EP1224247A1 - Fuel compositions - Google Patents
Fuel compositionsInfo
- Publication number
- EP1224247A1 EP1224247A1 EP00962686A EP00962686A EP1224247A1 EP 1224247 A1 EP1224247 A1 EP 1224247A1 EP 00962686 A EP00962686 A EP 00962686A EP 00962686 A EP00962686 A EP 00962686A EP 1224247 A1 EP1224247 A1 EP 1224247A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- gasoline
- component
- mon
- unleaded
- total
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/04—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
- C10L1/06—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons for spark ignition
Definitions
- This invention relates to a fuel composition, in particular a gasoline composition for transportation uses e g use in motor vehicles or aircraft
- the present invention provides an unleaded blend composition having a Motor Octane Number (MON) of at least 81 or 85 and Research Octane Number (RON) of at least 91 or 94 which comprises component (a) a total of at least 10% or 15% by volume of the blend composition of at least one branched chain hydrocarbon, which is an alkane of 8-12 carbon atoms with at least 4 methyl or ethyl branches (hereinafter called a compound (A) there being a minimum of at least 1, 2, 5 or 10% by volume (of the blend composition), of at least one individual compound (A) and component (b) at least one liquid hydrocarbon or mixture thereof of bp60-160°C having a MON value of at least 60 preferably at least 70 and RON value of at least 70 preferably at least 80 and especially at least 90, the total amount of component (b) being at least 20%, with the preferred proviso that the blend composition contains less than 5% of 223 trimethyl pentane, and especially less than 1 or 0 5%, and especially less than
- the present invention provides an unleaded blend composition of MON value of at least 81 or 85 and RON value of at least 91 or 94 which comprises component (a) as defined above and as component (b) at least 20%> in total of one or more refinery streams, such that the blend composition contains in total at least 70% of saturated hydrocarbons
- the compounds A are alkanes of 8-12 carbon atoms (especially 8 or 10 carbons) with at least 4 methyl and/or ethyl branches, e g 4-6 branches, preferably 4 or 5 or especially 4 branches Methyl branches are preferred
- the compounds usually have their longest chain of carbon atoms, hereinafter called their backbone chain, with 4-7 e g 4-6 chain carbon atoms (especially 4 or 5) to which the methyl, and/or ethyl branches are attached
- there are no branched groups constituting the branches other than methyl or ethyl there are especially no linear alkyl groups of more than 2 carbons nor 1,2 ethylene or 1,3 propylene groups in the chain, and especially no methylene groups in the chain except as part of an ethyl group, thus there are especially no n-propyl or n-butyl groups forming part of the
- the compounds can have 1 or 2 methyl or ethyl groups attached to the same carbon atom of the backbone chain, especially 1 or 2 methyl groups and 0 or 1 ethyl groups
- the carbon atom in the backbone at which the branching occurs is non-terminal i e is an internal carbon in the backbone chain, especially the 2, 3 and/or 4 numbered carbon in the backbone
- the compound has geminal methyl substituents on position 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms, especially position 2, but in particular position 3
- there is at least one pair of geminal methyl branch substituents there is at least one pair of geminal methyl branch substituents, and they are on position 2, or there are 2 or 3 pairs of geminal branches at least 2 pairs being on vicinal (ie adjacent) carbon atoms, as in a group - CMe 2 -CMe 2 -
- In a second grouping of the compounds A there are 1, 2 or 3 pairs of geminal methyl branch substituents on a 4-6 carbon chain backbone, and
- the compounds there are one, two or three pairs of geminal methyl branches If there are 2 or 3 pairs then at least 2 pairs are on adjacent backbone carbon atoms, and if there is only one pair, then they are preferably on the 2 position backbone carbon and there is a methyl branch at least on the 3 position backbone carbon
- Such compounds usually have a RON value of at least 111
- the compounds are of 8 or 10 carbon atoms
- the compound A has 2 or 3 pairs of geminal methyl branches at least 2 pairs being on adjacent backbone carbon atoms, and the compound has a symmetrical structure
- Such compounds usually have RON value of at least 120, and especially are of 8 or 10 carbon atoms
- the compounds have a linear backbone chain of 4 or 6 carbons and have 4-6 e g 4, 5 or 6 especially 4 methyl branches, in at least one geminal group (CMe 2 ) especially in the absence of a 1,2 ethyl group in the backbone
- the compounds have a linear backbone chain of 5 or 6 carbons and have 4-6 e g 4, 5 or 6 especially 4 branches in at least one geminal group, with the proviso that if there are 4 methyl branches and the compound contains an Ethyl CMe 2 group, then the compound contains two such Ethyl CMe groups
- Such compounds are usually liquid at 25°C and generally have a RON value of greater than 105 Especially there are only methyl branches, such compounds usually have a MON value of at least 101
- the compounds A contain 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms with geminal methyl branches, and if there is only one such carbon atom with geminal branches, then there is/are one or two branches on a vicinal carbon atom to the geminal one, and any ethyl -C- chain group in the backbone chain has 5 carbon atoms i e is (Ethyl) 2 CH or Ethyl CMe 2 - Especially there are 2 or 3 vic
- a particularly preferred sub-class (ninth grouping) for the compound A is alkanes with alkyl substituents on vicinal internal carbon atoms, with a total of 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms in said substituents Among this sub-class are preferred ones especially with geminal methyl groups on internal chain carbon atoms Particularly preferred sub-class compounds A have 4 or 5 methyl substituents on the carbon backbone, especially with at least 2 on the same backbone carbon atom (in particular in two -CMe 2 - groups) especially in a -CMe 2 -CMe 2 group
- an unleaded blend composition having a MON value of at least 81 or 85 and RON value of at least 91 or 94, which comprises component (a) a total of at least 10 or 15% of one or more branched alkane compounds A 1 of 8-12 carbons (especially with 4-7 or 4-6 backbone carbon atoms), with at least 4 methyl or ethyl branches and with at least 2 backbone carbon
- the eleventh grouping is of compounds A 1 which contain, with the proviso of at least 4 branched groups, (i) as at least one end of the backbone a group of formula CHR'R 2 where each of R 1 and R 2 , which are the same or different is a methyl or ethyl group or (ii) as at least one end of the backbone a group of formula CR !
- R 2 R where R 1 and R 2 are as defined above and R is methyl or ethyl Preferred are such compounds A 1 which have both (i) and (ii), especially when the CHR'R 2 group is CHMe 2 when the compound has 8 carbons or a backbone of 5 carbons and when all internal carbon atoms in the backbone chain are secondary or tertiary
- the compounds A or A 1 may have a boiling point at 1 bar pressure of 150-175°C, 130-140°C, 110-129°C, or 90-109°C
- the boiling point is preferably at least 105°C e g 105-175°C, with the preferred proviso that it is at least 112°C such as 112- 175°C unless the compound A or A 1 has 4 alkyl branches
- the compounds A or A 1 may have 4-6 methyl and/or ethyl branches on a 4-7 or 4-6 carbon backbone, and especially a ratio of carbon atom in branches to carbon atoms in the backbone chain of at least 0 63 l e g 0 63-1 6 1 such as 0.63-1.0 1
- the compounds usually have 9 or 10 carbons, unless the above ratio is at least 0 63, 0 75 or 0 9
- Preferred compounds are 3344 tetramethyl hexane (Al), 2233 tetramethyl butane (A2), 2233 tetramethyl pentane (A7), 22334 pentamethyl pentane (A12) 22344 pentamethyl pentane (A13) 2334 tetramethyl pentane (A14) 2234 tetramethyl pentane (Al 5) 223344 hexamethyl pentane (A 16) 22446 pentamethyl heptane Of these (A 1 ) and (A2) are most preferred with (A7) being also very valuable
- the compounds A and A 1 are either known compounds and may be made according to the published literature, or are novel and may be made by conventional methods known per se in the literature (e.g as described in Kirk Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology 3rd Ed Publ Wiley) Examples of suitable methods of preparation are known carbon-carbon coupling techniques for making alkanes
- the technique may involve reactions of one or more usually 1 or 2 alkyl chlorides, bromides or iodides with an elemental metal of Group I A, II A, IB or IIB of the Periodic Table in Advanced Inorganic Chemistry by F A Cotton + G wilkinson, Pub Interscience New York 2nd Ed 1966, especially sodium, magnesium, or zinc
- the alkyl halide is usually a branched chain one of 3-6 carbons, in particular with methyl or ethyl branches, and especially with the halogen atom attached to a CMe 2 group in at least one of the alkyl halides
- the halide is of formula MeCMe 2
- the Grignard reagent reaction can be in the presence of a metal of Group IB or IIB, such as silver, zinc or copper (especially high activity copper)
- a metal of Group IB or IIB such as silver, zinc or copper (especially high activity copper)
- the Grignard reagent from one or both alkyl halides can be reacted with the latter metal to form other alkyl metallic species e g alkyl silver or alkyl copper compounds, which can disproportionate to the coupled alkane
- the Grignard reagent(s) can also react with a cuprous halide to form alkyl copper species for disproportionation
- an organometallic compound, wherein the metal is of Group IA or IIA e g Li or Mg can be coupled by reaction with a cuprous complex to give a coupled alkane
- Use of only 1 alkyl halide gives a symmetrical alkane, while use of a mixture of alkyl halides gives a mixture of alkanes,
- organometallic reactions are usually conducted under inert conditions, i e anhydrous and in the absence of oxygen e g under dry nitrogen They are usually performed in an inert solvent e g a dry hydrocarbon or ether At the end of the reaction any residual organometallic material is decomposed by addition of a compound with active hydrogen e g water or an alcohol, and the alkanes are distilled off, either directly or after distribution between an organic and aqueous phase
- the crude alkanes made by the above processes, especially the symmetrical ones, may be used as such in the blends of the invention or may be purified further e g by distillation first
- the crude unsymmetrical alkanes may be also purified, but are preferably used as such as the by-product alkanes are often useful hydrocarbons for the blend, e.g coupling oft BuX and EtCMe 2 X as described above produces a mixture of alkanes containing Al, A2 and A7
- alkanes A or A 1 Other known methods of making the alkanes A or A 1 , are reaction of alkyl metallic compounds e g Grignard reagents with carbonyl compounds such as aldehydes, ketones, esters, or anhydrides to form branched chain carbinols, which are dehydrated to the corresponding olefin, which is hydrogenated to the alkane
- alkyl metallic compounds e g Grignard reagents
- carbonyl compounds such as aldehydes, ketones, esters, or anhydrides
- carbonyl compounds such as aldehydes, ketones, esters, or anhydrides
- the present invention produces an unleaded blend composition of MON value at least 81 or 85 and RON value at least 91 or 94 which comprises (a) a total of at least 10 or 15% of one or more branched hydrocarbon compound A or A 1 there being a minimum of at least 1, 2 or 5% of at least one individual compound A or A 1 and (b) at least 20%) of at least one different liquid hydrocarbon of bp60-160°C having a MON value of at least 70 and RON value at least 90 especially when (b) is not within the definition of A or A 1
- the liquid hydrocarbons are paraffins, such as linear or branched chain alkanes of 4-8 carbons, such as isobutane, butane, isopentane, dimethyl alkanes such as 23 dimethyl butane, cycloalkanes, such as cyclopentane and cyclohexane, aromatics and olefins
- Another unleaded blend composition of the invention of MON value of at least 81 or 85 and RON value of at least 91 or 94 comprises component (a) as above and component (b) at least 20% of at least one of a straight run naphtha, alkylate isomerate (bp25-80°C) heavy reformate, light reformate (bp20-79°C), hydrocrackate, aviation alkylate (bp30-190°C), straight run gasoline, cracked spirit, such as heavy or light catalytic cracked spirit or steam cracked spirit
- the straight run products are produced directly from crude oil by atmospheric distillation
- the naphtha may be light naphtha of bp30-90°C or medium naphtha of bp90-150°or heavy naphtha of bpl50-220°C
- the amount of at least one individual compounds A or A 1 is usually at least 1, 2 or 5%, or at least 10 or 15%, such as 5-60%, e g 15-60%, or 8-25%, 20-35%
- the blends of the invention usually contain in total at least 70% of saturates, such as 70-98% or 70-90% or 90-98%
- the blends may contain a hydrocarbon component which is a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon of 4-6 carbons and which has a boiling point of less than 80°C under atmospheric pressure, such as 20-50°C, and especially is itself of Motor Octane Number greater than 88 in particular at least 90 e g 88-93 or 90-92
- the hydrocarbon component include alkanes of 4 or 5 carbons in particular iso-pentane, which may be substantially pure or crude hydrocarbon fraction from reformate or isomerate containing at least 30% e g 30-80% such as 50- 10%, the main contaminant being up to 40% mono methyl pentanes and up to 50%o dimethyl butanes
- the hydrocarbon component may be an alkane of boiling point (at atmospheric pressure) -20°C to +20°C e g n and/or iso butane optionally in blends with the C 5 alkane of 99 5 0 5 to 0 5 99 5, e g 88 12 to 75 25 n Butan
- compositions of the invention which contain at least one compound A or A 1 , of at least 10 carbon atoms, in particular those boiling at 160°C or above, such as Al, and A12-14 Relative amounts of these compounds A or A to the low boiling component e g isopentane, may be 1 -9 9-1 such as 5-9 5-1 , especially with less than 20% of A or A' in the composition
- compositions of the invention also preferably contain as component (d) at least one olefin, (in particular with one double bond per molecule) which is a liquid alkene of 5-10 e g 6-8 carbons, such as a linear or branched alkene e g pentene, isopentene hexene, isohexene or heptene or 2 methyl 2 pentene, or a mixture comprising alkenes which may be made by cracking e g catalytically or thermally cracking a residue from crude oil, e g atmospheric or vacuum residue, the mixture may be heavy or light catalytically cracked spirit (or a mixture thereof) The cracking may be steam assisted Other examples of olefin containing mixtures are "C6 bisomer", cata
- the olefin or mixture of olefins usually has an MON value of 70-90, usually a RON value of 85-95 and a ROAD value of 80-92
- the volume amount of olefin(s) in total in the gasoline composition of the invention may be 0% or 0-30%, e g 0 1-30% such as 1-30% in particular 2-25 e g 2- 14% (especially 3-10)
- the composition contains at least 1%> olefin and a maximum of 18%> or especially a maximum of 14%>, but may be substantially free of olefin
- compositions may also contain as component (e) at least one aromatic compound, preferably an alkyl aromatic compound such as toluene or o, m, or p xylene or a mixture thereof or a trimethyl benzene
- aromatics may have been added as single compounds e g toluene, or may be added as an aromatics mixture containing at least 30%) w/w aromatic compounds such as 30-100%) especially 50-90%
- Such mixtures may be made from catalytically reformed or cracked gasoline obtained from heavy naphtha Example of such mixtures are (xxi) catalytic reformate and (xxii) heavy reformate or heavy steam cracked spirit
- the aromatics usually have a MON value of 90-1 10 e g 100-110 and a RON value of 100- 120 such as 1 10-120 and a ROAD value of 95-1 10
- the volume amount of aromatic compounds in the composition is usually 0% or 0-50% such as less than 40%> or less than 28% or less than 20% such as 1-50%, 2-40%, 3-28%, 4-25%, 5-20% (especially 10-20%), 4-10% or 20-35%) especially of toluene
- the gasoline composition may also be substantially free of aromatic compound Amounts of aromatic compounds of less than 42%, e g less than 35% or especially less than 30% or 18% are preferred
- the amount of benzene is less than 5% preferably less than 1 5% or 1% e g 0 1-1% of the total volume or less than 0 1% of the total weight of the composition
- compositions may also contain as component (f) at least one oxygenate octane booster, usually of Motor Octane Number of at least 96-105 e g 98-103
- the oxygenate may be any organic liquid molecule containing and preferably consisting of, CH and at least one oxygen atom e g 1-5 of bp less than 225°C
- the octane booster is usually an ether e.g a dialkyl ether, in particular an asymmetric one, preferably wherein each alkyl has 1-6 carbons, in particular one alkyl being a branched chain alkyl of 3-6 carbons in particular a tertiary alkyl especially of 4-6 carbons such as tert-butyl or tert-amyl, and with the other alkyl being of 1-6 e g 1-3 carbons, especially linear, such as methyl or ethyl
- oxygenates include methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), ethy
- the volume amount of the oxygenate may be 0 or 0-25% such as 1 -25%, 2-20%, 2-10% or 5-20% especially 5-15%, but advantageously less than 3%> such as l-3%> (especially of MTBE and/or ethanol)
- the oxygenate may also be substantially absent from the composition or gasoline of the invention, which is thus a substantially hydrocarbon fuel
- the present invention also provides a formulated unleaded gasoline comprising a blend composition of the invention comprising component (a) and (b) and usually at least one gasoline additive, e.g as described above, in particular with the gasoline comprising less than 5%, e g less than 4% of triptane or 223 trimethyl pentane
- the blend of the invention contains at least one component (a) and component (b) and, (optionally (c) to (f), as well, and the formulated unleaded gasoline also contains at least one gasoline additive e g a motor gasoline or aviation gasoline additive, for example as listed in ASTM D-4814 the contents of which is herein incorporated by reference or specified by a regulatory body, e g US California Air Resources Board (CARB) or Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
- CARB California Air Resources Board
- EPA Environmental Protection Agency
- additives are distinct from the liquid fuel ingredients, such as MTBE
- Such additives may be the lead free ones described in Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Additives, K Owen, Publ By J Wiley, Chichester, UK, 1989, Chapters 1 and 2, USP 3955938, EP 0233250 or EP 288296, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference
- the additives maybe pre-combustion or combustion additives
- anti-oxidants such as one of the amino or phenolic type, corrosion inhibitors, anti
- compositions and gasolines are free of organolead compounds, and usually of manganese additives such as manganese carbonyls
- compositions and gasolines may contain up to 0 1%> sulphur, e g 0 000-0 02% such as 0 002-0 01%w/w
- the gasoline compositions of the invention usually have a MON value of 80 to 105 such as 85-105, 85-90, 90-105 or 93-105 e g but especially 94-102
- the RON value is usually 90-115 e g 102-1 15 such as 98-1 12 or 105-1 12, or 93-98 e g 94 5-97 5, or 97- 101 while the ROAD value is usually 85-1 10 or 85-107 e g 98-106 or 102-108 or 85- 95
- Preferred gasoline compositions have MON 83-93, RON 93-98 and ROAD 85-95 or MON 85-90, RON 94-101 and ROAD 89-96 but especially MON 93-98, RON 102- 108, ROAD 98-106, or MON 95-105, RON 102-1 15 e g 108-1 15 and ROAD 98-106
- the Net calorific value of the gasoline (also called the Specific Energy) is usually at least 18000 Btu/lb
- 37 8°C measured according to ASTM D323 is usually 30-120, e g 40-100 such as 61-80 or preferably 50-80, 40-65, e g 45-65, 40-60 or 40-50Kpa
- the gasoline or blend has RON value of 90-1 15, MON value of 85-105, aromatics content of less than 35%o, olefins content of less than 14%), benzene less than 1%., % evaporated at 70°C 10- 40%, % evaporated at 100°C 40-74%, % evaporated at 150°C 70-99 5% and RVP of 40-60 kPa
- the gasoline compositions when free of any oxygenates usually have a H C atom ratio of at least 1 8 1 e g at least 2 0 1 or at least 2 1 or 2 2 1, such as 1 8-2 3 1 or 2 0- 2 2 1
- the gasoline composition meets the following criteria Atom H C x [1 + oxy] x [ Net Heat of Combustion + ROAD] > y,
- Atom H C is the fraction of hydrogen to carbon in the hydrocarbons in the composition
- oxy means the molar fraction of oxygenate, if any in the composition
- Net Heat of Combustion is the energy derived from burning lib (454g) weight of fuel (in gaseous form) in oxygen to give gaseous water and carbon dioxide expressed in Btu/lb units [MJ/kg times 430 35]
- y is at least 350, 380, 410 or 430, in particular 350-440 e g 380-420 especially 400-420
- blends of the invention are unleaded blends comprising as component (a) at least 5 or 10% of at least one individual compound A or A and component (b) as defined above, with the proviso that when the compound A or A 1 is an alkane of 9 or 10 carbon atoms, then blend contains at least 10% of an alkane of 6 or 7 carbons of MON at least 70 and RON at least 90, and preferably contains less than 5%> in total of 2,2,3-trimethyl pentane and 2,2,3-trimethyl butane
- Preferred formulated unleaded gasolines of the invention comprise at least one gasoline additive and the preferred unleaded blend above, with the proviso when the compound A or A 1 is an alkane of 9 or 10 carbon atoms, the blend preferably contains less than 5%> in total of 2,2,3-trimethyl pentane and 2,2,3-trimethyl butane
- Preferred blends and gasolines of the invention can have MON values of 94-105 (e g 97-105), RON values of 103-1 15 (e g 107-115), ROAD values of 98-110 (e g 102-110), compound A or A 1 contents of 30-60% e g 40-60% (comprising 1 or 2 compounds A or A 1 especially Al and/or A2), total naphtha contents of 35-65%> (e g 35-55%) and 1-5% butane, the blends containing 1-8% e g 2-6% aromatics, 0-1% olefins and 91-99% (e g 94-98%) saturates
- These are substantially aliphatic blends and gasolines of very high octane numbers, without the use of oxygenates such as MTBE, and also substantially saturated
- Other very high octane blends and gasolines of the invention can have MON values of 94- 102 e g 94-99, RON values of 105-1 15, ROAD values of 99-107, compound A or A 1 contents of 30-60% e g 30-50% (comprising 1 or 2 compounds A or A 1 especially Al and/or A2), medium naphtha contents of 5-30% and contents of total olefinic fraction such as steam cracked spirit of 30-50% and l -5%> butane, the blends containing 10-25% aromatics e g 12-18% aromatics, 4-14% olefins e g 6-12%, and 60-90%) such as 70- 80%) saturates
- These high octane materials are obtained without the use of oxygenates
- Further blends and gasolines of the invention can have MON values of 84-90, RON values of 93-98, ROAD values of 86-94, and contain compound A or A 1 in amount of 15-
- blends and gasolines of the invention can contain 10-35% compound A or A 1 (especially A2), and naphtha 30-50%, hydrocrackate 10-30% alkylate and/or isomerate 2-10%, and reformate 3-12%
- blends and gasolines of the invention can contain 10-35% compound A or A 1 (especially A2) and 3-12% reformate, 1-20% light naphtha straight run gasoline, as well as alkylate and isomerate, the blend and gasoline preferably containing at least 70%> of saturates
- the invention can provide motor gasolines, in particular of 91, 95, 97, 98 and 1 10 RON values, with desired high Octane Levels but low emission values on combustion in particular of at least one of total hydrocarbons, NOx, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide, especially of both total hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide
- the invention also provides the use of a compound A particularly Al or A2 in unleaded gasoline of MON at least 80 e g 80 to less than 98, e g as an additive to or component therein, to reduce the emission levels on combustion, especially of at least one of total hydrocarbons, NOx, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide especially both of total hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide
- the invention also provides a method of reducing emissions of exhaust gases in the combustion of unleaded gasoline fuels of MON of at least 80 which comprises having at least 10%> component (a), in particular Al or A2, present in the fuel which is a gasoline of the invention
- the invention also provides use of an unleaded gasoline of the invention in a spark ignition combustion engine to
- the engine sizes for motor gasoline use are usually at least 45cc e g 45-10000cc e.g. at least 200cc, such as 500-10000cc, in particular 950-2550, such as 950-1550, or 1250-1850cc, or 2500-lOOOOcc such as 2500-5000 or 5000-9000cc
- the engines have at least 1 cylinder, but preferably at least 2 or 3 cylinders, e.g 3-16, especially 4-6 or 8 cylinders, each cylinder is usually of 45-1250cc e g.
- the engines may be 2 stroke engines, but are preferably 4 stroke Rotary engines e g of the Wankel type may be used
- the motor engines may be used to power vehicles with at least 2 wheels e g 2-4 powered wheels, such as motor bicycles, tricycles, and 3 wheeled cars, vans and motor cars, in particular those vehicles legislated for use on a public highway but also off road e.g 4 wheeled drive vehicles, sports cars for highway use, and racing cars, including drag racing cars and track racing cars
- Power from the engine will preferably be connected to the driving wheels via a gearbox and clutch system, or other form of drive train system, to achieve the transition from a stationary to a mobile state
- the engine and drive train will best allow a range of actual vehicle road speed of between l-350km/h, preferably between 5-130km/h and allow for continuous variation of speed thereof
- the road speed of the vehicle is usually reduced by a braking mechanism fitted to the vehicle, the braking being generally applied by friction
- the road speed of the vehicle is usually reduced by
- the gasolines of the invention may be made in a refinery by blending the ingredients to produce at least 200,0001/day of gasoline such as l-10million 1/day
- the gasoline may be distributed to a plurality of retail outlets for motor gasoline, optionally via wholesale or bulk outlets e g holding tanks, such as ones of at least 2 million 1 capacity e g 5-15 million 1
- the distribution may be by pipeline or in tanks transported by road, rail or water, the tanks being of at least 50001 capacity
- the motor gasoline is dispensed to a plurality of users, i e the drivers of the vehicles, e g at a rate of at least 100 or 1000 different users per day
- the gasoline is usually made in a refinery to produce at least 1000 barrels per day (or 100,0001/day) such as 0 1 -2 million 1/day
- the avgas is usually distributed by tanker by road, rail or water, or pipelines directly to the airport distribution or holding tanks, e g of at least 300,0001 capacity, from whence it
- the fuels were tested as in Ex. 1-7 in a single cylinder research engine at a speed/load of 20/7/2rps/Nm with LAMBDA setting of 1.01, and the ignition setting was optimised for the comparative blend A.
- the emissions of CO, CO 2 total carbon oxides, total hydrocarbons, NO x were measured from the exhaust gases as was the Fuel Consumption (expressed in g/h'Whr). The results were averaged and compared to the comparative Ex. A.
- the degrees of change were as given in Table 4.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB9922553 | 1999-09-23 | ||
GBGB9922553.4A GB9922553D0 (en) | 1999-09-23 | 1999-09-23 | Fuel compositions |
PCT/GB2000/003569 WO2001021738A1 (en) | 1999-09-23 | 2000-09-15 | Fuel compositions |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1224247A1 true EP1224247A1 (en) | 2002-07-24 |
EP1224247B1 EP1224247B1 (en) | 2007-02-07 |
Family
ID=10861484
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP00962686A Expired - Lifetime EP1224247B1 (en) | 1999-09-23 | 2000-09-15 | Fuel compositions |
Country Status (17)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20030040650A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1224247B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2003510407A (en) |
CN (1) | CN1206327C (en) |
AT (1) | ATE353356T1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU772437C (en) |
BR (1) | BR0014276A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2385720A1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE60033301T2 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2280242T3 (en) |
GB (1) | GB9922553D0 (en) |
MX (1) | MXPA02003078A (en) |
PL (1) | PL192476B1 (en) |
PT (1) | PT1224247E (en) |
RU (1) | RU2241738C2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2001021738A1 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA200202075B (en) |
Families Citing this family (41)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7462207B2 (en) | 1996-11-18 | 2008-12-09 | Bp Oil International Limited | Fuel composition |
US8232437B2 (en) | 1996-11-18 | 2012-07-31 | Bp Oil International Limited | Fuel composition |
GB2360042A (en) | 2000-03-10 | 2001-09-12 | Exxonmobil Res & Eng Co | Low sulphur fuel composition |
GB0022709D0 (en) * | 2000-09-15 | 2000-11-01 | Bp Oil Int | Fuel composition |
AU2002305324B2 (en) | 2001-05-02 | 2008-04-10 | Bp Corporation North America Inc. | Method and an unleaded low emission gasoline for fuelling an automotive engine with reduced emissions |
US20030094397A1 (en) * | 2001-08-15 | 2003-05-22 | Fortum Oyj | Clean-burning MTBE-free gasoline fuel |
RU2006146061A (en) * | 2004-05-26 | 2008-07-10 | Шелл Интернэшнл Рисерч Маатсхаппий Б.В. (NL) | ALIPHATIC COMPONENT OF GASOLINE AND METHOD OF ITS PRODUCTION |
JP4778270B2 (en) * | 2005-06-13 | 2011-09-21 | Jx日鉱日石エネルギー株式会社 | Production method of gasoline |
JP2007085280A (en) * | 2005-09-26 | 2007-04-05 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | Internal combustion engine |
FR2894976B1 (en) * | 2005-12-16 | 2012-05-18 | Total France | AVIATION GASOLINE WITHOUT LEAD |
KR100735155B1 (en) | 2006-07-07 | 2007-07-06 | 이용만 | Fuel composition for internal combustion engine |
WO2007142475A1 (en) * | 2006-06-09 | 2007-12-13 | Yong Man Lee | Alternative fuel preventing phase separation for internal combustion engines |
WO2007145490A1 (en) * | 2006-06-15 | 2007-12-21 | Yong Man Lee | Alternative fuel preventing phase separation and corrosion for internal combustion engines |
WO2008150137A1 (en) * | 2007-06-07 | 2008-12-11 | Yong Man Lee | Alternative fuel internal combustion engines for preventing phase separation and corrosion |
CA2694982C (en) | 2007-07-20 | 2013-06-25 | Amyris Biotechnologies, Inc. | Fuel compositions comprising tetramethylcyclohexane |
FR2933102B1 (en) | 2008-06-30 | 2010-08-27 | Total France | AVIATION GASOLINE FOR AIRCRAFT PISTON ENGINES, PROCESS FOR PREPARING THE SAME |
FI20095767A (en) * | 2009-07-07 | 2011-01-08 | Upm Kymmene Corp | Method and apparatus for converting turpentine to gasoline components |
US10260016B2 (en) | 2009-12-01 | 2019-04-16 | George W. Braly | High octane unleaded aviation gasoline |
US8628594B1 (en) | 2009-12-01 | 2014-01-14 | George W. Braly | High octane unleaded aviation fuel |
US10550347B2 (en) | 2009-12-01 | 2020-02-04 | General Aviation Modifications, Inc. | High octane unleaded aviation gasoline |
US8324437B2 (en) | 2010-07-28 | 2012-12-04 | Chevron U.S.A. Inc. | High octane aviation fuel composition |
CN101914393B (en) * | 2010-08-25 | 2013-09-04 | 开滦能源化工股份有限公司 | Methanol gasoline for vehicles and preparation method thereof |
US9080111B1 (en) | 2011-10-27 | 2015-07-14 | Magellan Midstream Partners, L.P. | System and method for adding blend stocks to gasoline or other fuel stocks |
US11193077B1 (en) | 2013-03-13 | 2021-12-07 | Airworthy Autogas, Llc | Gasoline for aircraft use |
US9816041B2 (en) * | 2013-12-09 | 2017-11-14 | Swift Fuels, Llc | Aviation gasolines containing mesitylene and isopentane |
US20150259619A1 (en) * | 2014-03-11 | 2015-09-17 | Swift Fuels, Llc | Motor fuel formulation |
CN103965974B (en) * | 2014-05-16 | 2016-08-17 | 中国民用航空总局第二研究所 | A kind of unleaded aviation gasoline and preparation method thereof |
CN103980962B (en) * | 2014-05-30 | 2016-09-21 | 重庆南方有机溶剂厂 | oil soluble additive and alcohol ether gasoline |
US9587190B2 (en) * | 2014-10-17 | 2017-03-07 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Fuel composition and method of formulating a fuel composition to reduce real-world driving cycle particulate emissions |
RU2581464C1 (en) * | 2015-03-20 | 2016-04-20 | Открытое акционерное общество "ИВХИМПРОМ" (ОАО "ИВХИМПРОМ") | Composition of motor petrol |
CN105087090B (en) * | 2015-09-25 | 2016-09-28 | 宁波海越新材料有限公司 | A kind of gasoline additive |
WO2017093915A1 (en) * | 2015-12-01 | 2017-06-08 | King Abdullah University Of Science And Technology | Improving the ignition quality of fuels |
US10087383B2 (en) | 2016-03-29 | 2018-10-02 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Aviation fuel additive scavenger |
US10294435B2 (en) | 2016-11-01 | 2019-05-21 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Manganese scavengers that minimize octane loss in aviation gasolines |
SG11201903171YA (en) * | 2016-11-15 | 2019-05-30 | Exxonmobil Res & Eng Co | Fuel compositions for controlling combustion in engines |
US20180155648A1 (en) * | 2016-12-01 | 2018-06-07 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Aviation Gasoline Containing Branched Aromatics with a Manganese Octane Enhancer |
US10377959B2 (en) | 2017-08-28 | 2019-08-13 | General Aviation Modifications, Inc. | High octane unleaded aviation fuel |
US10364399B2 (en) | 2017-08-28 | 2019-07-30 | General Aviation Modifications, Inc. | High octane unleaded aviation fuel |
WO2019137896A1 (en) * | 2018-01-10 | 2019-07-18 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | A method for reducing particulate emissions |
FR3080382B1 (en) * | 2018-04-23 | 2020-03-27 | Total Marketing Services | FUEL COMPOSITION WITH HIGH POWER AND FUEL ECO EFFECT |
US10883061B2 (en) * | 2018-05-10 | 2021-01-05 | Calumet Specialty Products Partners, L.P. | Aviation gasoline compositions |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB9623934D0 (en) * | 1996-11-18 | 1997-01-08 | Bp Oil Int | Fuel composition |
CA2346902C (en) * | 1998-10-16 | 2010-02-09 | Fortum Oil And Gas Oy | Process for dimerizing olefinic hydrocarbon feedstock and producing a fuel component |
PT1198544E (en) * | 1999-06-11 | 2011-05-25 | Bp Oil Int | Use of an alkylate cut for reducing combustion emissions of a gasoline |
US6451075B1 (en) * | 1999-12-09 | 2002-09-17 | Texas Petrochemicals Lp | Low lead aviation gasoline blend |
-
1999
- 1999-09-23 GB GBGB9922553.4A patent/GB9922553D0/en not_active Ceased
-
2000
- 2000-09-15 MX MXPA02003078A patent/MXPA02003078A/en active IP Right Grant
- 2000-09-15 AT AT00962686T patent/ATE353356T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-09-15 CA CA002385720A patent/CA2385720A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-09-15 WO PCT/GB2000/003569 patent/WO2001021738A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2000-09-15 PL PL353950A patent/PL192476B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-09-15 AU AU74334/00A patent/AU772437C/en not_active Ceased
- 2000-09-15 EP EP00962686A patent/EP1224247B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-09-15 BR BR0014276-0A patent/BR0014276A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-09-15 DE DE60033301T patent/DE60033301T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-09-15 JP JP2001525300A patent/JP2003510407A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-09-15 CN CN00815907.6A patent/CN1206327C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-09-15 PT PT00962686T patent/PT1224247E/en unknown
- 2000-09-15 RU RU2002109467/04A patent/RU2241738C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-09-15 ES ES00962686T patent/ES2280242T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2002
- 2002-03-13 ZA ZA200202075A patent/ZA200202075B/en unknown
- 2002-03-25 US US10/104,490 patent/US20030040650A1/en not_active Abandoned
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO0121738A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ATE353356T1 (en) | 2007-02-15 |
RU2241738C2 (en) | 2004-12-10 |
DE60033301D1 (en) | 2007-03-22 |
GB9922553D0 (en) | 1999-11-24 |
ZA200202075B (en) | 2003-08-27 |
CN1206327C (en) | 2005-06-15 |
PL192476B1 (en) | 2006-10-31 |
CA2385720A1 (en) | 2001-03-29 |
AU772437C (en) | 2004-11-25 |
WO2001021738A1 (en) | 2001-03-29 |
EP1224247B1 (en) | 2007-02-07 |
ES2280242T3 (en) | 2007-09-16 |
AU7433400A (en) | 2001-04-24 |
JP2003510407A (en) | 2003-03-18 |
PT1224247E (en) | 2007-04-30 |
BR0014276A (en) | 2002-08-06 |
MXPA02003078A (en) | 2002-11-07 |
CN1391601A (en) | 2003-01-15 |
DE60033301T2 (en) | 2007-07-12 |
US20030040650A1 (en) | 2003-02-27 |
AU772437B2 (en) | 2004-04-29 |
PL353950A1 (en) | 2003-12-15 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
AU772437C (en) | Fuel compositions | |
US8232437B2 (en) | Fuel composition | |
US7833295B2 (en) | Fuel composition | |
AU765382B2 (en) | Fuel composition | |
US20020045785A1 (en) | Fuel composition | |
EP1359207B1 (en) | Fuel composition | |
JP4804972B2 (en) | Unleaded gasoline and method for producing the same | |
JP4804973B2 (en) | Unleaded gasoline and method for producing the same | |
JP4881639B2 (en) | Unleaded high octane gasoline and method for producing the same | |
JP2007246735A (en) | Unleaded high-octane number gasoline | |
JP2007246738A (en) | Unleaded high-octane number gasoline |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20020308 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LI LU MC NL PT SE |
|
AX | Request for extension of the european patent |
Free format text: AL;LT;LV;MK;RO;SI |
|
17Q | First examination report despatched |
Effective date: 20030220 |
|
RAP1 | Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred) |
Owner name: BP OIL INTERNATIONAL LIMITED |
|
GRAP | Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR1 |
|
GRAS | Grant fee paid |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR3 |
|
GRAA | (expected) grant |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: B1 Designated state(s): AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LI LU MC NL PT SE |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: FI Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20070207 Ref country code: DK Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20070207 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: GB Ref legal event code: FG4D |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: EP |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: IE Ref legal event code: FG4D |
|
REF | Corresponds to: |
Ref document number: 60033301 Country of ref document: DE Date of ref document: 20070322 Kind code of ref document: P |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: NV Representative=s name: KIRKER & CIE SA |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: PT Ref legal event code: SC4A Free format text: AVAILABILITY OF NATIONAL TRANSLATION Effective date: 20070409 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: GR Ref legal event code: EP Ref document number: 20070401312 Country of ref document: GR |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: SE Ref legal event code: TRGR |
|
ET | Fr: translation filed | ||
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: ES Ref legal event code: FG2A Ref document number: 2280242 Country of ref document: ES Kind code of ref document: T3 |
|
PLBE | No opposition filed within time limit |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261 |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT |
|
26N | No opposition filed |
Effective date: 20071108 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: MC Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20070930 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: IE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20070917 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: CY Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20070207 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: LU Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20070915 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: ES Payment date: 20090928 Year of fee payment: 10 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: CH Payment date: 20090925 Year of fee payment: 10 Ref country code: NL Payment date: 20090924 Year of fee payment: 10 Ref country code: PT Payment date: 20090831 Year of fee payment: 10 Ref country code: GB Payment date: 20090929 Year of fee payment: 10 Ref country code: AT Payment date: 20090819 Year of fee payment: 10 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: SE Payment date: 20090929 Year of fee payment: 10 Ref country code: DE Payment date: 20090929 Year of fee payment: 10 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: IT Payment date: 20090925 Year of fee payment: 10 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: BE Payment date: 20091026 Year of fee payment: 10 Ref country code: GR Payment date: 20090929 Year of fee payment: 10 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: PT Ref legal event code: MM4A Free format text: LAPSE DUE TO NON-PAYMENT OF FEES Effective date: 20110315 |
|
BERE | Be: lapsed |
Owner name: BP OIL INTERNATIONAL LTD Effective date: 20100930 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: NL Ref legal event code: V1 Effective date: 20110401 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: PL |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: SE Ref legal event code: EUG |
|
GBPC | Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 20100915 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: PT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20110315 Ref country code: IT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20100915 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: FR Ref legal event code: ST Effective date: 20110531 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: R119 Ref document number: 60033301 Country of ref document: DE Effective date: 20110401 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: BE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20100930 Ref country code: FR Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20100930 Ref country code: LI Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20100930 Ref country code: GR Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20110404 Ref country code: CH Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20100930 Ref country code: DE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20110401 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: NL Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20110401 Ref country code: AT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20100915 Ref country code: GB Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20100915 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: FR Payment date: 20091006 Year of fee payment: 10 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: ES Ref legal event code: FD2A Effective date: 20111020 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: ES Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20100916 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: SE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20100916 |