EP1232538B1 - Steerable-beam multiple-feed dielectric resonator antenna of various cross-sections - Google Patents

Steerable-beam multiple-feed dielectric resonator antenna of various cross-sections Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1232538B1
EP1232538B1 EP00971607A EP00971607A EP1232538B1 EP 1232538 B1 EP1232538 B1 EP 1232538B1 EP 00971607 A EP00971607 A EP 00971607A EP 00971607 A EP00971607 A EP 00971607A EP 1232538 B1 EP1232538 B1 EP 1232538B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
antenna
dielectric resonator
feeds
stepped
dielectric
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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EP00971607A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1232538A1 (en
Inventor
Simon Philip Kingsley
Steven Gregory O'keefe
Pilgrim Giles William Beart
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Antenova Ltd
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Antenova Ltd
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Priority claimed from US09/431,548 external-priority patent/US6452565B1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/0485—Dielectric resonator antennas
    • H01Q9/0492—Dielectric resonator antennas circularly polarised
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
    • H01Q19/06—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens
    • H01Q19/09—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens wherein the primary active element is coated with or embedded in a dielectric or magnetic material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/0485—Dielectric resonator antennas

Definitions

  • This invention relates to dielectric resonator antennas with steerable receive and transmit beams and more particularly to an antenna having several separate feeds such that several separate beams can be created simultaneously and combined as desired, the dielectric resonator antenna including a dielectric resonator of various different cross-sections.
  • One method of electronically steering an antenna pattern is to have a number of existing beams and to switch between them, or to combine them so as to achieve the desired beam direction.
  • a circular DRA may be fed by a single probe or aperture placed in or under the dielectric and tuned to excite a particular resonant mode.
  • the fundamental HEM 11 ⁇ mode is used, but there are many other resonant modes which produce beams that can be steered equally well using the apparatus of embodiments of the present invention.
  • the preferred HEM 11 ⁇ mode is a hybrid electromagnetic resonance mode radiating like a horizontal magnetic dipole and giving rise to vertically polarised cosine or figure-of-eight shaped radiation pattern [ LONG, S.A., McALLISTER, M.W., and SHEN, L.C.: 'The resonant cylindrical dielectric cavity antenna', IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., AP-31, 1983, pp 406-412 ].
  • Modelling by the present Applicants of cylindrical DRAs by FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain) and practical experimentation has shown that if several such probes are inserted into the dielectric and one is driven whilst all the others are open-circuit then the beam direction can be moved by switching different probes in and out.
  • sum and difference patterns can be produced which allow continuous beam-steering and direction finding by amplitude-comparison, monopulse or similar techniques.
  • a hemispherical dielectric resonator antenna has the advantage of a simple spherical interface between itself and free space [ LEUNG, K.W., LUK, K.M., LAI, K.Y.A. & LIN, D.: "Theory and experiment of a co-axial probe fed hemispherical dielectric resonator antenna", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-41, 1993, pp 1390-1398 ] and of being capable of being rigorously analysed which simplifies design procedures [ LEUNG, K.W., NG, K.W. LUK, K.M. & YUNG, E.K.N., "Simple formula for analysing the centre-fed hemispherical dielectric resonator antenna", Electronics Letters, 1997, 33, (6 )].
  • a dielectric resonator antenna including a grounded substrate, a dielectric resonator disposed on the grounded substrate and a plurality of feeds for transferring energy into and from different regions of the dielectric resonator, the feeds being activatable individually or in combination so as to produce at least one incrementally or continuously steerable beam which may be steered through a predetermined angle, characterised in that the dielectric resonator has a cross-section that varies along an axis extending substantially perpendicularly from the grounded substrate, and has the form of a truncated cone, or a truncated pyramid, or a stepped cone, or a truncated stepped cone, or a stepped right cone, or a stepped non-right cone, or a stepped pyramid, or a truncated stepped pyramid, or a stepped right pyramid, or a substantially toroidal form.
  • the axis may be defined as substantially perpendicular to a plane which is tangential to a surface of the grounded substrate at a point from where the axis is taken.
  • the cross-section may vary in size or in shape or in both size and shape along the axis.
  • the dielectric resonator antenna includes electronic circuitry adapted to activate the feeds individually or in combination so as to produce at least one incrementally or continuously steerable beam which may be steered through a predetermined angle.
  • the dielectric resonator has the form of a truncated cone.
  • the truncated cone may be a right cone or a non-right cone, and may be configured such that its cross-section increases or decreases in area along the axis.
  • conical resonators may have increased bandwidth and, in the case of non-right conical resonators, may allow a generated beam pattern to vary about the axis.
  • the dielectric resonator has the form of a truncated pyramid.
  • the pyramid may be a right pyramid or a non-right pyramid, and may be configured such that its cross-section increases or decreases in area along the axis.
  • the pyramid may be a 3-pyramid, a 4-pyramid, a 5-pyramid or an n-pyramid, where n is a positive integer.
  • such pyramidal resonators may have increased bandwidth and, in the case of non-right conical resonators, may allow a generated beam pattern to vary about the axis.
  • an oblong resonator has two resonant frequencies associated with the dimensions of the two differently-sized sides. Accordingly, it is expected that a resonator having a greater number of differently-sized sides will have a greater number of resonant frequencies. These resonant frequencies may be selected to be closely spaced so as to increase bandwidth, or to be widely spaced so as to permit operation in different frequency bands.
  • the dielectric resonator has the form of a stepped cone or pyramid or a truncated stepped cone or pyramid.
  • the term 'stepped' is here intended to mean a structure of generally conical or pyramidal shape having a surface which is not even, such as a Tower of Hanoi structure corresponding in external shape to a stack of discs of diminishing diameter.
  • the stepped cone or pyramid may be a right stepped cone or pyramid or a non-right stepped cone or pyramid, and may be configured such that its cross-section increases or decreases in area along the axis.
  • stepped conical or pyramidal resonators may have increased bandwidth and, in the case of non-right stepped conical or pyramidal resonators, may allow a generated beam pattern to vary about the axis.
  • the dielectric resonator is annular with a hollow centre (in the manner of a "Gugelhupf" cake, which has a generally toroidal structure having an overall dome-shaped profile).
  • a hollow centre in the manner of a "Gugelhupf" cake, which has a generally toroidal structure having an overall dome-shaped profile.
  • Such a structure may be substantially lighter and use less dielectric material than a solid dielectric resonator.
  • the resonator may have a base perimeter which is circular, oval or any other appropriate shape.
  • geometries of non-circular cross-section generally confer the advantage of broad bandwidth operation.
  • a dielectric resonator antenna including a grounded substrate, a dielectric resonator disposed on the grounded substrate and a plurality of feeds for transferring energy into and from different regions of the dielectric resonator, the feeds being activatable individually or in combination so as to produce at least one incrementally or continuously steerable beam which may be steered through a predetermined angle, characterised in that the dielectric resonator has a substantially oval cross-section, or a regular polygonal cross-section, or an irregular polygonal cross-section, or a lobed cross-section.
  • the dielectric resonator antenna includes electronic circuitry adapted to activate the feeds individually or in combination so as to produce at least one incrementally or continuously steerable beam which may be steered through a predetermined angle.
  • Non-circular cross-sections generally allow the dielectric resonator to be lighter and to use less dielectric material than an equivalent size cylindrical resonator of truly circular cross-section.
  • Non-circular cross-sections generally also provide better bandwidth and, when constructed in segmented form, may have low backlobes in predetermined directions.
  • the cross-section of the dielectric resonator may be substantially constant along an axis extending substantially perpendicularly from the grounded substrate or may vary, either in size or in shape or in both size and shape.
  • a dielectric resonator antenna including a dielectric resonator and at least one dipole feed for transferring energy into and from the dielectric resonator, the dipole feed having a longitudinal axis and being activatable so as to produce at least one incrementally or continuously steerable beam which may be steered through a predetermined angle, characterised in that the dielectric resonator has a cross-section that varies along an axis extending substantially parallel to the axis of the dipole feed, and has the form of a truncated cone, or a truncated pyramid, or a stepped cone, or a truncated stepped cone, or a stepped right cone, or a stepped non-right cone, or a stepped pyramid, or a truncated stepped pyramid, or a stepped right pyramid, or a substantially toroidal form.
  • dielectric resonator is fed by at least one and preferably more than one dipole probe, there is no need for a grounded substrate.
  • a dipole feed may be used to drive any shape of dielectric resonator without the need for a grounded substrate.
  • the grounded substrate acts as a mirror plane in which the dielectric resonator sees its mirror image.
  • An equivalent dielectric resonator antenna may be manufactured by providing a dielectric resonator having a shape corresponding to the shape of the monopole feed embodiment and its image as reflected in the plane of the grounded substrate.
  • the monopole feed embodiment is preferred, since it is easier to use a monopole feed inserted into a half-shape dielectric resonator disposed on a grounded substrate than it is to embed a dipole probe and feed cable within a whole shape dielectric resonator.
  • a dielectric resonator antenna including a dielectric resonator and at least one dipole feed for transferring energy into and from different regions of the dielectric resonator, the dipole feed being activatable so as to produce at least one incrementally or continuously steerable beam which may be steered through a predetermined angle, characterised in that the dielectric resonator has a substantially oval cross-section, or a regular polygonal cross-section, or an irregular polygonal cross-section, or a lobed cross-section.
  • the dipole feed preferably has a longitudinal axis, and the cross-section of the dielectric resonator is preferably defined as being substantially perpendicular to that axis.
  • the dielectric resonator may be substantially solid or may alternatively include at least one cavity therein.
  • the dielectric resonator may be in the form of a hollow shell of the desired shape.
  • the antenna of the present invention is adapted to produce at least one incrementally or continuously steerable beam which may be steered through a complete 360 degree circle.
  • the electronic circuitry may additionally or alternatively be adapted to combine the feeds to form amplitude or phase comparison radio direction finding capability of up to 360 degrees.
  • radio direction finding capability is a complete 360 degree circle.
  • the feeds may take the form of conductive probes which are contained within or placed against the dielectric resonator or may comprise aperture feeds provided in the grounded substrate (these are not appropriate for the dipole embodiment).
  • Aperture feeds are discontinuities (generally rectangular in shape) in the grounded substrate underneath the dielectric material and are generally excited by passing a microstrip transmission line beneath them.
  • the microstrip transmission line is usually printed on the underside of the substrate.
  • the feeds take the form of probes, these may be generally elongate in form. Examples of useful probes include thin cylindrical wires which are generally parallel to a longitudinal axis of the dielectric resonator.
  • Probes that might be used (and have been tested) include fat cylinders, non-circular cross sections, thin generally vertical plates and even thin generally vertical wires with conducting 'hats' on top (like toadstools). Probes may also comprise metallised strips placed within or against the dielectric. In general any conducting element within or against the dielectric resonator will excite resonance if positioned, sized and fed correctly.
  • the different probe shapes give rise to different bandwidths of resonance and may be disposed in various positions and orientations (at different distances along a radius from the centre and at different angles from the centre, as viewed from above) within or against the dielectric resonator so as to suit particular circumstances.
  • different feeds can be driven at different frequencies so as to make the antenna transmit or receive simultaneously in different predetermined directions (e.g. azimuth and in elevation) at the different frequencies.
  • probes within or against the dielectric resonator which are not connected to the electronic circuitry but instead take a passive role in influencing the transmit/receive characteristics of the dynamic resonator antenna, for example by way of induction.
  • the dielectric resonator may be divided into segments by conducting walls provided therein, as described, for example, in TAM, M.T.K. AND MURCH, R.D., 'Compact circular sector and annular sector dielectric resonator antennas', IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., AP-47, 1999, pp 837-842 .
  • an internal or external monopole antenna which is combined with the dielectric resonator antenna so as to cancel out backlobe fields or to resolve any front/back ambiguity which may occur with a dielectric resonator antenna having a cosine or 'figure of eight' radiation pattern.
  • the monopole antenna may be centrally-disposed within the dielectric resonator or may be mounted thereupon or therebelow and is activatable by the electronic circuitry. In embodiments including an annular resonator with a hollow centre, the monopole could be located within the hollow centre.
  • a "virtual" monopole may also be formed by the electrical or algorithmic combination of any probes or apertures, preferably a symmetrical set of probes or apertures.
  • the dielectric resonator antenna and antenna system of the present invention may be operated with a plurality of transmitters or receivers, these terms here being used to denote respectively a device acting as source of electronic signals for transmission by way of the antenna or a device acting to receive and process electronic signals communicated to the antenna by way of electromagnetic radiation.
  • the number of transmitters and/or receivers may or may not be equal to the number of feeds to the dielectric resonator.
  • a separate transmitter and/or receiver may be connected to each feed (i.e. one per feed), or a single transmitter and/or receiver to a single feed (i.e. a single transmitter and/or receiver is switched between feeds).
  • a single transmitter and/or receiver may be (simultaneously) connected to a plurality of feeds - by continuously varying the feed power between the feeds the beam and/or directional sensitivity of the antenna may be continuously steered.
  • a single transmitter and/or receiver may alternatively be connected to several non-adjacent feeds to the dielectric resonator, thereby enabling a significant increase in bandwidth to be attained as compared with a single feed (this is advantageous because DRAs generally have narrow bandwidths).
  • a single transmitter and/or receiver may be connected to several adjacent or non-adjacent feeds in order to produce an increase in the generated or detected radiation pattern, or to allow the antenna to radiate or receive in several directions simultaneously.
  • the dielectric resonator may be formed of any suitable dielectric material, or a combination of different dielectric materials, having an overall positive dielectric constant k; in preferred embodiments, k is at least 10 and may be at least 50 or even at least 100. k may even be very large e.g. greater than 1000, although available dielectric materials tend to limit such use to low frequencies.
  • the dielectric material may include materials in liquid, solid or gas states, or any intermediate state. The dielectric material could be of lower dielectric constant than a surrounding material in which it is embedded.
  • embodiments of the present invention may provide the following advantages:
  • Figures 1 to 8 relate mainly to a dielectric resonator antenna having a cylindrical shape as described, for example, in co-pending US patent application serial no 09/431,548 from which the present application claims priority.
  • FIG. 1a and 1b there is shown a substantially circular slab of dielectric material 1 which is disposed on a grounded substrate 2 having a plurality of holes to allow access by cables and connectors to a plurality of internal probes 3a to 3h.
  • the probes 3a to 3h are disposed along radii at different internal angles.
  • Figures 2a and 2b show a substantially circular slab of dielectric material 1 which is disposed on a grounded substrate 2 having a plurality of aperture feeds 3a to 3h disposed along radii at different internal angles.
  • the aperture feeds are fed by microstrip transmission lines 4.
  • Figures 3a and 3b show side plan and side views respectively, as for Figures 1a and 1b , but with the addition of a central monopole antenna 4(i) above the dielectric slab 1 used to cancel out the backlobe or resolve the front/back ambiguity that occurs with dynamic resonator antennas having cosine or 'figure of eight radiation' patterns.
  • the monopole 4(i) is shown as an external device above the dielectric slab 1, but a central probe 4(ii) within the dielectric slab 1 will also act as a suitable monopole reference antenna, as will a central probe 4(iii) below the slab 1.
  • the circular lines represent power steps of 5 dB (decibels) and the arrow shows the direction of the principal beam direction or 'boresight'.
  • the radial lines represent the angle of the beam; this being the azimuth direction when the antenna is placed on a horizontal plane.
  • Results are given here for a cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna fitted with 8 internal probes 3a to 3h disposed in a circle.
  • probe 3a is driven (in either transmit or receive mode) and the remaining probes 3b to 3h are open-circuited or otherwise terminated, but not connected to the feed, then the measured azimuth radiation pattern shown in Figure 4 is obtained.
  • the measured azimuth radiation pattern is as shown in Figure 5 . It can be seen that the beam has been steered incrementally by roughly the same angle as the probes are disposed internally (45 degrees in this case).
  • the resulting measured azimuth radiation pattern is as shown in Figure 6 . It can be seen that the beam has been steered roughly to an angle between the angles by which the probes are disposed internally (22.5 degrees in this case).
  • This method can be used to continuously steer the beam by continuously varying the feed power being shared between probes. For example, where the power splitter is operated in such a way so as incrementally to transfer power from probe 3a to 3b, the direction of the transmitted or received beam will be steered correspondingly in proportion to the transfer of power.
  • any nulls also changes in a corresponding fashion.
  • the patterns of Figures 4 to 7 have a significant backlobe, being substantially cosine (figure-of-eight) shaped in form.
  • the addition of a central internal or external monopole 4, as shown in Figures 3a and 3b can be used to resolve the ambiguity or, by driving the monopole 4 and one or more of the dielectric resonator steering probes 3 simultaneously, the backlobe can be significantly reduced.
  • This is shown experimentally by the measurements in Figure 8 , where probes 3e and 3f and the monopole 4 are driven. It is possible to choose whether to cancel out or reduce either the backlobe or a corresponding front lobe by driving the monopole either in phase or in antiphase with the probes 3.
  • FIG. 9a and 9b there is shown a slab of dielectric material 5, substantially hemispherical in cross-section, which is disposed on a grounded substrate 6 having a plurality of holes to allow access by cables and connectors to a plurality of internal probes 7a to 7f.
  • the probes 7a to 7f are disposed along radii at different internal angles.
  • the circular lines represent power steps of 5 dB (decibels) and the arrows show the direction of the principal beam directions or "boresights". It can be seen that the pattern for probes A and C separately are disposed roughly 120 degrees in angle from each other and that the pattern for probes A and C excited simultaneously represents a new beam, formed electronically, with a boresight roughly half way between the two separate probe patterns.
  • Results are given here using a hemispherical dielectric resonator antenna fitted with internal probes.
  • probe 7a is driven (in either transmit or receive mode) and the remaining probes are open-circuited or otherwise terminated but not connected to the feed, then the measured azimuth radiation pattern labelled 'Probe A' in Figure 10 is obtained.
  • the resulting measured azimuth radiation pattern is as radiation labelled 'Probe A&C' in Figure 10 . It can be seen that the beam has been steered by roughly the angle bisecting the probes (60 degrees in this case). This method can be used to steer the beam continuously by continuously varying the feed power being shared between probes.
  • the patterns of Figure 10 have a significant backlobe, being substantially cosine (figure-of-eight) shaped in form.
  • direction finding there is a front-to-back ambiguity.
  • the addition of a central internal or external monopole 8, as shown in Figures 11a and 11b can be used to resolve this ambiguity or, by driving the monopole 8 and one or more of the dielectric resonator steering probes 7 simultaneously, the backlobe can be significantly reduced.
  • Figure 12a shows a cross-section through an embodiment of the present invention comprising a dielectric resonator 10 having a four-lobe cross-section, the cross-section being pronounced of a four-leaf clover.
  • the resonator 10 is disposed on a grounded substrate 12, and includes probes 13a, 13b, 13c and 13d, one in each lobe 11.
  • the radiation patterns of this device are essentially cosine patterns of the type already shown in Figures 4 and 5 .
  • This structure may be divided into segments and a single segment version is shown in Figure 12b , which depicts a grounded substrate 12 and one lobe 11 of the dielectric resonator 10 of Figure 12a , the lobe 11 being driven by a probe 13a.
  • the lobe 11 is shown as bounded by generally vertical conducting walls 14, which are disposed at substantially 90° to each other.
  • the advantage of such a single-probe quarter 'cloverleaf' antenna is that when the probe 13a is driven, the measured azimuth radiation of Figure 13 is obtained.
  • the radiation frequency is 1378MHz at a bandwidth of 169MHz, and it can be seen that there is a significant reduction in backlobe in the direction from the probe 13a towards the centre of the dielectric resonator 10.
  • Figure 14 shows a solid spherical dielectric resonator 15 incorporating a dipole feed 16, thus obviating the need for a grounded substrate.
  • This resonator 15 gives full beamforming coverage in all directions about the sphere.
  • Figure 15 shows a solid hemispherical dielectric resonator 16 disposed on a grounded substrate 17 and incorporating a monopole feed probe 18.
  • Figure 16 shows two solid hemispherical dielectric resonators 16 each provided with a monopole probe 18 and mounted back-to-back on either side of a shared grounded substrate 17. As with the embodiment of Figure 14 , full beamforming coverage is provided in all directions.
  • Figure 17 shows two solid hemispherical dielectric resonators 16 each provided with a monopole probe 18 and each provided with a separate grounded substrate 17. The respective resonators 16 are then placed back-to-back such that the grounded substrates face each other but do not touch, the overall shape of the composite resonator being substantially spherical.
  • Figure 18 shows representations of the various shapes of dielectric resonator some of which are used in the present invention, including: right conical 20; non-right conical 21; truncated 22; non-truncated 23; stepped 24; non-stepped 25; non-circular cross-section 26; conical 27; pyramidal 28, 29; domed 30; spherical 31; part-spherical 32; amorphous 33; toroidal 34, 35; solid 36; cavity 37; hollow shell 38; oval cross-section 39; regular polygonal cross-section 40; irregular polygonal cross-section 41; lobed cross-section 42; and non-constant cross-section 43.
EP00971607A 1999-10-29 2000-10-30 Steerable-beam multiple-feed dielectric resonator antenna of various cross-sections Expired - Lifetime EP1232538B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US431548 1982-09-30
US09/431,548 US6452565B1 (en) 1999-10-29 1999-10-29 Steerable-beam multiple-feed dielectric resonator antenna
GB0017223 2000-07-14
GB0017223A GB2355855B (en) 1999-10-29 2000-07-14 Steerable-beam multiple-feed dielectric resonator antenna of various cross-sections
PCT/GB2000/004155 WO2001031746A1 (en) 1999-10-29 2000-10-30 Steerable-beam multiple-feed dielectric resonator antenna of various cross-sections

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Publication Number Publication Date
EP1232538A1 EP1232538A1 (en) 2002-08-21
EP1232538B1 true EP1232538B1 (en) 2008-11-19

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EP (1) EP1232538B1 (zh)
JP (1) JP2003513495A (zh)
CN (1) CN1387689A (zh)
AU (1) AU1043701A (zh)
CA (1) CA2389161A1 (zh)
WO (1) WO2001031746A1 (zh)

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