for 99 additional cycles
  • Step 3 35°C for 5min
  • Step 4 45°C for 60 min
  • Step 5 50°C for l0 min
  • the DNA is extracted by phenol according to standard procedures, and then precipitated in NaOAc and ethanol, and stored in -20°C.
  • First strand cDNA is spun down and washed once with 70% EtOH. The pellet resuspended in 23.2 ⁇ l of DEPC treated water and put on ice. Prepare 100 mM of NaIO4 freshly, and then add the following reagents: mRNA: 1 st cDNA (start with 20 ⁇ g mRNA ) 46.4 ⁇ l lOOmM NaIO4 (freshly made) 2.5 ⁇ l
  • This example describes cDNA sequencing and library subtraction. Individual colonies can be picked and DNA prepared either by PCR with Ml 3 forward primers and Ml 3 reverse primers, or by plasmid isolation. cDNA clones can be sequenced using Ml 3 reverse primers. cDNA libraries are plated out on 22 x 22 cm 2 agar plate at density of about 3,000 colonies per plate. The plates are incubated in a 37°C incubator for 12-24 hours. Colonies are picked into 384-well plates by a robot colony picker, Q-bot (GENETIX Limited). These plates are incubated overnight at 37°C. Once sufficient colonies are picked, they are pinned onto 22 x 22 cm 2 nylon membranes using Q-bot. Each membrane holds 9,216 or 36,864 colonies. These membranes are placed onto an agar plate with an appropriate antibiotic. The plates are incubated at 37°C overnight.
  • Colony hybridization is conducted as described by Sambrook,J., Fritsch, E.F. and Maniatis, T., (in Molecular Cloning: A laboratory Manual, 2 nd Edition).
  • the following probes can be used in colony hybridization: 1. First strand cD ⁇ A from the same tissue as the library was made from to remove the most redundant clones.
  • the image of the autoradiography is scanned into computer and the signal intensity and cold colony addresses of each colony is analyzed. Re-arraying of cold-colonies from 384 well plates to 96 well plates is conducted using Q-bot.
  • Gene identities can be determined by conducting BLAST (Basic Local Alignment
  • the D ⁇ A sequences are translated in all reading frames and compared for similarity to all publicly available protein sequences contained in the "nr" database using the BLASTX algorithm (Gish, W. and States, D. J. Nature Genetics 3:266-272 (1993)) provided by the ⁇ CBI.
  • the sequencing data from two or more clones containing overlapping segments of D ⁇ A are used to construct contiguous D ⁇ A sequences.
  • Sequence alignments and percent identity calculations can be performed using the Megalign program of the LASERGENE bioinformatics computing suite (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, WI). Multiple alignment of the sequences can be performed using the Clustal method of alignment (Higgins and Sharp (1989) CABIOS.
  • Example 8 This example describes expression of transgenes in monocot cells.
  • a transgene comprising a cDNA encoding the instant polypeptides in sense orientation with respect to the maize 27 kD zein promoter that is located 5' to the cDNA fragment, and the 10 kD zein 3' end that is located 3' to the cDNA fragment, can be constructed.
  • the cDNA fragment of this gene may be generated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the cDNA clone using appropriate oligonucleotide primers. Cloning sites (Ncol or Smal) can be incorporated into the oligonucleotides to provide proper orientation of the DNA fragment when inserted into the digested vector pML103 as described below. Amplification is then performed in a standard PCR.
  • the amplified DNA is then digested with restriction enzymes Ncol and Smal and fractionated on an agarose gel. The appropriate band can be isolated from the gel and combined with a 4.9 kb
  • Plasmid pML103 has been deposited under the terms of the Budapest Treaty at ATCC (American Type Culture Collection, 10801 University Boulevard., Manassas, VA 20110-2209), and bears accession number ATCC 97366.
  • the DNA segment from pML103 contains a 1.05 kb Sall-Ncol promoter fragment of the maize 27 kD zein gene and a 0.96 kb Smal-Sall fragment from the 3' end of the maize 10 kD zein gene in the vector pGem9Zf(+) (Promega).
  • Vector and insert DNA can be ligated at 15°C overnight, essentially as described (Maniatis).
  • the ligated DNA may then be used to transform E. coli XLl-Blue (Epicurian Coli XL-1 Blue; Stratagene). Bacterial transformants can be screened by restriction enzyme digestion of plasmid DNA and limited nucleotide sequence analysis using the dideoxy chain termination method
  • the resulting plasmid construct would comprise a transgene encoding, in the 5' to 3' direction, the maize 27 kD zein promoter, a cDNA fragment encoding the instant polypeptides, and the 10 kD zein 3' region.
  • the transgene described above can then be introduced into corn cells by the following procedure.
  • Immature corn embryos can be dissected from developing caryopses derived from crosses of the inbred corn lines H99 and LH132.
  • the embryos are isolated 10 to 11 days after pollination when they are 1.0 to 1.5 mm long.
  • the embryos are then placed with the axis-side facing down and in contact with agarose-solidified N6 medium (Chu et al. (1975) Set Sin. Peking 18:659-668). The embryos are kept in the dark at 27°C.
  • Friable embryo genie callus consisting of undifferentiated masses of cells with somatic proembryoids and embryoids borne on suspensor structures proliferates from the scutellum of these immature embryos.
  • the embryo genie callus isolated from the primary explant can be cultured on N6 medium and sub-cultured on this medium every 2 to 3 weeks.
  • the plasmid, p35S/Ac (Hoechst Ag, Frankfurt, Germany) or equivalent may be used in transformation experiments in order to provide for a selectable marker.
  • This plasmid contains the Pat gene (see European Patent Publication 0 242 236) which encodes phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT).
  • PAT phosphinothricin acetyl transferase
  • the enzyme PAT confers resistance to herbicidal glutamine synthetase inhibitors such as phosphinothricin.
  • the pat gene in p35S/Ac is under the control of the 35S promoter from Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (Odell et al. ( 1985) Nature 313:810-812) and the 3 ' region of the nopaline synthase gene from the T-DNA of the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
  • the particle bombardment method (Klein et al. (1987) Nature 327:70-73) may be used to transfer genes to the callus culture cells.
  • gold particles (1 ⁇ m in diameter) are coated with DNA using the following technique.
  • Ten ⁇ g of plasmid DNAs are added to 50 ⁇ L of a suspension of gold particles (60 mg per mL).
  • the particles are then accelerated into the corn tissue with a Biolistic PDS-1000/He (Bio-Rad Instruments, Hercules CA), using a helium pressure of 1000 psi, a gap distance of 0.5 cm and a flying distance of 1.0 cm.
  • Biolistic PDS-1000/He Bio-Rad Instruments, Hercules CA
  • the embryogenic tissue is placed on filter paper over agarose- solidified N6 medium.
  • the tissue is arranged as a thin lawn and covered a circular area of about 5 cm in diameter.
  • the petri dish containing the tissue can be placed in the chamber of the PDS-1000/He approximately 8 cm from the stopping screen.
  • the air in the chamber is then evacuated to a vacuum of 28 inches of Hg.
  • the macrocarrier is accelerated with a helium shock wave using a rupture membrane that bursts when the He pressure in the shock tube reaches 1000 psi.
  • Seven days after bombardment the tissue can be transferred to N6 medium that contains gluphosinate (2 mg per liter) and lacks casein or proline. The tissue continues to grow slowly on this medium.
  • tissue can be transferred to fresh N6 medium containing gluphosinate. After 6 weeks, areas of about 1 cm in diameter of actively growing callus can be identified on some of the plates containing the glufosmate-supplemented medium. These calli may continue to grow when sub-cultured on the selective medium.
  • Plants can be regenerated from the transgenic callus by first transferring clusters of tissue to N6 medium supplemented with 0.2 mg per liter of 2,4-D. After two weeks the tissue can be transferred to regeneration medium (Fromm et al. (1990) Bio/Technology 5:833-839).
  • a seed-specific expression cassette composed of the promoter and transcription terminator from the gene encoding the ⁇ subunit of the seed storage protein phaseolin from the bean Phaseolus vulgaris (Doyle et al. (1986) J. Biol Chem. 261 :9228-9238) can be used for expression of the instant polypeptides in transformed soybean.
  • the phaseolin cassette includes about 500 nucleotides upstream (5') from the translation initiation codon and about 1650 nucleotides downstream (3') from the translation stop codon of phaseolin. Between the 5' and 3' regions are the unique restriction endonuclease sites Nco I (which includes the ATG translation initiation codon), Smal, Kpnl and Xbal. The entire cassette is flanked by Hind III sites.
  • the cDNA fragment of this gene may be generated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the cDNA clone using appropriate oligonucleotide primers. Cloning sites can be incorporated into the oligonucleotides to provide proper orientation of the DNA fragment when inserted into the expression vector. Amplification is then performed as described above, and the isolated fragment is inserted into a pUC18 vector carrying the seed expression cassette.
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • Soybean embryos may then be transformed with the expression vector comprising sequences encoding the instant polypeptides.
  • somatic embryos cotyledons, 3-5 mm in length dissected from surface sterilized, immature seeds of the soybean cultivar A2872, can be cultured in the light or dark at 26°C on an appropriate agar medium for 6-10 weeks. Somatic embryos which produce secondary embryos are then excised and placed into a suitable liquid medium. After repeated selection for clusters of somatic embryos which multiplied as early, globular staged embryos, the suspensions are maintained as described below.
  • Soybean embryogenic suspension cultures can maintained in 35 mL liquid media on a rotary shaker, 150 rpm, at 26°C with florescent lights on a 16:8 hour day/night schedule. Cultures are subcultured every two weeks by inoculating approximately 35 mg of tissue into 35 mL of liquid medium.
  • Soybean embryogenic suspension cultures may then be transformed by the method of particle gun bombardment (Klein et al. (1987) Nature (London) 327:70-73, U.S. Patent No. 4,945,050).
  • a Du Pont Biolistic PDS 1000/HE instrument helium retrofit
  • a selectable marker gene which can be used to facilitate soybean transformation is a transgene composed of the 35S promoter from Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (Odell et /.(1985) Nature 5/5:810-812), the hygromycin phosphotransferase gene from plasmid pJR225 (from E. coli; G ⁇ tz et al(l983) Gene 25:179-188) and the 3' region of the nopaline synthase gene from the T-DNA of the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
  • the seed expression cassette comprising the phaseolin 5' region, the fragment encoding the instant polypeptides and the phaseolin 3' region can be isolated as a restriction fragment. This fragment can then be inserted into a unique restriction site of the vector carrying the marker gene.
  • Approximately 300-400 mg of a two-week-old suspension culture is placed in an empty 60x15 mm petri dish and the residual liquid removed from the tissue with a pipette.
  • approximately 5-10 plates of tissue are normally bombarded.
  • Membrane rupture pressure is set at 1100 psi and the chamber is evacuated to a vacuum of 28 inches mercury.
  • the tissue is placed approximately 3.5 inches away from the retaining screen and bombarded three times. Following bombardment, the tissue can be divided in half and placed back into liquid and cultured as described above.
  • the liquid media may be exchanged with fresh media, and eleven to twelve days post bombardment with fresh media containing 50 mg/mL hygromycin. This selective media can be refreshed weekly.
  • green, transformed tissue may be observed growing from untransformed, necrotic embryogenic clusters. Isolated green tissue is removed and inoculated into individual flasks to generate new, clonally propagated, transformed embryogenic suspension cultures. Each new line may be treated as an independent transformation event. These suspensions can then be subcultured and maintained as clusters of immature embryos or regenerated into whole plants by maturation and germination of individual somatic embryos.
  • This example describes expression of a transgene in microbial cells.
  • the cDNAs encoding the instant polypeptides can be inserted into the T7 E. coli expression vector pBT430.
  • This vector is a derivative of p ⁇ T-3a (Rosenberg et al. (1987) Gene 5(5:125-135) which employs the bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase/T7 promoter system.
  • Plasmid pBT430 was constructed by first destroying the EcoR I and Hind HI sites in pET-3a at their original positions. An oligonucleotide adaptor containing EcoR I and Hind III sites was inserted at the BamH I site of pET-3a.
  • Plasmid DNA containing a cDNA may be appropriately digested to release a nucleic acid fragment encoding the protein. This fragment may then be purified on a 1% NuSieve GTG low melting agarose gel (FMC). Buffer and agarose contain 10 ⁇ g/ml ethidium bromide for visualization of the DNA fragment. The fragment can then be purified from the agarose gel by digestion with GELase (Epicentre Technologies) according to the manufacturer's instructions, ethanol precipitated, dried and resuspended in 20 ⁇ L of water. Appropriate oligonucleotide adapters may be ligated to the fragment using T4 DNA ligase (New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA).
  • the fragment containing the ligated adapters can be purified from the excess adapters using low melting agarose as described above.
  • the .vector pBT430 is digested, dephosphorylated with alkaline phosphatase (NEB) and deproteinized with phenol/chloroform as described above.
  • the prepared vector pBT430 and fragment can then be ligated at 16°C for 15 hours followed by transformation into DH5 electrocompetent cells (GIBCO BRL).
  • Transformants can be selected on agar plates containing LB media and 100 ⁇ g/mL ampicillin. Transformants containing the gene encoding the instant polypeptides are then screened for the correct orientation with respect to the T7 promoter by restriction enzyme analysis.
  • a plasmid clone with the cDNA insert in the correct orientation relative to the T7 promoter can be transformed into E. coli strain BL21 (DE3) (Studier et al. (1986) J. Mol Biol 189:113-130). Cultures are grown in LB medium containing ampicillin (100 mg/L) at 25 °C. At an optical density at 600 nm of approximately 1, IPTG (isopropylthio- ⁇ -galactoside, the inducer) can be added to a final concentration of 0.4 mM and incubation can be continued for 3 h at 25°.
  • IPTG isopropylthio- ⁇ -galactoside, the inducer
  • ARGl altered response to gravity encodes a DnaJ-like protein that potentially interacts with the cytoskeleton. Proc Natl.
  • Rothberg, B. E. Murtha, M. T., Roth, M. E., Shenoy, S. G., Windemuth, A., Simpson, J.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne des procédés permettant d'améliorer la qualité des racines et la résistance à la verse racinaire de végétaux, ainsi que des végétaux transformés faisant preuve d'une qualité accrue des racines et d'une résistance accrue à la verse racinaire. L'invention concerne également des procédés et des compositions se rapportant à la modification de la qualité racinaire de végétaux et de leur résistance à la verse racinaire. L'invention concerne enfin des cassettes d'expression recombinantes, des cellules hôtes et des végétaux transgéniques.
EP01918948A 2000-03-24 2001-03-23 Procede de selection et de mise au point de vegetaux de meilleure qualite racinaire et de meilleure resistance a la verse racinaire Withdrawn EP1268827A2 (fr)

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AU2001245963A1 (en) 2001-10-08

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