DE10125441A1 - Process and additives required to increase the stability of tablets - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for providing dimensionally stable washing and cleaning agent tablets that have advantageous properties such as high hardness and breakage strength while they dissolve well in an aqueous solution. The inventive method allows to completely coat individual tablets as well as to specifically coat selected areas of the tablet surface. Once one or more component(s) selected from the group of sugars and/or sugar acids and/or sugar alcohols are added, the tablets are subjected to a heat treatment, thereby increasing their hardness.

Description

The present invention is in the field of compact tablets as used in the Do sation of certain active ingredients, for example in the pharmaceutical industry, the Le food industry or the detergent industry can be used. Subject of Invention is a method of providing and for stable tablets The process required tablet additives. In particular, the invention relates to washing and Detergent tablets used for washing textiles in a household washing machine machine, for automatic dishwashing or cleaning hard surfaces, as Bleach tablets for use in washing machines and dishwashers or as water softening tablets are used.

Detergent tablets are widely described in the prior art are becoming increasingly popular with consumers because of the simple dosage. Tableted detergents and cleaning agents have a number of powdered detergents Advantages: They are easier to dose and handle and because of their compact structure Advantages in storage and transport. Even in the Patentlite As a result, detergent and cleaning agent tablets are described in full. A pro blem, that when using washing and cleaning active tablets again and again occurs, but their dimensional stability and fracture resistance is too low and often inadequate adequate stability against abrasion. Detergent tablets are often the Strain on packaging, transport and handling, d. H. Fall and rubbing stress not sufficiently grown, so that edge breakage and signs of abrasion  Affect the appearance of the tablet or even completely destroy it Lead tablet structure.

One way to work around this problem is to use it proportionately high compression pressures, which at the same time lead to a strong compression of the tablets constituents and thus to a delayed disintegration of the tablet in the aqueous Brisk and a too slow release of the active substances in the washing or cleaning leads operation. The delayed disintegration of the tablet has the further disadvantage that common detergent tablets are not on the induction chamber of Allow household washing machines to wash in, as the tablets are not going to be quick enough Time decay into secondary particles that are small enough to pass from the induction chamber into the Washing drum to be washed in.

To overcome the dichotomy between hardness, i. H. Transport and handling stabilizer lity, and easy disintegration of tablets are many solutions in the prior art has been developed. A well known from the pharmacy and in the field of Detergent tablets extensive approach is the incorporation of certain Disintegration aids that facilitate access to water or access to what act as a source of swelling or gas or disintegrate in another form. Other Proposed solutions from the patent literature describe the compression of premixes certain particle sizes, the separation of individual ingredients from certain others Ingredients and the coating of individual ingredients or the entire tablet with binders.

The coating of detergent and cleaning tablets, also in German Language usage is increasingly referred to as "coating" is the subject of some Pa patent filings.

This is how the European patent applications EP 846 754, EP 846 755 and EP 846 756 describe (Procter & Gamble) coated detergent tablets that compress a "core" tetem, particulate detergents and cleaning agents and a "coating" include where used as coating materials dicarboxylic acids, especially adipic acid  be, if necessary, other ingredients such as disintegration aid medium, included.

Coated detergent tablets are also the subject of European patent applications EP 716 144 (Unilever). According to the information in this document, the hardness of the Reinforce tablets with a "coating" without affecting the disintegration and dissolution times to be pregnant. Film-forming substances, in particular, are used as coating agents re copolymers of acrylic acid and maleic acid or sugar called.

British patent application GB 989 683 (Unilever) describes the coating of Detergent tablets with an aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol, containing glycerin or other additives, and subsequent drying by hot air or infrared radiation.

In all of the documents mentioned, the coating materials are after the complete Pressing a premix in the form of melts or solutions applied. The The coating is hardened by solidifying a melt or evaporating the Solvent of a solution. Influencing tablet hardness and abrasion tendency only by varying the coating thickness. None of the writings mentioned are indications for the specific influencing of the hardness and disintegration time of a tablet thermal sintering or by applying a coating to selected ones Take surface areas of a tablet.

The present invention was based on the object of being easy to carry out and to provide a universally applicable method for producing tablets which both the complete coating of individual tablets and a targeted loading Layering selected areas of the tablet surface allows, the hardness of the respective coating should be controllable. Such a procedure should be one maximum possible number of variable parameters to optimize the ratio of Provide tablet hardness and tablet disintegration time. Ideally, the coated Ta blette with minimized packaging, d. H. with reduced packaging to the  Trade can be delivered without the storage stability of the tablet below suffers.

It has now been found that tabletted particulate mixtures containing one or more components from the group of the sugars and / or sugar acids and / or sugar alcohols can be cured by a heat treatment. The invention therefore relates to a method for producing tablets, characterized in that

• a) one or more particulate premix (s), at least one of which Premix one or more components from the group of sugars and / or contains sugar acids and / or sugar alcohols, is / are pressed and
• b) the tablet obtained in step a) is subjected to a heat treatment.

The layer thickness of the outer casing of a tablet formed in this way, and thus their hardness and decay time are determined by the duration and intensity of the heat action determined. To a tablet with high mechanical stability and at the same time To obtain good disintegration properties in solution, the heat treatment should be successful conditions that hardening occurs only in the outer shell after cooling. As "Heat treatment" or "thermal sintering" is used in the context of this application Process referred to, in which tableted mixtures of substances are treated so that at least A measurable increase in temperature occurs on the surface of the tablet. Areas of the tableted mixture of substances in which, following the heat treatment, such increased hardness is found, are subsequently referred to as "envelopes" or "envelopes", all Parts of the tablet outside of these areas are referred to as the "core". The Transitions between the core and the shell can be fluid.

Depending on the number of tableting machines used in the die filled powdered premixes and the order of filling it is further possible to produce single and multi-phase tablets. All phases can contain the same proportion of the same sugar and / or sugar acids and / or sugar alcohols ten, the proportions by weight and the type of sugar and / or sugar acids contained and / or sugar alcohols in the individual phases can also differ,  with individual phases in multiphase tablets also no sugar and / or sugar acid re and / or sugar alcohol can have. Depending on the total number of phases and the Number of phases containing sugar and / or sugar acid and / or sugar alcohol can In this way, after the heat treatment, single- and multi-phase tablets ten are obtained which have a complete encapsulation, each phase the has the same composition as the surrounding envelope. Contains one after Processes according to the invention described above produced two-phase or multi-phase The tablet contains only one component from the sugar group in an outer layer and / or sugar acids and / or sugar alcohols, arise from the heat treatment tablets that have an incomplete cover in the form of a lid if both outer layers hold such a component, the heat treatment results a tablet with two lids.

In the context of the present invention, the manufacture is particularly one or more phase detergent tablets with full coating preferred. The present application therefore relates to both washing and cleaning medium tablets made of compressed, particulate detergent and cleaning agent, included tend one or more components from the group of sugars and / or sugar acids and / or sugar alcohols, characterized in that they consist of a core and a die The core completely surrounds the shell, the core and the shell being the same have composition and the shell is harder than the core, as well as multi-phase Detergent and detergent tablet made of compressed, particulate detergent and rice Detergent compositions containing one or more component (s) from the Group of sugars and / or sugar acids and / or sugar alcohols, characterized thereby shows that it consists of a multi-phase core and a multi-phase core constantly surrounding multiphase shell, the individual phases of which are the same have composition like the phases of the nucleus that they cover, the shell is harder than the core.

For detergent tablets that have the same core and casing it has proven to be advantageous if these tablets, based on their total weight after the heat treatment, between 1 and 30% by weight,  preferably between 3 and 20% by weight, particularly preferably between 4 and 10% by weight % and in particular between 5 and 8% by weight of the sugar (s) and / or the sugar acid right (s) and / or the sugar alcohol (s) contain.

However, the component (s) from the group of sugars and / or sugar acids and / or sugar alcohols necessary for the hardening during the heat treatment need not be a necessary component of the premix to be pressed, but can also be sprayed after a premix has been pressed and before the heat treatment be applied with an aqueous and / or non-aqueous solution and / or powdering with a solid or mixture of solids. The invention therefore also relates to a process for the production of tablets, characterized in that

• a) one or more particulate premix (s) is / are pressed,
• b) the tablet obtained by the compression with an aqueous and / or non- aqueous solution containing one or more component (s) from the group the sugar and / or sugar acids and / or sugar alcohols, sprayed and / or with a particulate mixture containing one or more compos nente (s) from the group of sugar and / or sugar acids and / or sugar general kohole, powdered and
• c) the tablet obtained in step b) is subjected to a heat treatment.

Depending on whether the spraying / powdering takes place completely or partially, in Connection to the heat treatment completely coated tablets or partially coated tablets Tablets can be obtained.

Finally, it is also possible to partially or completely encase a pre-compressed tablet using tablet techniques known in the prior art with a particulate mixture containing one or more components from the groups sugar and / or sugar acids and / or sugar alcohols. For example, a pre-compressed tablet is transferred to a particulate mixture in a matrix, with the proviso that the diameter of the tablet is smaller than the diameter of the matrix, and then optionally a further particulate mixture that is identical to the first mixture can be filled into the die, point tablets (bull-eye tablets) or coated tablets are obtained in this way after the compression of all components. The subject of this invention is therefore also a process for the production of tablets, characterized in that

• a) one pre-compressed from one or more particulate premixes Tablet on or in a second particulate mixture containing one or several components from the group of sugars and / or sugar acids and / or sugar alcohols, is transferred, optionally further particulate mixture containing one or more component (s) from the group of Sugar and / or sugar acids and / or sugar alcohols is supplied,
• b) all components are pressed together and finally
• c) the tablet obtained in step b) is subjected to a heat treatment.

Since the pre-compressed tablet used can already have one or more phases, using this process, tablets with a single or multi-phase core manufactured, whose shells differ in their composition from the composition of the Distinguish core and in which at least the shell one or more component (s) from the group of sugar and / or sugar acids and / or sugar alcohols. in the Within the scope of the present invention, the production of washing and detergent tablets with a single or multi-phase core are preferred. object this application is consequently also single or multi-phase washing and cleaning tablets from compressed, particulate detergent and cleaning agent together settlements containing one or more components from the group of sugars and / or sugar acids and / or sugar alcohols, characterized in that they consist of a single or multi-phase core and a shell completely surrounding this core consist, at least the shell a component from the group of sugars and / or contains sugar acids and / or sugar alcohols, the shell also one of the Phases of the core has different composition and the shell is harder than the core.

For detergent tablets that have a core and a casing cher composition, it has proven to be advantageous if this Tablets, based on their total weight after the heat treatment, between 1 and 30% by weight,  preferably between 3 and 20% by weight, particularly preferably between 4 and 10% by weight and in particular between 5 and 8% by weight of the sugar (s) and / or the Contains sugar acid (s) and / or the sugar alcohol (s).

As additives for the tablet formulation or as part of the coating Particulate or dissolved premixes used have been found in this context Invention a number of substances proved to be particularly advantageous. It is therefore preferably one or more substances as sugar in the process described above from the group glucose, fructose, ribose, maltose, lactose, sucrose, while as the preferred sugar acids in the context of the previously described method or several substances from the group of gluconic acid, galactonic acid, mannonic acid, Fructonic acid, arabinonic acid, xylonic acid, ribonic acid, 2-deoxy-ribonic acid are used and as a sugar alcohols for use in the above methods or more substances from the group of mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, dulcitol, arabitol are preferred become.

The proportion by weight of the zuc used in the previously described processes ker and / or sugar acids and / or sugar alcohols on the total weight of the coated The tablet after the heat treatment is preferably between 1 and 30% by weight, preferably between 3 and 20% by weight, particularly preferably between 4 and 10% by weight % and in particular between 5 and 8% by weight.

As previously stated, various tableting techniques can be used after completion of heat treatment targeted complete envelopes (coated tablets), partial coating received (point tablet) or cover coatings. In any case, it is there preferred that the final heat in the process according to the invention treatment at temperatures between 30 and 250 ° C, preferably between 40 and 200 ° C, particularly preferably between 50 and 100 ° C and in particular between 60 and 80 ° C he follows. It has also proven advantageous if this final heat treatment by infrared radiation and / or microwave radiation and / or hot air is supplied.  

The final heat treatment is selected by the thermal sintering ter surface areas an additional possibility of targeted coating of Ta purification tablets. It is therefore in connection with the previously described method adds that the final heat treatment by a targeted supply of heat and / or due to a previous surface treatment of the tablet only in selected areas the tablet surface.

Such targeted heat treatment is preferred when using hot air or Infrared radiation to harden the tablet and can be carried out, for example, by the Storage of a tablet on a cooled surface or a surface with ge low thermal conductivity during the heat treatment. Another possibility The application of foils or glasses reflecting heat radiation is an option or the heat treatment of tablets, the surface of which is covered by the tablets is only exposed to a limited extent to heat radiation.

In particular, the targeted local heat treatment enables the application of a par tialcoatings on the tablets, which only the mechanically sensitive parts of the Ta leaves covered.

Preferred subject of the invention are therefore tablets of one or more ver pressed particulate mixture (s), characterized in that the tablets a Have coating that be only mechanically sensitive parts of the tablets covers.

The term "mechanically sensitive tablet parts" stands for such areas of Tablet that is particularly susceptible to mechanical stress. This is especially true towards corners and edges of the tablet, but also narrow bars, such as Kavi Limit activities in the tablet are among the mechanically sensitive parts of Ta purification tablets. In the latter case, these are edges that are so close together, that the area between the edges of the coating applied according to the invention tion are also covered. Larger flat areas such as the two circular areas  Chen cylindrical tablets are only on the edge areas, i.e. H. again to the Edges, mechanically sensitive, but not on the surface.

If the tablets have elevations or depressions (e.g. embossed writing trains or geometric structures protruding from the surfaces (such as hemispheres, etc.), see above the edge areas are also mechanically sensitive. Just a spherical one The tablet has no mechanically sensitive parts. However, the ideal Deviated spherical shape and, for example, a biconvex tablet is provided this in turn on the annular boundary line between the two balls cut mechanically sensitive.

As stated at the outset, the present invention is in the field of compact Tablets, such as those used for dosing active substances in numerous industrial fields are to be found. Without claiming to be complete with this list, you can Tablets according to the inventive method in the pharmaceutical industry for example for the transport of active pharmaceutical ingredients in the form of sucking or chewing tablets but also in combination with so-called controlled-release mechanisms Find application. In the food industry, according to the invention Tablets produced by the process, for example for confectionery confectionery and sweeteners, but also as a dosing agent in the fast food sector, for example for basic substances from sauces, broths or beverages. Due to the still not conclusive resolved dichotomy of tablet hardness and tablet disintegration in the field of Detergent tablets are within the scope of the present invention preferably the inventive method for the production of washing and cleaning Containing detergent tablets, in particular detergent tablets one or more active substances from the group of bleaching agents, bleach activators, Builders, surfactants, enzymes, electrolytes, pH regulators, fragrances, perfume carriers, fluo Resectives, dyes, hydrotopes, foam inhibitors, silicone oils, anti-depositions medium, optical brighteners, graying inhibitors, run-in preventers, anti-crease medium, color transfer inhibitors, antimicrobial agents, germicides, fungicides, Antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, antistatic agents, ironing aids, repellants and impregnants  gniermittel, swelling and sliding resistant as well as UV absorbers. This active Substances are described in more detail below.

As important components of detergents and cleaning agents, bleaching agents and bleach activators can be contained in the tablets according to the invention in addition to other components. Among the bleaching compounds which supply H ₂ O ₂ in water, sodium perborate tetrahydrate and sodium perborate monohydrate are of particular importance. Other bleaching agents which can be used are, for example, sodium percarbonate, peroxypyrophosphate, citrate perhydrates and H ₂ O ₂ -producing peracidic salts or peracids, such as perbenzoates, peroxophthalates, diperazelaic acid, phthaloiminoperic acid or diperdodecanedioic acid. Detergent tablets for automatic dishwashing can also contain bleaches from the group of organic bleaches. Typical organic bleaching agents are the diacyl peroxides, such as. B. dibenzoyl peroxide. Other typical organic bleaching agents are peroxy acids, examples of which include alkyl peroxy acids and aryl peroxy acids. Preferred representatives are (a) the peroxybenzoic acid and its ring-substituted derivatives, such as alkylperoxybenzoic acids, but also peroxy-α-naphthoic acid and magnesium monoperphthalate, (b) the aliphatic or substituted aliphatic peroxyacids, such as peroxylauric acid, peroxystearic acid, ε-phthalimidoxy acid perooxyperaproic acid (ε-phthalimidanoic acid) (P) )], o-carboxybenz amidoperoxycaproic acid, N-nonenylamidoperadipic acid and N-nonenylamidoper succinate, and (c) aliphatic and araliphatic peroxydicarboxylic acids, such as 1,12-di peroxycarboxylic acid, 1,9-diperoxyazelaic acid, diperocysebacic acid, diperoxyoxyalsalic acid, diperoxybrassiperic acid, the Decyldiperoxybutane-1,4-diacid, N, N-terephthaloyl-di (6-aminopercapronic acid) can be used.

Chlorine or. Can also be used as bleach in the tablets for machine dishwashing Bromine-releasing substances are used. Among the appropriate chlorine or bromine releasing materials come for example heterocyclic N-bromine and N- Chloramides, for example trichloroisocyanuric acid, tribromoisocyanuric acid, dibromiso cyanuric acid and / or dichloroisocyanuric acid (DICA) and / or their salts with cations such as Potassium and sodium are considered. Hydantoin compounds such as 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhy danthoin are also suitable.  

To improve bleaching when cleaning at temperatures of 60 ° C and below kung to achieve, the detergent tablets according to the invention Bleach activators included. As bleach activators, compounds that are under Perhy aliphatic peroxocarboxylic acids with preferably 1 to 10 C- Atoms, in particular 2 to 4 carbon atoms, and / or optionally substituted perbenzo result acid, are used. Substances containing O- and / or N-acyl are suitable groups of the number of carbon atoms mentioned and / or optionally substituted benzoyl groups wear. Multi-acylated alkylenediamines, in particular tetraacetylethyl, are preferred lendiamine (TAED), acylated triazine derivatives, in particular 1,5-diacetyl-2,4-dioxo hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (DADHT), acylated glycolurils, especially tetraacetylglycolu ril (TAGU), N-acylimides, especially N-nonanoylsuccinimide (NOSI), acylated phenol sulfonates, especially n-nonanoyl or isononanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (n- or iso- NOBS), carboxylic anhydrides, especially phthalic anhydride, acylated polyvalent Alcohols, especially triacetin, ethylene glycol diacetate and 2,5-diacetoxy-2,5-di hydrofuran.

In addition to the conventional bleach activators or in their place, too so-called bleach catalysts are incorporated into the tablets. With these fabrics are bleach-enhancing transition metal salts or transition metal com plexes such as Mn, Fe, Co, Ru or Mo salt complexes or carbonyl complexes. Also Mn, Fe, Co, Ru, Mo, Ti, V and Cu complexes with N- containing tripod ligands and Co, Fe, Cu and Ru amine complexes are bleached catalysts can be used.

In addition to the ingredients mentioned, bleaching agents and bleach activators are builders and surfactants important ingredients of detergents. In the fiction Moderate detergent tablets can usually be found in detergents builders used, in particular zeolites, silicates, carbonates, organic cobuilders and - where there are no ecological prejudices against their use hen - also the phosphates. The builders mentioned can of course can also be used in surfactant-free tablets.  

Suitable crystalline, layered sodium silicates have the general formula NaMSi _x O _{2x + 1} .H ₂ O, where M is sodium or hydrogen, x is a number from 1.9 to 4 and y is a number from 0 to 20 and preferred values for x 2, 3 or 4. Preferred crystalline layered silicates of the formula given are those in which M represents sodium and x assumes the values 2 or 3. In particular, both β- and δ-sodium disilicates Na ₂ Si ₂ O ₅ .yH ₂ O are preferred.

Amorphous sodium silicates with a modulus Na ₂ O: SiO ₂ of 1: 2 to 1: 3.3, preferably from 1: 2 to 1: 2.8 and in particular from 1: 2 to 1: 2.6, can also be used are delayed and have secondary washing properties. The delay in dissolution compared to conventional amorphous sodium silicates can be caused in various ways, for example by surface treatment, compounding, compaction / compression or by overdrying. In the context of this invention, the term “amorphous” is also understood to mean “X-ray amorphous”. This means that the silicates in X-ray diffraction experiments do not provide sharp X-ray reflections, as are typical for crystalline substances, but at most one or more maxima of the scattered X-rays, which have a width of several degree units of the diffraction angle. However, it can very well lead to particularly good builder properties if the silicate particles deliver washed-out or even sharp diffraction maxima in electron diffraction experiments. This is to be interpreted in such a way that the products have microcrystalline ranges of size 10 to a few hundred nm, values up to max. 50 nm and in particular up to max. 20 nm are preferred. Such so-called X-ray amorphous silicates also have a delay in dissolution compared to the conventional water glasses. Compacted / compacted amorphous silicates, compounded amorphous silicates and over-dried X-ray amorphous silicates are particularly preferred.

The finely crystalline, synthetic and bound water-containing zeolite that can be used is preferably zeolite A and / or P. As zeolite P, zeolite MAP® (commercial product from Crosfield) is particularly preferred. However, zeolite X and mixtures of A, X and / or P are also suitable. Commercially available and can preferably be used in the context of the present invention, for example a co-crystallizate of zeolite X and zeolite A (approx. 80% by weight zeolite X), which was developed by CONDEA Augusta S. p. A. is sold under the brand name VEGOBOND AX® and through the formula

n Na ₂ O. (1-n) K ₂ O. Al ₂ O _3. (2-2.5) SiO _2. (3.5-5.5) H ₂ O

can be described. Suitable zeolites have an average particle size of we less than 10 µm (volume distribution; measurement method: Coulter Counter) on and included preferably 18 to 22% by weight, in particular 20 to 22% by weight of bound water.

It goes without saying that the generally known phosphates are also used as buildersub punching possible, provided that such use is not avoided for ecological reasons should be. The sodium salts of orthophosphates, the py rophosphates and especially the tripolyphosphates.

Alkali metal phosphates is the general term for the alkali metal (in particular sodium and potassium) salts of the various phosphoric acids, in which one can distinguish between metaphosphoric acids (HPO ₃ ) _n and orthophosphoric acid H ₃ PO _{4 in} addition to higher molecular weight representatives. The phosphates combine several advantages: They act as alkali carriers, prevent limescale deposits on machine parts or lime incrustations in tissues and also contribute to cleaning performance.

Sodium dihydrogen phosphate, NaH ₂ PO ₄ , exists as a dihydrate (density 1.91 gcm ^-3 , melting point 60 °) and as a monohydrate (density 2.04 gcm ^-3 ). Both salts are white, water-soluble powders, which lose water of crystallization when heated and at 200 ° C into the weakly acidic diphosphate (disodium hydrogen diphosphate, Na ₂ H ₂ P ₂ O ₇ ), at higher temperature in sodium trimetaphosphate (Na ₃ P ₃ O ₉ ) and Maddrell's salt (see below). NaH ₂ PO _{4 is} acidic; it occurs when phosphoric acid is adjusted to pH 4.5 with caustic soda and the mash is sprayed. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (primary or monobasic potassium phosphate, potassium biphosphate, KDP), KH ₂ PO ₄ , is a white salt with a density of 2.33 gcm ^-3 , has a melting point of 253 ° [decomposition to form potassium polyphosphate (KPO ₃ ) _x )] and is easily soluble in water.

Disodium hydrogen phosphate (secondary sodium phosphate), Na ₂ HPO ₄ , is a colorless, very easily water-soluble crystalline salt. It exists anhydrous and with 2 mol. (Density 2.066 gcm ^-3 , water loss at 95 °), 7 mol. (Density 1.68 gcm ^-3 , melting point 48 ° with loss of 5H ₂ O) and 12 mol. Water (density 1.52 gcm ^-3 , melting point 35 ° with the loss of 5H ₂ O), becomes anhydrous at 100 ° and changes into the diphosphate Na ₄ P ₂ O ₇ when heated to a greater extent. Disodium hydrogen phosphate is produced by neutralizing phosphoric acid with soda solution using phenolphthalein as an indicator. Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (secondary or dibasic potassium phosphate), K ₂ HPO ₄ , is an amorphous, white salt that is easily soluble in water.

Trisodium phosphate, tertiary sodium phosphate, Na ₃ PO ₄ , are colorless crystals which, as dodecahydrate, have a density of 1.62 gcm ^-3 and a melting point of 73-76 ° C (decomposition), as decahydrate (corresponding to 19-20% P ₂ O ₅ ) have a melting point of 100 ° C and in anhydrous form (corresponding to 39-40% P ₂ O ₅ ) have a density of 2.536 gcm ^-3 . Trisodium phosphate is readily soluble in water with an alkaline reaction and is produced by evaporating a solution of exactly 1 mol of disodium phosphate and 1 mol of NaOH. Tripotassium phosphate (tertiary or triphase potassium phosphate), K ₃ PO ₄ , is a white, deliquescent, granular powder with a density of 2.56 gcm ^-3 , has a melting point of 1340 ° and is easily soluble in water with an alkaline reaction. It arises e.g. B. when He's heating Thomas slag with coal and potassium sulfate. Despite the higher price, the more soluble, therefore highly effective, potassium phosphates are often preferred over corresponding sodium compounds in the cleaning agent industry.

Tetrasodium diphosphate (sodium pyrophosphate), Na ₄ P ₂ O ₇ , exists in anhydrous form (density 2.534 gcm ^-3 , melting point 988 °, also given 880 °) and as decahydrate (density 1.815-1.836 gcm ^-3 , melting point 94 ° with loss of water) , Both substances are colorless crystals that are soluble in water with an alkaline reaction. Na ₄ P ₂ O ₇ is formed by heating disodium phosphate to <200 ° or by reacting phosphoric acid with soda in a stoichiometric ratio and dewatering the solution by spraying. The decahydrate complexes heavy metal salts and hardness formers and therefore reduces the hardness of the water. Potassium diphosphate (potassium pyrophosphate), K ₄ P ₂ O ₇ , exists in the form of the trihydrate and is a colorless, hygroscopic powder with a density of 2.33 gcm ^-3 , which is soluble in water, the pH value being 1% Solution at 25 ° is 10.4.

Condensation of the NaH ₂ PO ₄ or the KH ₂ PO ₄ produces higher moles. Sodium and potassium phosphates, in which one can distinguish cyclic representatives, the sodium or potassium metaphosphates and chain-like types, the sodium or potassium polyphosphates. A large number of terms are used in particular for the latter: melt or glow phosphates, Graham's salt, Kurrol's and Maddrell's salt. All higher sodium and potassium phosphates are collectively referred to as condensed phosphates.

The technically important pentasodium triphosphate, Na ₅ P ₃ O ₁₀ (sodium tripolyphosphate), is an anhydrous or non-hygroscopic, water-soluble salt of the general formula NaO- [P (O) (ONa) -O] _n that crystallizes with 6H ₂ O. -Na with n = 3. In 100 g of water dissolve about 17 g at room temperature, at 20 ° approx. 20 g, at 100 ° around 32 g of the salt free from water of crystallization; After heating the solution at 100 ° for two hours, hydrolysis produces about 8% orthophosphate and 15% diphosphate. In the production of pentasodium triphosphate, phosphoric acid is reacted with sodium carbonate solution or sodium hydroxide solution in a stoichiometric ratio and the solution is dewatered by spraying. Similar to Graham's salt and sodium diphosphate, pentasodium triphosphate dissolves many insoluble metal compounds (including lime soaps, etc.). Pentapotassium triphosphate, K ₅ P ₃ O ₁₀ (potassium tripolyphosphate), is commercially available, for example, in the form of a 50% by weight solution (<23% P ₂ O ₅ , 25% K ₂ O). The potassium polyphosphates are widely used in the detergent and cleaning agent industry. There are also sodium potassium tripolyphosphates which can also be used in the context of the present invention. These occur, for example, when hydrolyzing sodium trimetaphosphate with KOH:

(NaPO ₃ ) ₃ + 2 KOH → Na ₃ K ₂ P ₃ O ₁₀ + H ₂ O

According to the invention, these are exactly like sodium tripolyphosphate, potassium tripolyphosphate or mixtures of these two can be used; also mixtures of sodium tripolyphos  phate and sodium potassium tripolyphosphate or mixtures of potassium tripolyphosphate and Sodium potassium tripolyphosphate or mixtures of sodium tripolyphosphate and potassium tri Polyphosphate and sodium potassium tripolyphosphate can be used according to the invention.

Usable organic builders are, for example, those in the form of their alkali and in particular sodium salts usable polycarboxylic acids, such as citric acid, adipic acid right, succinic acid, glutaric acid, tartaric acid, sugar acids, aminocarboxylic acids, nitrilotrie acetic acid (NTA), provided that such use is not possible for ecological reasons stood, and mixtures of these. Preferred salts are the polycar salts bonic acids such as citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, tartaric acid, zuc core acids and mixtures of these.

Alkali carriers can be present as further constituents. Alka is an alkali carrier lime metal hydroxides, alkali metal carbonates, alkali metal hydrogen carbonates, alkali metal sesquicarbonates, alkali silicates, alkali metasilicates, and mixtures of the aforementioned Substances, in the sense of this invention preferably the alkali carbonates, in particular Na trium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate or sodium sesquicarbonate can be used.

If the tablet according to the invention is used for machine dishwashing, then there are Water-soluble builders preferred because they usually appear on dishes and hard surfaces less tend to form insoluble residues. They are never common builders the molecular polycarboxylic acids and their salts, the homopolymers and copolymers Polycarboxylic acids and their salts, the carbonates, phosphates and silicates. Preferred who for the production of tablets for machine dishwashing trisodium citrate and / or pentasodium tripolyphosphate and / or sodium carbonate and / or sodium bicar bonate and / or gluconates and / or silicate builders from the class of disilicates and / or metasilicates used. A builder system is particularly preferred a mixture of tripolyphosphate and sodium carbonate. Also particularly preferred is a builder system that is a mixture of tripolyphosphate and sodium carbonate Contains sodium disilicate.  

The detergent tablets according to the invention can, in addition to the above described builders also contain the detergent substances already mentioned th.

Anionic surfactants used are, for example, those of the sulfonate and sulfate type. The surfactants of the sulfonate type are preferably C _9-13 -alkylbenzenesulfonates, olefin sulfonates, ie mixtures of alkene and hydroxyalkanesulfonates and disulfonates such as are obtained, for example, from C _12-18 monoolefins having an end or internal double bond by sulfonating with gaseous Sulfur trioxide and subsequent alkaline or acidic hydrolysis of the sulfonation products is considered. Also suitable are alkanesulfonates obtained from C _12-18 alkanes, for example by sulfochlorination or sulfoxidation with subsequent hydrolysis or neutralization. Likewise, the esters of α-sulfofatty acids (ester sulfonates), e.g. B. the α-sulfonated methyl ester of hydrogenated coconut, palm kernel or tallow fatty acids is suitable.

Other suitable anionic surfactants are sulfonated fatty acid glycerol esters. Under fatty acid glyce The mono-, di- and triesters as well as their mixtures are to be understood as Rinestern, as in the production by esterification of a monoglycerin with 1 to 3 moles of fatty acid or obtained in the transesterification of triglycerides with 0.3 to 2 mol of glycerol. before pulled sulfated fatty acid glycerol esters are the sulfonation products of saturated fat acids with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, for example caproic acid, caprylic acid, Ca. pric acid, myristic acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid or behenic acid.

The alk (en) yl sulfates are the alkali and especially the sodium salts of the sulfuric acid half esters of C ₁₂ -C ₁₈ fatty alcohols, for example from coconut oil alcohol, tallow fatty alcohol, lauryl, myristyl, cetyl or stearyl alcohol or the C ₁₀ -C ₂₀ -Oxo alcohols and those half esters of secondary alcohols of this chain length are preferred. Also preferred are alk (en) yl sulfates of the chain length mentioned, which contain a synthetic, petrochemical-based straight-chain alkyl radical which have a degradation behavior similar to that of the adequate compounds based on oleochemical raw materials. From the washing, the C ₁₂ -C ₁₆ alkyl sulfates and C ₁₂ are - C ₁₅ alkyl sulfates and C ₁₄ -C ₁₅ alkyl sulfates of preferably. 2,3-Alkyl sulfates, as commercial products from the Shell Oil Company under the name DAN®, are also suitable anionic surfactants.

The sulfuric acid monoesters of the straight-chain or branched C _7-21 alcohols ethoxylated with 1 to 6 mol of ethylene oxide, such as 2-methyl-branched C _9-11 alcohols with an average of 3.5 mol of ethylene oxide (EO) or C _12-18 -Fatty alcohols with 1 to 4 EO, are suitable. Because of their high foaming behavior, they are used in cleaning agents only in relatively small amounts, for example in amounts of 1 to 5% by weight.

Other suitable anionic surfactants are also the salts of alkylsulfosuccinic acid, which are also referred to as sulfosuccinates or as sulfosuccinic acid esters and which are monoesters and / or diesters of sulfosuccinic acid with alcohols, preferably fatty alcohols and especially ethoxylated fatty alcohols. Preferred sulfosuccinates contain C _8-18 fatty alcohol residues or mixtures thereof. Particularly preferred sulfosuccinates contain a fatty alcohol residue, which is derived from ethoxylated fatty alcohols, which in themselves are nonionic surfactants (description see below). Again, sulfosuccinates, the fatty alcohol residues of which are derived from ethoxylated fatty alcohols with a narrow homolog distribution, are particularly preferred. It is also possible to use alk (en) ylsuccinic acid with preferably 8 to 18 carbon atoms in the alk (en) yl chain or salts thereof.

Soaps are particularly suitable as further anionic surfactants. Are suitable saturated fatty acid soaps, such as the salts of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, Stearic acid, hydrogenated erucic acid and behenic acid and in particular from natural Fatty acids, e.g. B. coconut, palm kernel or tallow fatty acids, derived soap mixtures.

The anionic surfactants including the soaps can be in the form of their sodium, potassium or ammonium salts and as soluble salts of organic bases, such as mono-, di- or Triethanolamine. The anionic surfactants are preferably in the form of their Sodium or potassium salts, especially in the form of the sodium salts.  

Another group of washing-active substances are the non-ionic surfactants. The nonionic surfactants used are preferably alkoxylated, advantageously ethoxylated, in particular primary alcohols having preferably 8 to 18 carbon atoms and an average of 1 to 12 moles of ethylene oxide (EO) per mole of alcohol, in which the alcohol radical is branched linearly or preferably in the 2-position methyl may or may contain linear and methyl-branched residues in the mixture, as are usually present in oxo alcohol residues. In particular, however, alcohol ethoxylates with linear residues of alcohols of natural origin with 12 to 18 carbon atoms, for. B. from coconut, palm, tallow or oleyl alcohol, and an average of 2 to 8 EO per mole of alcohol preferred. The preferred ethoxylated alcohols include, for example, C _12-14 alcohols with 3 EO or 4 EO, C _9-11 alcohol with 7 EO, C _13-15 alcohols with 3 EO, 5 EO, 7 EO or 8 EO, C _12-18 alcohols with 3 EO, 5 EO or 7 EO and mixtures thereof, such as mixtures of C _12-14 alcohol with 3 EO and C _12-18 alcohol with 5 EO. The degrees of ethoxylation given represent statistical averages, which can be an integer or a broken number for a specific product. Preferred alcohol ethoxylates have a narrow homolog distribution (narrow range ethoxylates, NRE). In addition to these non-ionic surfactants, fatty alcohols with more than 12 EO can also be used. Examples include tallow fatty alcohol with 14 EO, 25 EO, 30 EO or 40 EO.

Another class of preferred nonionic surfactants, which are used either as allei some nonionic surfactant or in combination with other nonionic surfactants are used are alkoxylated, preferably ethoxylated or ethoxylated and pro poxylated fatty acid alkyl esters, preferably having 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, especially fatty acid methyl ester.

Another class of nonionic surfactants that can be used advantageously are the alkyl polyglycosides (APG). Alkypolyglycosides that can be used satisfy the general formula RO (G) _z , in which R denotes a linear or branched, in particular methyl-branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic radical having 8 to 22, preferably 12 to 18, carbon atoms and G is the symbol which stands for a glycosyl unit with 5 or 6 carbon atoms, preferably for glucose. The degree of glycosidation z is between 1.0 and 4.0, preferably between 1.0 and 2.0 and in particular between 1.1 and 1.4. Linear alkyl polyglucosides, ie alkyl polyglycosides, in which the polyglycosyl radical is a glucose radical and the alkyl radical is an n-alkyl radical are preferably used.

Also nonionic surfactants of the amine oxide type, for example N-cocoalkyl-N, N- dimethylamine oxide and N-tallow alkyl-N, N-dihydroxyethylamine oxide, and the fatty acid alka nolamides may be suitable. The amount of these nonionic surfactants is before preferably not more than that of the ethoxylated fatty alcohols, especially not more than half of it.

Other suitable surfactants are polyhydroxy fatty acid amides of the formula (I),

in the RCO stands for an aliphatic acyl radical with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, R ¹ for water, an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl radical with 1 to 4 carbon atoms and [Z] for a linear or branched polyhydroxyalkyl radical with 3 to 10 carbon atoms and 3 to 10 hydroxyl groups , The polyhydroxy fatty acid amides are known substances which can usually be obtained by reductive amination of a reducing sugar with ammonia, an alkylamine or an alkanolamine and subsequent acylation with a fatty acid, a fatty acid alkyl ester or a fatty acid chloride.

The group of polyhydroxy fatty acid amides also includes compounds of the formula (II)

in the R for a linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl radical having 7 to 12 carbon atoms, R ¹ for a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl radical or an aryl radical with 2 to 8 carbon atoms and R ² for a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl radical or is an aryl radical or an oxyalkyl radical having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, C _1-4 -alkyl or phenyl radicals being preferred and [Z] being a linear polyhydroxyalkyl radical whose alkyl chain is substituted by at least two hydroxyl groups, or alkoxylated, preferably ethoxylated or propoxylated derivatives of this residue.

[Z] is preferably obtained by reductive amination of a reduced sugar, for example glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose, galactose, mannose or xylose. The N-alkoxy or N-aryloxy substituted compounds can then be reacted with fatty acid methyl esters in the presence of an alkoxide as catalyst in the desired Polyhydroxy fatty acid amides are transferred.

In the case of detergent tablets for machine dishwashing, all surfactants can in principle be considered as surfactants. However, the nonionic surfactants described above, and above all the low-foaming nonionic surfactants, are preferred for this purpose. The alkoxylated alcohols are particularly preferred, especially the ethoxylated and / or propoxylated alcohols. The person skilled in the art generally understands by alkoxylated alcohols the reaction products of alkylene oxide, preferably ethylene oxide, with alcohols, preferably in the sense of the present invention, the longer-chain alcohols (C ₁₀ to C ₁₈ , preferably between C ₁₂ and C ₁₆ , such as, for example, C ₁₁ , C ₁₂ , C ₁₃ , C ₁₄ , C ₁₅ , C ₁₆ , C ₁₇ and C ₁₈ alcohols). As a rule, a complex mixture of addition products of different degrees of ethoxylation is formed from n moles of ethylene oxide and one mole of alcohol, depending on the reaction conditions. Another embodiment consists in the use of mixtures of the alkylene oxides, preferably the mixture of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. If desired, final etherification with short-chain alkyl groups, such as preferably the butyl group, can also lead to the “closed” alcohol ethoxylates, which can also be used in the context of the invention. Highly preferred for the purposes of the present invention are highly ethoxylated fatty alcohols or their mixtures with end-capped fatty alcohol ethoxylates.

In the context of the present invention, it is preferred that the or at least one of the premixes to be pressed additionally contains surfactants, the surfactant content of the Premix containing surfactant between 1 to 50 wt .-%, preferably between 5 to 40 % By weight, in particular between 10 to 30% by weight and particularly preferably between 15 and is 25% by weight.

Polymers are another important part of detergents and cleaning agents where in the case of polymers in the present application, in particular substances with builder or cobuilder properties. Organic cobuilders can be used in the Washing and cleaning agents according to the invention, in particular polycarboxylates / poly carboxylic acids, polymeric polycarboxylates, aspartic acid, polyacetals, dextrins, others organic cobuilders (see below) and phosphonates are used. This class of fabric are described below.

Usable organic builders are, for example, the sodium salts of hereinafter referred to as part of the shower system polycarboxylic acids. Beispielswei These are the sodium salts of citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, Malic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, sugar acids, aminocarboxylic acids, Nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), provided that such use is not for ecological reasons objectionable, and mixtures of these. Preferred salts are the salts of Polycarboxylic acids such as citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, tartaric acid re, sugar acids and mixtures of these.

Polymeric polycarboxylates are also suitable as builders, for example those Alkali metal salts of polyacrylic acid or polymethacrylic acid, for example those with a molecular weight of 500 to 70,000 g / mol.

In the context of this document, the molecular weights given for polymeric polycarboxylates are weight-average molecular weights M _{w of} the respective acid form, which were determined in principle by means of gel permeation chromatography (GPC), using a UV detector. The measurement was carried out against an external polyacrylic acid standard, which provides realistic molecular weight values due to its structural relationship with the investigated polymers. This information differs significantly from the molecular weight information for which polystyrene sulfonic acids are used as standard. The molecular weights measured against polystyrene sulfonic acids are generally significantly higher than the molecular weights given in this document.

Suitable polymers are in particular polyacrylates, which preferably have a molecular weight of Have 2000 to 20,000 g / mol. Because of their superior solubility, the This group in turn the short-chain polyacrylates, the molecular weights from 2000 to 10000 g / mol, and particularly preferably from 3000 to 5000 g / mol, preferably his.

Also suitable are copolymeric polycarboxylates, especially those of acrylic acid with methacrylic acid and acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with maleic acid. As a special copolymers of acrylic acid with maleic acid, 50 to Contain 90 wt .-% acrylic acid and 50 to 10 wt .-% maleic acid. Your relative mole Cooling mass, based on free acids, is generally from 2000 to 70,000 g / mol preferably 20,000 to 50,000 g / mol and in particular 30,000 to 40,000 g / mol.

To improve water solubility, the polymers can also allylsulfonic acids, such as for example, allyloxybenzenesulfonic acid and methallylsulfonic acid, as a monomer th.

Biodegradable polymers of more than two ver. Are also particularly preferred different monomer units, for example those that act as monomers salts of acrylic acid and maleic acid and vinyl alcohol or vinyl alcohol derivatives or as Monomeric salts of acrylic acid and 2-alkylallylsulfonic acid as well as sugar derivatives contain.  

Further preferred copolymers are those which preferably contain acrolein as monomers and acrylic acid / acrylic acid salts or acrolein and vinyl acetate.

Likewise, further preferred builder substances are polymeric aminodicarboxylic acids, to name their salts or their precursors. Polyas are particularly preferred Paraginic acids or their salts and derivatives, which in addition to cobuilder properties have a bleach-stabilizing effect.

Other suitable builder substances are polyacetals, which are produced by the implementation of Dial dehyden with polyol carboxylic acids, which have 5 to 7 carbon atoms and at least 3 hydroxyl have groups that can be obtained. Preferred polyacetals are from Dialde hyden such as glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, terephthalaldehyde and their mixtures and from Obtained polyol carboxylic acids such as gluconic acid and / or glucoheptonic acid.

Other suitable organic builder substances are dextrins, for example oligomers or polymers of carbohydrates obtained by partial hydrolysis of starches can be. The hydrolysis can be carried out according to conventional methods, for example acid or enzyme lysed procedures are carried out. It is preferably hydrolysis pro Products with average molecular weights in the range of 400 to 500,000 g / mol. There is a poly saccharide with a dextrose equivalent (DE) in the range of 0.5 to 40, in particular from 2 to 30 preferred, DE being a common measure of the reducing effect of a polysaccharide compared to dextrose, which has a DE of 100. Both maltodextrins with a DE between 3 and 20 and dry glu can be used cosesirupe with a DE between 20 and 37 as well as so-called yellow dextrins and White dextrins with higher molar masses in the range from 2000 to 30000 g / mol.

The oxidized derivatives of such dextrins are their reaction products with oxidizing agents which are capable of oxidizing at least one alcohol function of the saccharide ring to the carboxylic acid function. An oxidized oligosaccharide is also suitable. A product oxidized at C _{6 of} the saccharide ring can be particularly advantageous.

Also oxydisuccinates and other derivatives of disuccinates, preferably ethylenedia mindisuccinate are other suitable cobuilders. Here, ethylenediamine-N, N'- disuccinate (EDDS) preferably used in the form of its sodium or magnesium salts. Glycerol disuccinates and Gly are also preferred in this context cerintrisuccinate. Suitable amounts are in zeolite and / or silicate salts gene formulations at 3 to 15 wt .-%.

Other useful organic cobuilders are, for example, acetylated hydroxycarbon acids or their salts, which may optionally also be in lactone form, and which have at least 4 carbon atoms and at least one hydroxyl group and maxi contain two acid groups.

Another class of substances with cobuilder properties are the phosphonates it is in particular hydroxyalkane or aminoalkanephosphonates. Under the hydroxyalkane phosphonates is 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonate (HEDP) from of particular importance as a cobuilder. It is preferably used as the sodium salt the disodium salt being neutral and the tetrasodium salt being alkaline (pH 9). As Aminoalkane phosphonates preferably come from ethylenediaminetetramethylenephosphonate (EDTMP), diethylenetriaminepentamethylenephosphonate (DTPMP) and their higher Ho mologist in question. They are preferably in the form of the neutral sodium salts, z. B. as the hexasodium salt of EDTMP or as the hepta- and octa-sodium salt of DTPMP, used. HEDP is preferred as a builder from the phosphonate class applies. The aminoalkanephosphonates also have a pronounced heavy metal bin devermögen. Accordingly, it can, especially if the agent also ent bleach hold, be preferred to use aminoalkane phosphonates, in particular DTPMP, or To use mixtures of the phosphonates mentioned.

In addition, all compounds that are capable of complexing with alkaline earth train ions as cobuilders.

Detergents that are used as automatic dishwashing detergents can be used for Protect the wash items or the machine corrosion inhibitors, with particular  silver protection agent in the area of automatic dishwashing is a special feature to have an interpretation. The known substances of the prior art can be used. space Commonly, especially silver protection agents selected from the group of triazoles, the Benzotriazoles, the Bisbenzotriazole, the Aminotriazole, the Alkylaminotriazole and the Transition metal salts or complexes are used. Particularly preferred to ver are benzotriazole and / or alkylaminotriazole. One finds in cleaner form In addition, active chlorine-containing agents that corrode the silver surface are frequently can significantly reduce area. In chlorine-free cleaners, especially oxygen and nitrogen-containing organic redox-active compounds, such as divalent and trivalent Phenols, e.g. As hydroquinone, pyrocatechol, hydroxyhydroquinone, gallic acid, phloro glucin, pyrogallol or derivatives of these classes of compounds. Also salt and complex find inorganic compounds such as salts of the metals Mn, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Co and Ce frequent use. The transition metal salts that are selected are preferred here from the group of manganese and / or cobalt salts and / or complexes, especially before moves the cobalt (ammin) complexes, the cobalt (acetate) complexes, the cobalt (carbonyl) - Complexes, chlorides of cobalt or manganese and manganese sulfate. You can also Zinc compounds are used to prevent corrosion on the wash ware.

Enzymes come from the class of proteases, lipases, amylases, cellulases or their mixtures in question. Bacterial strains or are particularly well suited Mushrooms such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and Streptomyces griseus enzymatic agents. Proteases of the subtilisin type and esp special proteases obtained from Bacillus lentus. Here are En enzyme mixtures, for example of protease and amylase or protease and lipase or Protease and cellulase or from cellulase and lipase or from protease, amylase and Li pase or protease, lipase and cellulase, but especially cellulase-containing Mi of particular interest. Peroxidases or oxidases are also in one proven cases. The enzymes can be adsorbed on carriers and / or be embedded in coating substances to protect them against premature decomposition.  

Fragrances are added to the agents according to the invention in order to maintain an aesthetic appearance to improve product pressure and give consumers a sensory "typical and un to provide confusable "product.

Individual perfume oils or fragrances can be used in the context of the present invention Fragrance compounds, e.g. B. the synthetic products of the ester, ether, alde type hyde, ketones, alcohols and hydrocarbons can be used. Riechstoffverbindun gene of the ester type are e.g. B. benzyl acetate, phenoxyethyl isobutyrate, p-tert.- Butylcyclohexyl acetate, linalyl acetate, dimethylbenzylcarbinylacetate, phenylethyl acetate, Linalyl benzoate, benzyl formate, ethyl methylphenyl glycinate, allyl cyclohexyl propionate, Styrallyl propionate and benzyl salicylate. The ethers include, for example, benzylethyl lether, to the aldehydes z. B. the linear alkanals with 8-18 C atoms, Citral, Citronel lal, citronellyloxyacetaldehyde, cyclamenaldehyde, hydroxycitronellal, lilial and bourgeo nal, to the ketones z. B. the Jonone, ∝-isomethyl ionone and methyl cedryl ketone to the Alcohols anethole, citronellol, eugenol, geraniol, linalool, phenylethyl alcohol and ter pineol, the hydrocarbons mainly include terpenes such as limonene and Pinene. However, mixtures of different odoriferous substances are preferably used create an appealing fragrance together. Such perfume oils can also be natural che fragrance mixtures contain, as they are accessible from plant sources, for. B. Pine, citrus, jasmine, patchouly, rose or ylang-ylang oil. Are also suitable Muscatel, sage oil, chamomile oil, clove oil, lemon balm oil, mint oil, cinnamon leaf oil, linden flower oil, juniper berry oil, vetiver oil, olibanum oil, galbanum oil and labdanum oil as well Orange blossom oil, neroliol, orange peel oil and sandalwood oil.

The general description of the perfumes that can be used (see above) is general represent the different substance classes of fragrances. To be perceptible, a fragrance must be volatile, whereby in addition to the nature of the functional groups and Molecular weight also plays an important role in the structure of the chemical compound. So Most fragrances have molecular weights up to about 200 daltons, while molecular weights of 300 daltons and above are more of an exception. Due to the differ The volatility of odoriferous substances changes the smell of one of several odors substances composed perfume or fragrance during evaporation, wherein  the smell impressions in "top note" (top note), "heart or middle note" (middle note or body) and "base note" (end note or dry out). Since the smell perception to a large extent based on the intensity of the smell, the top note is there of a perfume or fragrance not only from volatile compounds, while the Base note for the most part from less volatile, i.e. H. non-stick fragrances. In the composition of perfumes, for example, more volatile fragrances certain fixatives are bound, which prevents them from evaporating too quickly becomes. In the subsequent classification of the fragrances into "more volatile" or "Adhesive" fragrances are so about the odor impression and whether that corresponds the fragrance is perceived as a top or heart note, nothing is said.

Through a suitable selection of the fragrances or perfume oils mentioned, they can be selected Way for textile detergent or machine dishwashing detergent both the product odor, with machine dishwashing detergents also the smell when opening the Dishwasher are affected. For the latter smell impression is the ver The use of stronger odoriferous substances is advantageous, while lighter for product scenting volatile fragrances can be used. Adhesive fragrances that are available within the scope of the invention can be used are, for example, the essential oils such as angelica zel oil, anise oil, arnica flower oil, basil oil, bay oil, bergamot oil, champaca flower oil, noble fir oil, noble pine cone oil, elemi oil, eucalyptus oil, fennel oil, spruce oil, galba num oil, geranium oil, ginger grass oil, guaiac wood oil, gurjun balsam oil, helichrysum oil, ho oil, Ginger oil, iris oil, kajeput oil, calamus oil, chamomile oil, camphor oil, kanaga oil, cardamom oil, Cassia oil, pine needle oil, copaiva balsam oil, coriander oil, spearmint oil, caraway oil, Cumin oil, lavender oil, lemon grass oil, lime oil, mandarin oil, lemon balm oil, musk seed ner oil, myrrh oil, clove oil, neroli oil, niaouli oil, olibanum oil, orange oil, origanum oil, Palmarosa oil, patchouli oil, Peru balsam oil, petitgrain oil, pepper oil, peppermint oil, allspice oil, Pine oil, rose oil, rosemary oil, sandalwood oil, celery oil, spik oil, star anise oil, turpentine oil, Thuja oil, thyme oil, verbena oil, vetiver oil, juniper berry oil, wormwood oil, winter green oil, Ylang-ylang oil, hyssop oil, cinnamon oil, cinnamon leaf oil, lemon oil, lemon oil and cypress oil. But also the higher-boiling or solid fragrances, natural or synthetic Origin can be used in the context of the present invention as adhesive odoriferous substances or Fragrance mixtures, i.e. fragrances, are used. These connections include  the following compounds and mixtures of these: ambrettolide, α- Amyl cinnamaldehyde, anethole, anisaldehyde, anis alcohol, anisole, anthranilic acid methyl ester, Acetophenone, benzylacetone, benzaldehyde, ethyl benzoate, benzophenone, Ben cyl alcohol, benzyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, benzyl formate, benzyl valerianate, borneol, Bornyl acetate, α-bromostyrene, n-decyl aldehyde, n-dodecyl aldehyde, eugenol, eugenolme ethyl ether, eucalyptol, farnesol, fenchone, fenchyl acetate, geranyl acetate, geranyl formate, Heliotropin, methyl heptinate, heptaldehyde, hydroquinone dimethyl ether, Hydroxycinnamaldehyde, hydroxycinnamyl alcohol, indole, iron, isoeugenol, isoeugenolmethyl ther, isosafrol, jasmon, camphor, karvakrol, karvon, p-cresol methyl ether, cumann, p- Methoxyacetophenone, methyl-n-amyl ketone, methylanthranilic acid methyl ester, p-methyl acetophenone, methylchavicol, p-methylquinoline, methyl-β-naphthyl ketone, methyl-n- nonylacetaldehyde, methyl-n-nonyl ketone, muscon, β-naphthol ethyl ether, β-naphthol methyl ether, nerol, nitrobenzene, n-nonyl aldehyde, nony alcohol, n-octyl aldehyde, p-oxy- Acetophenone, pentadecanolide, β-phenylethyl alcohol, phenylacetaldehyde dimethyacetal, Phenylacetic acid, Pulegon, Safrol, Salicylic acid isoamyl ester, Salicylic acid methyl ester, Sa hexyl licyl acid, cyclohexyl salicylic acid, Santalol, Skatol, Terpineol, Thymen, Thymol, γ-undelactone, vanilin, veratrum aldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, cimate alcohol, cinnamic acid, Ethyl cinnamate, benzyl cinnamate. The more volatile fragrances include especially the lower-boiling fragrances of natural or synthetic origin, that can be used alone or in mixtures. Examples of more volatile Fragrance substances are alkyisothiocyanates (alkyl mustards), butanedione, limonene, linalool, Li naylacetate and propionate, menthol, menthone, methyl-n-heptenone, phellandrene, phenyla cetaldehyde, terpinylacetate, citral, citronellal.

To facilitate the disintegration of highly compressed tablets in order to shorten the disintegration times zen, it is possible to use disintegration aids, so-called tablet disintegrants, in these incorporate. Tablet disintegrants or disintegrants are used according to Römpp (9th edition, vol. 6, p. 4440) and Voigt "Textbook of pharmaceutical techno logie "(6th edition, 1987, pp. 182-184) understood auxiliary substances necessary for the rapid disintegration of tablets in water or gastric juice and for the release of the pharmaceuticals in resor beer-friendly form.  

These substances, which are also referred to as "explosives" due to their effect, ver increase their volume when water enters, and on the one hand increases their own volume (Swelling), on the other hand, a pressure can be generated via the release of gases which can break the tablet into smaller particles. Well-known disintegration aid medium are, for example, carbonate / citric acid systems, but also other organic ones Acids can be used. Swelling disintegration aids are, for example synthetic polymers such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) or natural polymers or mo differentiated natural substances such as cellulose and starch and their derivatives, alginates or casein Derivatives. All of the disintegration aids mentioned can be used according to the invention.

The preferred disintegration aids within the scope of the present invention Cellulose-based disintegration aids are used and it is preferred that the or at least one of the premixes to be pressed is a disintegration aid preferably a disintegration aid based on cellulose, preferably in granular form, cogranulated or compacted form, in amounts of 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably from 3 to 7% by weight and in particular from 4 to 6% by weight, in each case based on the desin premix containing tegrating agent.

Pure cellulose has the formal gross composition (C ₆ H ₁₀ O ₅ ) _n and for times represents a β-1,4-polyacetal of cellobiose, which in turn is made up of two molecules of glucose. Suitable celluloses consist of approximately 500 to 5000 glucose units and consequently have average molecular weights of 50,000 to 500,000. Cellulose-based disintegrants which can be used in the context of the present invention are also cellulose derivatives which can be obtained from cellulose by polymer-analogous reactions. Such chemically modified celluloses include, for example, products from esterifications or etherifications in which hydroxy hydrogen atoms have been substituted. However, celluloses in which the hydroxyl groups have been replaced by functional groups which are not bound by an oxygen atom can also be used as cellulose derivatives. The group of cellulose derivatives includes, for example, alkali celluloses, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), cellulose esters and ethers and aminocelluloses.

The cellulose derivatives mentioned are preferably not used alone as disintegration agents tel based on cellulose, but used in a mixture with cellulose. The Ge the content of these mixtures of cellulose derivatives is preferably below 50% by weight, particularly preferably below 20% by weight, based on the disintegrant Cellulose. Cellulose-based disintegrant is particularly preferred ne cellulose used, which is free of cellulose derivatives. As another disintegration cellulose-based agents or as a component of this component can be microcrystalline Cellulose can be used. This microcrystalline cellulose is made by partial hydro lysis of celluloses obtained under such conditions that only the amorphous areas (approx. 30% of the total cellulose mass) attack the celluloses and dissolve completely, leave the crystalline areas (approx. 70%) undamaged. A subsequent desaggre gation of the microfine celluloses resulting from the hydrolysis provides the mikrokri stalline celluloses, which have primary particle sizes of approx. 5 µm and for example can be compacted into granules with an average particle size of 200 μm.

In addition to the ingredients mentioned above, the washing agents according to the invention can and detergent tablets are a gas-releasing system of organic acids and Contain carbonates / bicarbonates.

As organic acids from the carbonates / hydrogen carbonates in aqueous solution Releasing carbon dioxide are, for example, the solid mono-, oligo- and polycarboxylic acids can be used. From this group citric acid, tartaric acid, Succinic acid, malonic acid, adipic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, oxalic acid and Po lyacrylsäure. Organic sulfonic acids such as amidosulfonic acid can also be used. Commercially available and as an acidifying agent within the scope of the present invention Sokalan® DCS (trademark of BASF) is also preferred Mixture of succinic acid (max. 31% by weight), glutaric acid (max. 50% by weight) and adi pinic acid (max. 33% by weight).

The acids mentioned do not have to be stoichiometric to those contained in the tablets Carbonates or bicarbonates are used.  

A preferred washing and cleaning agent in the context of the present invention tablet also contains a shower system.

The gas-developing shower system consists in the washing and cleaning agents according to the invention Detergent tablets in addition to the organic acids mentioned from carbonates and / or Bicarbonates. For reasons of cost, the representatives of this class of substances are Alkali metal salts clearly preferred. In the case of alkali metal carbonates or - Hydrogen carbonates are the sodium and potassium salts for cost reasons clearly preferred over the other salts. Of course they don't have to pure alkali metal carbonates or bicarbonates in question are used; rather, mixtures of different carbonates and hydrogen carbonates can be used be moving.

Sodium carbonate forms a white powder with a density of 2.532 gcm ^-3 , a distinction being made between lightly calcined soda with a bulk density of 0.5-0.55 kg / l and heavily calcined soda with 1.0-1.1 kg / l , Sodium carbonate forms three hydrates with water: sodium carbonate decahydrate (crystal soda), Na ₂ CO ₃ .10H ₂ O, colorless, monoclinic, ice-like looking crystals with a density of 1.44 gcm ^-3 , melting point 32-34 °; Sodium carbonate heptahydrate, Na ₂ CO ₃ .7H ₂ O, rhombic crystals of density 1.51 gcm ^-3 , melting point 32-35 °; Sodium carbonate monohydrate, Na ₂ CO ₃ .H ₂ O, rhombic crystals with a density of 2.25 gcm ^-3 , melting point 100 °.

Sodium bicarbonate is a white, alkaline-tasting, odorless, dry air-resistant powder (monoclinic crystals) with a density of 2.159 gcm ^-3 , which decomposes into CO ₂ , H ₂ O and sodium carbonate when heated to over 65 °.

Potassium carbonate (potash) is a white, non-toxic, hygroscopic, granular with a density of 2.428 gcm ^-3 that forms various hydrates. If one leads in conc. Potassium carbonate solution a lot of carbon dioxide, so the less soluble potassium bicarbonate precipitates. In addition, potassium carbonate shows great similarities in its properties to the closely related soda. Potassium carbonate-1,5-water ("potash hydrate") is the stable phase of the potassium carbonate in contact with the saturated solution in the range from 0 ° C to approx. 110 ° C and can be obtained by crystallization from supersaturated potassium carbonate solutions , It crystallizes in shiny, practically dust-free crystals, has a density of 2.155 gcm ^-3 and completely loses its crystal water at temperatures of 130 to 160 ° C. Most large-scale manufacturing processes for potassium carbonate initially lead to potassium carbonate-1,5-water, which is calcined in rotary kilns at 200 to 350 ° C to 98 to 100% potassium carbonate. If this calcination is omitted, the crystallized potassium carbonate 1,5 hydrate is dried at 110 to 120 ° C. and sold as a potash hydrate. Technically common production processes for the products mentioned are, for example, the process with continuous crystallization (starting materials: KOH and CO ₂ ), the fluidized bed process (starting materials: KOH and CO ₂ ), the amine process (KOH / CO ₂ in the presence of isopropylamine : Mines de Potasse d'Alsace or KOH / CO ₂ in the presence of triethylamine: Kali-Chemie AG) or the nepheline digestion process (mainly the former USSR). The ion exchange process (starting materials: KCl and (NH ₄ ) ₂ CO ₃ ), the magnesia process (Engel-Precht process, Neustaß furter process; starting materials: KCl, MgCO ₃ .3H ₂ O and CO ₂ ), the formate potash process (raw materials: potassium sulfate, calcium hydroxide and carbon monoxide), the Piesteritz process (raw materials: potassium sulfate and calcium cyanamide) and the Le Blanc process (raw materials: potassium sulfate, calcium carbonate and carbon) ,

According to the invention, Trona, a mixed salt of sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate, which is also referred to as sodium ses quicarbonate or sodium carbonate sesquihydrate, can also be used as the second component of the shower system. Sodium carbonate sesquihydrate is found in nature as a mineral (Trona) and is described by the formula Na ₂ CO ₃ .NaHCO ₃ .2H ₂ O. Large Trona deposits are found, for example, in the USA (Green River / Wyoming), Kenya (Lake Magadi) and the Republic of Sudan (Dongola). While the deposits in Africa can be exploited in the open pit, the Trona in the USA is mined. Trona has a density of 2.17 gcm ^-3 and a Mohs hardness of 2.5. Trona is usually used to produce pure soda, but pure Na ₂ CO ₃ can also be obtained using the sodium sesquicarbonate process. NaHCO ₃ .2H ₂ O are produced, which is on the market. Pure sodium sesquicar bonat is also formed from sodium bicarbonate by standing in humid air with the release of carbon dioxide or by introducing carbon dioxide into a sodium carbonate solution.

In addition to the components described in detail so far, the Invention modern detergent tablets contain other ingredients that the technical and / or aesthetic properties of the textile detergent white improve. Preferred tablets contain within the scope of the present invention one or more substances from the group of electrolytes, pH adjusting agents, fluorescence with tel, dyes, hydrotopes, foam inhibitors, silicone oils, anti-redeposition agents, opti brighteners, graying inhibitors, anti-shrink agents, anti-crease agents, Color transfer inhibitors, antimicrobial agents, germicides, fungicides, anti oxidants, antistatic agents, ironing aids, phobing and impregnating agents, swelling and slitting agents fasteners and UV absorbers.

A wide number of different salts can be used as electrolytes from the group of inorganic salts. Preferred cations are the alkali and alkaline earth metals, preferred anions are the halides and sulfates. From a production point of view, the use of NaCl or MgCl ₂ in the agents according to the invention is preferred.

In order to bring the pH of the agents according to the invention into the desired range, the use of pH adjusting agents may be indicated. All be can be used here knew acids or alkalis, provided that their use does not result from application technology or ecological reasons or for reasons of consumer protection. Übli The amount of these adjusting agents usually exceeds 1% by weight of the total formulation Not.

In order to improve the aesthetic impression of the agents according to the invention, they can can be colored with suitable dyes. Preferred dyes, the selection of which Specialist poses no difficulty, has a high storage stability and is unstable sensitivity to the other ingredients of the agents and to light and none pronounced substantivity towards textile fibers so as not to stain them.  

As foam inhibitors that can be used in the tablets according to the invention NEN, for example, soaps, paraffins or silicone oils come into consideration, the given if can be applied to carrier materials. Suitable anti-redeposition agents, which are also referred to as soil repellents are, for example, nonionic cellulo Seether such as methyl cellulose and methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose with a proportion of Me thoxy groups from 15 to 30% by weight and hydroxypropyl groups from 1 to 15% by weight, each based on the nonionic cellulose ether and those from the prior art nik known polymers of phthalic acid and / or terephthalic acid or their deri vaten, in particular polymers of ethylene terephthalates and / or polyethylene glycol terephthalates or anionically and / or nonionically modified derivatives of these. Particularly preferred of these are the sulfonated derivatives of phthalic acid and Terephthalic acid polymers.

Optical brighteners (so-called "whiteners") can be used in the agents according to the invention can be added to cause graying and yellowing of the treated textiles side. These substances absorb on the fiber and bring about a lightening and pre deceived bleaching effect by turning invisible ultraviolet radiation into visible longer convert wavy light, the ultraviolet light absorbed from sunlight is emitted as a slightly bluish fluorescence and with the yellow tone of the grayed or yellowed laundry results in pure white. Suitable compounds originate, for example from the substance classes of 4,4'-diamino-2,2'-stilbene disulfonic acids (flavonic acid ren), 4,4'-distyryl-biphenylene, methylumbelliferone, coumarins, dihydroquinolinones, 1,3- Diarylpyrazolines, naphthalic imides, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole and benzimidazole Systems and the pyrene derivatives substituted by heterocycles.

Graying inhibitors have the task of removing the dirt detached from the fiber in the Keep the liquor suspended and thus prevent the dirt from re-opening. Water-soluble colloids of mostly organic nature are suitable for this purpose, for example the water-soluble salts of polymeric carboxylic acids, glue, gelatin, salts of ether sulfonic acid Ren starch or cellulose or salts of acidic sulfuric acid esters of cellulose or strength. Water-soluble polyamides containing acidic groups are also suitable for the suitable purpose. Soluble starch preparations and others other than that can also be used  Use the above starch products, e.g. B. degraded starch, aldehyde starches, etc. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone can also be used. White can be used as graying inhibitors further cellulose ethers such as carboxymethyl cellulose (sodium salt), methyl cellulose, hydroxyal kylcellulose and mixed ethers such as methylhydroxyethylcellulose, methylhydroxypropylcel lulose, methylcarboxymethylcellulose and their mixtures.

Since textile fabrics, in particular from rayon, rayon, cotton and their Mi can be wrinkled, because the individual fibers prevent bending, kinking. Pressing and squeezing across the grain are sensitive to the invention tablets contain synthetic anti-crease agents. These include, for example se synthetic products based on fatty acids, fatty acid esters. Fatty acid amides, alkyl esters, alkylol amides or fatty alcohols, mostly reacted with ethylene oxide are, or products based on lecithin or modified phosphoric acid esters.

To control microorganisms, the tablets according to the invention can be antimi contain crobial agents. A distinction is made here depending on the antimicrobial spotting and the mechanism of action between bacteriostatics and bactericides, fungistatics and fungicides, etc. Important substances from these groups are, for example, benzalkoni umchloride, alkylarlylsulfonate, halophenols and phenol mercuriacetate, with the agents according to the invention can also be completely dispensed with these compounds.

To unwanted, caused by oxygen and other oxidative processes Changes to the detergent tablets and / or the treated ones To prevent textiles, the agents can contain antioxidants. About this verb tion class include, for example, substituted phenols, hydroquinones, pyrocatechols and aromatic amines as well as organic sulfides, polysulfides, dithiocarbamates, phosphites and phosphonates.

Increased comfort can result from the additional use of antistatic agents ren, which are additionally added to the tablets according to the invention. Enlarge antistatic agents ß improve the surface conductivity and thus enable an improved drainage det charges. External antistatic agents are usually substances with at least one  hydrophilic molecular ligands and give a more or less hy on the surfaces wholesale film. These mostly surface-active antistatic agents can be put in stick containing substances (amines, amides, quaternary ammonium compounds), containing phosphorus (Phos divide phosphoric esters) and sulfur-containing (alkyl sulfonates, alkyl sulfates) antistatic agents. Lauryl (or stearyl) dimethylbenzylammonium chlorides are also suitable as anti Statics for textiles or as an additive to detergents, with an additional finishing effect is achieved.

To improve the water absorption capacity, the rewettability of the behan Delten textiles and to facilitate ironing of the treated textiles can in the tablets according to the invention, for example silicone derivatives are used. This additionally improve the rinsing behavior of the agents according to the invention through their foam-inhibiting properties. Preferred silicone derivatives are, for example, poly dialkyl- or alkylarylsiloxanes, in which the alkyl groups have one to five carbon atoms sen and are partially or completely fluorinated. Preferred silicones are polydimethylsiloxanes, which may be derivatized and then amino functional or quaternized are or have Si-OH, Si-H and / or Si-Cl bonds.

Finally, the tablets according to the invention can also contain UV absorbers which are based on pull up the treated textiles and improve the lightfastness of the fibers. Compounds that have these desired properties are, for example effective compounds and derivatives of benzo through radiationless deactivation phenons with substituents in the 2- and / or 4-position. There are also substituted ones Benzotriazoles, in the 3-position phenyl substituted acrylates (cinnamic acid derivatives) if with cyano groups in the 2-position, salicylates, organic Ni complexes and nature substances such as umbelliferone and the body's own urocanoic acid.  

Particulate washing and cleaning were used to produce coated tablets medium mixtures of compositions A1 and A2 (Table 1) containing sugar and / or sugar acids and / or sugar alcohols with pressing forces between 40-50 kN ver presses. The hardness and rate of disintegration of the tablets were both before and measured after the heat treatment. The weight of the tablets was 2.5 g at 18 mm Tablet diameter.

The hardness of the tablets was measured by deforming the tablet until it broke, where the force applied to the side surfaces of the tablet and the maximum force that the tablet withstood, was determined.

To determine tablet disintegration, the tablet was placed in a beaker with water placed (600 ml of water, temperature 30 ° C) and the time until the tablet is completely case measured.

Table 1

Tablet composition [% by weight]

Table 2

Granular surfactant [% by weight]

example 1

A particulate mixture of the composition A1 was pressed as described above. After compression, the hardness of the resulting tablets was between 25-30 N. The tablets were subsequently subjected to the following heat treatments:

• a) The tablets were stored at 70 ° C. for 14 h and then cooled. The tablet hardness after this treatment was 180-200 N.
• b) The tablets were irradiated with infrared for 60 seconds. The temperature of the Radiation was 160-170 ° C. Immediately after the radiation was 01382 00070 552 001000280000000200012000285910127100040 0002010125441 00004 01263 surface  temperature of the tablets at 70-80 ° C. After cooling down Breaking strengths of 115-120 N determined.

Example 2

A particulate mixture of the composition A2 was pressed as described above. After compression, the hardness of the resulting tablets was 28-32 N. The disintegration time of the tablets in aqueous solution was 16-20 seconds. The tablets were subsequently subjected to the following heat treatments:

• a) The entire surface of the tablets were irradiated with infrared for 60 seconds. The temperature of the radiation was 160-170 ° C. Right after the irradiation The surface temperature of the tablets was 70-80 ° C. After Ab cooling strengths of 80-85 N were measured. The decay time the tablets in aqueous solution were between 38-41 sec.
• b) The edge of the tablets was irradiated with infrared for 60 seconds. The temperature the radiation was 160-170 ° C. The waiter was immediately after the radiation tablet surface temperature at 70-80 ° C. After cooling down Breaking strengths of 60-65 N measured. The disintegration time of the tablets in aqueous solution was 28-30 sec.

Claims (17)

1. A method for producing tablets, characterized in that

• a) one or more particulate premix (s), of which at least one premix contains one or more component (s) from the group of sugars and / or sugar acids and / or sugar alcohols, is / are pressed and
• b) the tablet obtained in step a) is subjected to a heat treatment.

2. Process for the production of tablets, characterized in that

• a) one or more particulate premix (s) is / are pressed,
• b) the tablet obtained by the compression is sprayed with an aqueous and / or non-aqueous solution containing one or more component (s) from the group of the sugars and / or sugar acids and / or sugar alcohols and / or with a particulate mixture, containing one or more component (s) from the group of sugar and / or sugar acids and / or sugar alcohols, powdered and
• c) the tablet obtained in step b) is subjected to a heat treatment.

3. Process for the production of tablets, characterized in that

• a) a tablet pre-compressed from one or more particulate premix (s) onto or into a second particulate mixture containing one or more component (s) from the group of sugars and / or sugar acids and / or sugar alcohols, optionally further particulate mixture containing one or more components from the group of sugars and / or sugar acids and / or sugar alcohols,
• b) all components are pressed together and finally
• c) the tablet obtained in step b) is subjected to a heat treatment.

4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that a Particulate premix containing sugar as sugar, preferably one  or several substances from the group glucose, fructose, ribose, maltose, Lactose, contains sucrose. 5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that a Particulate premix containing sugar acid (s) as sugar acid preferably one or more substances from the group of gluconic acid, galactone acid, mannonic acid, fructonic acid, arabinonic acid, xylonic acid, ribonic acid, 2- Contains deoxy-ribonic acid. 6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that a Particulate premix containing sugar alcohol (s) as sugar alcohol preferably one or more substances from the group mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, Contains dulcite, arabite. 7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the Ta blette, based on the total weight of the coated tablet after heat treatment, between 1 and 30% by weight, preferably between 3 and 20 % By weight, particularly preferably between 4 and 10% by weight and in particular between 5% and 8% by weight of the sugar (s) and / or the sugar acid (s) and / or the Sugar alcohol / which contains sugar alcohols. 8. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the closing heat treatment at temperatures between 30 and 250 ° C before moves between 40 and 200 ° C, particularly preferably between 50 and 100 ° C and in particular between 60 and 80 ° C. 9. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the closing heat treatment by infrared radiation and / or microwave wave radiation and / or hot air supply. 10. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the closing heat treatment by a targeted supply of heat and / or by  previous surface treatment of the tablet only in selected areas the tablet surface. 11. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the or at least one of the premixes to be pressed additionally ent surfactants holds, the surfactant content of the surfactant-containing premix between 1 to 50 wt .-%, preferably between 5 to 40% by weight, in particular between 10 to 30% by weight and is particularly preferably between 15 and 25% by weight. 12. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the or at least one of the premixes to be pressed additionally one or several substances from the group of bleaching agents, bleach activators, builders, Surfactants, enzymes, electrolytes, pH regulators, fragrances, perfume carriers, fluorescence lubricants, dyes, hydrotopes, foam inhibitors, silicone oils, antiredepositi onsmittel, optical brighteners, graying inhibitors, enema preventers, knit protective agents, color transfer inhibitors, antimicrobial agents, Germi zide, fungicides, antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, antistatic agents, ironing aids tel, phobing and impregnating agents, swelling and anti-slip agents as well as UV Contains absorber. 13. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the or at least one of the premixes to be compressed is a disintegration auxiliary, preferably a disintegration aid based on cellulose preferably in granular, cogranulated or compacted form, in quantities of 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably 3 to 7% by weight and in particular 4 to 6% by weight, each based on the premix containing disintegrant. 14. Detergent and cleaning agent tablet made of compressed, particulate detergent and cleaning agents containing one or more components from the group pe the sugar and / or sugar acids and / or sugar alcohols, characterized thereby records that it consists of a core and a completely surrounding this core  Shell exists, wherein core and shell have the same composition and the shell is harder than the core. 15. Multi-phase detergent and cleaning tablet from compressed, particulate gene detergent and detergent compositions containing one or more re component (s) from the group of sugars and / or sugar acids and / or Sugar alcohols, characterized in that they consist of a multi-phase core and a multi-phase shell completely surrounding this multi-phase core exists, the individual phases have the same composition as that Phases of the core that they cover, the shell being harder than the core. 16. Single or multi-phase detergent tablet made of compressed, partially Chen-shaped detergent compositions containing one or more component (s) from the group of the sugars and / or sugar acids and / or sugar alcohols, characterized in that they consist of a single or multi-phase core and a single or multi-phase core completely around giving shell, wherein at least the shell is a component of the Group of sugars and / or sugar acids and / or sugar alcohols contains The shell also has a different composition from the phases of the core and the shell is harder than the core. 17. Detergent tablet according to one of claims 14 to 16, characterized characterized in that the tablet, based on its total weight after heat treatment, between 1 and 30% by weight, preferably between 3 and 20% by weight, particularly preferably between 4 and 10% by weight and in particular between 5% and 8% by weight of the sugar (s) and / or the sugar acid (s) and / or the Sugar alcohol / which contains sugar alcohols.