EP1206514A1 - Washing or cleaning agent shaped bodies with partial coating - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to partially coated washing and cleaning agent shaped bodies with advantageous characteristics such as high hardnesses that do not affect short decay periods and high resistance against edge breaking. Said shaped bodies are produced by using little amounts of coating agents. The coating only covers mechanically sensitive components of the shaped bodies.

Description

 . Detergent tablets with partial coating "

The present invention is in the field of compact moldings which have washing and cleaning properties. Such detergent tablets comprise, for example, detergent tablets for washing textiles, detergent tablets for machine dishwashing or hard surface cleaning, bleach film tablets for use in washing machines or dishwashers, water softening tablets or stain remover tablets. In particular, the invention relates to detergent tablets which are used for washing textiles in a household washing machine and are briefly referred to as detergent tablets.

Detergent tablets are widely described in the prior art and are becoming increasingly popular with consumers because of the simple dosage. Tableted detergents and cleaning agents have a number of advantages over powdered ones: They are easier to dose and handle and, thanks to their compact structure, have advantages in terms of storage and transport. Detergent tablets are therefore also comprehensively described in the patent literature. A problem that occurs again and again when using washing and cleaning-active molded articles is the too slow disintegration and dissolving speed of the molded articles under application conditions. Since sufficiently stable, ie shape and break-resistant molded articles can only be produced by relatively high compression pressures, there is a strong compression of the molded article components and a consequent delayed disintegration of the molded article in the aqueous liquor and thus to a slow release of the active substances in the Washing or cleaning process. On Another problem that occurs in particular in the case of detergent tablets is the friability of the tablets or their often insufficient stability against abrasion and edge breakage. Sufficiently break-resistant, ie hard, detergent molded articles can be produced, but these are often not able to withstand the stresses associated with packaging, transport and handling, ie falling and rubbing loads, so that edge breakage and abrasion phenomena impair or impair the appearance of the molded article even lead to a complete destruction of the molded body structure.

To overcome the dichotomy between hardness, i.e. Transport and handling stability, and easy disintegration of the molded body, many approaches have been developed in the prior art. A particularly well-known approach from pharmacy and extended to the field of detergent tablets is the incorporation of certain disintegration aids which facilitate the access of water or which swell or develop gas or other forms upon access of water. Other proposed solutions from the patent literature describe the cessation of premixes of certain particle sizes, the separation of individual ingredients from certain other ingredients and the coating of individual ingredients or the entire molded article with binders.

The coating of detergent tablets, which is also increasingly referred to as "coating" in German, is the subject of several patent applications.

European patent applications EP 846 754, EP 846 755 and EP 846 756 (Procter & Gamble) describe coated detergent tablets which comprise a "core" of compressed, particulate detergents and cleaning agents and a "coating", the coating materials being dicarboxylic acids, in particular Adipic acid are used, which may contain other ingredients, such as disintegration aids. Coated detergent tablets are also the subject of European patent application EP 716 144 (Unilever). According to the information in this document, the hardness of the tablets can be increased by "coating" without impairing the disintegration and dissolving times. Film-forming substances, in particular copolymers of acrylic acid and maleic acid or sugar, are mentioned as coating agents.

The older German patent application DE 199 20 118.8 (Henkel) describes detergent tablets which are coated with certain polymers or polymer mixtures, with the coating materials mentioned achieving thin and nevertheless stable coating layers which improve the physical properties of the tablets.

Only little information about the application of the coating can be found in all the documents mentioned. Most documents also lack information on the thickness of the coating layer. It is also common to all writings that the entire molded body is provided with the coating. The consequence of this is that the dissolution or disintegration of the shaped bodies can only start when the application liquor has at least partially dissolved or eroded the coating. Most coating agents thus lead to a delay in disintegration, which is particularly problematic if the disintegration process of the molded body is to be brought about by disintegration auxiliaries which have to come into contact with water as quickly as possible in order to be effective.

The present invention was based on the object of providing coated detergent and molded articles in which the advantageous properties of the higher hardnesses were to be achieved with smaller amounts of coating agents without impairing the short disintegration times. In particular, the resistance of the molded bodies to falling and rubbing loads compared to the known molded bodies should be further improved despite the significantly reduced use of coating materials, the improvement of the edge breakage stability being of particular importance, since edge breakage phenomena are perceived by the consumer as a significant error. An easy to carry out and universally applicable procedure for Providing the production of such coated molded articles was a further object of the present invention.

It has now been found that the abrasion resistance and edge break resistance of laundry detergent or cleaning product shaped bodies can be improved without the disadvantages mentioned, by applying a partial coating to the molded body which only covers the mechanically sensitive parts of the molded body.

The invention therefore relates to shaped detergents or cleaning agents made from compressed particulate detergents or cleaning agents containing builders (s), surfactants (s) and, if appropriate, further detergent or cleaning agent components, characterized in that the shaped bodies have a coating which is only mechanical sensitive parts of the molded body covered.

The term "mechanically sensitive molded body parts" stands for those areas of the molded body that are particularly susceptible to mechanical loads. This applies in particular to corners and edges of the molded body, but also narrow webs that limit cavities in the molded body, for example, are among the mechanical ones In the latter case the edges are so close together that the surface between the edges is also covered by the coating applied according to the invention. Larger flat surfaces such as the two circular surfaces of cylindrical tablets are only on the edge areas, ie again on the edges, mechanically sensitive, but not on the surface.

If the shaped bodies have elevations or depressions (for example embossed lettering or geometric structures protruding from the surfaces such as hemispheres, etc.), their edge regions are also mechanically sensitive. Only a spherical shaped body has no mechanically sensitive parts and is therefore not the subject of the present invention. If, however, the ideal spherical shape is deviated and, for example, a biconvex tablet is made available, then this in turn is mechanically sensitive on the annular boundary line between the two spherical sections. The partial coating of the detergent molded articles according to the invention, hereinafter also sometimes referred to as partial coating, serves to protect the mechanically sensitive areas of the molded articles against excessive stress and the resulting negative phenomena, such as edge breakage. It is preferred here to make the surface of the molded article according to the invention, which is not covered by the coating, as large as possible. In this case, detergent or molded article bodies are preferred in which the coating covers a maximum of 80%, preferably a maximum of 65% and in particular a maximum of 50% of the total surface of the molded article.

Depending on the geometry of the detergent tablets according to the invention, preferred values for the surface covered by the partial coating are even lower, for example below 45%, preferably below 40% and in particular below 35%. The latter values can be achieved, for example, in the case of molded bodies which have only a few sensitive areas, for example the bikovex tablets already mentioned. In the case of complicated geometric shapes, for example octagonal tablets, which have embossments on the top and bottom, there are naturally more sensitive areas, so that the area covered by the coating is larger in the case of such complicated shaped bodies.

The shaped bodies according to the invention can take on any geometric shape, in particular concave, convex, biconcave, biconvex, cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic, cylindrical, spherical, segment-like, disk-shaped, tetrahedral, dodecahedral, octahedral, conical, pyramidal, five, ellipsoid hexagonal and octagonal prismatic and rhombohedral shapes are preferred. Completely irregular base areas such as arrow or animal shapes, trees, clouds, etc. can also be realized. If the shaped bodies according to the invention have corners and edges, they are preferably rounded. As an additional optical differentiation, an embodiment with rounded corners and beveled (“chamfered”) edges is preferred.

In the latter two configurations of the molded body edges, these are still mechanically sensitive. In the case of the bevelled edges, only a generally right angle is replaced by two angles, which are interconnected by a small area are connected. Even rounded edges that do not taper to a point are still so sensitive to edge breakage that the design according to the invention brings clear advantages.

In general, detergent molded articles are preferred in the context of the present invention, in which the coating is applied to the corners and / or edges of the molded articles.

With small distances between two edges, the technical effort to apply separate edge coatings increases. In these cases, a coating can be applied that encloses the surface from edge to edge. In the case of a cylindrical disk-shaped molded body, the coating then has the shape of a ring which covers the cylindrical surface and only covers the outer area on the two circular surfaces. With larger edge distances, for example at distances above 10 mm, preferably above 15 mm and in particular above 20 mm, it is preferred not to provide the entire area between the edges with a coating, but to apply a separate edge coating to each edge.

For such edge distances, detergent or cleaning product bodies are preferred in which the coating covers 1 to 60%, preferably 5 to 50% and in particular 10 to 40% of the distance between two edges.

A further advantage of the detergent tablets according to the invention, in addition to increasing the stability without affecting the disintegration time, is that only small amounts of coating materials are required. This allows maximum mechanical protection with the least possible use of materials. Irrespective of the type and composition of the coating, preferred washing or cleaning agent shaped bodies according to the invention are characterized in that the weight ratio of uncoated shaped body to coating is greater than 10 to 1, preferably greater than 50 to 1 and in particular greater than 100 to 1. The thickness of the coating varies depending on the composition of the coating and the type of substances used as coating materials. Certain film-forming polymers can provide mechanical protection with considerably lower layer thicknesses than, for example, coating materials such as solidified molten salts, etc. Independently of the parameters mentioned, detergent tablets according to the invention are preferred in which the thickness of the coating is 0.1 to 3000 μm, preferably 0 , 5 to 500 μm and in particular 5 to 250 μm.

After the general information about the coating, more specific information about individual coating materials now follows, which can preferably be used as partial coating in the context of the present invention.

Within the scope of the present invention, numerous materials are suitable as ingredients of the coating. They come, for example, from the groups of inorganic salts, organic water-soluble compounds, polymers, carbohydrates or detergent or cleaning agent ingredients, the list mentioned being by no means exhaustive. Particularly preferred materials for partial coating are described below.

For example, detergent tablets are preferred in which the coating comprises one or more solid substances with a water solubility of more than 200 g / l at 20 ° C.

The partial coating applied to the shaped bodies according to the invention can consist entirely of the solid substances mentioned with a water solubility of more than 200 g / l at 20 ° C., but it can of course also contain other ingredients. The coating materials mentioned have solubilities in excess of 200 grams of solubilizer in one liter of deionized water at 20 ° C. A whole series of compounds which can originate both from the group of covalent compounds and from the group of salts are suitable as such coating materials in the context of the present invention. As already mentioned, it is preferred if the coating materials have even higher solubilities. An overview of the solving The following list provides some of the ingredients of the partial coating that are suitable in the context of the present invention. Unless other temperatures are explicitly mentioned, the solubility values given in this table refer to the solubility at 20 ° C.

It is preferred in the context of the present invention to use coating materials which, in addition to their water solubility and the improvement in the physical properties of the detergent tablets, associated with their use as a coating, bring about further positive effects. This means that in the context of the present invention it is preferred to use coating materials which additionally have washing and cleaning-active or supporting properties in the washing or cleaning process. A further property of the coating can lie in the adjustment of the pH of the washing or cleaning liquor, but it can also improve the primary or secondary washing ability of the detergent tablets.

The following substances which are preferred in the context of the present invention are the following substances:

Carbon or dicarboxylic acids, preferably those with an even number of carbon atoms, can likewise preferably be used as coating materials. Particularly preferred carbon or dicarboxylic acids are those with at least 4, preferably with at least 6, particularly preferably with at least 8 and in particular those with 8 to 13 carbon atoms. Particularly preferred dicarboxylic acids are, for example, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, undecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, brassylic acid and mixtures thereof. However, tetradecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid and thapsic acid are also suitable coating materials. Particularly preferred carboxylic acids are those with 12 to 22 carbon atoms, those with 18 to 22 carbon atoms being particularly preferred. Thus, detergent tablets in which the coating comprises carboxylic acids, those with 12 to 22, preferably with 18 to 22 carbon atoms being preferred, and among these the species with an even number of carbon atoms being particularly preferred, are a further preferred embodiment of the present invention. Another preferred embodiment are washing or cleaning agent shaped bodies, which are characterized in that the coating comprises dicarboxylic acids, those with at least 4, preferably with at least 6, particularly preferably with at least 8 and in particular those with 8 to 13 carbon atoms being preferred, and among these the Species with an even number of carbon atoms are particularly preferred. With regard to the particularly preferred individual compounds from the groups of carboxylic and dicarboxylic acids mentioned, reference can be made to the above statements.

Other suitable coating materials are film-forming substances. Again preferred among these are polyalkylene glycols, especially polyethylene and polypropylene glycols, polymers and copolymers of (meth) acrylic acid, in particular copolymers of acrylic acid and maleic acid, and sugar.

Polyalkylene glycols in particular include polyethylene glycols and polypropylene glycols. Particularly preferred coating materials are those from the group of polyethylene glycols (PEG) and / or polypropylene glycols (PPG), polyethylene glycols with molecular weights between 1500 and 36,000 being preferred, those with molecular weights from 2000 to 6000 being particularly preferred and those with molecular weights of 3000 to 5000 being particularly preferred are. Polyethylene glycols are polymers of ethylene glycol which have the general formula I

H- (O-CH ₂ -CH ₂ ) _n -OH (I)

are sufficient, where n can take values between 1 (ethylene glycol) and several thousand. For preferred PEG, n assumes values between 20 and approximately 1000. The above-mentioned preferred molecular weight ranges correspond to preferred ranges of the value n in formula I from about 30 to about 820 (exactly: from 34 to 818), particularly preferably from about 40 to about 150 (exactly: from 45 to 136) and in particular from about 70 to about 120 (exactly: from 68 to 113). There are various nomenclatures for polyethylene glycols that can lead to confusion. The specification of the average relative molecular weight following the specification "PEG" is technically customary, so that "PEG 2000" characterizes a polyethylene glycol with a relative molar mass of approximately 2000 gmol ^"1. A different nomenclature is used for cosmetic ingredients in which the abbreviation PEG is provided with a dash and directly follows the hyphen is a number that the number n corresponds to the above formula I. According to this nomenclature (so-called LnCI nomenclature, CTFA International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, 5 ^th Edition, the Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association, Washington, 1997), for example, PEG-33 to PEG-136 with preferential use. commercial polyethylene glycols are available, for example under the trade names Carbowax PEG 2000 (Union Carbide), Emkapol ^® 2000 (ICI Americas), Lipoxol ^® 2000 MED (HÜLS America), Polyglycol ^® E-2000 (Dow Chemical), Alkapol ^® PEG 3000 (Rhone-Poulenc), Lutrol ^® E3000 (BASF) and the corresponding trade names with higher numbers.

Polypropylene glycols (PPG) are polymers of propylene glycol that have the general formula II

H- (O-CH-CH ₂ ) _n -OH (II)

I CH ₃

are sufficient, where n can have values between 1 (propylene glycol) and several thousand. In preferred embodiments, n takes values between 10 and 2000. Preferred PPGs have molar masses between 1000 and 10,000, corresponding to values of n between 17 and approximately 170.

The polymers of (meth) acrylic acid, in particular the copolymers of acrylic acid and maleic acid, are known as cobuilders for detergents or cleaning agents. They are described below. In the context of the present invention, the term “sugar” denotes single and multiple sugars, that is to say monosaccharides and oligosaccharides, in which 2 to 6 monosaccharides are linked to one another in the manner of acetals. In the context of the present invention, “sugars” are therefore monosaccharides, disaccharides, trisaccharides, Tetra-, Penta- and Hexasaccharide.

Monosaccharides are linear polyhydroxy aldehydes (aldoses) or polyhydroxy ketones (ketoses). They usually have a chain length of five (pentoses) or six (hexoses) carbon atoms. Monosaccharides with more (heptoses, octoses, etc.) or fewer (tetroses) carbon atoms are relatively rare. Monosaccharides sometimes have a large number of asymmetric carbon atoms. For a hexose with four asymmetric carbon atoms, this results in a number of 24 stereoisomers. The orientation of the OH group on the highest numbered asymmetr. C atom in the Fischer projection divides the monosaccharides into D and L-configured rows. The D configuration is much more common in the naturally occurring monosaccharides. If possible, monosaccharides form intramolecular hemiacetals, so that ring-like structures of the pyran (pyranoses) and furan type (furanoses) result. Smaller rings are unstable, larger rings are only stable in aqueous solutions. The cyclization creates another asymmetric carbon atom (the so-called anomeric carbon atom), which doubles the number of possible stereoisomers. This is indicated by the prefixes α- u. ß- expressed. The formation of hemiacetals is a dynamic process that depends on various factors such as temperature, solvent, pH, etc. Mixtures of both anomeric forms are usually present, sometimes also as mixtures of the furanose and pyranose forms.

Monosaccharides which can be used as sugar in the context of the present invention are, for example, the tetroses D (-) - erythrose and D (-) - threose and D (-) - erythrulose, the pentoses D (-) - ribose, D (-) - ribulose, D (-) - arabinose, D (+) - xylose, D (-) - xylulose as well as D (-) - lyxose and the hexoses D (+) - allose, D (+) - old rose, D (+) - glucose , D (+) - Mannose, D (-) - Gulose, D (-) - Idose, D (+) - Galactose, D (+) - Talose, D (+) - Psicose, D (-) - Fructose, D (+) - sorbose and D (-) - tagatose. The most important and most widespread monosaccharides are: D-glucose, D-galactose, D-mannose, D-fructose, L-arabinose, D-xylose, D-ribose and the like. 2-deoxy-D-ribose. Disaccharides are made up of two simple monosaccharide molecules linked by glycosidic bonds (D-glucose, D-fructose, etc.). If the glycosidic bond lies between the acetal carbon atoms (1 for aldoses and 2 for ketoses) of both monosaccharides, the ring shape is fixed in both; the sugars show no mutarotation, do not react with ketone reagents and no longer have a reducing effect (Fehling negative: trehalose or sucrose type). If, on the other hand, the glycosidic bond connects the acetal carbon atom of one monosaccharide with any of the second, this can still assume the open-chain form, and the sugar has a reducing effect (Fehling positive: maltose type).

The most important disaccharides are sucrose (cane sugar, sucrose), trehalose, lactose (milk sugar), lactulose, maltose (malt sugar), cellobiose (a breakdown product of cellulose), gentobiose, melibiose, turanose and others.

Trisaccharides are carbohydrates that are made up of 3 glycosidically linked monosaccharides and for which the incorrect name triosen is sometimes encountered. Trisaccharides occur relatively rarely in nature, examples are geneticose, kestose, maltotriose, melecitose, raffinose, and as an example of amino sugar-containing trisaccharides streptomycin and validamycin.

Tetrasaccharides are oligosaccharides with 4 monosaccharide units. Examples of this class of compounds are stachyose, lychnose (galactose-glucose-fructose-galactose) and secalose (from 4-fructose units).

In the context of the present invention, saccharides from the group consisting of glucose, fructose, sucrose, cellubiosis, maltose, lactose, lactulose, ribose and mixtures thereof are preferably used as sugars. Particularly preferred are detergent tablets whose coatings contain glucose and / or sucrose.

In the context of the present invention, preferred detergent tablets are characterized in that the coating film-forming substances, in particular contains in particular from the groups of polyethylene and / or polypropylene glycols, the copolymers of acrylic acid and maleic acid or the sugar.

Polymers other than those mentioned so far can also be used with particular preference as coating materials. Here, detergent tablets according to the invention are preferred in which the coating comprises a polymer or polymer mixture which is selected from

a) water-soluble nonionic polymers from the group of

al) polyvinylpyrrolidones, a2) vinylpyrrolidone / vinyl ester copolymers, a3) cellulose ethers

b) water-soluble amphoteric polymers from the group of

b 1) alkyl acrylamide / acrylic acid copolymers b2) alkyl acrylamide / methacrylic acid copolymers b3) alkyl acrylamide / methyl methacrylic acid copolymers b4) alkyl acrylamyl αV acrylic acid / alkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylic acid copolymers b5) alkyl acrylamide / methacrylic acid / alkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylic acid

Copolymers b6) alkyl acrylamide / methyl methacrylic acid / alkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylic acid

Copolymers b7) alkyl acrylamide / alkymethacrylate / alkylaminoethyl methacrylate / alkyl methacrylate copolymers b8) copolymers from b8i) unsaturated carboxylic acids b8ii) cationically derivatized unsaturated carboxylic acids b8iii) optionally further ionic or nonionic monomers

c) water-soluble zwitterionic polymers from the group of cl) acrylamidoalkyltrialkylammonium chloride / acrylic acid copolymers and their alkali and ammonium salts c2) acrylamidoalkyltrialkylammonium chloride / methacrylic acid copolymers and their alkali and ammonium salts c3) methacroylethylbetaine / methacrylate copolymers

d) water-soluble anionic polymers from the group of

dl) vinyl acetate / crotonic acid copolymers d2) vinyl pyrrolidone / vinyl acrylate copolymers d3) acrylic acid / ethyl acrylate / Ν-tert-butyl acrylamide teφolymers d4) graft polymers from vinyl esters, esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, alone or in a mixture, copolymerized with acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with polyalkylene oxides and / or polyalkylene glycols d5) grafted and crosslinked copolymers from the copolymerization of d5i) at least one monomer of the nonionic type, d5ii) at least one monomer of the ionic type, d5iii) of polyethylene glycol and d5iv) a crosslinked d6) by copolymerization a copolymer of a monomer of each of the following three groups: d6i) esters of unsaturated alcohols and short-chain saturated carboxylic acids and / or esters of short-chain saturated alcohols and unsaturated carboxylic acids, d6ii) unsaturated carboxylic acids, d6iii) esters of long-chain carboxylic acids and unsaturated alcohols and / or esters the carboxylic acids of group d6ii) with saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched C _{8 8-} ι - alcohol d7) terpolymers of crotonic acid, vinyl acetate and an allyl or methallyl ester d8) tetra- and pentapolymers from d8i) crotonic acid or allyloxyacetic acid d8ii) vinyl acetate or vinyl propionate d8iii) branched allyl or methallyl esters d8iv) vinyl ethers, vinyl esters or straight-chain allyl or methallyl esters d9) with one or more copolymers of crotonic acid or copolymers with one or more copolymers Vinylbenzene, vinymethyl ether, acrylamide and their water-soluble salts dlO) Teφolymers from vinyl acetate, crotonic acid and vinyl esters of a saturated aliphatic monocarboxylic acid branched in the α-position

e) water-soluble cationic polymers from the group of

el) quaternized cellulose derivatives e2) polysiloxanes with quaternary groups e3) cationic guar derivatives e4) polymeric dimethyldiallylammonium salts and their copolymers with esters and amides of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid e5) copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone with quaternized derivatives of dialkylmethacrylate6) Vinylpyrrolidone-methoimidazolinium chloride copolymers e7) quaternized polyvinyl alcohol e8) polymers given the INCI names Polyquaternium 2, Polyquaternium 17, Polyquaternium 18 and Polyquaternium 27.

Water-soluble polymers in the sense of the invention are those polymers which are more than 2.5% by weight soluble in water at room temperature.

These preferred detergent tablets according to the invention are partially coated with a polymer or polymer mixture, the polymer (and accordingly the entire partial coating) or at least 50% by weight of the polymer mixture (and thus at least 50% of the partial coating) is selected from certain polymers. The partial coating consists entirely or at least 50% of its weight of water-soluble polymers from the group of nonionic, amphoteric, zwitterionic, anionic and / or cationic polymers. These polymers are described in more detail below.

Water-soluble polymers preferred according to the invention are nonionic. Suitable non-ionogenic polymers are, for example:

Polyvinylpyrrolidones, such as those sold under the name Luviskol (BASF). Polyvinylpyrrolidones are preferred nonionic polymers in the context of the invention.

Polyvinylpyrrolidones [poly (l-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone)], abbreviation PVP, are polymers of the general formula (III)

which are prepared by free-radical polymerization of 1-vinylpyrrolidone using a solution or suspension polymerization process using free-radical formers (peroxides, azo compounds) as initiators. The ionic polymerization of the monomer only provides products with low molecular weights. Commercial polyvinylpyrrolidones have molar masses in the range from approx. 2500-750000 g / mol, which are characterized by the specification of the K values and - depending on the K value - have glass transition temperatures of 130-175 °. They are presented as white, hygroscopic powders or as aqueous ones. Solutions offered. Polyvinylpyrrolidones are readily soluble in water and a variety of organic solvents (alcohols, ketones, glacial acetic acid, chlorinated hydrocarbons, phenols, etc.). Vinylpyrrolidone / Ninylester copolymers, as are marketed, for example under the trademark Luviskol ^® (BASF). Luviskol ^® VA 64 and Luviskol ^® VA 73, each vinylpyrrolidone / vinyl acetate copolymers, are particularly preferred nonionic polymers.

The vinyl ester polymers are polymers accessible from vinyl esters with the grouping of the formula (IV)

-CH - CH -

A

as a characteristic basic building block of macromolecules. Of these, the vinyl acetate polymers (R = CH ₃ ) with polyvinyl acetates are by far the most important technical representatives.

The vinyl esters are polymerized by free radicals using various processes (solution polymerization, suspension polymerization, emulsion polymerization, bulk polymerization). Copolymers of vinyl acetate with vinyl pyrrolidone contain monomer units of the formulas (II) and (IV)

Cellulose ethers such as hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose and hydroxypropylcellulose Methylhy- as they are for example sold under the trademark Culminal® ^® and Benecel ^® (AQUALOΝ). Cellulose ethers can be described by the general formula (V)

in R represents H or an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl or alkylaryl radical. In preferred products at least one R in formula (V) represents -CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ -OH or -CH ₂ CH ₂ -OH. Cellulose ethers are manufactured industrially by etherification of alkali cellulose (eg with ethylene oxide). Cellulose ethers are characterized by the average degree of substitution DS or the molar degree of substitution MS, which indicate how many hydroxyl groups of an anhydroglucose unit of the cellulose have reacted with the etherification reagent or how many moles of the etherification reagent have been added to an anhydroglucose unit on average , Hydroxyethyl celluloses are soluble in water from a DS of approx. 0.6 or an MS of approx. 1. Commercial hydroxyethyl or hydroxypropyl celluloses have degrees of substitution in the range of 0.85-1.35 (DS) and 1.5-3 (MS). Hydroxyethyl and propyl celluloses are marketed as yellowish white, odorless and tasteless powders in widely differing degrees of polymerization. Hydroxyethyl and propyl celluloses are soluble in cold and hot water and in some (water-containing) organic solvents, but insoluble in most (water-free) organic solvents; their aqueous solutions are relatively insensitive to changes in pH or electrolyte addition.

Other polymers suitable according to the invention are water-soluble amphopolymers. Ampho-polymers include amphoteric polymers, ie polymers that contain free amino groups as well as free -COOH or SO ₃ H groups in the molecule and are capable of forming internal salts, zwitterionic polymers that contain quaternary ammonium groups and - COO ^" - or -SO ₃ ^" groups, and summarized such polymers that contain -COOH or SO ₃ H groups and quaternary ammonium groups. An example of the present invention amphopolymer suitable is that available under the name Amphomer ^® acrylic resin which is a copolymer of tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate, N- (1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl) -acrylamide and two or more monomers from the group of acrylic acid, Methacrylic acid and its simple esters. Likewise preferred amphopolymers are composed of unsaturated carboxylic acids (eg acrylic and methacrylic acid), cationically derivatized unsaturated carboxylic acids (eg acrylamidopropyl-trimethyl-ammonium chloride) and optionally further ionic or non-ionic monomers, such as, for example, in the German see published specification 39 29 973 and the prior art cited therein. Tepolymers of acrylic acid, methyl acrylate and methacrylamidopropyltrimonium chloride, as are commercially available under the name Merquat ^® 2001 N, are particularly preferred amphopolymers according to the invention. Other suitable amphoteric polymers are for example those available under the names Amphomer ^® and Amphomer ^® LV-71 (DELFT NATIONAL) octylacrylamide / methyl methacrylate / tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate / 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate copolymers.

Suitable zwitterionic polymers are, for example, the polymers disclosed in German patent applications DE 39 29 973, DE 21 50 557, DE 28 17 369 and DE 37 08 451. Acrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium chloride / acrylic acid or methacrylic acid copolymers and their alkali and ammonium salts are preferred zwitterionic polymers. Other suitable zwitterionic polymers are methacrylic ethyl betaine / methacrylate copolymers, which are commercially available under the name Amersette (AMERCHOL).

Anionic polymers suitable according to the invention include a .:

Vinyl acetate / crotonic acid copolymers, such as are commercially available for example under the names Resyn ^® (National Starch), Luviset ^® (BASF) and Gafset ^® (GAF).

In addition to monomer units of the above formula (IV), these polymers also have monomer units of the general formula (VI):

[-CH (CH ₃ ) -CH (COOH) -] _n (VI)

Vinylpyrrolidone / Ninylacrylat copolymers, for example available under the trade name Luviflex ^® (BASF). A preferred polymer is that available under the name Luviflex VBM-35 ^® (BASF) vinylpyrrolidone / acrylate terpolymers. Acrylic acid / ethyl acrylate / Ν-tert.Butylacrylamid Teφolymers, which are sold for example under the name Ultrahold ^® strong (BASF). Graft polymers of vinyl esters, esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, alone or in a mixture, copolymerized with crotonic acid, acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with polyalkylene oxides and or polyalkylene glycols

Such grafted polymers of vinyl esters, esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, alone or in a mixture with other copolymerizable compounds on polyalkylene glycols, are obtained by polymerization in the heat in a homogeneous phase in that the polyalkylene glycols are converted into the monomers of the vinyl esters, esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid Presented by radical generator.

Suitable vinyl esters include, for example, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl benzoate, and as an ester of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, those which have low molecular weight aliphatic alcohols, in particular ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl l-propanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, 1-pentanol, 2-pentanol, 3-pentanol, 2,2-dimethyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol; 3-methyl-2-butanol, 2-methyl-2-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 1-hexanol, are available.

Polyalkylene glycols in particular include polyethylene glycols and polypropylene glycols. These have already been described above and characterized by the general formulas I and II.

In particular, the vinyl acetate copolymers grafted onto polyethylene glycols and the polymers of vinyl acetate and crotonic acid grafted onto polyethylene glycols can be used.

grafted and crosslinked copolymers from the copolymerization of i) at least one monomer of the nonionic type, ii) at least one monomer of the ionic type, iii) of polyethylene glycol and iv) a crosslinker The polyethylene glycol used has a molecular weight between 200 and several million, preferably between 300 and 30,000.

The non-ionic monomers can be of very different types and the following are preferred: vinyl acetate, vinyl stearate, vinyl laurate, vinyl propionate, allyl stearate, allyl laurate, diethyl maleate, allyl acetate, methyl methacrylate, cetyl vinyl ether, stearyl vinyl ether and 1-hexene.

The non-ionic monomers can likewise be of very different types, of which crotonic acid, allyloxyacetic acid, vinyl acetic acid, maleic acid, acrylic acid and methacrylic acid are particularly preferably contained in the graft olamers.

Preferred crosslinkers are ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diallyl phthalate, ortho-, meta- and para-divinylbenzene, tetraallyloxyethane and polyallylsucrose with 2 to 5 allyl groups per molecule of saccharin.

The grafted and crosslinked copolymers described above are preferably formed from: i) 5 to 85% by weight of at least one monomer of the nonionic type, ii) 3 to 80% by weight of at least one monomer of the ionic type, iii) 2 to 50% by weight, preferably 5 to 30% by weight, of polyethylene glycol and iv) 0.1 to 8% by weight of a crosslinking agent, the percentage of the crosslinking agent being formed by the ratio of the total weights of i), ii) and iii) is. Copolymers obtained by copolymerization of at least one monomer from each of the following three groups: i) esters of unsaturated alcohols and short-chain saturated carboxylic acids and / or esters of short-chain saturated alcohols and unsaturated carboxylic acids, ii) unsaturated carboxylic acids, iii) esters of long chain carboxylic acids and unsaturated alcohols and / or esters of the carboxylic acids of group ii) with saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched C ₈ alcohol _8- ι

Short-chain carboxylic acids or alcohols are to be understood as meaning those having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, the carbon chains of these compounds being optionally interrupted by double-bonded hetero groups such as -O-, -NH-, -S-.

Teφolymers of crotonic acid, vinyl acetate and an allyl or methallyl ester These teφolymers contain monomer units of the general formulas (IV) and (VI) (see above) and monomer units of one or more allyl or methallyesters of the formula VII:

R ¹ R ^J

R ² -CC (O) -O-CH ₂ - C = CH ₂ (VII)

I

CH ₃

wherein R ^{3 is} -H or -CH ₃ , R ^{2 is} -CH ₃ or -CH (CH ₃ ) ₂ and R ^{1 is} -CH ₃ or a saturated straight-chain or branched C _1-6 alkyl radical and the sum of the carbon atoms in the radicals R ¹ and R ^{2 is} preferably 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 or 2.

The above-mentioned polymers preferably result from the copolymerization of 7 to 12% by weight of crotonic acid, 65 to 86% by weight, preferably 71 to 83% by weight of vinyl acetate and 8 to 20% by weight, preferably 10 to 17% by weight .-% Allyl- or Methallyletsre of formula VII. Tetra- and pentapolymers from i) crotonic acid or allyloxyacetic acid ii) vinyl acetate or vinyl propionate iii) branched allyl or methallyl esters iv) vinyl ethers, vinyl esters or straight-chain allyl or methallyl esters Crotonic acid copolymers with one or more monomers from the group consisting of ethylene, vinylbenzene, vinymethyl ether, acrylamide and their water-soluble salts. Teφolymers from vinyl acetate, crotonic acid and vinyl esters of a saturated aliphatic monocarboxylic acid branched in the α-position.

Other polymers which can preferably be used as part of the coating are cationic polymers. The permanent cationic polymers are preferred among the cationic polymers. According to the invention, polymers which have a cationic group irrespective of the pH of the agent (ie both the coating and the molded body) are referred to as “permanently cationic”. These are generally polymers which have a quaternary nitrogen atom, for example in the form of a Ammonium group.

Preferred cationic polymers are, for example, quaternized cellulose derivatives, such as are available under the names of Celquat and Polymer JR ^® commercially. The compounds Celquat ^® H 100, Celquat ^® L 200 and Polymer JR ^® 400 are preferred quaternized cellulose derivatives.

Polysiloxanes with quaternary groups, such as the commercially available products Q2-7224 (manufacturer: Dow Corning; a stabilized trimethyl silylamodimethicon), Dow Corning ^® 929 Emulsion (containing a hydroxylamino-modified silicone which is also known as amodimethicone) , SM-2059 (manufacturer: General Electric), SLM-55067 (manufacturer: Wacker) and Abil ^® -Quat 3270 and 3272 (manufacturer: Th. Goldschmidt; diquaternary polydimethylsiloxanes, Quaternium-80),

Cationic guar derivatives, such as, in particular, the products marketed under the trade names Cosmedia ^® Guar and Jaguar ^® ,

Polymeric dimethyldiallylammonium salts and their copolymers with esters and amides of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid. Under the names Merquat ^® 100 (Poly (dimethyldiallylammonium chloride)) and Merquat ^® 550 (dimethyldiallylammonium chloride-acrylamide copolymer) commercially available products are examples of such cationic polymers. Copolymers of vinyl pynolidone with quaternized derivatives of dialkylamino acrylate and methacrylate, such as, for example, vinyl pynolidone-dimethylaminomethacrylate copolymers quaternized with diethyl sulfate. Such compounds are commercially available under the names Gafquat ^® 734 and Gafquat ^® 755. Vinylpyrrolidone methoimidazolinium chloride copolymers such as those sold under the name Luviquat ^®, quaternized polyvinyl alcohol, as well as those known under the designations Polyquaternium 2, Polyquaternium 17, Polyquaternium 18 and Polyquaternium 27 polymers having quaternary nitrogen atoms in the polymer main chain. The polymers mentioned are designated according to the so-called LNCI nomenclature, with detailed information in the CTFA International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, 5 ^th Edition, The Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association, Washington, 1997, to which express reference is made here becomes.

Cationic polymers preferred according to the invention are quaternized cellulose derivatives and polymeric dimethyldiallylammonium salts and their copolymers. Cationic cellulose derivatives, in particular the commercial product Polymer ^® JR 400, are very particularly preferred cationic polymers.

In order to make the partial coating even more resistant to mechanical stress, polyurethanes can be incorporated into the coating. These impart elasticity and stability to the coating and can make up to 50% by weight of the coating after the amount of water-soluble polymer indicated above.

For the purposes of the invention, polyurethanes are water-insoluble if they are less than 2.5% by weight soluble in water at room temperature.

The polyurethanes consist of at least two different types of monomers, a compound (A) with at least 2 active hydrogen atoms per molecule and a di- or polyisocyanate (B).

The compounds (A) can be, for example, diols, triols, diamines, triamines, polyetherols and polyesterols. The compounds with more than 2 active hydrogen atoms are usually used only in small amounts in combination with a large excess of compounds with 2 active hydrogen atoms.

Examples of compounds (A) are ethylene glycol, 1,2- and 1,3-propylene glycol, butylene glycols, di-, tri-, tetra- and poly-ethylene and propylene glycols, copolymers of lower alkylene oxides such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and Butylene oxide, ethylene diamine, propylene diamine, 1,4-diaminobutane, hexamethylene diamine and α, ω-diamines based on long-chain alkanes or polyalkylene oxides.

Polyurethanes in which the compounds (A) are diols, triols and polyetherols can be preferred according to the invention. In particular, polyethylene glycols and polypropylene glycols with molecular weights between 200 and 3000, in particular between 1600 and 2500, have proven to be particularly suitable in individual cases. Polyesterols are usually obtained by modifying compound (A) with dicarboxylic acids such as phthalic acid, isophthalic acid and adipic acid.

The compounds (B) used are predominantly hexamethylene diisocyanate, 2,4- and 2,6-toluenediisocyanate, 4,4'-methylene di (phenyl isocyanate) and in particular isophorone diisocyanate. These compounds can be described by the general formula VIII:

O = C = N-R -N = C = O (VIII),

in which R ^{4 represents} a connecting group of carbon atoms, for example a methylene-ethylene-propylene, butylene, pentylene, hexylene, etc. group. In the above-mentioned, most widely used hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI), R ⁴ = (CH ₂ ) ₆ , in 2,4- or 2,6-toluenediisocyanate (TDI) R ⁴ stands for C ₆ H ₃ - CH ₃ ) , in 4,4'-methylenedi (phenyl isocyanate) (MDI) for C ₆ H ₄ -CH ₂ -C ₆ H ₄ ) and in , in 4,4'-methylenedi (phenyl isocyanate) (MDI) for C ₆ H ₄ -CH ₂ -C ₆ H) and in isophorone diisocyanate R ^{4 represents} the isophorone residue (3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexenone ).

Furthermore, the polyurethanes used according to the invention can also contain building blocks such as diamines as chain extenders and hydroxycarboxylic acids. Dialkylolcarboxylic acids such as dimethylolpropionic acid are particularly suitable hydroxycarboxylic acids. With regard to the other building blocks, there is no fundamental restriction as to whether the building blocks are nonionic, anionic or cationic.

With regard to further information on the structure and manufacture of the polyurethanes, reference is expressly made to the articles in the relevant reference works such as Römpps Chemical Lexicon and Ulimanns Encyclopedia of Technical Chemistry.

Polyurethanes, which can be characterized as follows, have proven particularly suitable according to the invention in many cases:

- only aliphatic groups in the molecule

- No free isocyanate groups in the molecule

- Polyether and Polyesteφolyurethane

- anionic groups in the molecule.

Furthermore, it has proven to be advantageous for the production of the coated detergent tablets according to the invention if the polyurethanes are not mixed directly with the other components of the partial coating, but instead are introduced in the form of aqueous dispersions. Such dispersions usually have a solids content of approximately 20-50%, in particular approximately 35-45%, and are also commercially available.

In addition to the coating materials, the partial coating can contain further ingredients which improve the physical properties of the coating or impart advantageous properties to the coated molded body. For example, it is possible to use so-called small components such as dyes or optical imprints. lighter or foam inhibitors to incorporate into the coating. If coating materials are used that are only poorly or slowly water-soluble, disintegration aids can be incorporated into the coating. Such shaped detergents or cleaning agents according to the invention, in which the coating additionally contains a disintegration aid in amounts of 0.1 to 10% by weight, preferably 0.2 to 7.5% by weight and in particular 0.25 to 5% by weight. %, each based on the coating layer, are preferred in the context of the present invention.

The use of the disintegration aids described in detail below is particularly recommended for acid coating layers, the usual use concentrations for the disintegration aids in the coating layers being 0.1 to 5% by weight, based on the coating layer.

The components of the partial coating of the moldings according to the invention have been described in more detail above. In the following, the components of the molded body itself, i.e. the uncoated molded body. These shaped bodies are referred to below in part as “basic shaped bodies” in order to achieve a verbal delimitation against the term “shaped body” or “tablet” for the detergent shaped body coated according to the invention, but in some cases the general term “shaped body” is also used. Since the subject matter of the present invention is provided with a partial coating of basic molded articles, the information given below for the basic molded article naturally also applies to detergent molded articles according to the invention which meet the corresponding conditions, and vice versa.

The basic molded articles contain as essential components builders (e) and surfactants (e). The basic moldings according to the invention can contain all builders customarily used in washing and cleaning agents, in particular thus zeolites, silicates, carbonates, organic cobuilders and, where there are no ecological prejudices against their use, also the phosphates.

Suitable crystalline, layered sodium silicates have the general formula NaMSi _x O ₂ χ + ι Η O, where M is sodium or hydrogen, x is a number from 1.9 to 4 and y is a number from 0 to 20 and preferred values for x are 2, 3 or 4. Such crystalline layered silicates are described, for example, in European patent application EP-A-0 164 514. Preferred crystalline layered silicates of the formula given are those in which M represents sodium and x assumes the values 2 or 3. In particular, both β- and δ-sodium disilicate Na Si ₂ O ₅ 'yH ₂ O are preferred, wherein β-sodium disilicate can be obtained, for example, by the method described in international patent application WO-A-91/08171.

Amorphous sodium silicates with a module Na ₂ O: SiO ₂ of 1: 2 to 1: 3.3, preferably from 1: 2 to 1: 2.8 and in particular from 1: 2 to 1: 2.6, can also be used are delayed in dissolving and have secondary washing properties. The delay in dissolution compared to conventional amorphous sodium silicates can be caused in various ways, for example by surface treatment, compounding, compacting / compaction or by overdrying. In the context of this invention, the term "amoφh" is also understood to mean "roentgenamoφh". This means that the silicates in X-ray diffraction experiments do not provide sharp X-ray reflections, as are typical for crystalline substances, but at most one or more maxima of the scattered X-rays, which have a width of several degree units of the diffraction angle. However, it can very well lead to particularly good builder properties if the silicate particles deliver washed-out or even sharp diffraction maxima in electron diffraction experiments. This is to be integrated in such a way that the products have microcrystalline areas of size 10 to a few hundred nm, values up to max. 50 nm and in particular up to max. 20 nm are preferred. Such so-called X-ray amorphous silicates, which also have a delay in dissolution compared to conventional water glasses, are described, for example, in German patent application DE-A-44 00 024. Particularly preferred are compacted / compacted amorphous silicates, compounded amorphous silicates and over-dried X-ray silicates.

The finely crystalline, synthetic and bound water-containing zeolite used is preferably zeolite A and / or P. As zeolite P, zeolite ^MAP® (commercial product from Crosfield) is particularly preferred. However, zeolite X and mixtures of A, X and or P are also suitable. Commercially available and within the scope of the present Invention is preferably usable, for example, also a co-crystallizate of zeolite X and zeolite A (ca. 80 wt .-% zeolite X) which is marketed by CONDEA Augusta SpA under the trade name AX VEGOBOND ^® and by the formula

nNa ₂ O ^• (ln) K ₂ O ^' Al ₂ O ₃ ' (2 - 2.5) SiO ₂ '(3.5 - 5.5) H ₂ O

can be described. The zeolite can be used both as a builder in a granular compound and can also be used for a kind of "powdering" of the entire mixture to be used, usually both ways of incohering the zeolite into the premix. Suitable zeolites have an average particle size of less than 10 μm (volume distribution; measurement method: Coulter Counter) and preferably contain 18 to 22% by weight, in particular 20 to 22% by weight, of bound water.

It is of course also possible to use the generally known phosphates as builder substances, provided that such use should not be avoided for ecological reasons. Of the large number of commercially available phosphates, the alkali metal phosphates, with particular preference for pentasodium or pentapotassium triphosphate (sodium or potassium tripolyphosphate), have the greatest importance in the detergent and cleaning agent industry.

Alkali metal phosphates is the general term for the alkali metal (especially sodium and potassium) salts of the various phosphoric acids, in which one can distinguish between metaphosphoric acids (HPO) _n and orthophosphoric acid H ₃ PO _{4 in} addition to higher molecular weight representatives. The phosphates combine several advantages: They act as alkali carriers, prevent limescale deposits on machine parts and lime incrustations in tissues and also contribute to cleaning performance.

Sodium dihydrogen phosphate, NaH ₂ PO ₄ , exists as a dihydrate (density 1.91 gcm ^"3 , melting point 60 °) and as a monohydrate (density 2.04 like ^{" 3} ). Both salts are white, very easily soluble in water powders, which lose water of crystallization when heated and at 200 ° C in the weakly acidic diphosphate (disodium hydrogen diphosphate, Na ₂ H ₂ P ₂ O ₇ ) higher temperature into sodium trimetaphosphate (Na P ₃ O ₉ ) and Maddrell's salt (see below). NaH ₂ PO _{4 is} acidic; it occurs when phosphoric acid is adjusted to pH 4.5 with sodium hydroxide solution and the mash is sprayed. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (primary or monobasic potassium phosphate, potassium biphosphate, KDP), KH PO, is a white salt with a density of 2.33 ^"3 , has a melting point of 253 ° [decomposition to form potassium polyphosphate (KPO ₃ ) _x ] and is light soluble in water.

Disodium hydrogen phosphate (secondary sodium phosphate), Na ₂ HPO ₄ , is a colorless, very easily water-soluble crystalline salt. It exists anhydrous and with 2 mol. (Density 2.066 gladly ^"3 , water loss at 95 °), 7 mol. (Density 1.68 gladly ^{" 3} , melting point 48 ° with loss of 5 H ₂ O) and 12 mol. Water ( Density 1.52 ^"3 , melting point 35 ° with loss of 5 H ₂ O), becomes anhydrous at 100 ° and changes to diphosphate Na ₄ P ₂ O ₇ when heated more. Disodium hydrogenphosphate is lost by neutralizing phosphoric acid with soda solution Using phenolphthalein as an indicator Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (secondary or dibasic potassium phosphate), K ₂ HPO ₄ , is an amorphous, white salt that is easily soluble in water.

Trisodium phosphate, tertiary sodium phosphate, Na ₃ PO, are colorless crystals which like dodecahydrate have a density of 1.62 ^"3 and a melting point of 73-76 ° C (decomposition), as decahydrate (corresponding to 19-20% P ₂ O ₅ ) have a melting point of 100 ° C. and, in anhydrous form (corresponding to 39-40% P ₂ O ₅ ), a density of 2.536 ^{″ 3} . Trisodium phosphate is readily soluble in water with an alkaline reaction and is produced by evaporating a solution of exactly 1 mol of disodium phosphate and 1 mol of NaOH. Tripotassium phosphate (tertiary or triphase potassium phosphate), K ₃ PO ₄ , is a white, deliquescent, granular powder with a density of 2.56 ^"3 , has a melting point of 1340 ° and is readily soluble in water with an alkaline reaction Heating of Thomas slag with coal and potassium sulfate Despite the higher price, the more soluble, therefore highly effective, potassium phosphates are often preferred over corresponding sodium compounds in the cleaning agent industry.

Tetrasodium diphosphate (sodium pyrophosphate), Na ₄ P ₂ O, exists in anhydrous form (density 2.534 like ^"3 , melting point 988 °, also given 880 °) and as decahydrate (Density 1.815-1.836 like ^"3 , melting point 94 ° with loss of water). In the case of substances are colorless crystals which are soluble in water with an alkaline reaction. Na ₄ P ₂ O ₇ is formed by heating disodium phosphate to> 200 ° or by combining phosphoric acid with soda The decahydrate complexes heavy metal salts and hardening agents and therefore reduces the hardness of the water. Potassium diphosphate (potassium pyrophosphate), KP ₂ O ₇ , exists in the form of the trihydrate and provides a colorless, hygroscopic powder the density is 2.33 gcm ^" , which is soluble in water, the pH of the 1% solution at 25 ° being 10.4.

Condensation of the NaH ₂ PO ₄ or the KH ₂ PO ₄ produces higher moles. Sodium and potassium phosphates, in which one can differentiate cyclic representatives, the sodium or potassium metaphosphates and chain-like types, the sodium or potassium polyphosphates. A large number of terms are used in particular for the latter: melt or glow phosphates, Graham's salt, Kurrol's and Maddrell's salt. All higher sodium and potassium phosphates are collectively referred to as condensed phosphates.

The technically important pentasodium triphosphate, Na ₅ P ₃ Oι ₀ (sodium tripolyphosphate), is an anhydrous or non-hygroscopic, water-soluble salt of the general formula NaO- [P (O) (ONa) -O] _n that crystallizes with 6 H ₂ O. -Na with n = 3. Approx. 17 g of the salt free from water of crystallization dissolve in 100 g of water at room temperature, approx. 20 g at 60 ° and around 32 g at 100 °; After heating the solution at 100 ° for two hours, hydrolysis produces about 8% orthophosphate and 15% diphosphate. In the production of pentasodium triphosphate, phosphoric acid is reacted with sodium carbonate solution or sodium hydroxide solution in a stoichiometric ratio and the solution is dewatered by spraying. Similar to Graham's salt and sodium diphosphate, pentasodium triphosphate dissolves many insoluble metal compounds (including lime soaps, etc.). Pentapotassium triphosphate, K ₅ P ₃ Oι ₀ (potassium tripolyphosphate), for example in the form of a 50 wt .-% solution (> 23% P ₂ O ₅ , 25% K ₂ O) on the market. The potassium polyphosphates are widely used in the detergent and cleaning agent industry. There are also sodium potassium tripolyphosphates, which are also within the scope of the present invention can be used. These occur, for example, when hydrolyzing sodium trimetaphosphate with KOH:

(NaPO ₃ ) ₃ + 2 KOH - »Na ₃ K ₂ P ₃ O, ₀ + H ₂ O

According to the invention, these can be used just like sodium tripolyphosphate, potassium tripolyphosphate or mixtures of these two; Mixtures of sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium potassium tripolyphosphate or mixtures of potassium tripolyphosphate and sodium potassium tripolyphosphate or mixtures of sodium tripolyphosphate and potassium tripolyphosphate and sodium potassium tripolyphosphate can also be used according to the invention.

As organic cobuilders, in particular polycarboxylates / polycarboxylic acids, polymeric polycarboxylates, aspartic acid, polyacetals, dextrins, other organic cobuilders (see below) and phosphonates can be used in the basic shaped bodies. These classes of substances are described below.

Usable organic builders are, for example, the polycarboxylic acids which can be used in the form of their sodium salts, polycarboxylic acids being understood to mean those carboxylic acids which carry more than one acid function. For example, these are citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, sugar acids, aminocarboxylic acids, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), as long as such use is not objectionable for ecological reasons, and mixtures of these. Preferred salts are the salts of polycarboxylic acids such as citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, tartaric acid, sugar acids and mixtures of these.

The acids themselves can also be used. In addition to their builder effect, the acids typically also have the property of an acidifying component and thus also serve to set a lower and milder pH of detergents or cleaning agents. Citric acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, gluconic acid and any mixtures thereof can be mentioned in particular. Polymeric polycarboxylates are also suitable as builders, for example the alkali metal salts of polyacrylic acid or polymethacrylic acid, for example those with a relative molecular weight of 500 to 70,000 g / mol.

In the context of this document, the molecular weights given for polymeric polycarboxylates are weight-average molecular weights M _{w of} the particular acid form, which were determined in principle by means of gel permeation chromatography (GPC), a UV detector being used. The measurement was carried out against an external polyacrylic acid standard, which provides realistic molecular weight values due to its structural relationship with the investigated polymers. This information differs significantly from the molecular weight information for which polystyrene sulfonic acids are used as standard. The molecular weights measured against polystyrene sulfonic acids are generally significantly higher than the molecular weights given in this document.

Suitable polymers are, in particular, polyacrylates, which preferably have a molecular weight of 2,000 to 20,000 g / mol. Because of their superior solubility, the short-chain polyacrylates which have molar masses from 2000 to 10000 g / mol, and particularly preferably from 3000 to 5000 g / mol, can in turn be preferred from this group.

Also suitable are copolymeric polycarboxylates, in particular those of acrylic acid with methacrylic acid and of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with maleic acid. Copolymers of acrylic acid with maleic acid which contain 50 to 90% by weight of acrylic acid and 50 to 10% by weight of maleic acid have proven to be particularly suitable. Their relative molecular weight, based on free acids, is generally 2,000 to 70,000 g / mol, preferably 20,000 to 50,000 g / mol and in particular 30,000 to 40,000 g / mol.

The (co) polymeric polycarboxylates can be used either as a powder or as an aqueous solution. The content of (co) polymeric polycarboxylates in the agents is preferably 0.5 to 20% by weight, in particular 3 to 10% by weight. To improve water solubility, the polymers can also contain allylsulfonic acids, such as, for example, allyloxybenzenesulfonic acid and methallylsulfonic acid, as monomers.

Also particularly preferred are biodegradable polymers composed of more than two different monomer units, for example those which contain salts of acrylic acid and maleic acid as well as vinyl alcohol or vinyl alcohol derivatives as monomers or those which contain salts of acrylic acid and 2-alkylallylsulfonic acid and sugar derivatives as monomers ,

Further preferred copolymers are those which are described in German patent applications DE-A-43 03 320 and DE-A-44 17 734 and which preferably contain acrolein and acrylic acid / acrylic acid salts or acrolein and vinyl acetate as monomers.

Also to be mentioned as further preferred builder substances are polymeric aminodicarboxylic acids, their salts or their precursor substances. Particularly preferred are polyaspartic acids or their salts and derivatives, of which it is disclosed in German patent application DE-A-195 40 086 that, in addition to cobuilder properties, they also have a bleach-stabilizing effect.

Other suitable builder substances are polyacetals, which can be obtained by reacting dialdehydes with polyolcarboxylic acids which have 5 to 7 carbon atoms and at least 3 hydroxyl groups. Preferred polyacetals are obtained from dialdehydes such as glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, terephthalaldehyde and their mixtures and from polyol carboxylic acids such as gluconic acid and / or glucoheptonic acid.

Other suitable organic builder substances are dextrins, for example oligomers or polymers of carbohydrates, which can be obtained by partial hydrolysis of starches. The hydrolysis can be carried out by customary processes, for example acid-catalyzed or enzyme-catalyzed. They are preferably hydrolysis products with average molar masses in the range from 400 to 500,000 g / mol. A polysaccharide with a dextrose equivalent (DE) in the range from 0.5 to 40, in particular from 2 to 30, is preferred, DE being a customary measure of the reducing effect of a polysaccharide compared to dextrose, which has a DE of 100. Both maltodextrins with a DE between 3 and 20 and dry glucose syrups with a DE between 20 and 37 as well as so-called yellow dextrins and white dextrins with higher molar masses in the range from 2000 to 30000 g / mol can be used.

The oxidized derivatives of such dextrins are their reaction products with oxidizing agents which are capable of oxidizing at least one alcohol function of the saccharide ring to the carboxylic acid function. Such oxidized dextrins and processes for their preparation are known, for example, from European patent applications EP-A-0 232 202, EP-A-0 427 349, EP-A-0 472 042 and EP-A-0 542 496 as well as international patent applications WO 92 / 18542, WO 93/08251, WO 93/16110, WO 94/28030, WO 95/07303, WO 95/12619 and WO 95/20608. An oxidized oligosaccharide according to German patent application DE-A-196 00 018 is also suitable. A product oxidized at C _{6 of} the saccharide ring can be particularly advantageous.

Oxydisuccinates and other derivatives of disuccinates, preferably ethylenediaminisisuccinate, are further suitable cobuilders. Ethylenediamine-N, N ^'- disuccinate (EDDS) is preferably in the form of its sodium or magnesium salts. Glycerol disuccinates and glycerol trisuccinates are also preferred in this context. Suitable amounts are 3 to 15% by weight in formulations containing zeolite and / or silicate.

Other useful organic cobuilders are, for example, acetylated hydroxycarboxylic acids or their salts, which may also be in lactone form and which contain at least 4 carbon atoms and at least one hydroxyl group and a maximum of two acid groups. Such cobuilders are described, for example, in international patent application WO 95/20029.

Another class of substances with cobuilder properties are the phosphonates. These are, in particular, hydroxyalkane or ammoalkane phosphonates. Among the hydroxyalkane phosphonates, l-hydroxyethane-l, l-diphosphonate (HEDP) is of particular importance as a cobuilder. It is preferably used as the sodium salt the disodium salt being neutral and the tetrasodium salt being alkaline (pH 9). Preferred aminoalkane phosphonates are ethylenediaminetetramethylenephosphonate (EDTMP), diethylenetriaminepentamethylenephosphonate (DTPMP) and their higher homologs. They are preferably in the form of the neutral sodium salts, e.g. B. as the hexasodium salt of EDTMP or as the hepta and octa sodium salt of DTPMP. HEDP is preferably used as the builder from the class of the phosphonates. The aminoalkanephosphonates also have a pronounced ability to bind heavy metals. Accordingly, it may be preferred, particularly if the agents also contain bleach, to use aminoalkanephosphonates, in particular DTPMP, or to use mixtures of the phosphonates mentioned.

In addition, all compounds that are able to form complexes with alkaline earth metal ions can be used as cobuilders.

The amount of builder is usually between 10 and 70% by weight, preferably between 15 and 60% by weight and in particular between 20 and 50% by weight. The amount of builders used depends on the intended use, so that bleach tablets and moldings for machine washing dishes can have higher amounts of builders (for example between 20 and 70% by weight, preferably between 25 and 65% by weight and in particular between 30 and 55% by weight), for example detergent tablets (usually 10 to 50% by weight, preferably 12.5 to 45% by weight and in particular between 17.5 and 37.5% by weight).

Preferred basic molded articles furthermore contain one or more surfactant (s). Anionic, nonionic, cationic and / or amphoteric surfactants or mixtures of these can be used in the basic shaped bodies. Mixtures of anionic and nonionic surfactants are preferred from an application point of view. The total surfactant content of the molded articles is 5 to 60% by weight, based on the weight of the molded article, with surfactant contents above 15% by weight being preferred.

Anionic surfactants used are, for example, those of the sulfonate and sulfate type. Preferred surfactants of the sulfonate type are C _9-13 - Alkylbenzenesulfonates, olefin sulfonates, ie mixtures of alkene and hydroxyalkanesulfonates and disulfonates, as obtained, for example, from C _{2 to 8} monoolefins with terminal or internal double bond by sulfonation with gaseous sulfur trioxide and subsequent alkaline or acid hydrolysis of the sulfonation products, in consideration. Also suitable are alkanesulfonates, which are for example obtained from _2- Cι ι ₈ alkanes by sulfochlorination or sulfoxidation and subsequent hydrolysis or neutralization. The esters of α-sulfofatty acids (ester sulfonates), for example the α-sulfonated methyl esters of hydrogenated coconut, palm kernel or tallow fatty acids, are also suitable.

Other suitable anionic surfactants are sulfonated fatty acid glycerol esters. Fatty acid glycerol esters are to be understood as meaning the mono-, di- and triesters and their mixtures as obtained in the production by esterification of a monoglycerol with 1 to 3 moles of fatty acid or in the transesterification of triglycerides with 0.3 to 2 moles of glycerol become. Preferred sulfated fatty acid glycerol esters are the sulfo products of saturated fatty acids having 6 to 22 carbon atoms, for example caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, myristic acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid or behenic acid.

As alk (en) yl sulfates, the alkali and especially the sodium salts of the sulfuric acid semiesters of the C ₂ -C ₈ fatty alcohols, for example from coconut oil alcohol, tallow fatty alcohol, lauryl, myristyl, cetyl or stearyl alcohol or the C ₀ -C ₂ o- Oxo alcohols and those half esters of secondary alcohols of this chain length are preferred. Also preferred are alk (en) yl sulfates of the chain length mentioned which contain a synthetic, straight-chain alkyl radical prepared on a petrochemical basis and which have a degradation behavior analogous to that of the adequate compounds based on oleochemical raw materials. The C ₂ -C ₆ alkyl sulfates and C ₁₂ -C ₁₅ alkyl sulfates and C ₄ -C ₅ alkyl sulfates are preferred for washing technology reasons. In addition, 2,3-alkyl sulfates, which are produced for example in accordance with US Patent No. 3,234,258 or 5,075,041 and can be obtained as commercial products from Shell Oil Company under the name DAN ^®, are suitable anionic surfactants. The sulfuric acid monoesters of the straight-chain or branched C _-21- alcohols ethoxylated with 1 to 6 mol of ethylene oxide, such as 2-methyl-branched C _9- π-alcohols with an average of 3.5 mol of ethylene oxide (EO) or Cι _2- ι ₈ - Fatty alcohols with 1 to 4 EO are suitable. Because of their high foaming behavior, they are used in cleaning agents only in relatively small amounts, for example in amounts of 1 to 5% by weight.

Other suitable anionic surfactants are also the salts of alkylsulfosuccinic acid, which are also referred to as sulfosuccinates or as sulfosuccinic acid esters and which are monoesters and / or diesters of sulfosuccinic acid with alcohols, preferably fatty alcohols and especially ethoxylated fatty alcohols. Preferred sulfosuccinates contain C _8- ι ₈ fatty alcohol residues or mixtures thereof. Particularly preferred sulfosuccinates contain a fatty alcohol residue which is derived from ethoxylated fatty alcohols, which in themselves are nonionic surfactants (description see below). Again, sulfosuccinates whose fatty alcohol residues are derived from ethoxylated fatty alcohols with a narrow homolog distribution are particularly preferred. It is also possible to use alk (en) ylsuccinic acid with preferably 8 to 18 carbon atoms in the alk (en) yl chain or salts thereof.

Soaps are particularly suitable as further anionic surfactants. Saturated fatty acid soaps are suitable, such as the salts of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, hydrogenated erucic acid and behenic acid, and in particular from natural fatty acids, e.g. Coconut, palm kernel or tallow fatty acids, derived soap mixtures.

The anionic surfactants, including the soaps, can be in the form of their sodium, potassium or ammonium salts and also as soluble salts of organic bases, such as mono-, di- or triethanolamine. The anionic surfactants are preferably in the form of their sodium or potassium salts, in particular in the form of the sodium salts.

The nonionic surfactants used are preferably alkoxylated, advantageously ethoxylated, in particular primary alcohols having preferably 8 to 18 carbon atoms and an average of 1 to 12 moles of ethylene oxide (EO) per mole of alcohol in which the alcohol radical has a methyl or linear branching in the 2-position can be or linear and can contain methyl-branched radicals in the mixture, as are usually present in oxo alcohol residues. However, alcohol ethoxylates with linear residues of alcohols of native origin with 12 to 18 carbon atoms, for example from coconut, palm, tallow fat or oleyl alcohol, and an average of 2 to 8 EO per mole of alcohol are particularly preferred. The preferred ethoxylated alcohols include, for example, C) _2- ι ₄ - alcohols with 3 EO or 4 EO, C9-11 alcohol with 7 EO, C1 ₃ - 1 ₅ - alcohols with 3 EO, 5 EO, 7 EO or 8 EO , C12 ι ₈ alcohols with 3 EO, 5 EO or 7 EO and mixtures of these, such as mixtures of Cι _2- ι ₄ alcohol with 3 EO and Cι _2-18 alcohol with 5 EO. The degrees of ethoxylation given represent statistical averages, which can be an integer or a fraction for a specific product. Preferred alcohol ethoxylates have a narrow homolog distribution (narrow range ethoxylates, NRE). In addition to these nonionic surfactants, fatty alcohols with more than 12 EO can also be used. Examples of this are tallow fatty alcohol with 14 EO, 25 EO, 30 EO or 40 EO.

In addition, alkyl glycosides of the general formula RO (G) _x can also be used as further nonionic surfactants, in which R denotes a primary straight-chain or methyl-branched, in particular methyl-branched aliphatic radical having 8 to 22, preferably 12 to 18, C atoms and G is the symbol which stands for a glycose unit with 5 or 6 carbon atoms, preferably for glucose. The degree of oligomerization x, which indicates the distribution of monoglycosides and oligoglycosides, is any number between 1 and 10; x is preferably 1.2 to 1.4.

Another class of preferably used nonionic surfactants, which are used either as the sole nonionic surfactant or in combination with other nonionic surfactants, are alkoxylated, preferably ethoxylated or ethoxylated and propoxylated fatty acid alkyl esters, preferably with 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, in particular Fatty acid methyl esters as described, for example, in Japanese patent application JP 58/217598 or which are preferably prepared by the process described in international patent application WO-A-90/13533. Nonionic surfactants of the amine oxide type, for example N-coconut alkyl-N, N-dimethylamine oxide and N-tallow alkyl-N, N-dihydroxyethylamine oxide, and the fatty acid alkanolamides can also be suitable. The amount of these nonionic surfactants is preferably not more than that of the ethoxylated fatty alcohols, in particular not more than half of them.

Other suitable surfactants are polyhydroxy fatty acid amides of the formula (IX),

R ^J

R-CO-N- [Z] (IX)

in which RCO stands for an aliphatic acyl radical with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, R ¹ for hydrogen, an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl radical with 1 to 4 carbon atoms and [Z] for a linear or branched polyhydroxyalkyl radical with 3 to 10 carbon atoms and 3 to 10 hydroxyl groups. The polyhydroxy fatty acid amides are known substances which can usually be obtained by reductive amination of a reducing sugar with ammonia, an alkylamine or an alkanolamine and subsequent acylation with a fatty acid, a fatty acid alkyl ester or a fatty acid chloride.

The group of polyhydroxy fatty acid amides also includes compounds of the formula (X)

R! -OR ²

R-CO-N- [Z] (X)

in which R represents a linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl radical having 7 to 12 carbon atoms, R ^{1 represents} a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl radical or an aryl radical having 2 to 8 carbon atoms and R ^{2 represents} a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl radical or an aryl radical or an oxyalkyl radical having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, C _1-4 alkyl or phenyl radicals being preferred and [Z] being a linear poly is a hydroxyalkyl radical whose alkyl chain is substituted with at least two hydroxyl groups, or alkoxylated, preferably ethoxylated or propoxylated derivatives of this radical.

[Z] is preferably obtained by reductive amination of a reduced sugar, for example glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose, galactose, mannose or xylose. The N-alkoxy- or N-aryloxy-substituted compounds can then, for example according to the teaching of international application WO-A-95/07331, be converted into the desired polyhydroxy fatty acid amides by reaction with fatty acid methyl esters in the presence of an alkoxide as catalyst.

In the context of the present invention, basic shaped bodies are preferred which contain anionic (s) and nonionic (s) surfactant (s), application-specific advantages being able to result from certain quantitative ratios in which the individual classes of surfactants are used.

For example, base moldings are particularly preferred in which the ratio of anionic surfactant (s) to nonionic surfactant (s) is between 10: 1 and 1:10, preferably between 7.5: 1 and 1: 5 and in particular between 5: 1 and 1: 2 is. Also preferred are detergent tablets which contain anionic and / or nonionic surfactant (s) and total surfactant contents above 2.5% by weight, preferably above 5% by weight and in particular above of 10% by weight, based in each case on the molded body weight. Particularly preferred are detergent tablets, the surfactant (s), preferably anionic (s) and / or nonionic (s) surfactant (s), in amounts of 5 to 40% by weight, preferably 7.5 to 35% by weight .-%, particularly preferably from 10 to 30 wt .-% and in particular from 12.5 to 25 wt .-%, each based on the molded body weight.

From an application point of view, it can be advantageous if certain classes of surfactants are not included in some phases of the basic molded article or in the entire molded article, ie in all phases. Another important embodiment of the present invention therefore provides that at least one phase of the molded article is free of nonionic surfactants.

Conversely, the content of individual phases or the entire molded body, i.e. all phases, a positive effect can be achieved on certain surfactants. The introduction of the alkyl polyglycosides described above has proven to be advantageous, so that basic molded bodies are preferred in which at least one phase of the molded body contains alkyl polyglycosides.

Similar to nonionic surfactants, the omission of anionic surfactants from individual or all phases can result in basic form bodies which are more suitable for certain areas of application. It is therefore also conceivable within the scope of the present invention for detergent tablets to be made in which at least one phase of the tablet is free from anionic surfactants.

As already mentioned, the use of surfactants in detergent tablets for machine dishwashing is preferably limited to the use of nonionic surfactants in small amounts. In the context of the present invention, detergent tablets preferably to be used as detergent tablets are characterized in that the base tablet total surfactant contents are below 5% by weight, preferably below 4% by weight, particularly preferably below 3% by weight and in particular below of 2% by weight, based in each case on the weight of the basic molded body. Only weakly foaming nonionic surfactants are usually used as surfactants in automatic dishwashing detergents. By contrast, representatives from the groups of anionic, cationic or amphoteric surfactants are of lesser importance. The detergent tablets according to the invention for machine dishwashing particularly preferably contain nonionic surfactants, in particular nonionic surfactants from the group of the alkoxylated alcohols. The nonionic surfactants used are preferably alkoxylated, advantageously ethoxylated, especially primary alcohols having preferably 8 to 18 carbon atoms and an average of 1 to 12 moles of ethylene oxide (EO) per mole of alcohol, in which the alcohol radical is branched linearly or preferably in the 2-position methyl can or linear and methyl branched residues in the can contain mixed, as they are usually present in oxo alcohol residues. However, alcohol ethoxylates with linear residues of alcohols of native origin with 12 to 18 carbon atoms, for example from coconut, palm, tallow or oleyl alcohol, and an average of 2 to 8 EO per mole of alcohol are particularly preferred. Preferred ethoxylated alcohols include, for example, _2- Cι ι ₄ alcohols containing 3 EO or 4 EO, C _9- π-alcohol with 7 EO, Cι _3-15 alcohols containing 3 EO, 5 EO, 7 EO or 8 EO, C β alcohols with 3 EO, 5 EO or 7 EO and mixtures of these, such as mixtures of Cι _2- ι ₄ alcohol with 3 EO and Cι _2- ι ₈ alcohol with 5 EO. The degrees of ethoxylation given represent statistical averages, which can be an integer or a fraction for a specific product. Preferred alcohol ethoxylates have a narrow homolog distribution (narrow ranks ethoxylates, NRE). In addition to these nonionic surfactants, fatty alcohols with more than 12 EO can also be used. Examples of this are tallow fatty alcohol with 14 EO, 25 EO, 30 EO or 40 EO.

In particular in the case of detergent tablets or detergent tablets for machine dishwashing according to the invention, it is preferred that the detergent tablets contain a nonionic surfactant which has a melting point above room temperature. Accordingly, the detergent tablets according to the invention preferably contain a nonionic surfactant with a melting point above 20 ° C. Nonionic surfactants to be used preferably have melting points above 25 ° C., particularly preferred nonionic surfactants have melting points between 25 and 60 ° C., in particular between 26.6 and 43.3 ° C.

Suitable nonionic surfactants which have melting or softening points in the temperature range mentioned are, for example, low-foaming nonionic surfactants which can be solid or highly viscous at room temperature. If nonionic surfactants which are highly viscous at room temperature are used, it is preferred that they have a viscosity above 20 Pas, preferably above 35 Pas and in particular above 40 Pas. Nonionic surfactants that have a waxy consistency at room temperature are also preferred. Preferred nonionic surfactants to be used at room temperature originate from the groups of the alkoxylated nonionic surfactants, in particular the ethoxylated primary alcohols, and mixtures of these surfactants with structurally more complicated surfactants such as polyoxypropylene / polyoxyethylene / polyoxypropylene (PO / EO / PO) surfactants. Such

(PO / EO / PO) nonionic surfactants are also characterized by good foam control.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the nonionic surfactant with a melting point above room temperature is an ethoxylated nonionic surfactant which results from the reaction of a monohydroxyalkanol or alkylphenol having 6 to 20 carbon atoms with preferably at least 12 mol, particularly preferably at least 15 mol, in particular at least 20 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol or alkylphenol has resulted.

A particularly preferred nonionic surfactant which is solid at room temperature is made from a straight-chain fatty alcohol having 16 to 20 carbon atoms (C _16-2o alcohol), preferably a C ₁₈ alcohol and at least 12 mol, preferably at least 15 mol and in particular at least 20 mol, of ethylene oxide won. Among these, the so-called "narrow ranks ethoxylates" (see above) are particularly preferred.

The nonionic surfactant, which is solid at room temperature, preferably has additional propylene oxide units in the molecule. Such PO units preferably make up up to 25% by weight, particularly preferably up to 20% by weight and in particular up to 15% by weight of the total molar mass of the nonionic surfactant. Particularly preferred nonionic surfactants are ethoxylated monohydroxyalkanols or alkylphenols which additionally have polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer units. The alcohol or alkylphenol portion of such nonionic surfactant molecules preferably makes up more than 30% by weight, particularly preferably more than 50% by weight and in particular more than 70% by weight of the total molecular weight of such nonionic surfactants.

Further nonionic surfactants with melting points above room temperature which are particularly preferably used contain 40 to 70% of a polyoxypropylene / polyoxyethylene / polyoxypropylene block polymer blend which comprises 75% by weight of a returned block copolymers of polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene with 17 moles of ethylene oxide and 44 moles of propylene oxide and 25% by weight of a block copolymer of polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene initiated with trimethylol propane and containing 24 moles of ethylene oxide and 99 moles of propylene oxide per mole of trimethylol propane.

Nonionic surfactants that may be used with particular preference are available, for example under the name Poly Tergent ^® SLF-18 from Olin Chemicals.

Another preferred surfactant can be represented by the formula

R ¹ O [CH ₂ CH (CH ₃ ) O] _x [CH ₂ CH ₂ O] _y [CH ₂ CH (OH) R ² ]

describe in which R represents a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon radical with 4 to 18 carbon atoms or mixtures thereof, R ² denotes a linear or branched hydrocarbon radical with 2 to 26 carbon atoms or mixtures thereof and x for values between 0.5 and 1.5 and y is at least 15.

Further preferred nonionic surfactants are the end-capped poly (oxyalkylated) nonionic surfactants of the formula

R ¹ O [CH ₂ CH (R ³ ) O] _x [CH ₂ ] _k CH (OH) [CH ₂ ] _j OR ²

in which R ¹ and R ^{2 represent} linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, R ^{3 represents} H or a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n- Butyl, 2-butyl or 2-methyl-2-butyl radical, x stands for values between 1 and 30, k and j stand for values between 1 and 12, preferably between 1 and 5. If the value x> 2, each R ³ in the above formula can be different. R ¹ and R ² are preferably linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having 6 to 22 carbon atoms, radicals having 8 to 18 carbon atoms being particularly preferred. For the R ³ , H, -CH or -CH ₂ CH _{3 are} particularly preferred. Particularly preferred values for x are in the range from 1 to 20, in particular from 6 to 15.

As described above, each R ³ in the above formula can be different if x> 2. This allows the alkylene oxide unit in the square brackets to be varied. For example, if x is 3, the radical R ³ can be selected to form ethylene oxide (R ³ = H) or propylene oxide (R ³ = CH ₃ ) units which can be joined together in any order, for example (EO) ( PO) (EO), (EO) (EO) (PO), (EO) (EO) (EO), (PO) (EO) (PO), (PO) (PO) (EO) and (PO) ( PO) (PO). The value 3 for x has been chosen here by way of example and may well be greater, the range of variation increasing with increasing x values and including, for example, a large number (EO) groups combined with a small number (PO) groups, or vice versa ,

Particularly preferred end-capped poly (oxyalkylated) alcohols of the above formula have values of k = 1 and j = 1, so that the above formula can be used

R ¹ O [CH ₂ CH (R ³ ) O] _x CH ₂ CH (OH) CH ₂ OR ²

simplified. In the last-mentioned formula, R ¹ , R ² and R ^{3 are} as defined above and x stands for numbers from 1 to 30, preferably from 1 to 20 and in particular from 6 to 18. Particularly preferred are surfactants in which the radicals R ¹ and R ^{2 has} 9 to 14 carbon atoms, R ³ stands for H and x assumes values from 6 to 15.

In order to facilitate the disintegration of highly compressed moldings, it is possible to incorporate disintegration aids, so-called tablet disintegrants, in order to shorten the disintegration times. According to Römpp (9th edition, vol. 6, p. 4440) and Voigt "Textbook of pharmaceutical technology" (6th edition, 1987, p. 182-184), tablet disintegrants or accelerators of decay are understood as auxiliary substances which are necessary for rapid disintegration of tablets in water or gastric juice and ensure the release of the pharmaceuticals in absorbable form. These substances, which are also referred to as "explosives" due to their effect, increase their volume when water enters, whereby on the one hand the intrinsic volume increases (swelling) and on the other hand a pressure can be generated by the release of gases, which the tablet in lets smaller particles disintegrate. Well-known disintegration aids are, for example, carbonate / citric acid systems, although other organic acids can also be used. Swelling disintegration aids are, for example, synthetic polymers such as polyvinylprrolidone (PVP) or natural polymers or modified natural products such as cellulose and starch and their derivatives, alginates or casein derivatives.

Preferred basic agent moldings contain 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably 3 to 7% by weight and in particular 4 to 6% by weight of one or more disintegration auxiliaries, in each case based on the weight of the molded article.

Disintegrants based on cellulose are used as preferred disintegrants in the context of the present invention, so that preferred basic shaped bodies such a disintegrant based on cellulose in amounts of 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably 3 to 7% by weight and in particular 4 to 6% by weight .-% contain. Pure cellulose has the formal gross composition (C ₆ H ₁₀ O ₅ ) _n and, formally speaking, represents a ß-1,4-polyacetal of cellobiose, which in turn is made up of two molecules of glucose. Suitable celluloses consist of approximately 500 to 5000 glucose units and consequently have average molecular weights of 50,000 to 500,000. Cellulose-based disintegrants which can be used in the context of the present invention are also cellulose derivatives which can be obtained from cellulose by polymer-analogous reactions. Such chemically modified celluloses include, for example, products from esterifications or etherifications in which hydroxyl hydrogen atoms have been substituted. However, celluloses in which the hydroxyl groups have been replaced by functional groups which are not bonded via an oxygen atom can also be used as cellulose derivatives. The group of cellulose derivatives includes, for example, alkali celluloses, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), cellulose esters and ethers and aminocelluloses. The cellulose derivatives mentioned are preferably not used alone as disintegrative Onsmittel used on cellulose basis, but used in a mixture with cellulose. The cellulose derivative content of these mixtures is preferably below 50% by weight, particularly preferably below 20% by weight, based on the cellulose-based disintegrant. Pure cellulose which is free from cellulose derivatives is particularly preferably used as the disintegrant based on cellulose.

The cellulose used as disintegration aid is preferably not used in finely divided form, but is converted into a coarser form, for example granulated or compacted, before being added to the premixes to be treated. Detergent tablets, which contain disintegrants in granular or optionally granulated form, are described in German patent applications DE 197 09 991 (Stefan Herzog) and DE 197 10 254 (Henkel) and in international patent application WO98 / 40463 (Henkel). These documents can also be found in more detail on the production of granulated, compacted or cogranulated cellulose disintegrants. The particle sizes of such disintegrants are usually above 200 μm, preferably at least 90% by weight between 300 and 1600 μm and in particular at least 90% by weight between 400 and 1200 μm. The above and described in more detail in the documents cited coarser disintegration aids, are preferred as disintegration aids and are commercially available, for example under the name of Arbocel ^® TF-30-HG from Rettenmaier available in the present invention.

Microcrystalline cellulose can be used as a further cellulose-based disintegrant or as a component of this component. This microcrystalline cellulose is obtained by partial hydrolysis of celluloses under conditions which only attack and completely dissolve the amorphous areas (approx. 30% of the total cellulose mass) of the celluloses, but leave the crystalline areas (approx. 70%) undamaged. A subsequent disaggregation of the microfine celluloses produced by the hydrolysis provides the microcrystalline celluloses, which have primary particle sizes of approximately 5 μm and can be compacted, for example, to granules with an average particle size of 200 μm. Detergent tablets preferred in the context of the present invention additionally contain a disintegration aid, preferably a cellulose-based disintegration aid, preferably in granular, cogranulated or compacted form, in amounts of 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably 3 to 7 % By weight and in particular from 4 to 6% by weight, in each case based on the molded body weight, preferred disintegration aids having average particle sizes above 300 μm, preferably above 400 μm and in particular above 500 μm.

The detergent tablets according to the invention can also contain a gas-developing shower system both in the base tablet [part a)] and in the partial coating. The gas-developing shower system can consist of a single substance that releases a gas when it comes into contact with water. Among these compounds, magnesium peroxide should be mentioned in particular, which releases oxygen on contact with water. Usually, however, the gas-releasing bubble system in turn consists of at least two components that react with one another to form gas. While a large number of systems are conceivable and executable here, which release nitrogen, oxygen or hydrogen, for example, the bubbling system used in the detergent tablets according to the invention can be selected on the basis of both economic and ecological considerations. Preferred effervescent systems consist of alkali metal carbonate and / or hydrogen carbonate and an acidifying agent which is suitable for releasing carbon dioxide from the alkali metal salts in aqueous solution.

In the case of the alkali metal carbonates or bicarbonates, the sodium and potassium salts are clearly preferred over the other salts for reasons of cost. Of course, the pure alkali metal carbonates or bicarbonates in question do not have to be used; rather, mixtures of different carbonates and bicarbonates may be preferred for reasons of washing technology.

In preferred detergent tablets, the shower system is 2 to 20% by weight, preferably 3 to 15% by weight and in particular 5 to 10% by weight of an alkali metal carbonate or bicarbonate and 1 to 15, preferably 2 to 12 and especially Special 3 to 10 wt .-% of an acidifying agent, based in each case on the entire molded body, used.

Acidifying agents which release carbon dioxide from the alkali salts in aqueous solution are, for example, boric acid and alkali metal bisulfates, alkali metal dihydrogen phosphates and other inorganic salts. However, organic acidifying agents are preferably used, citric acid being a particularly preferred acidifying agent. However, the other solid mono-, oligo- and polycarboxylic acids can also be used in particular. Tartaric acid, succinic acid, malonic acid, adipic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, oxalic acid and polyacrylic acid are preferred from this group. Organic sulfonic acids such as amidosulfonic acid can also be used. Sokalan ^® DCS (trademark of BASF), a mixture of succinic acid (max. 31% by weight), glutaric acid (max. 50% by weight) and adipic acid (commercially available and also preferably used as an acidifying agent in the context of the present invention) max. 33% by weight).

In addition to the constituents mentioned, builders, surfactants and disintegration aids, the detergent tablets according to the invention can contain further ingredients customary in detergents and cleaning agents from the group of bleaching agents, bleach activators, dyes, fragrances, optical brighteners, enzymes, foam inhibitors, silicone oils, antiredeposition agents, graying inhibitors, Color transfer inhibitors and corrosion inhibitors included.

In order to develop the desired bleaching performance, the detergent tablets of the present invention can contain bleaches. The usual bleaching agents from the group of sodium perborate monohydrate, sodium perborate tetrahydrate and sodium percarbonate have proven particularly useful here.

“Sodium percarbonate” is a non-specific term for sodium carbonate peroxohydrates, which strictly speaking are not “percarbonates” (ie salts of percarbonic acid) but hydrogen peroxide adducts with sodium carbonate. The merchandise has the average composition 2 Na ₂ CO ₃ -3 H ₂ O ₂ and is therefore not Peroxycarbonate. Sodium percarbonate forms a white, water-soluble powder with a density of 2.14 gcm ^" , which easily breaks down into sodium carbonate and bleaching or oxidizing oxygen.

Sodium carbonate peroxohydrate was first obtained in 1899 by ethanol precipitation from a solution of sodium carbonate in hydrogen peroxide, but was mistakenly regarded as peroxy carbonate. It was not until 1909 that the compound was recognized as a hydrogen peroxide addition compound, but the historical name "sodium percarbonate" has established itself in practice.

The industrial production of sodium percarbonate is mainly produced by precipitation from an aqueous solution (so-called wet process). Here, aqueous solutions of sodium carbonate and hydrogen peroxide are combined and the sodium percarbonate is precipitated by salting-out agents (predominantly sodium chloride), crystallization aids (for example polyphosphates, polyacrylates) and stabilizers (for example Mg ²⁺ ions). The precipitated salt, which still contains 5 to 12% by weight of mother liquor, is then filtered off and dried in fluidized bed dryers at 90.degree. The bulk density of the finished product can vary between 800 and 1200 g / 1 depending on the manufacturing process. As a rule, the percarbonate is stabilized by an additional coating. Coating processes and materials used for coating are widely described in the patent literature. In principle, according to the invention, all commercially available percarbonate types can be used, such as those offered by the companies Solvay Interox, Degussa, Kemira or Akzo.

In the bleaching agents used, the content of these substances in the shaped bodies depends on the intended use of the shaped bodies. While conventional universal detergents in tablet form contain between 5 and 30% by weight, preferably between 7.5 and 25% by weight and in particular between 12.5 and 22.5% by weight of bleaching agent, the contents of bleaching agent or bleach booster tablets are between 15 and 50% by weight, preferably between 22.5 and 45% by weight and in particular between 30 and 40% by weight. In addition to the bleaching agents used, the detergent tablets according to the invention can contain bleach activator (s), which is preferred in the context of the present invention. Bleach activators are incorporated into detergents and cleaning agents in order to achieve an improved bleaching effect when washing at temperatures of 60 ° C and below. Bleach activators which can be used are compounds which, under perhydrolysis conditions, give aliphatic peroxocarboxylic acids having preferably 1 to 10 C atoms, in particular 2 to 4 C atoms, and / or optionally substituted perbenzoic acid. Suitable substances are those which carry O- and / or N-acyl groups of the number of carbon atoms mentioned and / or optionally substituted benzoyl groups. Preferred are multiply acylated alkylenediamines, especially tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED), acylated triazine derivatives, especially 1,5-diacetyl-2,4-dioxohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (DADHT), acylated glycolurils, especially tetraacetylglycoluril (TAGU ), N-acylimides, especially N-nonanoylsuccinimide (NOSI), acylated phenol sulfonates, especially n-nonanoyl- or isononanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (n- or iso-NOBS), carboxylic acid anhydrides, especially phthalic anhydride, acylated polyhydric alcohols, especially triacetyl alcohols, especially triac 5-diacetoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran.

In addition to the conventional bleach activators or in their place, so-called bleach catalysts can also be incorporated into the moldings. These substances are bleach-enhancing transition metal salts or transition metal complexes such as, for example, Mn, Fe, Co, Ru or Mo salt complexes or carbonyl complexes. Mn, Fe, Co, Ru, Mo, Ti, V and Cu complexes with N-containing tripod ligands as well as Co, Fe, Cu and Ru amine complexes can also be used as bleaching catalysts.

If the shaped bodies according to the invention contain bleach activators, they contain, in each case based on the total shaped body, between 0.5 and 30% by weight, preferably between 1 and 20% by weight and in particular between 2 and 15% by weight of one or more Bleach activators or bleach catalysts. These quantities can vary depending on the intended use of the molded articles produced. For example, bleach activator contents of between 0.5 and 10% by weight, preferably between 2 and 8% by weight and in particular between 4 and 6% by weight, are customary in typical universal detergent tablets, while Bleach tablets may have higher contents, for example between 5 and 30% by weight, preferably between 7.5 and 25% by weight and in particular between 10 and 20% by weight. The person skilled in the art is not restricted in its freedom of formulation and can thus produce more or less bleaching detergent tablets, detergent tablets or bleach tablets by varying the bleach activator and bleach content.

A particularly preferred bleach activator is N, N, N ', N'-tetraacetylethylenediamine, which is widely used in detergents and cleaning agents. Accordingly, preferred shaped detergents and cleaning agents are characterized in that tetraacetylethylene diamine is used as the bleach activator in the abovementioned amounts.

In addition to the constituents mentioned, bleaching agent, bleach activator, builder, surfactant and disintegration aid, the detergent tablets according to the invention can contain further ingredients customary in detergents and cleaning agents from the group of dyes, fragrances, optical brighteners, enzymes, foam inhibitors, silicone oils, anti-redeposition agents, graying inhibitors, Color transfer inhibitors and corrosion inhibitors included.

In order to improve the aesthetic impression of the detergent tablets according to the invention, they can be colored with suitable dyes. Preferred dyes, the selection of which is not difficult for the person skilled in the art, have a high storage stability and insensitivity to the other ingredients of the compositions and to light, and no pronounced substantivity towards textile fibers in order not to dye them.

Preferred for use in the detergent tablets according to the invention are all colorants which can be oxidatively destroyed in the washing process, and also mixtures thereof with suitable blue dyes, so-called blue toners. It has proven to be advantageous to use colorants which are soluble in water or at room temperature in liquid organic substances. For example, anionic ones are suitable Colorants, for example anionic nitroso dyes. One possible dye is, for example, naphthol green (Color Index (CI) Part 1: Acid Green 1; Part 2: 10020). Which as a commercial product ^® for example as Basacid Green 970 from BASF, Ludwigshafen, and mixtures thereof with suitable blue dyes. Other colorants include Pigmosol ^® Blue 6900 (CI 74160), Pigmosol ^® Green 8730 (CI 74260), Basonyl ^® Red 545 FL (CI 45170), Sandolan ^® Rhodamine EB400 (CI 45100), Basacid ^® Yellow 094 (CI 47005), Sicovit ^® Patentblau 85 E 131 (CI 42051), Acid Blue 183 (CAS 12217-22-0, CI Acidblue 183), Pigment Blue 15 (CI 74160), Supranol ^® Blau GLW (CAS 12219-32-8, CI Acidblue 221 )), Nylosan ^® Yellow N-7GL SGR (CAS 61814-57-1, CI Acidyellow 218) and / or Sandolan ^® Blue (CI Acid Blue 182, CAS 12219-26-0).

When choosing the colorant, care must be taken to ensure that the colorants do not have too strong an affinity for the textile surfaces and especially for synthetic fibers. At the same time, when choosing suitable colorants, it must also be taken into account that colorants have different stabilities against oxidation. In general, water-insoluble colorants are more stable to oxidation than water-soluble colorants. Depending on the solubility and thus also on the susceptibility to oxidation, the concentration of the colorant in the washing or cleaning agents varies. For highly soluble dyes, for example, the above-mentioned Basacid Green or the above-mentioned Sandolan Blue ^®, are typically selected dye concentrations in the range of some 10 ^"2 to ^{10" 3} wt .-%. In the due to their brilliance, particularly preferred, but are less readily water-soluble pigment dyes, for example the above-mentioned Pigmosol ^® ATTO-dyes, the appropriate concentration of the colorant is in washing or cleaning agents, however, typically a few 10 ^"3 to ^{10" 4} wt .-% ,

The moldings can contain optical brighteners of the type of derivatives of diaminostilbenedisulfonic acid or their alkali metal salts. Suitable are, for example, salts of 4,4'-bis (2-anilino-4-moφholino-1, 3,5-triazinyl-6-amino) stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid or compounds of the same structure which replace the Moφholino- Group carry a diethanolamino group, a methylamino group, an anilino group or a 2-methoxyethylamino group. In addition, brighteners of the substituted diphenyl styrene type can be be essential, for example the alkali salts of 4,4'-bis (2-sulfostyryl) diphenyl, 4,4'-bis (4-chloro-3-sulfostyryl) diphenyl, or 4- (4-chlorostyryl) -4 ' - (2-sulfostyryl). Mixtures of the aforementioned brighteners can also be used. The optical brighteners are in the detergent tablets according to the invention in concentrations between 0.01 and 1% by weight, preferably between 0.05 and 0.5% by weight and in particular between 0.1 and 0.25% by weight. %, each based on the entire molded body, used.

Fragrances are added to the agents according to the invention in order to improve the aesthetic impression of the products and, in addition to the performance of the product, to provide the consumer with a visually and sensorially "typical and distinctive" product. Individual fragrance compounds, for example the synthetic products of the ester, ether, aldehyde, ketone, alcohol and hydrocarbon type, can be used as perfume oils or fragrances. Fragrance compounds of the ester type are, for example, benzyl acetate, phenoxyethyl isobutyrate, p-tert.-butylcyclohexyl acetate, linalyl acetate, dimethylbenzylcarbyl acetate, phenylethyl acetate, linalylbenzoate, benzyl formate, ethylmethylphenylglycineate, AUylcyclohexylpropylatelylpylyl propylateylatepyl propionate, The ethers include, for example, benzylethyl ether, the aldehydes include, for example, the linear alkanals with 8-18 C atoms, citral, citronellal, citronellyloxyacetaldehyde, cyclamenaldehyde, hydroxycitronellal, lilial and bourgeonal, and the ketones include, for example, the jonones, oc-isomethylionone and methyl cedryl ketone , the alcohols anethole, citronellol, eugenol, geraniol, linalool, phenylethyl alcohol and teφineol, the hydrocarbons mainly include the teφenes such as limonene and pinene. However, preference is given to using mixtures of different fragrances which together produce an appealing fragrance. Perfume oils of this type can also contain natural fragrance mixtures such as are obtainable from plant sources, for example pine, citrus, jasmine, patchouli, rose or ylang-ylang oil. Also suitable are muscatel, sage oil, chamomile oil, clove oil, lemon balm oil, mint oil, cinnamon leaf oil, linden blossom oil, juniper berry oil, vetiver oil, olibanum oil, galbanum oil and labdanum oil as well as orange blossom oil, neroliol, orange peel oil and sandalwood oil. The fragrance content of the detergent tablets according to the invention is usually up to 2% by weight of the total formulation. The fragrances can be incorporated directly into the agents according to the invention, but it can also be advantageous to apply the fragrances to carriers which increase the adhesion of the perfume to the laundry and ensure a long-lasting fragrance of the textiles due to a slower fragrance release. Cyclodextrins, for example, have proven useful as such carrier materials, and the cyclodextrin-perfume complexes can additionally be coated with further auxiliaries.

Particularly suitable enzymes are those from the classes of hydrolases such as proteases, esterases, lipases or lipolytically active enzymes, amylases, cellulases or other glycosyl hydrolases and mixtures of the enzymes mentioned. All these hydrolases help to remove stains such as protein, fat or starchy stains and graying in the laundry. Cellulases and other glycosyl hydrolases can also help to retain color and increase the softness of the textile by removing pilling and microfibrils. Oxidoreductases can also be used to bleach or inhibit color transfer. Particularly suitable are bacterial strains or fungi such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Streptomyceus griseus, Coprinus Cinereus and Humicola insolens as well as enzymatic active ingredients obtained from their genetically modified variants. Proteases of the subtilisin type and in particular proteases which are obtained from Bacillus lentus are preferably used. Enzyme mixtures, for example, from protease and amylase or protease and lipase or lipolytically active enzymes or protease and cellulase or from cellulase and lipase or lipolytically active enzymes or from protease, amylase and lipase or lipolytically active enzymes or protease, lipase or lipolytically active enzymes and cellulase, but in particular protease and / or lipase-containing mixtures or mixtures with lipolytically active enzymes of particular interest. Known cutinases are examples of such lipolytically active enzymes. Peroxidases or oxidases have also proven to be suitable in some cases. Suitable amylases include in particular alpha-amylases, iso-amylases, pullulanases and pectinases. Cellobiohydrolases, endoglucanases and glucosidases, which are also cellobiases, are preferably used as cellulases. are called, or mixtures of these are used. Since different cellulase types differ in their CMCase and avicelase activities, the desired activities can be set by targeted mixtures of the cellulases.

The enzymes can be adsorbed on carriers or embedded in coating substances to protect them against premature decomposition. The proportion of the enzymes, enzyme mixtures or enzyme granules can be, for example, about 0.1 to 5% by weight, preferably 0.5 to about 4.5% by weight.

In addition, the detergent tablets can also contain components that positively influence the oil and fat washability from textiles (so-called soil repellents). This effect becomes particularly clear when a textile is soiled that has already been washed several times beforehand with a detergent according to the invention which contains this oil and fat-dissolving component. The preferred oil and fat-dissolving components include, for example, nonionic cellulose ethers such as methyl cellulose and methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose with a proportion of methoxyl groups of 15 to 30% by weight and of hydroxypropoxyl groups of 1 to 15% by weight, in each case based on the nonionic cellulose ether, and the polymers of phthalic acid and / or terephthalic acid or their derivatives known from the prior art, in particular polymers of ethylene terephthalates and / or polyethylene glycol terephthalates or anionically and / or nonionically modified derivatives thereof. Of these, the sulfonated derivatives of phthalic acid and terephthalic acid polymers are particularly preferred.

The molded body according to the invention are produced in two steps. In the first step, detergent tablets are produced in a manner known per se by pressing particulate detergent and cleaning agent compositions, and the second step is provided with the coating.

Another object of the present invention is therefore a process for the production of coated laundry detergent or cleaning product by pressing a particulate washing or cleaning agent composition in a manner known per se the mechanically sensitive areas of the molded body are provided with a coating after pressing, which does not cover the entire molded body.

Analogous to the statements regarding the detergent tablets according to the invention, the polymers mentioned are also preferred in the process according to the invention, so that reference can be made to the statements above.

A description of the two major process steps follows.

The molded articles to be coated later according to the invention are first produced by dry mixing the constituents, which can be wholly or partially pregranulated, and then providing information, in particular compresses to tablets, using conventional methods. To produce the molded body, the premix is compressed in a so-called die between two punches to form a solid compressed product. This process, which is briefly referred to as tableting in the following, is divided into four sections: metering, compression (elastic deformation), plastic deformation and ejection.

First, the premix is introduced into the die, the filling quantity and thus the weight and the shape of the molded body being formed being determined by the position of the lower punch and the shape of the pressing tool. The constant dosing, even at high mold throughputs, is preferably achieved by volumetric dosing of the premix. As the tableting continues, the upper punch touches the premix and lowers further in the direction of the lower punch. During this compression, the particles of the premix are pressed closer together, the void volume within the filling between the punches continuously decreasing. From a certain position of the upper punch (and thus from a certain pressure on the premix), the plastic deformation begins, in which the particles flow together and the molded body is formed. Depending on the physical properties of the premix, some of the premix particles are also crushed and sintering of the premix occurs at even higher pressures. With increasing press speed, i.e. high throughputs, the phase of the elastic see deformation shortened ever further, so that the resulting molded body may have more or less large cavities. In the last step of tableting, the finished molded body is pressed out of the die by the lower punch and transported away by subsequent transport devices. At this point in time, only the weight of the molded body is finally determined, since the compacts can still change their shape and size due to physical processes (stretching, crystallographic effects, cooling, etc.).

Tableting takes place in commercially available tablet presses, which can in principle be equipped with single or double punches. In the latter case, not only is the upper stamp used to build up pressure, the lower stamp also moves towards the upper stamp during the pressing process, while the upper stamp presses down. For small production quantities, eccentric tablet presses are preferably used, in which the stamp or stamps are attached to an eccentric disc, which in turn is mounted on an axis with a certain rotational speed. The movement of these rams is comparable to that of a conventional four-stroke engine. The pressing can take place with one upper and one lower punch, but several punches can also be attached to one eccentric disk, the number of die holes being increased accordingly. The throughputs of eccentric presses vary depending on the type from a few hundred to a maximum of 3000 tablets per hour.

For larger throughputs, rotary tablet presses are selected in which a larger number of dies is arranged in a circle on a so-called die table. The number of matrices varies between 6 and 55 depending on the model, although larger matrices are also commercially available. Each die on the die table is assigned an upper and lower punch, and again the pressure can be built up actively only by the upper or lower punch, but also by both stamps. The die table and the stamps move about a common vertical axis, the stamps being brought into the positions for filling, compaction, plastic deformation and ejection by means of rail-like cam tracks during the rotation. At locations where a particularly serious lifting or lowering of the punches is required (filling, compacting, ejecting), these cam tracks are before supporting low-pressure pieces, low-tension rails and lifting tracks. The die is filled via a stan feed device, the so-called filling shoe, which is connected to a storage container for the premix. The pressing pressure on the premix can be individually adjusted via the pressing paths for the upper and lower punches, the pressure being built up by rolling the punch shaft heads past adjustable pressure rollers.

Rundlauφressen can also be provided with two filling shoes to increase the throughput, with only a semicircle having to be run through to produce a tablet. For the production of two-layer and multi-layer molded bodies, several filling shoes are arranged one behind the other without the slightly pressed first layer being ejected before further filling. With suitable process control, jacket and dot tablets can also be produced in this way, which have an onion-shell-like structure, the top side of the core or the core layers not being covered in the case of the dot tablets and thus remaining visible. Rotary tablet presses can also be equipped with single or multiple tools, so that, for example, an outer circle with 50 and an inner circle with 35 holes can be used simultaneously for pressing. The throughputs of modern rotary tablet presses are over one million molded articles per hour.

When tableting with concentricity presses, it has proven to be advantageous to carry out the tabletting with the smallest possible fluctuations in the weight of the tablet. The fluctuations in hardness of the tablet can also be reduced in this way. Small fluctuations in weight can be achieved in the following ways:

- Use of plastic inserts with small thickness tolerances

- Low number of revolutions of the rotor

- Big filling shoes

- Matching the filler paddle speed to the speed of the rotor

- Filling shoe with constant powder height

- Decoupling of filling shoe and powder feed All non-stick coatings known from the art are suitable for reducing stamp caking. Plastic coatings, plastic inserts or plastic stamps are particularly advantageous. Rotating punches have also proven to be advantageous, with the upper and lower punches being designed to be rotatable if possible. In the case of rotating stamps, a plastic insert can generally be dispensed with. The stamp surfaces should be electropolished here.

It was also shown that long pressing times are advantageous. These can be set with pressure rails, several pressure rollers or low rotor speeds. Since the fluctuations in the hardness of the tablet are caused by the fluctuations in the pressing forces, systems should be used which limit the pressing force. Here elastic stamps, pneumatic compensators or resilient elements can be used in the force path. The pressure roller can also be designed to be resilient.

Tableting machines suitable in the context of the present invention are available, for example, from the companies Apparatebau Holzwarth GbR, Asperg, Wilhelm Fette GmbH, Schwarzenbek, Hofer GmbH, Weil, Hörn & Noack Pharmatechnik GmbH, Worms, IMA Veφackungssysteme GmbH Viersen, KILIAN, Cologne, KOMAGE, Kell am See, KORSCH Pressen AG, Berlin, and Romaco GmbH, Worms. Other providers include Dr. Herbert Pete, Vienna (AU), Mapag Maschinenbau AG, Bern (CH), BWI Manesty, Liveeool (GB), I. Holand Ltd., Nottingham (GB), Courtoy NV, Halle (BE / LU) and Me- diopharm Kamnik (SI). For example, the hydraulic double-pressure press HPF 630 from LAEIS, D. Tablettierwerkzeuge are, for example, from the companies Adams Tablettierwerkzeuge, Dresden, Wilhelm Fett GmbH, Schwarzenbek, Klaus Hammer, Solingen, Herber% Söhne GmbH, Hamburg, Hofer GmbH, Weil, Hörn & Noack, Pharmatechnik GmbH, Worms, Ritter Pharamatechnik GmbH, Hamburg, Romaco, GmbH, Worms and Notter Werkzeugbau, Tamm available. Other providers are e.g. Senss AG, Reinach (CH) and Medicopharm, Kamnik (SI).

The molded body can be manufactured in a predetermined spatial shape and a predetermined size. Practically all sensibly manageable configurations come into consideration as the spatial form, for example the design as a blackboard, the bars or bars shape, cubes, cuboids and corresponding spatial elements with flat side surfaces and in particular cylindrical configurations with a circular or oval cross section. This last embodiment covers the presentation form from the tablet to compact cylinder pieces with a ratio of height to diameter above 1.

The portioned compacts can each be designed as separate individual elements that correspond to the predetermined dosage of the detergents and / or cleaning agents. It is also possible, however, to form compacts which connect a plurality of such mass units in one compact, the portioned smaller units being easy to separate, in particular by predetermined predetermined breaking points. For the use of laundry detergents in machines of the type customary in Europe with horizontally arranged mechanics, the portioned compacts as tablets, in cylinder or cuboid form can be expedient, with a diameter / height ratio in the range from about 0.5: 2 to 2: 0.5 is preferred. Commercial hydraulic presses, eccentric presses or rotary presses are suitable devices, in particular for the production of such pressed articles.

The spatial shape of another embodiment of the molded body is adapted in its dimensions to the detergent dispenser of commercially available household washing machines, so that the molded body can be metered directly into the dispenser without metering aid, where it dissolves during the dispensing process. However, it is of course also possible to use the detergent tablets without problems using a metering aid and is preferred in the context of the present invention.

Another preferred molded body that can be produced has a plate-like or plate-like structure with alternating thick long and thin short segments, so that individual segments of this "bolt" at the predetermined breaking points, which represent the short thin segments, broken off and into the Machine can be entered. This principle of the "bar-shaped" foam detergent can also be implemented in other geometric shapes, for example vertically standing triangles, which are connected to one another only on one of their sides along the side. However, it is also possible that the various components are not pressed into a uniform tablet, but that shaped bodies are obtained which have several layers, that is to say at least two layers. It is also possible that these different layers have different dissolving speeds. This can result in advantageous application properties of the molded body. If, for example, components are contained in the moldings that mutually influence one another negatively, it is possible to integrate one component in the more rapidly soluble layer and to incorporate the other component in a more slowly soluble layer, so that the first component has already reacted. when the second goes into solution. The layer structure of the molded body can take place in a stack-like manner, with the inner layer (s) already loosening at the edges of the molded body when the outer layers have not yet been completely removed, but it is also possible for the inner layer (s) to be completely encased ) by the respective outer layer (s), which leads to the premature dissolution of components of the inner layer (s).

In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, a molded body consists of at least three layers, that is to say two outer and at least one inner layer, at least one of the inner layers containing a peroxy bleaching agent, while in the case of the stacked molded body the two cover layers and in the shell-shaped molded body the outermost layers, however, are free of peroxy bleach. Furthermore, it is also possible to spatially separate peroxy bleaching agents and any bleach activators and / or enzymes that may be present in a molded body. Such multilayer molded bodies have the advantage that they can be used not only via a dispensing chamber or via a metering device which is added to the washing liquor; rather, in such cases it is also possible to put the molded body into direct contact with the textiles in the machine without the risk of bleaching from bleaching agents and the like.

In addition to the layer structure, multi-phase molded bodies can also be produced in the form of toroidal core tablets, core-shell tablets or so-called “bulleye” tablets. An overview of such embodiments of multi-phase tablets is described in EP 055 100 (Jeyes Group). This document discloses blocks of toilet detergent comprising a molded body of a slowly soluble detergent composition in which a bleach tablet is embedded. At the same time, this document discloses the most varied forms of configuration of multi-phase shaped bodies, from simple multi-phase tablets to complicated multi-layer systems with inlays.

After pressing, the detergent tablets have a high stability. The breaking strength of cylindrical shaped bodies can be determined via the measured variable of the diametrical breaking load. This can be determined according to

2P σ = ^■

TtDt

Herein σ stands for diametral fracture stress (DFS) in Pa, P is the force in N that leads to the pressure exerted on the molded body that causes the molded body to break, D is the molded body diameter in meters and t the height of the molded body.

Preferred manufacturing processes for detergent tablets are based on a surfactant-containing granulate which is processed with further processing components to give a particulate premix to be treated. Completely analogous to the above statements about preferred ingredients of the detergent tablets according to the invention, the use of further ingredients can also be transferred to their production. In preferred processes, the particulate premix additionally contains granule (s) containing surfactant and has a bulk density of at least 500 g / 1, preferably at least 600 g / 1 and in particular at least 700 g / 1.

In preferred methods according to the invention, the surfactant-containing granulate has particle sizes between 100 and 2000 μm, preferably between 200 and 1800 μm, particularly preferably between 400 and 1600 μm and in particular between 600 and 1400 μm. The further ingredients of the detergent tablets according to the invention can also be incorporated into the method according to the invention, for which reference is made to the above statements. Preferred processes are characterized in that the particulate premix additionally contains one or more substances from the group of bleaching agents, bleach activators, disintegration aids, enzymes, pH regulators, fragrances, perfume carriers, fluorescent agents, dyes, foam inhibitors, silicone oils, anti-redeposition agents, optical brighteners, graying inhibitors, Contains color transfer inhibitors and corrosion inhibitors.

The second step of the method according to the invention comprises the application of the partial coating. For this purpose, common methods of coating bodies can be used, in particular immersing parts of the molded body in or spraying these parts with a melt, solution or dispersion of the polymers mentioned. Accordingly, preferred methods according to the invention are characterized in that the coating is carried out by immersing mechanically sensitive molded body areas in or by spraying these areas with a melt, solution, emulsion or dispersion of one or more coating materials.

The manufacturing process can be varied depending on the materials used for the partial coating. For substances that can be melted without decomposition and form stable, adequately processable melts, the process of melt coating is preferred, since the corresponding coating layer is formed quickly and the use of additional auxiliaries such as solvents etc. can be dispensed with. In particular, inorganic salts, organic compounds such as urea or the polyalkylene glycols are preferably applied to the mechanically sensitive areas of the molded body by the process of melt coating. Processes are preferred in which a melt is applied to the edges of the molded body at temperatures from 40 to 200 ° C., preferably from 45 to 170 ° C. and in particular from 50 to 150 ° C. Depending on the geometry of the molded body, the melt can be applied using suitably shaped nozzles and spraying the melt, but it is also possible to guide the molded body past brushes, fleeces or micro-nozzles that meter the melt onto the desired areas, where it solidifies and that Training partial coating. Correspondingly shaped chambers, in which the melt is present in predetermined areas, which only allow contact with the molded body at certain points, and the insertion or rolling of the molded body in or through these chambers are an applicable method.

Substances that cannot be melted or can only be melted at great expense can be applied as a solution, dispersion or emulsion. These include in particular the polymers mentioned. Corresponding processes in which a solution, emulsion or dispersion of one or more coating materials with concentrations of 1 to 95% by weight, preferably 5 to 90% by weight and in particular 10 to 80%, in each case based on the solution, emulsion or dispersion on which edges of the molded body are applied are preferred.

Since immersing the mechanically sensitive areas of detergent tablets in melts or solutions or dispersions leads to the desired partial coatings only with great technical effort, it is preferred in the context of the present invention to spray solutions or dispersions onto the tablets, this being the case Solvent or dispersant evaporates and leaves a coating on the corresponding parts of the molded body. In preferred processes according to the invention, an aqueous solution of one or more polymers from groups a) to e) mentioned above is sprayed onto the mechanically sensitive parts of the molded body, the aqueous solution, based in each case on the solution, 1 to 20% by weight, preferably 2 to 15% by weight and in particular 4 to 10% by weight of polymer (s) from groups a) to e), optionally up to 20% by weight, preferably up to 10% by weight and in particular below 5% by weight of one or more water-miscible solvents and the remainder water. In order to shorten the drying time, further water-miscible volatile solvents can be added to the aqueous solution. These come in particular from the group of alcohols, ethanol, n-propanol and iso-propanol being preferred. For cost reasons, ethanol and isopropanol are particularly recommended.

Another preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention is a process variant in which an aqueous dispersion of one or more polyurethanes, which additionally contains one or more dissolved polymers from groups a) to e), is sprayed onto the moldings, the dispersion being based in each case on the dispersion, 1 to 20% by weight, preferably 2 to 15% by weight and in particular 4 to 10% by weight of polyurethane ^), 1 to 20% by weight, preferably 2 to 15% by weight and in particular 4 to 10% by weight of polymer (s) from groups a) to e), optionally up to 20% by weight, preferably up to 10% by weight and in particular less than 5% by weight of one or more with Water-miscible solvent and the rest water.

Aqueous dispersions within the meaning of the invention are understood to mean those dispersions whose outer phase consists predominantly of water. The outer phase can also contain other water-miscible solvents such as ethanol and isopropanol; these further solvents are contained in a maximum of up to 20% by weight, based on the total agent. The outer phase preferably contains water as the sole solvent; a further preferred embodiment contains in the outer phase, based on the total agent, no more than 5% of further solvents.

Such aqueous solutions or dispersions can be sprayed on in different ways which are familiar to the person skilled in the art. For example, the solution or dispersion can be fed to a nozzle by means of a pump system, where the solution or dispersion is atomized finely by the high shear forces. The resulting spray mist can then be directed onto the shaped bodies to be coated, which are subsequently optionally dried with the aid of suitable measures (for example blowing with heated air). However, it is also possible to use a multi-component nozzle and to atomize the aqueous solutions or dispersions with the aid of a gas stream through the nozzle. In the simplest case, a two-substance nozzle is used and as a carrier Gas compressed air used. In order to protect the dispersion from oxidation or other interactions with the carrier gas, if necessary, other carrier gases such as nitrogen, noble gases, lower alkanes or ethers can also be used.

It is also possible to reduce the water content of the dispersion or solution, which shortens drying times, minimizes interactions with moisture-sensitive ingredients on the surface of the molded body and lowers production costs. Here, too, the above-mentioned lower alcohols are suitable as solvents, with completely water-free solvent mixtures being less preferred, since certain amounts of water favor the formation of a uniform coating layer. In preferred processes according to the invention, a solution or dispersion of one or more polymers from groups a) to e) in a solvent or solvent mixture from the group of water, ethanol, propanol, iso-propanol, n-heptane and mixtures thereof with the aid of inert Propellants from the group nitrogen, nitrous oxide, propane, butane, dimethyl ether and mixtures thereof are sprayed onto the molded body.

In such preferred process variants according to the invention, the solutions or dispersions advantageously have the following composition, the details relating in each case to the dispersion to be sprayed on:

i) 30 to 99% by weight, preferably 40 to 90% by weight and in particular 50 to 85

% By weight of ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, n-heptane or mixtures thereof, ii) 0 to 20, preferably 1 to 15 and in particular 2 to 10% by weight of water, iii) 1 to 50, preferably 2 to 25 and in particular 3 to 10% by weight of one or more polymers from groups a) to e).

If polyurethanes or other ingredients are to be part of the coating, these can be the polymers from groups a) to e) in the abovementioned. Replace frame recipe up to 50% of the stated weight.

Other ingredients of the dispersions to be sprayed on can be, for example, colorants or fragrances or pigments. Such additives improve the visual, for example or olfactory impression of the molded body coated according to the invention. Dyes and fragrances have been described in detail above. Examples of suitable pigments are white pigments such as titanium dioxide or zinc sulfide, pearlescent pigments or color pigments, the latter being able to be divided into inorganic pigments and organic pigments. If used, all of the pigments mentioned are preferably used in finely divided form, ie with average particle sizes of 100 μm and well below.

In order to achieve the formation of a uniform and as thin as possible coating, it is preferred to atomize the solution or dispersion of the coating materials as finely as possible before it hits the molded body. Processes according to the invention, in which the solution and / or dispersion in question is applied to the molded body via a nozzle, the mean droplet size in the spray mist being less than 100 μm, preferably less than 50 μm and in particular less than 35 μm, are preferably up in this way, the preferred thickness of the coating mentioned above can be easily realized.

Of course, what has been said above for solutions and dispersions also applies to emulsions.

In processes preferred within the scope of the present invention, the solution, emulsion or dispersion as solvent, emulsion base or dispersant contains one or more substances from the group consisting of water, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, diethyl ether, n-heptane and mixtures thereof and is sprayed onto the molded body with the aid of inert blowing agents from the group consisting of air, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, propane, butane, dimethyl ether and mixtures thereof.

Another object of the present invention is the use of coatings, which do not cover the entire surface of the molded article, to improve the physical properties, in particular the abrasion and edge stability, of detergent tablets. This use of a partial coating according to the invention leads to partially coated moldings with advantageous properties, as the examples below show. With regard to preferred embodiments of the use according to the invention (ingredients, composition of the premix, preferred coating materials etc.), what has been said above for the method according to the invention applies analogously.

Examples:

For the production of uncoated detergent tablets, a surfactant granulate was mixed with other processing components and pressed to form tablets on an eccentric tablet press. The composition of the surfactant granules is given in Table 1 below, the composition of the premix to be treated (and thus the composition of the shaped bodies) can be found in Table 2.

Table 1: Surfactant granules [% by weight]

Table 2: Premix [% by weight]

** Terephthalic acid-ethylene glycol-polyethylene glycol ester (Rhodia, Rhône-Poulenc)

The tablettable premix was pressed in a Korsch eccentric press into round tablets (diameter: 44 mm, height: 22 mm, weight: 37.5 g).

These tablets were divided into two series, the first series of which, untreated, served as a comparative example (V), while the second series (E) was treated with a melt of urea / ethanolamine (97.5 / 2.5% by weight) , For this purpose, 0.9 g of melt per tablet was applied to the "cylinder wall" so that the two circular surfaces of the tablet had a 2 mm wide "outer ring" made of coating material. In order to implement a further preferred embodiment with a slightly covered surface, an annular adhesive strip (height: 18 mm) can be applied along the cylinder jacket surface before the melt is applied, which is removed after the coating has been applied. As a result, tablets can be produced which, starting from the edges, have only a 2 mm wide coating strip, in which case the cylinder jacket surface is not completely covered by the coating.

Two tablets from each of the two series V and E were placed on a sieve with a 4 mm mesh size and on a Retsch sieving machine at the highest amplitude for 120 seconds long shaken. After this experiment, the appearance of the molded body edges was assessed visually. The following evaluation scheme was used:

+ no edge break

0 low edge break strong edge break

The washability was tested in a Miele Novotronic W918 washing machine (main wash program, 60 ° C). After washing in with three tablets and cold city water (10 ° C, 16 ° dH), the residues were dried and weighed out.

To determine the tablet disintegration, the tablet was placed in a beaker with water (600 ml of water, temperature 30 ° C.) and the time until the tablet disintegrated completely. The experimental data of the individual tablet series is shown in Table 3:

Table 3: Detergent tablets [physical data]

The results show that edge stability can be significantly improved by coating the critical areas alone without negatively affecting the disintegration time or the ability to be flushed in.

Claims

claims:

1. washing or cleaning agent molded body made of compressed particulate washing or cleaning agent, containing builders (e), surfactant (s) and optionally further washing or cleaning agent components, characterized in that the molded bodies have a coating which only covers mechanically sensitive parts of the molded body.

2. washing or cleaning agent molded article according to claim 1, characterized in that the coating covers a maximum of 80%, preferably a maximum of 65% and in particular a maximum of 50% of the total surface of the molded article.

3. washing or cleaning agent molded article according to one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the coating is applied to the corners and / or edges of the molded article.

4. washing or cleaning agent molded article according to claim 3, characterized in that the coating covers 1 to 60%, preferably 5 to 50% and in particular 10 to 40% of the distance between two edges.

5. washing or cleaning agent molded article according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the weight ratio of uncoated molded article to coating is greater than 10 to 1, preferably greater than 50 to 1 and in particular greater than 100 to 1.

6. washing or cleaning agent molded article according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the thickness of the coating is 0.1 to 3000 microns, preferably 0.5 to 500 microns and in particular 5 to 250 microns.

7. washing or cleaning agent molded article according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the coating comprises one or more solid substances with a water solubility of more than 200 g / 1 at 20 ° C.

8. Washing or cleaning agent molded article according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the coating comprises carboxylic acids, those with 12 to 22, preferably with 18 to 22 carbon atoms being preferred, and among these the species with an even number of carbon atoms are particularly preferred ,

9. washing or cleaning agent molded article according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the coating comprises dicarboxylic acids, those with at least 4, preferably with at least 6, particularly preferably with at least 8 and in particular those with 8 to 13 carbon atoms preferred and under the species with an even number of carbon atoms are particularly preferred.

10. Washing or cleaning agent shaped body according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the coating contains film-forming substances, in particular from the groups of polyethylene and / or polypropylene glycols, the copolymers of acrylic acid and maleic acid or the sugar.

11. washing or cleaning agent molded article according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the coating comprises a polymer or polymer mixture which is selected from

a) water-soluble nonionic polymers from the group of

al) polyvinylpynolidones, a2) vinylpyrrolidone / vinyl ester copolymers, a3) cellulose ethers

b) water-soluble amphoteric polymers from the group of

b 1) alkyl acrylamide / acrylic acid copolymers b2) alkyl acrylamide / methacrylic acid copolymers b3) alkyl acrylamide / methyl methacrylic acid copolymers b4) alkyl acrylamyl acrylic acid / alkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylic acid copolymers b5) alkyl acrylamide / methacrylic acid / alkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylic acid -

Copolymers b6) alkyl acrylamide / methyl methacrylic acid / alkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylic acid

Copolymers b7) alkyl acrylamide / alkymethacrylate / alkylaminoethyl methacrylate / alkyl methacrylate copolymers b8) copolymers from b8i) unsaturated carboxylic acids b8ii) cationically derivatized unsaturated carboxylic acids bδiii) optionally further ionic or nonionic monomers

c) water-soluble zwitterionic polymers from the group of

cl) acrylamidoalkyltrialkylammonium chloride / acrylic acid copolymers and their alkali and ammonium salts c2) acrylamidoalkyltrialkylammonium chloride / methacrylic acid copolymers and their alkali and ammonium salts c3) methacroylethylbetaine / methacrylate copolymers

d) water-soluble anionic polymers from the group of

dl) vinyl acetate / crotonic acid copolymers d2) vinylpynolidone / vinyl acrylate copolymers d3) acrylic acid / ethyl acrylate / N-tert-butyl acrylamide teφolymers d4) graft polymers from vinyl esters, esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, alone or in a mixture, copolymerized with crotonic acid, acrylic acid with polyalkylene oxides and or polyalkylene glycols d5) grafted and crosslinked copolymers from the copolymerization of d5i) at least one monomer of the non-ionic type, d5ii) at least one monomer of the ionic type, d5iii) of polyethylene glycol and d5iv) a crosslinked d6) copolymers obtained by copolymerizing at least one monomer from each of the three following groups: d6i) esters of unsaturated alcohols and short-chain saturated carboxylic acids and / or esters of short-chain saturated alcohols and unsaturated carboxylic acids, d6ii) unsaturated carboxylic acids, dόiii) esters of long-chain carboxylic acids and unsaturated alcohols and / or esters of the carboxylic acids of group d6ii) with saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched C _{8 8-} ι - alcohol d7) terpolymers of crotonic acid ester, vinyl acetate and an allyl or methallyl d8) tetra- and pentapolymers of D8i) crotonic acid or allyloxyacetic d8ii) vinyl acetate or vinyl propionate d8iii) branched allyl or methallyl esters d8iv) vinyl ethers, allyl or methallyl esters or straight chain Vinylesterrn d9) crotonic acid copolymers with one or more monomers from the group of ethylene, vinyl benzene, Vinymethylether, acrylamide and de ren water-soluble salts dlO) Teφolymers of vinyl acetate, crotonic acid and vinyl esters of a saturated aliphatic monocarboxylic acid branched in the α-position

e) water-soluble cationic polymers from the group of

el) quaternized cellulose derivatives e2) polysiloxanes with quaternary groups e3) cationic guar derivatives e4) polymeric dimethyldiallylammonium salts and their copolymers with esters and amides of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid e5) copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone with quaternized derivatives of dialkylaminoacrylate and methacrylate e6) vinylpyrrolidone-methoimidazolinium chloride copolymers e7) quaternized polyvinyl alcohol e8) under the LNCI names Polyquaternium 2, Polyquaternium 17 and Polyquaternium 18.

12. Detergent or shaped article according to one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the coating additionally contains a disintegration aid in amounts of 0.1 to 10% by weight, preferably 0.2 to 7.5% by weight and contains in particular from 0.25 to 5% by weight, in each case based on the coating layer.

13. Washing or cleaning agent molded article according to one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the molded article additionally contains a disintegration aid, preferably a cellulose-based disintegration aid, preferably in granular, cogranulated or compacted form, in amounts of 0.5 to 10% by weight. %, preferably from 3 to 7% by weight and in particular from 4 to 6% by weight, in each case based on the molded body weight, preferred disintegration aids having average particle sizes above 300 μm, preferably above 400 μm and in particular above 500 µm.

14. Detergent or cleaning product according to one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that they contain anionic (s) and / or nonionic (s) surfactant (s) and total surfactant contents above 2.5% by weight, preferably above 5% by weight and in particular above 10% by weight, in each case based on the weight of the shaped body.

15. A process for the production of coated detergent tablets by known compression of a particulate detergent or cleaning composition, characterized in that mechanically sensitive molded body areas are provided with a coating after the coating which does not cover the entire molded body.

16. The method according to claim 15, characterized in that the coating is carried out by immersing mechanically sensitive molded body areas in or by spraying these areas with a melt, solution, emulsion or dispersion of one or more coating materials.

17. The method according to any one of claims 15 or 16, characterized in that a melt is applied at temperatures of 40 to 200 ° C, preferably from 45 to 170 ° C and in particular from 50 to 150 ° C on the edges of the molded body.

18. The method according to any one of claims 15 or 16, characterized in that a solution, emulsion or dispersion of one or more coating materials with concentrations of 1 to 95 wt .-%, preferably from 5 to 90 wt .-% and in particular from 10 to 80%, based on the solution, emulsion or dispersion, is applied to the edges of the molded body.

19. The method according to claim 18, characterized in that the solution, emulsion or dispersion as a solvent, emulsion base or dispersant one or more substances from the group water, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, diethyl ether, n-heptane and contains their mixtures and is sprayed onto the moldings with the aid of inert blowing agents from the group consisting of air, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, propane, butane, dimethyl ether and their mixtures.

20. Use of coatings that do not cover the entire surface of the molded article to improve the physical properties, in particular the abrasion and edge stability, of detergent tablets.