EP1255079A1 - Katalysator - Google Patents
Katalysator Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1255079A1 EP1255079A1 EP02405327A EP02405327A EP1255079A1 EP 1255079 A1 EP1255079 A1 EP 1255079A1 EP 02405327 A EP02405327 A EP 02405327A EP 02405327 A EP02405327 A EP 02405327A EP 1255079 A1 EP1255079 A1 EP 1255079A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- channels
- catalytically active
- channel
- connections
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C13/00—Apparatus in which combustion takes place in the presence of catalytic material
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23R—GENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
- F23R3/00—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel
- F23R3/40—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel characterised by the use of catalytic means
Definitions
- the invention relates to a catalyst for burning at least a part a fuel-oxidizer mixture flowing through the catalyst, in particular for a burner of a power plant, with the features of the generic term of claim 1.
- catalysts of the type mentioned are known, each have a plurality of catalytically active channels and a plurality of catalytically inactive channels.
- the known catalysts are corrugated with the help of zigzag or folded sheets made by spiral winding or can be layered by folding back and forth. The waves or folds then form the channels of the catalyst.
- One side of each sheet is with the help of a Catalyst coating catalytically active.
- the catalytically active channels and the catalytically inactive channels are thus stacked Channels created.
- the coated or catalytically active channels the implementation or combustion of the fuel-oxidizer mixture.
- In the uncoated or essentially catalytically inactive channels Implementation or combustion of the mixture so that this part of the mixture flow used to remove heat, i.e. to cool the catalyst can be.
- the one-sided coating with catalyst material and a corresponding Stacking or layering of those used to form the catalyst Sheets can achieve a catalyst structure in which about half of all channels is completely catalytically coated, while the other half of the Channels is uncoated.
- the temperature rise in Catalyst can be effectively reduced because the combustion of the mixture in the catalyst is limited to the catalytically active channels and therefore to about 50%. Due to this design, overheating of the catalytic converter can result Destruction could be avoided.
- No. 4,154,568 discloses a catalytic converter of a fundamentally different type, the one with several, one behind the other in the main flow direction Monolith blocks is equipped.
- the monolith blocks contain channels which are all catalytically active and parallel to the main flow direction run.
- the channels of a downstream monolith block have one smaller flow cross-section than that of the upstream monolith block. This is intended to completely burn the fuel-oxidizer mixture can be achieved within the catalyst, while in the generic Catalysts only part of the gas mixture is to be burned.
- the catalytically active channels and the catalytically inactive channels lead to a reduction in the fuel conversion and thus to a reduction in the operating temperature of the catalyst, as a result of which a sufficiently long service life can be achieved.
- the maximum achievable degree of conversion of the fuel is reduced to 50%.
- the fuel concentration at the catalyst outlet is exposed to strong fluctuations over the cross section. Because while almost no fuel emerges from the catalytically active channels, the almost unchanged fuel-oxidizer mixture flows out of the catalytically inactive channels. If the mixture ignites before it has mixed downstream of the catalytic converter, the subsequent combustion reaction can lead to temperature peaks on the catalytic converter, which is associated with pollutant production, in particular NO x .
- Another problem is that the conversion of the fuel inside of the catalytically active channels only with a sufficiently large channel length achieved the desired degree of conversion. This is attributed to that on the one hand the proportion of fuel decreases in the direction of flow and on the other hand the boundary layer thickness increases. To a high degree of conversion To achieve, therefore, a conventional catalyst must be in the main flow direction build relatively long, what with relatively high pressure drops accompanied.
- the invention seeks to remedy this.
- the invention as set out in the claims is concerned with the problem for a catalyst of type mentioned above to provide an improved embodiment, in particular compact build.
- the invention is based on the general idea that the channels in one by one To design the longitudinal section on the inflow side of the catalytic converter so that that the turbulence is increased at least within the catalytically active channels and / or that between adjacent catalytically active and catalytically inactive Channels a mass or gas exchange is possible.
- By increasing the turbulence the conversion of fuel is improved, which makes the catalyst can build shorter in the main flow direction. Due to the possibility of Mixing can increase the degree of conversion or the desired level Degree of conversion achieved with a shorter catalyst length become.
- the invention uses the knowledge that already in the catalytically active channels achieved a relatively high degree of conversion after a relatively short flow path is then only relatively slow over the remaining length of the respective catalytic channel increases. For example, measurements show that after about 13% of the total length of a conventional catalyst already about 50% of the fuel are implemented in the respective catalytically active channel.
- the invention takes advantage of this finding by following this regarding conversion a lot effective front longitudinal section through turbulators in the channels and / or through cross-connections between adjacent channels the conversion to this subsequent longitudinal section is intensified. As a result, the invention Catalyst can be built shorter overall.
- connections that an overflow between the catalytically active channels between adjacent channels and allow inactive channels to be formed by holes that the Channel walls of adjacent channels transverse to the main flow direction of the catalyst penetrate, these holes being punched into the channel walls, such that a wall section assigned to the respective hole with the channel wall remains connected and protrudes into one of the channels.
- the remaining wall sections form turbulators for targeted flow control.
- the single figure shows a perspective view of a preferred embodiment of the catalyst of the invention.
- a catalyst 1 according to the invention can e.g. a cylindrical one Own structure.
- a catalyst 1 is, for example produced that on a first web material 2, which in a predetermined Way is corrugated or folded, a second web material 3 is placed, the can also be corrugated or folded with a certain pattern.
- the two Patterns for the folding or corrugation of the web materials 2 and 3 are so coordinated with one another that in the case of stacked web materials 2 and 3 the individual folds or waves cannot interlock, but can interlock support each other via their high points.
- the second web material 3 can also be smooth or flat.
- the sheet materials 2 and 3 suitably consist of a metal sheet, wherein at least one of the web materials 2 and 3 on one side with a catalytically active Coating can be provided. If both sheet materials 2 and 3 are one-sided are provided with a catalyst layer, the two web materials 2 and 3 so that the coated sides face each other are or are facing away from each other. The two web materials 2 and 3 are then wound up in a spiral on a central spindle 4, whereby radial layering or stacking of web materials 2 and 3 results.
- the Waves or folds of the web materials 2, 3 run essentially parallel to Spindle 4 and in the rolled-up state form channels 5, of which one is catalytic are active (catalytically active channels 5a), while the others are catalytic are inactive (catalytically inactive channels 5i). Due to the one-sided coating of the Web materials 2,3 is about half of the channels 5 catalytically active, while the other half is catalytically inactive.
- the winding of the sheet materials 2 and 3 is fixed in shape with the help of tension wires 6.
- the catalyst 1 can be divided into one Burners are used, the catalyst 1 then corresponding to one main flow direction 7 symbolized by an arrow Fuel-oxidizer mixture can be flowed through.
- the main flow direction 7 runs parallel to the longitudinal axis of the spindle 4 and thus parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical catalyst 1.
- a catalytic catalyst formed in this way Burner can be connected upstream of a combustion chamber, for example Generation of hot gases for a turbine, in particular a gas turbine, one Power plant serves.
- the catalytic converter 1 has an inflow side 8 and an outflow side 9.
- the catalyst 1 also has a parallel to the main flow direction 7 extending, removed from the inflow side 8 Longitudinal section 11, which is also characterized by a curly bracket is. Since this longitudinal section 11 removed from the inflow side 8 at the Embodiment shown here contains the outflow side 9, this longitudinal section 11 also referred to below as outlet section 11.
- the outlet section 11 begins with the total length of the catalyst 1 only in the second half of the catalyst 1
- the outlet section 9 can be made shorter in the main flow direction 7 than the inlet section 10. It is also possible that the outlet section 11 has a greater axial extent than the inlet section 10.
- connections 12 are formed in the outlet section 11 via the adjacent channels 5 communicate with each other. Through these connections 12 can therefore overflow and thus a gas or mass transfer between catalytically active channels 5a and catalytically inactive channels 5i take place.
- This Connections 12 are formed here by holes in the channel walls, ie in the waves or folds of the web materials 2, 3 are incorporated. These holes 12 penetrate the channel walls transversely to the main flow direction 7. The holes 12 can be arranged so that an overflow between Channels 5 takes place, the circumferential direction of the cylindrical catalyst. 1 and / or are arranged adjacent to one another in the radial direction.
- one wavelength or fold length of the web material 2 or 3 is a basic dimension.
- expedient have the holes 12 transverse to the longitudinal direction of the channel, that is to say in the circumferential direction or in the radial direction of the cylinder 1, a transverse dimension that is smaller than the wave or pleat length is 13.
- the transverse dimension of the holes is preferred 12 smaller than half the wavelength or fold length 13.
- a distance between adjacent ones Holes 12 is in a certain direction, e.g.
- the Holes 12 have a circular or elliptical basic shape. Basically, however any shape for the holes possible.
- the holes 12 in the channel walls that is to say punched into the sheet materials 2, 3.
- This punching process is carried out so that an associated with the respective hole 12 Wall section connected to the channel wall, ie with the respective web material 2, 3 remains and is bent so far that it projects into one of the channels 5.
- This wall section which is not visible in the figure, forms in the respective Channel 5 is a flow-guiding element and can be used in particular as a turbulator serve.
- at least turbulators can be arranged in some of the catalytically active channels 5a, generate the cross flows within the respective channels 5. Such turbulators can be formed by projections which protrude into the respective channel 5.
- such projections can be formed that the web materials 2 one or within their wavelength or fold length 13 have several additional waves or folds that protrude into the respective channel 5.
- turbulators in the form of a perforation Form channel walls or the web materials 2,3, e.g. by using a pointy one Object relatively small openings are introduced, causing material protrusions comes at the edge of the opening. These openings can be so be small that there is no significant gas exchange between neighboring ones Channels 5 is done.
- this type of perforation is expediently carried out in such a way that that the formation of holes 12 is unnecessary in this section.
- a further measures to achieve the desired turbulator function can be included can be seen, the channel walls or the sheet materials 2,3 in the corresponding Provide section with a suitable surface roughness.
- the catalyst material can be applied in a corresponding manner be, so that the required surface roughness by the Coating with the catalyst material forms.
- the catalyst 1 is with its Inlet section 10 and integrally formed with its outlet section 11, which forms a unit that is easy and inexpensive to manufacture. Likewise it is possible to separate the inlet section 10 and the outlet section 11 from each other produce, then from these items (inlet section 10 and Outlet section 11) the catalytic converter 1 is assembled to be easy again maintain manageable unit.
- the catalyst 1 according to the invention works as follows:
- the catalyst 1 is in use on its upstream side 8 with a Fuel-oxidizer mixture applied, which in the channels 5 of the catalyst 1st penetrates.
- the conversion of the fuel begins in the catalytically active channels 5a.
- the heat released in the process is transferred to the catalytically inactive ones Channels 5i present flow at least partially discharged.
- the outlet section 11 is expediently positioned such that it approximately starts where about 50% to 80% of the in the catalytically active channels 5a transported fuel are already converted. In the outlet section 11 now an intensive mixing between the flows of the catalytically active Channels 5a and the catalytically inactive channels 5i.
- the Cross currents improves the conversion behavior, whereby within the Outlet section 11 the degree of conversion of the total fuel-oxidizer mixture supplied additionally increased on a relatively short flow path can be. Due to the structure according to the invention, it is thus possible to a catalyst 1 of relatively short construction in the main flow direction 7 quite high degrees of conversion, in particular more than 50% of the total mixture, to achieve.
- the short overall length of the catalyst 1 reduces it at the same time the pressure loss when flowing through the catalyst 1, which in particular for the combustion processes taking place downstream of the catalytic converter 1 is an advantage.
Abstract
Description
- 1
- Katalysator
- 2
- Bahnmaterial
- 3
- Bahnmaterial
- 4
- Spindel
- 5
- Kanal
- 5i
- katalytisch inaktiver Kanal
- 5a
- katalytisch aktiver Kanal
- 6
- Spanndraht
- 7
- Hauptdurchströmungsrichtung
- 8
- Anströmseite von 1
- 9
- Abströmseite von 1
- 10
- Längsabschnitt/Einlaßabschnitt
- 11
- Längsabschnitt/Auslaßabschnitt
- 12
- Verbindung/Loch
- 13
- Abstand/Wellenlänge
- 14
- Hochpunkt
Claims (11)
- Katalysator zum Verbrennen zumindest eines Teils eines den Katalysator (1) durchströmenden Brennstoff-Oxidator-Gemischs, insbesondere für einen Brenner einer Kraftwerksanlage, mit mehreren katalytisch aktiven Kanälen (5a) und mehreren katalytisch inaktiven Kanälen (5i), dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß in einem von einer Anströmseite (8) des Katalysators (1) in der Hauptdurchströmungsrichtung (7) des Katalysators (1) beabstandeten Längsabschnitt (11) des Katalysators (1)zumindest in mehreren katalytisch aktiven Kanälen (5a) Turbulatoren angeordnet sind und/oderzumindest zwischen mehreren katalytisch aktiven Kanälen (5a) und katalytisch inaktiven Kanälen (5i) Verbindungen (12) ausgebildet sind, die ein Überströmen zwischen katalytisch aktiven Kanälen (5a) und katalytisch inaktiven Kanälen (5i) ermöglichen.
- Katalysator nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Turbulatoren durch in den jeweiligen Kanal (5a,5i) hineinragende Vorsprünge und/oder durch eine Perforation und/oder durch Ausstülpungen und/oder durch eine entsprechende Oberflächenrauhigkeit gebildet sind.
- Katalysator nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Verbindungen durch Löcher (12) gebildet sind, welche die Kanalwände benachbarter Kanäle (5a,5i) quer zur Hauptdurchströmungsrichtung (7) des Katalysators (1) durchdringen.
- Katalysator nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Löcher (12) in die Kanalwände gestanzt sind, wobei ein dem jeweiligen Loch (12) zugeordneter Wandabschnitt mit der Kanalwand verbunden bleibt und in einen der Kanäle (5a,5i) hineinragt.
- Katalysator nach Anspruch 3 oder 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet,daß der Katalysator (1) durch Stapelung oder Schichtung von zick-zack-förmig gewelltem oder gefaltetem Bahnmaterial (2,3) ausgebildet ist,wobei die Wellen oder Falten des Bahnmaterials (2,3) die Kanäle (5a,5i) ausbilden,wobei ein quer zur Längsrichtung der Kanäle (5a,5i) gemessener Abstand zwischen den Hochpunkten (14) oder Tiefpunkten benachbarter Wellen oder Falten eine Wellenlänge (13) oder Faltenlänge bildet,wobei die Löcher (12) quer zur Kanallängsrichtung eine Querabmessung aufweisen, die kleiner ist als die ganze oder halbe Wellen- oder Faltenlänge (13).
- Katalysator nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Abstand benachbarter Löcher (12) quer zur Kanallängsrichtung und/oder in Kanallängsrichtung größer ist als der Lochdurchmesser in dieser Richtung und/oder als die Wellen- oder Faltenlänge (13).
- Katalysator nach Anspruch 5 oder 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das gewellte oder gefaltete Bahnmaterial (2,3) bezüglich einer parallel zur Hauptdurchströmungsrichtung (7) des Katalysators (1) ausgerichteten, zentralen Spindel (4) radial geschichtet oder gestapelt ist sowie spiralförmig oder in konzentrischen Kreisen angeordnet ist.
- Katalysator nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß in radialer Richtung zwischen zwei Schichten des gewellten oder gefalteten Bahnmaterials (2) eine Schicht aus flachem oder glattem Bahnmaterial (3) angeordnet ist.
- Katalysator nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der mit den Verbindungen (12) und/oder Turbulatoren ausgestattete Längsabschnitt (11) bei einem Längsabstand von der Anströmseite (8) beginnt, bei dem in den katalytisch aktiven Kanälen (5a) im Normalbetrieb des Katalysators (1) der Brennstoff zu wenigstens 50 % oder 75 % oder 80 % konvertiert ist.
- Katalysator nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Katalysator (1) mit seinem die Verbindungen (12) und/oder die Turbulatoren aufweisenden Längsabschnitt (11) und mit einem die Anströmseite (8) aufweisenden Längsabschnitt (10) einstückig ausgebildet ist.
- Katalysator nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der die Verbindungen (12) und/oder die Turbulatoren aufweisende Längsabschnitt (11) und ein die Anströmseite (8) enthaltender Längsabschnitt (10) als separate Körper ausgebildet sind, aus denen der Katalysator (1) zusammengebaut ist.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US28699301P | 2001-04-30 | 2001-04-30 | |
US286993P | 2001-04-30 | ||
CH23002001 | 2001-12-14 | ||
CH23002001 | 2001-12-14 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1255079A1 true EP1255079A1 (de) | 2002-11-06 |
Family
ID=25739055
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP02405327A Withdrawn EP1255079A1 (de) | 2001-04-30 | 2002-04-22 | Katalysator |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6663379B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1255079A1 (de) |
NO (1) | NO328545B1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19852953C1 (de) * | 1998-11-17 | 2000-03-30 | Forschungszentrum Juelich Gmbh | Katalysatorelement für einen Rekombinator zum effektiven Beseitigen von Wasserstoff aus Störfallatmosphären |
DE10119035A1 (de) * | 2001-04-18 | 2002-10-24 | Alstom Switzerland Ltd | Katalytisch arbeitender Brenner |
EP1255078A1 (de) * | 2001-04-30 | 2002-11-06 | ALSTOM (Switzerland) Ltd | Katalysator |
AU2003232574A1 (en) * | 2002-08-30 | 2004-03-19 | Alstom Technology Ltd | Method and device for mixing fluid flows |
US7104067B2 (en) * | 2002-10-24 | 2006-09-12 | General Electric Company | Combustor liner with inverted turbulators |
US6829896B2 (en) * | 2002-12-13 | 2004-12-14 | Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation | Catalytic oxidation module for a gas turbine engine |
US7096671B2 (en) * | 2003-10-14 | 2006-08-29 | Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation | Catalytic combustion system and method |
US7506516B2 (en) | 2004-08-13 | 2009-03-24 | Siemens Energy, Inc. | Concentric catalytic combustor |
US7509807B2 (en) * | 2004-08-13 | 2009-03-31 | Siemens Energy, Inc. | Concentric catalytic combustor |
US8256221B2 (en) | 2007-04-05 | 2012-09-04 | Siemens Energy, Inc. | Concentric tube support assembly |
Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE8908738U1 (de) * | 1989-07-18 | 1989-09-07 | Emitec Emissionstechnologie | |
EP0433223A1 (de) * | 1989-12-11 | 1991-06-19 | Sulzer Chemtech AG | Katalysatorkörper und Reaktor für heterogene Reaktionsführung |
US5228847A (en) * | 1990-12-18 | 1993-07-20 | Imperial Chemical Industries Plc | Catalytic combustion process |
WO1993025852A1 (en) * | 1992-06-16 | 1993-12-23 | Imperial Chemical Industries Plc | Catalytic combustion |
US5312694A (en) * | 1991-10-17 | 1994-05-17 | Ishino Corporation Co., Ltd. | Material for catalyzer for purification of exhaust gas and catalyzer using such a material |
US5460002A (en) * | 1993-05-21 | 1995-10-24 | General Electric Company | Catalytically-and aerodynamically-assisted liner for gas turbine combustors |
US5514347A (en) * | 1993-03-01 | 1996-05-07 | Ngk Insulators, Ltd. | Honeycomb structure and a method of making same |
US6179608B1 (en) * | 1999-05-28 | 2001-01-30 | Precision Combustion, Inc. | Swirling flashback arrestor |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5346389A (en) | 1989-02-24 | 1994-09-13 | W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn. | Combustion apparatus for high-temperature environment |
US5202303A (en) | 1989-02-24 | 1993-04-13 | W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn. | Combustion apparatus for high-temperature environment |
US5250489A (en) * | 1990-11-26 | 1993-10-05 | Catalytica, Inc. | Catalyst structure having integral heat exchange |
US5328359A (en) | 1992-05-19 | 1994-07-12 | W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn. | Ignition stage for a high temperature combustor |
US5476375A (en) * | 1993-07-12 | 1995-12-19 | Institute Of Gas Technology | Staged combustion in a porous-matrix surface combustor to promote ultra-low NOx Emissions |
US5512250A (en) * | 1994-03-02 | 1996-04-30 | Catalytica, Inc. | Catalyst structure employing integral heat exchange |
DE10119035A1 (de) * | 2001-04-18 | 2002-10-24 | Alstom Switzerland Ltd | Katalytisch arbeitender Brenner |
-
2002
- 2002-04-22 EP EP02405327A patent/EP1255079A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-04-29 NO NO20022036A patent/NO328545B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-04-30 US US10/134,590 patent/US6663379B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE8908738U1 (de) * | 1989-07-18 | 1989-09-07 | Emitec Emissionstechnologie | |
EP0433223A1 (de) * | 1989-12-11 | 1991-06-19 | Sulzer Chemtech AG | Katalysatorkörper und Reaktor für heterogene Reaktionsführung |
US5228847A (en) * | 1990-12-18 | 1993-07-20 | Imperial Chemical Industries Plc | Catalytic combustion process |
US5312694A (en) * | 1991-10-17 | 1994-05-17 | Ishino Corporation Co., Ltd. | Material for catalyzer for purification of exhaust gas and catalyzer using such a material |
WO1993025852A1 (en) * | 1992-06-16 | 1993-12-23 | Imperial Chemical Industries Plc | Catalytic combustion |
US5514347A (en) * | 1993-03-01 | 1996-05-07 | Ngk Insulators, Ltd. | Honeycomb structure and a method of making same |
US5460002A (en) * | 1993-05-21 | 1995-10-24 | General Electric Company | Catalytically-and aerodynamically-assisted liner for gas turbine combustors |
US6179608B1 (en) * | 1999-05-28 | 2001-01-30 | Precision Combustion, Inc. | Swirling flashback arrestor |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20020182551A1 (en) | 2002-12-05 |
NO20022036L (no) | 2002-10-31 |
US6663379B2 (en) | 2003-12-16 |
NO328545B1 (no) | 2010-03-15 |
NO20022036D0 (no) | 2002-04-29 |
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