EP1259296B1 - Mixing chamber for producing compressed air foam for extinguishing devices - Google Patents

Mixing chamber for producing compressed air foam for extinguishing devices Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1259296B1
EP1259296B1 EP01915056A EP01915056A EP1259296B1 EP 1259296 B1 EP1259296 B1 EP 1259296B1 EP 01915056 A EP01915056 A EP 01915056A EP 01915056 A EP01915056 A EP 01915056A EP 1259296 B1 EP1259296 B1 EP 1259296B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
compressed air
mixing chamber
extinguishing agent
foam
inlet
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EP01915056A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1259296A1 (en
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Ulrich Braun
Helmut Andris
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C—FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C5/00—Making of fire-extinguishing materials immediately before use
    • A62C5/02—Making of fire-extinguishing materials immediately before use of foam

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a mixing chamber for the production of compressed air foam for extinguishing systems for fire fighting with a compressed air inlet, an extinguishing agent inlet and a compressed air foam outlet.
  • Extinguishing foam is used in the fire fighting of combustible liquid and solid substances.
  • a mixture of water and a foaming agent is treated by means of compressed air.
  • Different systems are known from the prior art.
  • a mixture of water and foaming agent can be conveyed by a centrifugal pump through a foam jet pipe, wherein the foam generation takes place directly on the foam jet pipe by the addition of ambient air due to negative pressure.
  • U.S. Patent 5,255,747 It is known to provide a Druckbuchzumischung instead of admixing the ambient air by negative pressure.
  • the amount of air required for foaming is supplied via a compressed air compressor.
  • the foam quality is thereby considerably improved, the water half-time demanded in DIN 14272 is significantly exceeded, and the throwing distance of the extinguishing agent jet produced with compressed air foam is increased.
  • a quenching device in which the compressed air foam without mechanical promotion, for example by a Centrifugal pump, is promoted.
  • a supplied from a compressed air source compressed air flow is divided, with one part is passed into an extinguishing agent tank and another part in a mixing chamber.
  • the extinguishing agent container is the mixture of water and extinguishing agent, which is conveyed by the compressed air partial flow into the mixing chamber.
  • the mixing chamber is caused by the admixing of the second compressed air flow mixing of the foaming agent with the water to extinguishing foam.
  • Patent 5,881,817 known extinguishing chamber has a cylindrical inner contour, fed at one end of the mixture of extinguishing agent and water, the compressed air fed at an angle of 68 ° to the central axis of the cylindrical inner contour and the foamed extinguishing agent exits at the other end of the cylindrical inner contour.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a mixing chamber for the production of compressed air foam for extinguishing systems for fire fighting, in which particularly efficient optimal foam quality can be provided.
  • a mixing chamber for the production of compressed air foam for extinguishing systems for fire fighting with a compressed air inlet, an extinguishing agent inlet and a compressed air foam outlet provided, wherein the mixing chamber has an inner contour tapering towards the compressed air foam outlet.
  • the extinguishing agent inlet the preferably consisting of a foaming agent and water extinguishing agent enters the pressure chamber.
  • compressed air inlet compressed air supplied by a compressed air source enters the mixing chamber.
  • the mixture of water and foaming agent foams due to the compressed air supply and exits from the compressed air foam outlet as extinguishing foam.
  • the foaming is due to the tapered to the compressed air foam outlet Inner contour particularly efficient.
  • the inventive design of the inner contour of the mixing chamber causes an intensive turbulence, in particular a rotation, which promotes the mixing process.
  • the extinguishing foam produced according to the invention is comparable both wet and dry in terms of its quality with foam, which is produced by large-scale systems that produce compressed air foam with a water volume of more than 1,000 1 / min with a sophisticated measurement and control technology.
  • the compressed air storage tank can be chosen very small or it can be used already existing compressed air generating systems that are provided mobile or stationary for other uses.
  • the inner contour of the mixing chamber is substantially conical, the compressed air inlet and the extinguishing agent inlet open into the bottom of the conical inner contour and the compressed air foam outlet is arranged in the region of the tip of the conical inner contour.
  • the compressed air inlet and the extinguishing agent inlet preferably open into the mixing chamber substantially parallel to each other.
  • the lines for the compressed air flowing into the mixing chamber and for the extinguishing agent run parallel to each other, at least immediately before entry into the mixing chamber.
  • the ratio of the inner diameter of the compressed air inlet or the relevant compressed air line and the inner diameter of the extinguishing agent inlet or the corresponding extinguishing agent lines is preferably 1: 3.
  • the inner diameter of the compressed air foam outlet is preferably equal to the inner diameter of the extinguishing agent inlet.
  • the mixing chamber is preferably made of materials such as plastic, brass or aluminum, i. made of materials that are corrosion resistant to the foaming agent used.
  • a foaming regulator is provided behind the compressed air foam outlet, which serves to optionally provide a bluff body in the free cross section of the compressed air foam outlet.
  • the foaming quality can be influenced by means of the foaming regulator.
  • full fires i. when the entire surface of a combustible substance burns, a high proportion of water in the foam is required. The evaporation of the water deprives the combustion reaction of energy. After the extinguishing effect, i. after the collapse of the flame, re-extinguishing work is required. For this purpose, a fine-pored, creamy foam with a low water content is required.
  • Such a dry foam has a high water half-time and promotes the wetting of carbon surfaces.
  • the lower water content in the foam also leads to an extension of the service life of the extinguishing agent container. It can be compared to the wet foam at least twice as long and up to five times as long extinguishing agent delivered.
  • the VerDumungsregler according to this preferred embodiment of the invention thus enables a easy influencing of the foam quality. If the foaming regulator is in the position in which the compressed-air foam outlet is fully open, the result is a relatively wet foam with a relatively high water content, which allows a long throw and is particularly suitable for advanced, intensive fires. If, for example, after the extinguishing effect and for performing extinguishing work, a bluff body pushed by operation of the VerDumungsreglers in the free cross section of the Lucas réelleschaumauslasses, results in a dry foam with a lower water content. The throw is thereby reduced, but it results in the increased life of the foam increased penetration effect.
  • the foaming regulator according to the invention can be used in any mixing chambers.
  • the bluff body is preferably a barrier element having a plurality of separate passage passages.
  • the bluff body is made of sintered metal.
  • Sintered metal is particularly suitable for producing homogeneous foam bubble structures. Liquids with low surface tension are forced through the pores of the sintered metal and then form very small bubbles. The smaller the bubbles are, the larger the surface of the liquid. The thus achieved favorable mass to surface ratio of the water increases the efficiency of the evaporation and thus improves the extinguishing capacity.
  • the inventive design of the mixing chamber allows a space- and weight-optimized fire extinguishing device that requires no mechanical conveyor and can be designed in particular as a retrofittable solution for different applications. Possible uses include trucks, ships and submarines, as well as workshops and factories. In the case of transport vehicles, fires often occur which, in particular, present a considerable risk potential if these fires occur in tunnels. On the vehicle carried known small extinguishers, which are predominantly powder extinguishers are not able to extinguish an advanced damage fire. With extinguishing powder, a sufficient cooling effect can not be generated and the extinguishing agent supply is not sufficient, for example, for a tire fire.
  • Trucks are equipped with compressed air braking systems.
  • the compressed air compressors of vehicles with a maximum permissible mass of, for example, 16,000 kg are sufficiently powerful to operate a mixing chamber of the type in question here can.
  • Further areas of application are the transport of dangerous goods, especially in tunnel drives, military convoys and wheeled armor.
  • Even vehicles and machines of the construction industry, agriculture and mining can be secured more efficiently with the fire extinguishing device according to the invention, provided that these vehicles and work machines have sufficiently powerful compressed air compressors.
  • the fire extinguishing device has a small installation size, can be retrofitted at any time and easy to install, has only a low weight, since only the extinguishing agent supply must be present, but not a separate compressed air storage, is much more effective than normal water, especially in plastic and liquid fires , and also avoids water damage.
  • Fig. 1 shows schematically a fire extinguishing device with an extinguishing agent container 1, a mixing chamber 10 and a lockable jet pipe 20.
  • the extinguishing agent container 1 is adapted to receive water and a foaming agent.
  • the extinguishing agent container 1 is connected to the mixing chamber 10 via an extinguishing medium line 2.
  • the extinguishing medium line 2 consists of a commercially available, dimensionally stable pressure hose and communicates via an extinguishing agent inlet 11 with the interior of the mixing chamber 10.
  • a riser provided in the extinguishing agent tank 1 should have the same inner diameter as the extinguishing medium pipe 2, which in turn preferably the same Inner diameter as the extinguishing agent inlet 11th
  • a compressed air source 30, not shown which may be, for example, a container filled with compressed air or a motor-driven compressor, is connected via a first compressed air line 31 connected to the mixing chamber 10 and via a second compressed air line 32 to the extinguishing agent container 1.
  • the compressed air lines 31 and 32 may be commercially available, preferably dimensionally stable pressure lines, which are provided with commercially available quick-release connections.
  • the first compressed air line 31 communicates via a compressed air inlet 12 with the interior of the mixing chamber 10.
  • the inner diameter of the compressed air line 31 should be equal to the inner diameter of the compressed air line 32.
  • the jet pipe 20 which may have a shut-off and inside preferably is smooth, since additional disruptive bodies would destroy the foam bubble structures again at this point, is connected via a conventional hose 33 to the mixing chamber.
  • the hose 33 communicates via a compressed air foam outlet 13 with the mixing chamber.
  • a first embodiment of the mixing chamber 10 is shown schematically in Fig. 2 in a perspective, partially cutaway view.
  • the mixing chamber 10 the inner contour is designed hemispherical, wherein the extinguishing agent inlet 11 and the compressed air inlet 12 is arranged on the flat side of the hemisphere and the compressed air foam outlet 13 opposite the flat side of the hemisphere at its zenith.
  • a foaming regulator 40 is formed integrally with the mixing chamber 10.
  • the flow direction of the extinguishing agent consisting of water and foaming agent in the extinguishing medium line 2 and of the extinguishing foam in the hose line 33 are indicated in FIG. 1 by arrows.
  • a switching element 41 of the VerDumungsreglers 40 is displaceable perpendicular to the flow direction of the extinguishing foam.
  • Fig. 3 shows in section another embodiment of the mixing chamber 10.
  • the inner contour of the mixing chamber is designed conical, the extinguishing agent inlet 11 and the compressed air inlet 12 are arranged on the blunt cone side and the compressed air foam outlet 13 at the apex.
  • the extinguishing agent inlet 11 is directly opposite the compressed air foam outlet 13.
  • the diameter of the compressed air foam outlet 13 is equal to the diameter of the extinguishing agent inlet 11.
  • the compressed air inlet 12 and the extinguishing agent inlet 11 or the corresponding line sections arranged directly in front of it run parallel to one another.
  • the diameter of the extinguishing agent inlet 11 is three times as large as the diameter of the compressed air inlet 12.
  • the diameter of the extinguishing medium line 2 and the extinguishing agent inlet 11 6 mm the diameter of the first compressed air line 31 and the compressed air inlet 12 is 2 mm.
  • an inner diameter of 12 mm for the extinguishing medium line 2 and the extinguishing agent inlet 11 and 4 mm for the first compressed air line 31 and the compressed air inlet 12 has been found suitable.
  • FIG. 3 also shows the switching element 41 of the foaming controller 40.
  • FIG. 4 shows a sectional representation through the foaming regulator 40 and the switching element 41.
  • the cross section of the compressed air foam outlet is completely released.
  • a relatively wet foam is generated during operation of the fire extinguishing device, Due to its relatively high water content, it has a large range and is particularly suitable for advanced, intensive fires.
  • a disruptive body 42 enters the free cross section of the compressed-air foam outlet. In this position, a relatively dry foam with a lower water content is generated during operation of the fire extinguishing device, which is more expedient for Nachlösch-.
  • the disruptive body 42 is preferably made of sintered metal.
  • the switching element 41 is mounted in a correspondingly formed bore of the VerDumungsreglers 40 and can be moved perpendicular to the flow direction of the extinguishing foam, where it can take the two aforementioned defined positions.
  • a connection device is connected to the compressed air source 30.
  • Via the second compressed air line 32 flows a partial flow of the compressed air source 30 provided compressed air into the extinguishing agent tank 1 and presses the water and a foaming extinguishing agent through the extinguishing medium line 2 and the extinguishing agent inlet 11 into the mixing chamber 10.
  • the remaining partial flow of the compressed air source 30 flows through the first compressed air line 31 and the compressed air inlet 12 into the mixing chamber 10 and causes, in particular as a result of a rotational movement, an intensive turbulence of the extinguishing agent, which leads to foaming.
  • the foamed extinguishing agent exits the mixing chamber as extinguishing foam through the compressed-air foam outlet 13.
  • the inner diameter of the extinguishing medium line 2 and the Druck Kunststoffschaumauslledge 13 12 mm and the diameter of the first compressed air line 31 and the compressed air inlet 12 was 4 mm, could with a hose of 10 m in length, a throw of about 12 m can be achieved.
  • the proportion of water in a wet foam was about 30 l / min.
  • the throwing distance could be increased to approx. 16 m with a water content of 25 l / min.
  • an outlet pipe is a fire extinguisher for a truck fire extinguishing system
  • the company Karasto Armaturenfabrik, Oehler GmbH, 70734 Fellbach, Germany under the name "casting shower 521 PL SB G 3/4 inch with full jet 520 S AG G 3 / 4 inches "can be obtained.
  • the size of the bores as well as the pressure ratios determine the volume flow rate.
  • the compressed air supply is to be designed so that it is sufficient for the discharge of the entire extinguishing agent.
  • a compressed air generation plant it can be assumed that sufficient compressed air can be continuously supplied.
  • the air volume flow can be approx. 6 l / sec at 8 to 10 bar pressure. For smaller systems, a lower air flow at the same pressures is possible.
  • the above-described operation of the extinguishing device is particularly suitable for full fire fighting.
  • the switching element 41 is shifted in the VerDumungsregler 40 so that the interference element 42 enters the line cross section behind the compressed air foam outlet 13.
  • the foam quality, the water content of the extinguishing foam and the time of extinguishing agent delivery are influenced. It creates a fine-pored, creamy foam with low water content. Due to the low water content, the operating time of the fire extinguishing device is extended. Compared to the position for wet foam, in the position for dry foam the time of extinguishing agent delivery can at least be doubled and under certain circumstances increased by a factor of five.
  • FIG 3a shows a sectional view of an embodiment of the mixing chamber according to the invention with VerDumungsregler and integrated distribution of the compressed air volume flow.
  • VerDumungsregler and integrated distribution of the compressed air volume flow.
  • the total mass of a portable fire extinguisher is limited for reasons of manageability.
  • portable fire extinguishers must comply with the requirements of EN 3, which limits the total mass of a portable fire extinguisher to 20 kg.
  • EN 3 limits the total mass of a portable fire extinguisher to 20 kg.
  • the extinguishing agent content is limited to a maximum of 9 liters for a foam extinguisher. In portable fire extinguishers thus both the overall volume and the total mass are to be kept as low as possible.
  • Fig. 3a of the mixing chamber according to the invention can be placed in the form of a corresponding component on a commercial foam extinguisher so that the filling opening of the foam extinguisher from the mixing chamber or the mixing chamber having the component is completed.
  • the division of the compressed air flow in a first part of the flow into the interior of the mixing chamber and a second partial flow in the extinguishing agent tank 1 in the mixing chamber 10 and the mixing chamber having component is integrated.
  • Fig. 3a performs a compressed air line 31, which is connectable to a compressed air source 30 (see Fig.
  • the inner diameter of the compressed air line designated in FIG. 3a by the reference numeral 32 is equal to the diameter of the compressed air inlet 12.
  • the required compressed air can be provided, for example, with a compressed air cylinder with a volume of one liter and a filling pressure of 200 bar.
  • a compressed air cylinder with a volume of one liter and a filling pressure of 200 bar.
  • an operating time of 40 seconds with a throw of 10 m in wet mode can be provided. In dry mode, the operating time is 80 seconds.
  • FIG. 3 a provides a foaming regulator 40.
  • a fire extinguisher is intended for professional use by the fire department.
  • EN 3 allows for activation of a portable fire extinguisher only a single switching action. For such applications must therefore be dispensed with a VerDumungsregler.
  • FIG. 5 shows a schematic representation of a deletion device for the subsequent stationary installation in a truck using the mixing chamber 10 according to the invention.
  • the extinguishing device shown in Fig. 5 provides an effective fire fighting means, which is also suitable for retrofitting.
  • a commercial extinguishing agent container 1 is mounted at a suitable location of the truck, for example in the undercarriage (not shown).
  • the content of this extinguishing agent container should preferably be at least 40 liters.
  • a compressed air source 30 a compressed air cylinder 43 is provided with a volume of 4 liters and a filling pressure of 200 bar in this embodiment.
  • the mixing chamber 10 according to the invention or the component having the mixing chamber is mounted directly on the extinguishing agent container 1.
  • the compressed air cylinder 43 forth running compressed air line is split, so that via the compressed air line 31 compressed air is passed into the mixing chamber 10 and 32 compressed air is passed into the extinguishing agent container 1 via the compressed air line.
  • the compressed air lines 31 and 32 preferably have the same inner diameter.
  • the mixing chamber 10 is connected via a conveyor line 33 with a reel 44.
  • a reel 44 On the reel 44 is a hose with a fire extinguisher 20.
  • the hose may for example have a length of 20 m.
  • the extinguishing device described above has a service life of 110 seconds and a throw of 16 meters.
  • the operating time can be increased by installing larger containers and compressed air cylinders.
  • a foaming regulator may be provided for professional use by fire departments.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Emergency Management (AREA)
  • Fire-Extinguishing By Fire Departments, And Fire-Extinguishing Equipment And Control Thereof (AREA)
  • Nozzles (AREA)

Abstract

The mixing chamber (10) has a compressed air inlet (12), an extinguishing agent inlet (11) and a compressed air foam outlet (13). The internal contour of the mixing chamber narrows towards the compressed air foam outlet and is preferably conical so that the compressed air inlet and extinguishing inlet open into the bottom of the conical inner contour and the foam outlet is at the tip. The internal diameter of the extinguishing agent inlet is the same as that of the compressed air foam outlet. Independent claim describes fire extinguishing device with connector to compressed air source and mixing chamber.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Mischkammer zur Erzeugung von Druckluftschaum für Löschanlagen zur Brandbekämpfung mit einem Drucklufteinlass, einem Löschmitteleinlass und einem Druckluftschaumauslass.The invention relates to a mixing chamber for the production of compressed air foam for extinguishing systems for fire fighting with a compressed air inlet, an extinguishing agent inlet and a compressed air foam outlet.

Löschschaum wird bei der Brandbekämpfung brennbarer flüssiger und fester Stoffe eingesetzt. Hierbei wird ein Gemisch aus Wasser und einem Schaummittel mittels Druckluft aufbereitet. Aus dem Stand der Technik sind unterschiedliche Systeme bekannt. So kann beispielsweise ein Gemisch aus Wasser und Schaummittel durch eine Kreiselpumpe durch ein Schaumstrahlrohr befördert werden, wobei die Schaumerzeugung unmittelbar an dem Schaumstrahlrohr durch unterdruckbedingte Zumischung der Umgebungsluft erfolgt. Aus der U.S.-Patentschrift 5,255,747 ist es bekannt, anstelle der Zumischung der Umgebungsluft durch Unterdruck eine Druckluftzumischung vorzusehen. In diesem Fall wird die zur Verschäumung erforderliche Luftmenge über einen Druckluftkompressor zugeführt. Die Schaumqualität wird hierdurch erheblich verbessert, die in der DIN 14272 geforderte Wasserhalbzeit deutlich übertroffen und die Wurfweite des mit Druckluftschaum erzeugten Löschmittelstrahls erhöht.Extinguishing foam is used in the fire fighting of combustible liquid and solid substances. Here, a mixture of water and a foaming agent is treated by means of compressed air. Different systems are known from the prior art. Thus, for example, a mixture of water and foaming agent can be conveyed by a centrifugal pump through a foam jet pipe, wherein the foam generation takes place directly on the foam jet pipe by the addition of ambient air due to negative pressure. From the U.S. Patent 5,255,747 It is known to provide a Druckluftzumischung instead of admixing the ambient air by negative pressure. In this case, the amount of air required for foaming is supplied via a compressed air compressor. The foam quality is thereby considerably improved, the water half-time demanded in DIN 14272 is significantly exceeded, and the throwing distance of the extinguishing agent jet produced with compressed air foam is increased.

Die aus der U.S.-Patentschrift 5,255,747 bekannte Vorrichtung weist den Nachteil auf, dass eine motorisch angetriebene Kreiselpumpe und ein Druckluft-Kompressor bereit gestellt werden müssen.The from the U.S. Patent 5,255,747 known device has the disadvantage that a motor-driven centrifugal pump and a compressed air compressor must be provided.

Aus der U.S.-Patentschrift 5,881,817 ist eine Löschvorrichtung bekannt, bei der der Druckluftschaum ohne maschinelle Förderung, beispielsweise durch eine Kreiselpumpe, gefördert wird. Hierzu wird ein aus einer Druckluftquelle bereit gestellter Druckluftstrom aufgeteilt, wobei ein Teil in einen Löschmittelbehälter und ein anderer Teil in eine Mischkammer geleitet wird. In dem Löschmittelbehälter befindet sich das Gemisch aus Wasser und Löschmittel, das durch den Druckluftteilstrom in die Mischkammer gefördert wird. In der Mischkammer wird durch die Beimischung des zweiten Druckluftstroms eine Vermischung des Schaummittels mit dem Wasser zu Löschschaum bewirkt. Die aus der U.S.-Patentschrift 5,881,817 bekannte Löschkammer weist eine zylindrische Innenkontur auf, bei der an einem Ende das Gemisch aus Löschmittel und Wasser zugeführt, die Druckluft unter einem Winkel von 68° zur Mittelachse der zylindrischen Innenkontur eingespeist und das verschäumte Löschmittel am anderen Ende der zylindrischen Innenkontur austritt.From the U.S. Patent 5,881,817 a quenching device is known in which the compressed air foam without mechanical promotion, for example by a Centrifugal pump, is promoted. For this purpose, a supplied from a compressed air source compressed air flow is divided, with one part is passed into an extinguishing agent tank and another part in a mixing chamber. In the extinguishing agent container is the mixture of water and extinguishing agent, which is conveyed by the compressed air partial flow into the mixing chamber. In the mixing chamber is caused by the admixing of the second compressed air flow mixing of the foaming agent with the water to extinguishing foam. The from the U.S. Patent 5,881,817 known extinguishing chamber has a cylindrical inner contour, fed at one end of the mixture of extinguishing agent and water, the compressed air fed at an angle of 68 ° to the central axis of the cylindrical inner contour and the foamed extinguishing agent exits at the other end of the cylindrical inner contour.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, eine Mischkammer zur Erzeugung von Druckluftschaum für Löschanlagen zur Brandbekämpfung bereit zu stellen, bei der besonders effizient eine optimale Schaumqualität bereit gestellt werden kann.The object of the invention is to provide a mixing chamber for the production of compressed air foam for extinguishing systems for fire fighting, in which particularly efficient optimal foam quality can be provided.

Diese Aufgabe wird durch eine Mischkammer zur Erzeugung von Druckluftschaum für Löschanlagen zur Brandbekämpfung mit einem Drucklufteinlass, einem Löschmitteleinlass und einem Druckluftschaumauslass bereit gestellt, bei der die Mischkammer eine sich zum Druckluftschaumauslass hin verjüngende Innenkontur aufweist. Durch den Löschmitteleinlass tritt das vorzugsweise aus einem Schaummittel und Wasser bestehende Löschmittel in die Druckkammer ein. Durch den Drucklufteinlass tritt von einer Druckluftquelle bereit gestellte Druckluft in die Mischkammer ein. In der Mischkammer verschäumt das Gemisch aus Wasser und Schaummittel aufgrund der Druckluftzuführung und tritt als Löschschaum aus dem Druckluftschaumauslass aus. Die Verschäumung ist durch die sich zum Druckluftschaumauslass hin verjüngende Innenkontur besonders effizient. Die erfindungsgemäße Ausgestaltung der Innenkontur der Mischkammer bewirkt eine intensive Verwirbelung, insbesondere eine Rotation, welche den Mischprozess fördert.This object is achieved by a mixing chamber for the production of compressed air foam for extinguishing systems for fire fighting with a compressed air inlet, an extinguishing agent inlet and a compressed air foam outlet provided, wherein the mixing chamber has an inner contour tapering towards the compressed air foam outlet. Through the extinguishing agent inlet, the preferably consisting of a foaming agent and water extinguishing agent enters the pressure chamber. Through the compressed air inlet, compressed air supplied by a compressed air source enters the mixing chamber. In the mixing chamber, the mixture of water and foaming agent foams due to the compressed air supply and exits from the compressed air foam outlet as extinguishing foam. The foaming is due to the tapered to the compressed air foam outlet Inner contour particularly efficient. The inventive design of the inner contour of the mixing chamber causes an intensive turbulence, in particular a rotation, which promotes the mixing process.

Der erfindungsgemäß erzeugte Löschschaum ist sowohl nass als auch trocken hinsichtlich seiner Qualität mit Schaum vergleichbar, der von Großanlagen erzeugt wird, die Druckluftschaum mit einem Wasservolumenanteil von über 1.000 1/min mit einer aufwendigen Mess-, Steuer- und Regeltechnik erzeugen.The extinguishing foam produced according to the invention is comparable both wet and dry in terms of its quality with foam, which is produced by large-scale systems that produce compressed air foam with a water volume of more than 1,000 1 / min with a sophisticated measurement and control technology.

Aufgrund des hervorragenden Wirkungsgrads der Verschäumung in der erfindungsgemäßen Mischkammer ist es möglich, besonders kompakte Feuerlöschvorrichtungen bereit zu stellen. Die Druckluftvorratsbehälter können sehr klein gewählt werden oder es können bereits vorhandene Drucklufterzeugungsanlagen verwendet werden, die mobil oder stationär für andere Verwendungszwecke bereit gestellt sind.Due to the excellent efficiency of the foaming in the mixing chamber according to the invention, it is possible to provide very compact fire extinguishing devices. The compressed air storage tank can be chosen very small or it can be used already existing compressed air generating systems that are provided mobile or stationary for other uses.

In einer vorteilhaften Ausführungsform der Erfindung ist die Innenkontur der Mischkammer im wesentlichen kegelförmig, der Drucklufteinlass und der Löschmitteleinlass münden in den Boden der kegelförmigen Innenkontur ein und der Druckluftschaumauslass ist im Bereich der Spitze der kegelförmigen Innenkontur angeordnet. Andere Geometrien, die bewirken, dass sich die Mischkammer zum Druckluftschaumauslass hin verjüngt, beispielsweise die Form einer Halbkugel, sind ebenfalls möglich.In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the inner contour of the mixing chamber is substantially conical, the compressed air inlet and the extinguishing agent inlet open into the bottom of the conical inner contour and the compressed air foam outlet is arranged in the region of the tip of the conical inner contour. Other geometries that cause the mixing chamber to taper towards the compressed air foam outlet, such as the shape of a hemisphere, are also possible.

Der Drucklufteinlass und der Löschmitteleinlass münden vorzugsweise im wesentlichen parallel zueinander in die Mischkammer ein. Mit anderen Worten, die Leitungen für die in die Mischkammer einströmende Druckluft sowie für das Löschmittel verlaufen, zumindest unmittelbar vor Eintritt in die Mischkammer, parallel zueinander.The compressed air inlet and the extinguishing agent inlet preferably open into the mixing chamber substantially parallel to each other. In other words, the lines for the compressed air flowing into the mixing chamber and for the extinguishing agent run parallel to each other, at least immediately before entry into the mixing chamber.

Das Verhältnis des Innendurchmessers des Drucklufteinlasses bzw. der diesbezüglichen Druckluftleitung und des Innendurchmessers des Löschmitteleinlasses bzw. der entsprechenden Löschmittelleitungen beträgt vorzugsweise 1:3. Der Innendurchmesser des Druckluftschaumauslasses ist vorzugsweise gleich dem Innendurchmesser des Löschmitteleinlasses.The ratio of the inner diameter of the compressed air inlet or the relevant compressed air line and the inner diameter of the extinguishing agent inlet or the corresponding extinguishing agent lines is preferably 1: 3. The inner diameter of the compressed air foam outlet is preferably equal to the inner diameter of the extinguishing agent inlet.

Die Mischkammer ist vorzugsweise aus Werkstoffen wie Kunststoff, Messing oder Aluminium gefertigt, d.h. aus solchen Materialien, die gegenüber dem eingesetzten Schaummittel korrosionsbeständig sind.The mixing chamber is preferably made of materials such as plastic, brass or aluminum, i. made of materials that are corrosion resistant to the foaming agent used.

In einer vorteilhaften Ausführungsform der Erfindung ist hinter dem Druckluftschaumauslass ein Verschäumungsregler vorgesehen, der dazu dient, wahlweise einen Störkörper in dem freien Querschnitt des Druckluftschaumauslasses bereit zu stellen. Mittels des Verschäumungsreglers kann die Schaumqualität beeinflusst werden. Für die Bekämpfung von Vollbränden, d.h. dann, wenn die gesamte Oberfläche eines brennbaren Stoffes brennt, ist ein hoher Wasseranteil im Schaum erforderlich. Durch die Verdampfung des Wassers wird der Verbrennungsreaktion Energie entzogen. Nach Eintreten der Löschwirkung, d.h. nach dem Zusammenfallen der Flammenerscheinung, sind Nachlöscharbeiten erforderlich. Hierzu ist ein feinporiger, cremeartiger Schaum mit geringem Wasseranteil erforderlich. Ein derart trockener Schaum weist eine hohe Wasserhalbzeit auf und fördert die Durchfeuchtung von Kohlenstoff-Oberflächen. Der geringere Wasseranteil im Schaum führt zudem zu einer Verlängerung der Standzeit des Löschmittelbehälters. Es kann gegenüber dem nassen Schaum mindestens doppelt so lange und bis zu fünfmal so lange Löschmittel abgegeben werden.In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, a foaming regulator is provided behind the compressed air foam outlet, which serves to optionally provide a bluff body in the free cross section of the compressed air foam outlet. The foaming quality can be influenced by means of the foaming regulator. For the control of full fires, i. when the entire surface of a combustible substance burns, a high proportion of water in the foam is required. The evaporation of the water deprives the combustion reaction of energy. After the extinguishing effect, i. after the collapse of the flame, re-extinguishing work is required. For this purpose, a fine-pored, creamy foam with a low water content is required. Such a dry foam has a high water half-time and promotes the wetting of carbon surfaces. The lower water content in the foam also leads to an extension of the service life of the extinguishing agent container. It can be compared to the wet foam at least twice as long and up to five times as long extinguishing agent delivered.

Der Verschäumungsregler gemäß dieser bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung ermöglicht somit eine einfache Beeinflussung der Schaumqualität. Befindet sich der Verschäumungsregler in der Stellung, in der der Druckluftschaumauslass voll geöffnet ist, ergibt sich ein relativ nasser Schaum mit einem relativ hohen Wasseranteil, der eine große Wurfweite ermöglicht und sich besonders für fortgeschrittene, intensive Brände eignet. Wird, beispielsweise nach Eintreten der Löschwirkung und zum Durchführen von Nachlöscharbeiten, ein Störkörper durch Betätigung des Verschäumungsreglers in den freien Querschnitt des Luftdruckschaumauslasses geschoben, ergibt sich ein trockener Schaum mit einem geringeren Wasseranteil. Die Wurfweite wird hierdurch zwar verringert, es ergibt sich jedoch durch die höhere Standzeit des Schaums eine erhöhte Penetrationswirkung. Die Penetration durch das Löschwasser verhindert bei angebrannten festen Stoffen eine Rückzündung und hemmt zudem die Entzündbarkeit unverbrannter Stoffe. Die durch den geringeren Wasseranteil erhöhte Betriebszeit des Löschgerätes ist besonders für die im Verhältnis zur Vollbrandbekämpfung aufwendigeren Nachlöscharbeiten von Bedeutung.The Verschäumungsregler according to this preferred embodiment of the invention thus enables a easy influencing of the foam quality. If the foaming regulator is in the position in which the compressed-air foam outlet is fully open, the result is a relatively wet foam with a relatively high water content, which allows a long throw and is particularly suitable for advanced, intensive fires. If, for example, after the extinguishing effect and for performing extinguishing work, a bluff body pushed by operation of the Verschäumungsreglers in the free cross section of the Luftdruckschaumauslasses, results in a dry foam with a lower water content. The throw is thereby reduced, but it results in the increased life of the foam increased penetration effect. Penetration through the firefighting water prevents burned-back burned solids and also inhibits the ignitability of unburned substances. The increased by the lower proportion of water operating time of the extinguisher is particularly important for the more complex in relation to Vollbrandbekämpfung re-extinguishing.

Der erfindungsgemäße Verschäumungsregler ist bei beliebigen Mischkammern verwendbar.The foaming regulator according to the invention can be used in any mixing chambers.

Der Störkörper ist vorzugsweise ein Sperrelement mit einer Vielzahl von separaten Durchtrittspassagen. In einer besonders vorteilhaften Ausführungsform ist der Störkörper aus Sintermetall gefertigt. Sintermetall eignet sich besonders zur Erzeugung homogener Schaumblasenstrukturen. Flüssigkeiten mit geringer Oberflächenspannung werden durch die Poren des gesinterten Metalls gepresst und bilden dann sehr kleine Schaumblasen. Je kleiner die Schaumblasen sind, desto größer ist die Oberfläche der Flüssigkeit. Das damit erreichte günstige Verhältnis Masse zu Oberfläche des Wassers erhöht den Wirkungsgrad der Verdampfung und verbessert damit das Löschvermögen.The bluff body is preferably a barrier element having a plurality of separate passage passages. In a particularly advantageous embodiment, the bluff body is made of sintered metal. Sintered metal is particularly suitable for producing homogeneous foam bubble structures. Liquids with low surface tension are forced through the pores of the sintered metal and then form very small bubbles. The smaller the bubbles are, the larger the surface of the liquid. The thus achieved favorable mass to surface ratio of the water increases the efficiency of the evaporation and thus improves the extinguishing capacity.

Die erfindungsgemäße Ausgestaltung der Mischkammer ermöglicht eine raum- und gewichtsoptimierte Feuerlöschvorrichtung, die keine maschinelle Fördereinrichtung benötigt und insbesondere als nachrüstbare Lösung für verschiedene Anwendungsfälle ausgelegt sein kann. Mögliche Einsatzzwecke sind unter anderem Lastkraftwagen, Schiffe und U-Boote sowie Werkstätten und Betriebe. Bei Transportfahrzeugen treten nicht selten Brände auf, die insbesondere dann ein erhebliches Gefahrenpotential aufweisen, wenn diese Brände in Tunneln auftreten. Auf dem Fahrzeug mitgeführte bekannte Kleinlöschgeräte, die überwiegend Pulverlöscher sind, sind nicht in der Lage, ein fortgeschrittenes Schadenfeuer zu löschen. Mit Löschpulver kann keine ausreichende Kühlwirkung erzeugt werden und der Löschmittelvorrat ist beispielsweise für einen Reifenbrand nicht ausreichend. Mit der erfindungsgemäßen Feuerlöschvorrichtung ist es möglich, auch Brände zu beherrschen, die über das Entstehungsstadium bereits hinaus gegangen sind. Lastkraftwagen sind mit DruckluftBremsanlagen ausgerüstet. Die Druckluft-Kompressoren von Fahrzeugen mit einer zulässigen Gesamtmasse von beispielsweise 16.000 kg sind ausreichend leistungsfähig, um eine Mischkammer der hier in Rede stehenden Art betreiben zu können. Weitere Anwendungsgebiete sind Gefahrguttransporte, insbesondere bei Tunnelfahrten, Militärkonvois und Radpanzer. Auch Fahrzeuge und Arbeitsmaschinen der Bauwirtschaft, der Landwirtschaft und des Bergbaus lassen sich mit der erfindungsgemäßen Feuerlöschvorrichtung effizienter absichern, sofern diese Fahrzeuge und Arbeitsmaschinen über ausreichend leistungsfähige Druckluft-Kompressoren verfügen.The inventive design of the mixing chamber allows a space- and weight-optimized fire extinguishing device that requires no mechanical conveyor and can be designed in particular as a retrofittable solution for different applications. Possible uses include trucks, ships and submarines, as well as workshops and factories. In the case of transport vehicles, fires often occur which, in particular, present a considerable risk potential if these fires occur in tunnels. On the vehicle carried known small extinguishers, which are predominantly powder extinguishers are not able to extinguish an advanced damage fire. With extinguishing powder, a sufficient cooling effect can not be generated and the extinguishing agent supply is not sufficient, for example, for a tire fire. With the fire extinguishing device according to the invention, it is possible to control even fires that have already gone beyond the stage of origin. Trucks are equipped with compressed air braking systems. The compressed air compressors of vehicles with a maximum permissible mass of, for example, 16,000 kg are sufficiently powerful to operate a mixing chamber of the type in question here can. Further areas of application are the transport of dangerous goods, especially in tunnel drives, military convoys and wheeled armor. Even vehicles and machines of the construction industry, agriculture and mining can be secured more efficiently with the fire extinguishing device according to the invention, provided that these vehicles and work machines have sufficiently powerful compressed air compressors.

Schiffe und U-Boote sind ebenfalls mit Druckerzeugungsanlagen ausgestattet. Auch bei derartigen Wasserfahrzeugen ist somit die Absicherung durch ein effizientes Löschsystem mit geringer Einbaugröße von Vorteil. Eine Nachrüstung mit der erfindungsgemäßen Feuerlöschvorrichtung ist jederzeit möglich.Ships and submarines are also equipped with pressure generating equipment. Even with such vessels is thus the protection by an efficient extinguishing system with a small installation size of Advantage. Retrofitting with the fire extinguishing device according to the invention is possible at any time.

Schließlich werden auch in den meisten gewerblichen Betrieben Druckluftsteuerungen und Druckluftwerkzeuge eingesetzt. Die üblicherweise verwendeten Druckluft-Kompressoranlagen sind hinsichtlich der Luftvolumenleistung für die erfindungsgemäße Feuerlöschvorrichtung ausreichend dimensioniert. Gerade in kunststoffverarbeitenden Betrieben, in denen Thermoplaste verarbeitet werden, die nur mit Schaumlöschverfahren gelöscht werden können, ist eine brandschutztechnische Absicherung mit der erfindungsgemäßen Feuerlöschvorrichtung auf einfache Art und Weise möglich.Finally, in most commercial enterprises compressed air controls and pneumatic tools are used. The commonly used compressed air compressor systems are sufficiently dimensioned with respect to the air volume capacity for the fire extinguishing device according to the invention. Especially in plastic processing plants in which thermoplastics are processed, which can be extinguished only with foam extinguishing method, a fire protection technical protection with the fire extinguishing device according to the invention in a simple manner possible.

Die erfindungsgemäße Feuerlöschvorrichtung weist eine geringe Einbaugröße auf, ist jederzeit nachrüstbar und einfach montierbar, weist lediglich ein geringes Gewicht auf, da nur der Löschmittelvorrat vorhanden sein muss, nicht aber ein separater Druckluftspeicher, ist wesentlich wirkungsvoller als normales Wasser, besonders bei Kunststoff- und Flüssigkeitsbränden, und vermeidet zudem Wasserschäden.The fire extinguishing device according to the invention has a small installation size, can be retrofitted at any time and easy to install, has only a low weight, since only the extinguishing agent supply must be present, but not a separate compressed air storage, is much more effective than normal water, especially in plastic and liquid fires , and also avoids water damage.

Die Erfindung wird im folgenden anhand bevorzugter Ausführungsbeispiele in Verbindung mit den beigefügten Figuren weiter erläutert, in denen

  • Fig. 1 eine schematische Darstellung einer Ausführungsform einer erfindungsgemäßen Feuerlöschvorrichtung ist,
  • Fig. 2 eine schematische perspektivische Darstellung einer ersten Ausführungsform einer erfindungsgemäßen Mischkammer mit einem Verschäumungsregler ist,
  • Fig. 3 eine Schnittdarstellung einer zweiten Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemäßen Mischkammer mit Verschäumungsregler ist,
  • Fig. 3a eine Schnittdarstellung einer dritten Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemäßen Mischkammer mit Verschäumungsregler und integrierter Aufteilung des Druckluftvolumenstroms ist,
  • Fig. 4 eine Schnittdarstellung längs der Linie A-A in Fig. 2 ist und
  • Fig. 5 eine schematische Darstellung einer Löscheinrichtung für den nachträglichen stationären Einbau in einen Lastkraftwagen ist.
The invention will be further explained below with reference to preferred embodiments in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which
  • 1 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of a fire extinguishing device according to the invention,
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic perspective view of a first embodiment of a mixing chamber according to the invention with a foaming regulator,
  • 3 is a sectional view of a second embodiment of the mixing chamber according to the invention with foaming regulator,
  • 3a is a sectional view of a third embodiment of the mixing chamber according to the invention with Verschäumungsregler and integrated distribution of the compressed air volume flow,
  • Fig. 4 is a sectional view taken along the line AA in Fig. 2 and
  • Fig. 5 is a schematic representation of an extinguishing device for the subsequent stationary installation in a truck.

Soweit nicht anders angegeben, sind in den Figuren gleiche Bezugszeichen für entsprechende Elemente verwendet.Unless otherwise indicated, the same reference numbers are used for corresponding elements in the figures.

Fig. 1 zeigt schematisch eine Feuerlöschvorrichtung mit einem Löschmittelbehälter 1, einer Mischkammer 10 und einem absperrbaren Strahlrohr 20. Der Löschmittelbehälter 1 ist dazu ausgelegt, Wasser und ein Schaummittel aufzunehmen. Der Löschmittelbehälter 1 ist mit der Mischkammer 10 über eine Löschmittelleitung 2 verbunden. Die Löschmittelleitung 2 besteht aus einem handelsüblichen, formbeständigen Druckschlauch und kommuniziert über einen Löschmitteleinlass 11 mit dem Inneren der Mischkammer 10. Vorzugsweise sollte eine in dem Löschmittelbehälter 1 vorgesehene Steigleitung (nicht gezeigt) den gleichen Innendurchmesser aufweisen wie die Löschmittelleitung 2, welche vorzugsweise wiederum den gleichen Innendurchmesser aufweist wie der Löschmitteleinlaß 11.Fig. 1 shows schematically a fire extinguishing device with an extinguishing agent container 1, a mixing chamber 10 and a lockable jet pipe 20. The extinguishing agent container 1 is adapted to receive water and a foaming agent. The extinguishing agent container 1 is connected to the mixing chamber 10 via an extinguishing medium line 2. The extinguishing medium line 2 consists of a commercially available, dimensionally stable pressure hose and communicates via an extinguishing agent inlet 11 with the interior of the mixing chamber 10. Preferably, a riser provided in the extinguishing agent tank 1 (not shown) should have the same inner diameter as the extinguishing medium pipe 2, which in turn preferably the same Inner diameter as the extinguishing agent inlet 11th

Eine nicht näher dargestellte Druckluftquelle 30, die beispielsweise ein mit Druckluft gefüllter Behälter oder ein motorbetriebener Kompressor sein kann, ist über eine erste Druckluftleitung 31 mit der Mischkammer 10 und über eine zweite Druckluftleitung 32 mit dem Löschmittelbehälter 1 verbunden. Die Druckluftleitungen 31 und 32 können handelsübliche, vorzugsweise formbeständige Druckleitungen sein, die mit handelsüblichen Schnellkupplungs-Verbindungen versehen sind. Die erste Druckluftleitung 31 kommuniziert über einen Drucklufteinlass 12 mit dem Inneren der Mischkammer 10. Vorzugsweise sollte der Innendurchmesser der Druckluftleitung 31 gleich dem Innendurchmesser der Druckluftleitung 32 sein.A compressed air source 30, not shown, which may be, for example, a container filled with compressed air or a motor-driven compressor, is connected via a first compressed air line 31 connected to the mixing chamber 10 and via a second compressed air line 32 to the extinguishing agent container 1. The compressed air lines 31 and 32 may be commercially available, preferably dimensionally stable pressure lines, which are provided with commercially available quick-release connections. The first compressed air line 31 communicates via a compressed air inlet 12 with the interior of the mixing chamber 10. Preferably, the inner diameter of the compressed air line 31 should be equal to the inner diameter of the compressed air line 32.

Das Strahlrohr 20, das über ein Absperrorgan verfügen kann und innen vorzugsweise glatt ist, da zusätzliche Störkörper an dieser Stelle die Schaumblasenstrukturen wieder zerstören würden, ist über eine herkömmliche Schlauchleitung 33 mit der Mischkammer verbunden. Die Schlauchleitung 33 kommuniziert über einen Druckluftschaumauslass 13 mit der Mischkammer.The jet pipe 20, which may have a shut-off and inside preferably is smooth, since additional disruptive bodies would destroy the foam bubble structures again at this point, is connected via a conventional hose 33 to the mixing chamber. The hose 33 communicates via a compressed air foam outlet 13 with the mixing chamber.

Eine erste Ausführungsform der Mischkammer 10 ist in Fig. 2 schematisch in einer perspektivischen, teilweise aufgeschnittenen Darstellung gezeigt. Bei dieser Ausführungsform der Mischkammer 10 ist die Innenkontur halbkugelförmig ausgeführt, wobei der Löschmitteleinlass 11 und der Drucklufteinlass 12 an der flachen Seite der Halbkugel und der Druckluftschaumauslass 13 gegenüber der flachen Seite der Halbkugel an deren Zenit angeordnet ist.A first embodiment of the mixing chamber 10 is shown schematically in Fig. 2 in a perspective, partially cutaway view. In this embodiment, the mixing chamber 10, the inner contour is designed hemispherical, wherein the extinguishing agent inlet 11 and the compressed air inlet 12 is arranged on the flat side of the hemisphere and the compressed air foam outlet 13 opposite the flat side of the hemisphere at its zenith.

Ein Verschäumungsregler 40 ist integral mit der Mischkammer 10 ausgebildet. Die Strömungsrichtung des aus Wasser und Schaummittel bestehenden Löschmittels in der Löschmittelleitung 2 und des Löschschaums in der Schlauchleitung 33 sind in Fig. 1 durch Pfeile angedeutet. Ein Umschaltelement 41 des Verschäumungsreglers 40 ist senkrecht zur Strömungsrichtung des Löschschaums verschiebbar.A foaming regulator 40 is formed integrally with the mixing chamber 10. The flow direction of the extinguishing agent consisting of water and foaming agent in the extinguishing medium line 2 and of the extinguishing foam in the hose line 33 are indicated in FIG. 1 by arrows. A switching element 41 of the Verschäumungsreglers 40 is displaceable perpendicular to the flow direction of the extinguishing foam.

Fig. 3 zeigt im Schnitt eine andere Ausführungsform der Mischkammer 10. Bei dieser Ausführungsform ist die Innenkontur der Mischkammer kegelförmig ausgelegt, wobei der Löschmitteleinlass 11 und der Drucklufteinlass 12 an der stumpfen Kegelseite und der Druckluftschaumauslass 13 an der Kegelspitze angeordnet sind. Der Löschmitteleinlass 11 liegt dem Druckluftschaumauslass 13 direkt gegenüber. Der Durchmesser des Druckluftschaumauslasses 13 ist gleich dem Durchmesser des Löschmitteleinlasses 11. Der Drucklufteinlass 12 und der Löschmitteleinlass 11 beziehungsweise die unmittelbar hiervor angeordneten entsprechenden Leitungsabschnitte verlaufen parallel zueinander. Der Durchmesser des Löschmitteleinlasses 11 ist dreimal so groß wie der Durchmesser des Drucklufteinlasses 12.Fig. 3 shows in section another embodiment of the mixing chamber 10. In this embodiment, the inner contour of the mixing chamber is designed conical, the extinguishing agent inlet 11 and the compressed air inlet 12 are arranged on the blunt cone side and the compressed air foam outlet 13 at the apex. The extinguishing agent inlet 11 is directly opposite the compressed air foam outlet 13. The diameter of the compressed air foam outlet 13 is equal to the diameter of the extinguishing agent inlet 11. The compressed air inlet 12 and the extinguishing agent inlet 11 or the corresponding line sections arranged directly in front of it run parallel to one another. The diameter of the extinguishing agent inlet 11 is three times as large as the diameter of the compressed air inlet 12.

Beträgt beispielsweise der Durchmesser der Löschmittelleitung 2 sowie des Löschmitteleinlasses 11 6 mm, so beträgt der Durchmesser der ersten Druckluftleitung 31 und des Drucklufteinlasses 12 2 mm. Für den Betrieb der hier beschriebenen Feuerlöschvorrichtung mit einem Druckluft-Kompressor eines Lastkraftwagens hat sich ein Innendurchmesser von 12 mm für die Löschmittelleitung 2 sowie den Löschmitteleinlass 11 und von 4 mm für die erste Druckluftleitung 31 und den Drucklufteinlass 12 als geeignet erwiesen.For example, if the diameter of the extinguishing medium line 2 and the extinguishing agent inlet 11 6 mm, the diameter of the first compressed air line 31 and the compressed air inlet 12 is 2 mm. For the operation of the fire extinguishing device described herein with a compressed air compressor of a truck, an inner diameter of 12 mm for the extinguishing medium line 2 and the extinguishing agent inlet 11 and 4 mm for the first compressed air line 31 and the compressed air inlet 12 has been found suitable.

Fig. 3 zeigt ebenfalls das Umschaltelement 41 des Verschäumungsreglers 40.FIG. 3 also shows the switching element 41 of the foaming controller 40.

Fig. 4 zeigt eine Schnittdarstellung durch den Verschäumungsregler 40 und das Umschaltelement 41. In der in Fig. 3 und Fig. 4 gezeigten Stellung des Umschaltelements 41 wird der Querschnitt des Druckluftschaumauslasses gänzlich freigegeben. In dieser Stellung des Verschäumungsreglers wird beim Betrieb der Feuerlöschvorrichtung ein relativ nasser Schaum erzeugt, der durch seinen relativ hohen Wasseranteil eine große Wurfweite hat und sich besonders für fortgeschrittene, intensive Brände eignet. Wenn das Umschaltelement 41 in Fig. 3 beziehungsweise Fig. 4 nach links verschoben wird, gelangt ein Störkörper 42 in den freien Querschnitt des Druckluftschaumauslasses. In dieser Stellung wird beim Betrieb der Feuerlöschvorrichtung ein relativ trockener Schaum mit einem geringeren Wasseranteil erzeugt, welcher für Nachlöscharbeiten zweckmäßiger ist.4 shows a sectional representation through the foaming regulator 40 and the switching element 41. In the position of the switching element 41 shown in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4, the cross section of the compressed air foam outlet is completely released. In this position of the Verschäumungsreglers a relatively wet foam is generated during operation of the fire extinguishing device, Due to its relatively high water content, it has a large range and is particularly suitable for advanced, intensive fires. When the switching element 41 in FIG. 3 or FIG. 4 is displaced to the left, a disruptive body 42 enters the free cross section of the compressed-air foam outlet. In this position, a relatively dry foam with a lower water content is generated during operation of the fire extinguishing device, which is more expedient for Nachlöscharbeiten.

Der Störkörper 42 besteht vorzugsweise aus Sintermetall. Das Umschaltelement 41 ist in einer entsprechend ausgebildeten Bohrung des Verschäumungsreglers 40 gelagert und kann senkrecht zur Durchströmrichtung des Löschschaums verschoben werden, wobei es die beiden zuvor erwähnten definierten Stellungen einnehmen kann.The disruptive body 42 is preferably made of sintered metal. The switching element 41 is mounted in a correspondingly formed bore of the Verschäumungsreglers 40 and can be moved perpendicular to the flow direction of the extinguishing foam, where it can take the two aforementioned defined positions.

Im folgenden werden die Funktion und der Betrieb der Feuerlöschvorrichtung, der Mischkammer 10 und des Verschäumungsreglers 40 beschrieben.The operation and operation of the fire extinguisher, the mixing chamber 10 and the foaming controller 40 will be described below.

Eine nicht näher dargestellte Anschlussvorrichtung wird mit der Druckluftquelle 30 verbunden. Über die zweite Druckluftleitung 32 strömt ein Teilstrom der durch die Druckluftquelle 30 bereitgestellten Druckluft in den Löschmittelbehälter 1 und drückt das aus Wasser und einem Schaummittel bestehende Löschmittel durch die Löschmittelleitung 2 und den Löschmitteleinlass 11 in die Mischkammer 10. Der verbleibende Teilstrom der Druckluftquelle 30 strömt durch die erste Druckluftleitung 31 und den Drucklufteinlass 12 in die Mischkammer 10 und bewirkt, insbesondere infolge einer Rotationsbewegung, eine intensive Verwirbelung des Löschmittels, welche zu einer Schaumbildung führt. Das verschäumte Löschmittel tritt als Löschschaum durch den Druckluftschaumauslass 13 aus der Mischkammer aus. Wenn sich das Umschaltelement 41 des Verschäumungsreglers 40 in der Stellung für nassen Schaum befindet, in der der Durchtrittsquerschnitt in vollem Umfang freigegeben wird, tritt der Löschschaum durch die Schlauchleitung 33 und das Strahlrohr 20 ins Freie.A connection device, not shown, is connected to the compressed air source 30. Via the second compressed air line 32 flows a partial flow of the compressed air source 30 provided compressed air into the extinguishing agent tank 1 and presses the water and a foaming extinguishing agent through the extinguishing medium line 2 and the extinguishing agent inlet 11 into the mixing chamber 10. The remaining partial flow of the compressed air source 30 flows through the first compressed air line 31 and the compressed air inlet 12 into the mixing chamber 10 and causes, in particular as a result of a rotational movement, an intensive turbulence of the extinguishing agent, which leads to foaming. The foamed extinguishing agent exits the mixing chamber as extinguishing foam through the compressed-air foam outlet 13. When the switching element 41 of the Verschäumungsreglers 40 is in the position for wet foam, in which Passage cross-section is fully released, the extinguishing foam passes through the hose 33 and the jet pipe 20 into the open.

Bei einem Ausführungsbeispiel, bei dem als Druckluftquelle 30 ein im Handel verfügbarer Druckluftkompressor eines Lastkraftwagens verwendet wurde, der Innendurchmesser der Löschmittelleitung 2 und des Druckluftschaumauslasses 13 12 mm und der Durchmesser der ersten Druckluftleitung 31 sowie des Drucklufteinlasses 12 4 mm betrug, konnte mit einer Schlauchleitung von 10 m Länge eine Wurfweite von ca. 12 m erreicht werden. Der Wasseranteil bei einem nassen Schaum betrug hierbei ca. 30 l/min. Mittels eines optimierten Auslaßrohres konnte die Wurfweite auf ca. 16 m bei einem Wasseranteil von 25 l/min gesteigert werden. Besonders vorteilhaft geeignet als Auslassrohr ist eine Löschpistole für eine LKW-Löschanlage, die über die Firma Karasto Armaturenfabrik, Oehler GmbH, 70734 Fellbach, Deutschland, unter der Bezeichnung "Gießbrause 521 PL SB G 3/4 Zoll mit Vollstrahldüse 520 S AG G 3/4 Zoll" bezogen werden kann.In an embodiment in which a commercially available air compressor of a truck was used as compressed air source 30, the inner diameter of the extinguishing medium line 2 and the Druckluftschaumauslaß 13 12 mm and the diameter of the first compressed air line 31 and the compressed air inlet 12 was 4 mm, could with a hose of 10 m in length, a throw of about 12 m can be achieved. The proportion of water in a wet foam was about 30 l / min. By means of an optimized outlet pipe, the throwing distance could be increased to approx. 16 m with a water content of 25 l / min. Particularly suitable as an outlet pipe is a fire extinguisher for a truck fire extinguishing system, the company Karasto Armaturenfabrik, Oehler GmbH, 70734 Fellbach, Germany, under the name "casting shower 521 PL SB G 3/4 inch with full jet 520 S AG G 3 / 4 inches "can be obtained.

Es versteht sich für den Fachmann, dass die Größe der Bohrungen sowie die Druckverhältnisse den Volumendurchsatz bestimmen. Bei der Verwendung eines Druckluftbehälters ist der Druckluftvorrat so zu bemessen, dass er für den Ausstoß des gesamten Löschmittelvorrates ausreicht. Bei der Verwendung einer Drucklufterzeugungsanlage kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass ausreichende Druckluft kontinuierlich bereitgestellt werden kann. Je nach Einsatzzweck kann der Luftvolumenstrom ca. 6 l/sec bei 8 bis 10 Bar Druck betragen. Bei kleineren Anlagen ist ein geringerer Luftvolumenstrom bei gleichen Drücken möglich.It is understood by those skilled in the art that the size of the bores as well as the pressure ratios determine the volume flow rate. When using a compressed air tank, the compressed air supply is to be designed so that it is sufficient for the discharge of the entire extinguishing agent. When using a compressed air generation plant, it can be assumed that sufficient compressed air can be continuously supplied. Depending on the intended use, the air volume flow can be approx. 6 l / sec at 8 to 10 bar pressure. For smaller systems, a lower air flow at the same pressures is possible.

Der vorstehend erläuterte Betrieb der Löschvorrichtung eignet sich insbesondere zur Vollbrandbekämpfung. Für die anschließenden Nachlöscharbeiten wird das Umschaltelement 41 in dem Verschäumungsregler 40 so verschoben, dass das Störelement 42 in den Leitungsquerschnitt hinter den Druckluftschaumauslass 13 eintritt. Hierdurch werden die Schaumqualität, der Wassergehalt des Löschschaums und die Zeit der Löschmittelabgabe beeinflusst. Es wird ein feinporiger, cremeartiger Schaum mit geringem Wasseranteil erzeugt. Durch den geringen Wasseranteil wird die Betriebszeit der Feuerlöschvorrichtung verlängert. Gegenüber der Stellung für nassen Schaum kann in der Stellung für trockenen Schaum die Zeit der Löschmittelabgabe mindestens verdoppelt und unter Umständen_verfünffacht werden.The above-described operation of the extinguishing device is particularly suitable for full fire fighting. For the subsequent Nachlöscharbeiten the switching element 41 is shifted in the Verschäumungsregler 40 so that the interference element 42 enters the line cross section behind the compressed air foam outlet 13. As a result, the foam quality, the water content of the extinguishing foam and the time of extinguishing agent delivery are influenced. It creates a fine-pored, creamy foam with low water content. Due to the low water content, the operating time of the fire extinguishing device is extended. Compared to the position for wet foam, in the position for dry foam the time of extinguishing agent delivery can at least be doubled and under certain circumstances increased by a factor of five.

Fig. 3a zeigt eine Schnittdarstellung einer Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemäßen Mischkammer mit Verschäumungsregler und integrierter Aufteilung des Druckluftvolumenstroms. Eine derartige Ausführungsform ist besonders vorteilhaft für einen tragbaren Feuerlöscher.3a shows a sectional view of an embodiment of the mixing chamber according to the invention with Verschäumungsregler and integrated distribution of the compressed air volume flow. Such an embodiment is particularly advantageous for a portable fire extinguisher.

Die Gesamtmasse eines tragbaren Feuerlöschers ist aus Gründen der Handhabbarkeit begrenzt. In Europa sind beispielsweise für tragbare Feuerlöscher die Vorgaben der Norm EN 3 einzuhalten, gemäß der die Gesamtmasse eines tragbaren Feuerlöschers auf 20 kg begrenzt ist. Der Löschmittelinhalt ist bei einem Schaumlöscher auf maximal 9 Liter begrenzt. Bei tragbaren Feuerlöschern sind somit sowohl das Bauvolumen als auch die Gesamtmasse möglichst gering zu halten.The total mass of a portable fire extinguisher is limited for reasons of manageability. In Europe, for example, portable fire extinguishers must comply with the requirements of EN 3, which limits the total mass of a portable fire extinguisher to 20 kg. The extinguishing agent content is limited to a maximum of 9 liters for a foam extinguisher. In portable fire extinguishers thus both the overall volume and the total mass are to be kept as low as possible.

Die in Fig. 3a dargestellte Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemäßen Mischkammer kann in Form eines entsprechenden Bauelements auf einen handelsüblichen Schaumlöscher so aufgesetzt werden, dass die Einfüllöffnung des Schaumlöschers von der Mischkammer bzw. dem die Mischkammer aufweisenden Bauelement abgeschlossen wird. Um das System einfach und kompakt zu gestalten, ist die Aufteilung des Druckluftvolumenstroms in einen ersten Teilstrom in das Innere der Mischkammer und einen zweiten Teilstrom in den Löschmittelbehälter 1 in die Mischkammer 10 bzw. das die Mischkammer aufweisende Bauelement integriert. Wie aus Fig. 3a ersichtlich, führt eine Druckluftleitung 31, die mit einer Druckluftquelle 30 (siehe Fig. 1) verbindbar ist, in den Teil der Mischkammer 10 bzw. des die Mischkammer aufweisenden Bauelements, der auf den Schaumlöscher aufgesetzt wird. Im Inneren dieses Teils wird der Druckluftstrom aufgeteilt in einen ersten Teil, der mit dem Drucklufteinlass 12 in Verbindung steht, und einen zweiten Teil, der über die Druckluftleitung 32 mit der Einfüllöffnung des Schaumlöschers kommuniziert. Vorzugsweise ist der Innendurchmesser der in Fig. 3a mit dem Bezugszeichen 32 bezeichneten Druckluftleitung gleich dem Durchmesser des Drucklufteinlasses 12.The embodiment shown in Fig. 3a of the mixing chamber according to the invention can be placed in the form of a corresponding component on a commercial foam extinguisher so that the filling opening of the foam extinguisher from the mixing chamber or the mixing chamber having the component is completed. To make the system simple and compact too designed, the division of the compressed air flow in a first part of the flow into the interior of the mixing chamber and a second partial flow in the extinguishing agent tank 1 in the mixing chamber 10 and the mixing chamber having component is integrated. As can be seen from Fig. 3a, performs a compressed air line 31, which is connectable to a compressed air source 30 (see Fig. 1), in the part of the mixing chamber 10 and the mixing chamber having the device which is placed on the foam extinguisher. Inside this part of the compressed air flow is divided into a first part, which is in communication with the compressed air inlet 12, and a second part, which communicates via the compressed air line 32 with the filling opening of the foam extinguisher. Preferably, the inner diameter of the compressed air line designated in FIG. 3a by the reference numeral 32 is equal to the diameter of the compressed air inlet 12.

Bei Verwendung mit einem handelsüblichen tragbaren Schaumlöscher kann die erforderliche Druckluft beispielsweise mit einer Druckluftflasche mit einem Volumen von einem Liter und einem Fülldruck von 200 bar bereit gestellt werden. Mit einem derartigen tragbaren Feuerlöscher kann eine Einsatzzeit von 40 Sekunden bei einer Wurfweite von 10 m im nassen Modus bereit gestellt werden. Im trockenen Modus liegt die Einsatzzeit bei 80 Sekunden.When used with a commercially available portable foam extinguisher, the required compressed air can be provided, for example, with a compressed air cylinder with a volume of one liter and a filling pressure of 200 bar. With such a portable fire extinguisher, an operating time of 40 seconds with a throw of 10 m in wet mode can be provided. In dry mode, the operating time is 80 seconds.

Die zuvor beschriebene Ausführungsform gemäß Fig. 3a sieht einen Verschäumungsregler 40 vor. Ein derartiger Feuerlöscher ist für eine professionelle Anwendung durch die Feuerwehr gedacht. Die zuvor erwähnte europäische Norm EN 3 lässt zur Aktivierung eines tragbaren Feuerlöschers nur eine einzige Schalthandlung zu. Für derartige Anwendungen muss daher auf einen Verschäumungsregler verzichtet werden.The embodiment described above according to FIG. 3 a provides a foaming regulator 40. Such a fire extinguisher is intended for professional use by the fire department. The aforementioned European standard EN 3 allows for activation of a portable fire extinguisher only a single switching action. For such applications must therefore be dispensed with a Verschäumungsregler.

Fig. 5 zeigt eine schematische Darstellung einer Löscheinrichtung für den nachträglichen stationären Einbau in einen Lastkraftwagen unter Verwendung der erfindungsgemäßen Mischkammer 10.5 shows a schematic representation of a deletion device for the subsequent stationary installation in a truck using the mixing chamber 10 according to the invention.

Insbesondere bei Gefahrguttransporten können Reifenbrände, Motorraumbrände und Brände als Folge von Unfällen, beispielsweise Folgebrände durch Auffahrunfälle, zu enormen Schäden führen. Die in Fig. 5 dargestellte Löscheinrichtung stellt ein wirksames Brandbekämpfungsmittel bereit, das auch für den nachträglichen Einbau geeignet ist.Tire fires, engine compartment fires and fires as a result of accidents, such as the consequences of rear-end collisions, can lead to enormous damage, especially in the case of dangerous goods transports. The extinguishing device shown in Fig. 5 provides an effective fire fighting means, which is also suitable for retrofitting.

An einer geeigneten Stelle des Lastkraftwagens, beispielsweise im Unterwagen (nicht dargestellt) wird ein handelsüblicher Löschmittelbehälter 1 montiert. Der Inhalt dieses Löschmittelbehälters sollte vorzugsweise mindestens 40 Liter betragen. Als Druckluftquelle 30 ist bei diesem Ausführungsbeispiel eine Druckluftflasche 43 mit einem Volumen von 4 Litern und einem Fülldruck von 200 bar vorgesehen. Die erfindungsgemäße Mischkammer 10 bzw. das die Mischkammer aufweisende Bauelement wird unmittelbar an den Löschmittelbehälter 1 montiert. Die von der Druckluftquelle 30, d.h. der Druckluftflasche 43 her verlaufende Druckluftleitung wird aufgeteilt, so dass über die Druckluftleitung 31 Druckluft in die Mischkammer 10 geleitet wird und über die Druckluftleitung 32 Druckluft in den Löschmittelbehälter 1 geleitet wird. Die Druckluftleitungen 31 und 32 weisen vorzugsweise den gleichen Innendurchmesser auf.At a suitable location of the truck, for example in the undercarriage (not shown), a commercial extinguishing agent container 1 is mounted. The content of this extinguishing agent container should preferably be at least 40 liters. As a compressed air source 30, a compressed air cylinder 43 is provided with a volume of 4 liters and a filling pressure of 200 bar in this embodiment. The mixing chamber 10 according to the invention or the component having the mixing chamber is mounted directly on the extinguishing agent container 1. The signals from the compressed air source 30, i. The compressed air cylinder 43 forth running compressed air line is split, so that via the compressed air line 31 compressed air is passed into the mixing chamber 10 and 32 compressed air is passed into the extinguishing agent container 1 via the compressed air line. The compressed air lines 31 and 32 preferably have the same inner diameter.

Die Mischkammer 10 ist über eine Förderleitung 33 mit einer Haspel 44 verbunden. Auf der Haspel 44 befindet sich ein Schlauch mit einer Löschpistole 20. Der Schlauch kann beispielsweise eine Länge von 20 m aufweisen.The mixing chamber 10 is connected via a conveyor line 33 with a reel 44. On the reel 44 is a hose with a fire extinguisher 20. The hose may for example have a length of 20 m.

Die zuvor beschriebene Löscheinrichtung weist eine Einsatzzeit von 110 Sek. und eine Wurfweite von 16 m auf.The extinguishing device described above has a service life of 110 seconds and a throw of 16 meters.

Bei Bedarf kann die Einsatzzeit durch den Einbau von größeren Behältern und Druckluftflaschen erhöht werden. Für den professionellen Einsatz durch Feuerwehren kann ein Verschäumungsregler vorgesehen sein.If necessary, the operating time can be increased by installing larger containers and compressed air cylinders. For professional use by fire departments, a foaming regulator may be provided.

Claims (19)

  1. Mixing chamber for producing compressed air foam for an extinguishing device for fire fighting comprising:
    - a compressed air inlet (12);
    - an extinguishing agent inlet (11); and
    - a compressed air foam outlet (13),
    characterized in that
    - the contour of said mixing chamber (10) tapers towards said compressed air foam outlet.
  2. Mixing chamber as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the contour of said mixing chamber is substantially conical, said compressed air inlet (12) and said extinguishing agent inlet (11) lead into the bottom of said conical contour and said compressed air foam outlet (13) is disposed adjacent to the tip of said conical contour.
  3. Mixing chamber as claimed in any of the preceding claims, characterized in that said compressed air inlet (12) and said extinguishing agent inlet (11) lead into said mixing chamber substantially in parallel.
  4. Mixing chamber as claimed in any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the ratio of the inner diameter of said compressed air inlet (12) to the inner diameter of said extinguishing agent inlet (11) is 1 to 3.
  5. Mixing chamber as claimed in any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the inner diameter of said extinguishing agent inlet (11) is equal to the inner diameter of said compressed air foam outlet (13).
  6. Mixing chamber as claimed in any of the preceding claims, characterized in that said mixing chamber is made of plastic, brass or aluminum.
  7. Mixing chamber as claimed in any of the preceding claims, characterized in that behind said compressed air foam outlet there is provided a foam controller which serves to selectively provide a disturbance element in the passageway of said compressed air foam outlet.
  8. Mixing chamber (10) as claimed in claim 7, characterized in that said foam controller (40) has a switch element (41) provided behind said compressed air foam outlet shiftable transverse to the flow direction of the compressed air foam which switch element selectively keeps the passageway of a duct connected to said compressed air foam outlet free or provides a disturbance element in the crosssection of said duct.
  9. Mixing chamber as claimed in claim 7 or 8, characterized in that said disturbance element (42) is a shutter element having a plurality of passageways.
  10. Mixing chamber as claimed in claim 7, 8 or 9, characterized in that said disturbance element is made of powdered metal.
  11. Mixing chamber as claimed in claim 7, 8, 9 or 10, characterized in that said foam controller and said mixing chamber are formed as an integral component.
  12. Fire extinguishing device having an extinguishing agent container (1), a connecting element for connecting a compressed air source (30) and further having a mixing chamber (10) according to any of the preceding claims 1 to 11.
  13. Fire extinguishing device as claimed in claim 12, characterized in that a connecting duct starting from said compressed air source (30) is split into a compressed air duct (31) connected to said mixing chamber (10) and a compressed air duct (32) connected to said extinguishing agent container (1).
  14. Fire extinguishing device as claimed in claim 13, characterized in that said compressed air duct (31) connected to said mixing chamber (10) and said compressed air duct (32) connected to said extinguishing agent container (1) have the same inner diameter.
  15. Fire extinguishing device as claimed in claims 12, 13 or 14, characterized in that said extinguishing agent container (1) comprises a standpipe which is connected to said mixing chamber (10) via an extinguishing agent duct (2) wherein the inner diameter of said standpipe is equal to the inner diameter of said extinguishing agent duct (2) and said extinguishing agent inlet (11).
  16. Fire extinguishing device as claimed in any of the preceding claims 12 to 15, characterized in that the component comprising said mixing chamber (10) is directly mounted to said extinguishing agent container (1).
  17. Fire extinguishing device as claimed in claim 16, characterized in that said component comprising said mixing chamber (10) is adapted to be connected to said compressed air source (30) via a single pressure pipe (31) and that the division of the compressed air flow in a compressed air duct connected to said mixing chamber (10) and a compressed air duct (32) connected to said extinguishing agent container (1) is provided by bores in the component comprising said mixing chamber (10).
  18. Fire extinguishing device as claimed in any of the preceding claims 12 to 17, characterized in that it is designed as a portable fire extinguishing device having an overall weight of not more than 20 kg, wherein said extinguishing agent container (1) has a volume of not more than 9 liters and said compressed air source (30) is a compressed air tank having a volume of 1 liter and a charge pressure of 200 bar.
  19. Fire extinguishing device as claimed in any of the preceding claims 12 to 17, characterized in that it is designed as a stationary fire extinguishing device which can be retrofitted, wherein said extinguishing agent container (1) has a volume of preferably at least 40 liters and said compressed air source (30) is a compressed air tank having a volume of preferably at least 4 liters and a charge pressure of 200 bar.
EP01915056A 2000-03-03 2001-02-28 Mixing chamber for producing compressed air foam for extinguishing devices Expired - Lifetime EP1259296B1 (en)

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DE10010141A DE10010141C1 (en) 2000-03-03 2000-03-03 Mixing chamber for producing compressed air foam for fire extinguishing devices has internal contour narrowing preferably conical towards compressed air foam outlet for better foam production
DE10010141 2000-03-03
PCT/DE2001/000752 WO2001064290A1 (en) 2000-03-03 2001-02-28 Mixing chamber for producing compressed air foam for extinguishing devices

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EP1259296B1 true EP1259296B1 (en) 2007-09-19

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EP (1) EP1259296B1 (en)
JP (1) JP3967132B2 (en)
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ATE373507T1 (en) 2007-10-15
ES2293981T3 (en) 2008-04-01
WO2001064290A1 (en) 2001-09-07
DE20180049U1 (en) 2002-10-17
US20030010506A1 (en) 2003-01-16
CA2401679A1 (en) 2001-09-07
DE50113032D1 (en) 2007-10-31
DE10010141C1 (en) 2001-10-04
CN1406145A (en) 2003-03-26
AU4228101A (en) 2001-09-12
JP3967132B2 (en) 2007-08-29
CA2401679C (en) 2009-01-06
CN1174781C (en) 2004-11-10
US7458427B2 (en) 2008-12-02
EP1259296A1 (en) 2002-11-27

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