EP1201710A2 - Thermoplastic elastomer composition for a powder for slush molding and skin formed therefrom - Google Patents
Thermoplastic elastomer composition for a powder for slush molding and skin formed therefrom Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1201710A2 EP1201710A2 EP01250374A EP01250374A EP1201710A2 EP 1201710 A2 EP1201710 A2 EP 1201710A2 EP 01250374 A EP01250374 A EP 01250374A EP 01250374 A EP01250374 A EP 01250374A EP 1201710 A2 EP1201710 A2 EP 1201710A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- mass
- thermoplastic elastomer
- elastomer composition
- parts
- slush molding
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 89
- 229920002725 thermoplastic elastomer Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 61
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- -1 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 103
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 83
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 83
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 82
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- 229920001400 block copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical group C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 82
- 229920005604 random copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 33
- 150000001451 organic peroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 32
- 229920000089 Cyclic olefin copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 30
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000010734 process oil Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 31
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 28
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 14
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000004898 kneading Methods 0.000 description 9
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 235000006708 antioxidants Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 229920002545 silicone oil Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 229920006132 styrene block copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920000181 Ethylene propylene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000005662 Paraffin oil Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N butadiene-styrene rubber Chemical class C=CC=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 4
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920013716 polyethylene resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920005672 polyolefin resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 3
- VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Butene Chemical compound CCC=C VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-octene Chemical compound CCCCCCC=C KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000012933 diacyl peroxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000037303 wrinkles Effects 0.000 description 2
- UBRWPVTUQDJKCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-bis(2-tert-butylperoxypropan-2-yl)benzene Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOC(C)(C)C1=CC=CC(C(C)(C)OOC(C)(C)C)=C1 UBRWPVTUQDJKCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UAJRSHJHFRVGMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenyl-4-methoxybenzene Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 UAJRSHJHFRVGMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QEDJMOONZLUIMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-tert-butyl-4-ethenylbenzene Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 QEDJMOONZLUIMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IGGDKDTUCAWDAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-vinylnaphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C=C)=CC=CC2=C1 IGGDKDTUCAWDAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XMNIXWIUMCBBBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-phenylpropan-2-ylperoxy)propan-2-ylbenzene Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(C)(C)OOC(C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 XMNIXWIUMCBBBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JLBJTVDPSNHSKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Methylstyrene Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 JLBJTVDPSNHSKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002633 Kraton (polymer) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920012485 Plasticized Polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002174 Styrene-butadiene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XYLMUPLGERFSHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-Methylstyrene Chemical compound CC(=C)C1=CC=CC=C1 XYLMUPLGERFSHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010692 aromatic oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- QRUDEWIWKLJBPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzotriazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2N[N][N]C2=C1 QRUDEWIWKLJBPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012964 benzotriazole Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000740 bleeding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004067 bulking agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000748 compression moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007822 coupling agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- LSXWFXONGKSEMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N di-tert-butyl peroxide Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOC(C)(C)C LSXWFXONGKSEMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010985 leather Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012778 molding material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004482 other powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenol group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=C1)O ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002530 phenolic antioxidant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005629 polypropylene homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002742 polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene/propylene) -block-polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 229920005653 propylene-ethylene copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003017 thermal stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006097 ultraviolet radiation absorber Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L23/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
- C08L23/12—Polypropene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L23/16—Elastomeric ethene-propene or ethene-propene-diene copolymers, e.g. EPR and EPDM rubbers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L23/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L25/00—Compositions of, homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L25/02—Homopolymers or copolymers of hydrocarbons
- C08L25/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of styrene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L53/00—Compositions of block copolymers containing at least one sequence of a polymer obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L53/02—Compositions of block copolymers containing at least one sequence of a polymer obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers of vinyl-aromatic monomers and conjugated dienes
- C08L53/025—Compositions of block copolymers containing at least one sequence of a polymer obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers of vinyl-aromatic monomers and conjugated dienes modified
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L25/00—Compositions of, homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L25/02—Homopolymers or copolymers of hydrocarbons
- C08L25/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of styrene
- C08L25/08—Copolymers of styrene
- C08L25/10—Copolymers of styrene with conjugated dienes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L53/00—Compositions of block copolymers containing at least one sequence of a polymer obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L53/02—Compositions of block copolymers containing at least one sequence of a polymer obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers of vinyl-aromatic monomers and conjugated dienes
Definitions
- This invention relates to a thermoplastic elastomer composition for a powder material used for slush molding, as to form a skin. More specifically, the invention relates to a thermoplastic elastomer composition containing a hydrogenated block copolymer compatible with a polypropylene resin.
- Powder slush molding is desirable in that a skin with a soft texture can be produced as well as one with flexible design characteristics.
- the skins can be made to simulate leather wrinkles and/or stitching.
- Powder slush molding differs from injection molding and compression molding processes in that the powder materials are not placed under pressure during the forming process. Thus, the powder material, once melted, is required to flow readily to produce a uniform thickness oft times over a complex metal mold.
- the melt viscosity also must be low so that the powder deposited against the mold can melt and form a film without being placed under pressure. It is also important that the skin be easily released from the mold after it is formed and cooled.
- thermoplastic styrene elastomer is selected from styrene-ethylene butylene-styrene block copolymers containing 20 mass % or less styrene, styrene-ethylene propylene-styrene block copolymers containing 20 mass % or less styrene, and hydrogenated styrene-butadiene rubber containing 20 mass % or less styrene, so that the composition is compatible with polypropylene resin and suitable for powder molding.
- thermoplastic elastomer composition for slush molding is disclosed that is an ethylene- ⁇ -olefin copolymer, a polyolefin resin, and a hydrogenated diene copolymer.
- the hydrogenated diene copolymer is prepared by hydrogenating a conjugated diene copolymer or a conjugated diene-vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon random copolymer containing 25 mass % or less vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon. The hydrogenation degree is at least 70%.
- the invention is directed to a thermoplastic elastomer composition for a powder material used for slush molding.
- the thermoplastic elastomer composition consists of a polypropylene resin and 20 to 500 parts by mass of a hydrogenated block copolymer per 100 parts by mass of the polypropylene resin.
- the hydrogenated block copolymer has a) at least one polymer block A with a primary component that is a vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon monomer unit and b) at least one polymer block B with a primary component that is a hydrogenated butadiene monomer unit
- the polymer block B has a hydrogenation degree of at least 90%.
- the vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon in the hydrogenated block copolymer is present in an amount more than 5 mass% and less than 25 mass%.
- the polymer block B before hydrogenation contains 62 mol% or more 1,2 bonds on average.
- the melt flow rate (MFR) of the thermoplastic elastomer composition is at least 10 g/10 min at 230°C under a load of 2.16 kgf in accordance with Japanese industrial Standards (JIS) K7210.
- the thermoplastic elastomer composition further consists of 20 to 200 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the polypropylene resin of at least one of a) a block and b) a random copolymer of styrene and a conjugated diene with a hydrogenation degree of at least 90%.
- the styrene is present in the at least one of the a) block and b) random copolymer of styrene and a conjugated diene in an amount more than 14 mass% and less than 50 mass%.
- thermoplastic elastomer composition further includes 5 to 250 parts by mass of an ethylene- ⁇ -olefin copolymer rubber per 100 parts by mass of the hydrogenated block copolymer.
- the polypropylene resin consists of a propylene- ⁇ -olefin copolymer having a melting point of 120° to 145°C. measured with a differential calorimeter at a heating rate of 5°C/min.
- thermoplastic elastomer composition may further include a process oil.
- thermoplastic elastomer composition is treated by hot-cutting in water to produce particles having an effective mean diameter of 1.00 mm or less.
- thermoplastic elastomer composition for a powder material used for slush molding, which thermoplastic elastomer composition consists of a polypropylene resin, 20 to 300 parts by mass of a random copolymer of styrene and a conjugated diene per 100 parts by mass of the polypropylene resin, and 20 to 200 parts by mass of at least one of a) a block and b) a random copolymer of styrene and a conjugated diene per 100 parts by mass of the polypropylene resin and having a hydrogenation degree of at least 90%
- the random copolymer has a hydrogenation degree of at least 90%
- the styrene is present in the random copolymer in an amount of more than 5 mass% and less than 14 mass%.
- thermoplastic elastomer composition may further include 5 to 250 parts by mass of an ethylene- ⁇ -olefin copolymer rubber per 100 parts by mass of hydrogenated copolymer.
- the invention is further directed to a skin formed by slush molding powder made from a thermoplastic elastomer composition as in any of the variations described above.
- a skin made according to the present invention, and suitable for a wide range of uses, is shown at 10.
- the skin 10 may be used, for example, as part of an automobile interior, such as on instrument panels, console boxes, door trims, as a cover for an air bag storage box, etc.
- the invention is not limited to a product in a skin form.
- the melting point of propylene- ⁇ -olefin copolymer in the above-described polypropylene resin is 120° to 145°C or less, measured at a heating rate of 5°C/min with a differential calorimeter.
- the propylene- ⁇ -olefin copolymer may be a block or a random copolymer.
- the ⁇ -olefin may be ethylene, butylene, pentene, or octane. Ethylene is preferred by reason of its cost.
- Using propylene- ⁇ -olefin copolymer makes possible the production of an easily meltable thermoplastic elastomer composition for slush molding with a relatively low melting point and good formability characteristics.
- the MFR for the polypropylene resin is less than 10 g/10 min
- 100 parts by mass of the polypropylene resin may be mixed with 0.02 to 5.0 parts by mass of an organic peroxide and kneaded at 120° to 250°C to result in a lower molecular weight polypropylene resin having an MFR of 100 to 800 g/10 min.
- the polypropylene resin kneaded with the organic peroxide may be melted and kneaded with a hydrogenated block copolymer. If the polypropylene resin is melted and kneaded with the hydrogenated block copolymer and the organic peroxide simultaneously, the hydrogenated block copolymer may move to the surface of the polypropylene resin sheet being formed, resulting in a lower molecular weight copolymer. After heat aging, the surface of the polypropylene resin may become sticky and glossy.
- the hydrogenated block copolymer preferably has good compatibility with the polypropylene resin. Kneading the block copolymer with the polypropylene resin makes the mixture flexible, resulting in a thermoplastic elastomer composition that is resistant blushing when folded.
- the above-described hydrogenated block copolymer consists of at least one polymer block A of which a primary component that is a vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon monomer unit and at least one polymer block B of which a primary component is a hydrogenated butadiene monomer unit.
- the hydrogenation degree of the polymer block B is 90% or more.
- the block having the butadiene monomer unit as its primary component before hydrogenation has 62 mol% or more 1, 2 bonds on average. If the bonds are less than 62 mol%, folding the sheet formed therewith may cause blushing.
- a representative example of such a hydrogenated block copolymer is "Tuftec L-515" made by Asahi Chemical Industry Co., which is a styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene block copolymer (SEBS), as disclosed in International Publication WO00/15681.
- the mixing amount of the hydrogenated block copolymer is 20 to 500 parts by mass for 100 parts by mass of the polypropylene resin.
- the higher the amount of the polypropylene resin the harder the skin surface becomes.
- the lower the amount the lower the tensile strength becomes.
- the hydrogenated block copolymer used in the present invention is preferably highly compatible with the polypropylene resin. It has been verified with a transmission electron microscope that hydrogenated block copolymer having particle diameter of 15 to 210 mm, becomes uniformly dispersed in the polypropylene resin.
- Blending the polypropylene resin and the hydrogenated block copolymer allows the hydrogenated block copolymer to be relatively uniformly dispersed in the polypropylene resin. This contributes to good formability.
- a thermoplastic elastomer composition for slush molding results which makes possible the production of a skin with good physical properties and flexibility and controlled blushing resulting from folding thereof.
- Ethylene- ⁇ -olefin copolymer rubber is a highly oil-absorbable elastomer. Simultaneously blending it with the hydrogenated block copolymer makes the polypropylene resin compatible. In addition, the rubber preferably tends to absorb process oil and oligomers contained in the composition. To accomplish this, at least one of ethylene- ⁇ -olefin copolymers and noncrystalline ethylene- ⁇ -olefin-nonconjugated diene copolymers is used.
- the ⁇ -olefin preferably is one having 3 to 10 carbons such as propylene, 1-butene, or 1-octene, and more preferably, ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) or ethylene-octene copolymer (EOR).
- EPR ethylene-propylene rubber
- EOR ethylene-octene copolymer
- the above-described ethylene- ⁇ -olefin copolymer rubber is less compatible with the polypropylene resin than the hydrogenated block copolymer to be used according to the present invention.
- the rubber When the rubber is Kneaded or blended with the polypropylene resin, it disperses in micrometers, thereby lowering the tensile strength thereof.
- highly oil-absorbable ethylene- ⁇ -olefin copolymer By adding highly oil-absorbable ethylene- ⁇ -olefin copolymer, the oligomers contained in the composition and the oil are absorbed, so that bleeding may be avoided.
- the ethylene- ⁇ -olefin copolymer is added in an amount of 5 to 250 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the hydrogenated block copolymer. If the amount is less than 5 parts by mass, the ethylene- ⁇ -olefin copolymer may not absorb oligomers contained in the composition or the oil sufficiently. In contrast, if the amount is more than 250 parts by mass, the ethylene- ⁇ -olefin copolymer may not be dispersed into the polypropylene resin, so that the tensile strength may be lower than desirable.
- the hydrogenated block or random copolymer of styrene and conjugated diene used according to the present invention having a styrene content of more than 14 mass% and less than 50 mass% and a hydrogenation degree of 90% or more, is less compatible with the polypropylene resin than the hydrogenated block copolymer. As a result, it may not be uniformly dispersed so that a two-phase structure results. Thus, the mixture alone blended with the polypropylene resin is generally not suitable for powder slush molding because of the poor sheet formability characteristics.
- Suitable products are, for example, "Tuftec H1062, H1052”, made by Asahi Chemical Industry Co. and “KRATON G1650” made by Shell Chemicals, which are styrene-ethylene butylene- styrene block copolymers (SEBS), and "DYNARON 2324P”, made by JSR Corporation, which is a hydrogenated styrene butadiene random copolymer (H-SBR).
- SEBS styrene-ethylene butylene- styrene block copolymers
- H-SBR hydrogenated styrene butadiene random copolymer
- a suitable random copolymer of styrene and conjugated diene has a hydrogenation degree of 90% or more, with the content of the styrene being preferably more than 5 mass% and less than 14 mass%.
- the conjugated diene contains 60 mol% or more 1, 2, or 3,4 bonds, on average.
- the random copolymer is a hydrogenated random copolymer, which has good compatibility with polypropylene. Kneading the hydrogenated random copolymer, as well as the hydrogenated block copolymer, with the polypropylene, allows the resin to be flexible, thus resulting in a product with good resistance to blushing.
- the amount of the styrene in the above-described random copolymer is preferably more than 5 mass% and less than 14 mass%. If the content is less than 5 mass% or more than 14 mass%, the random copolymer may be less compatible with the polypropylene resin, hence lowering the flexibility of molded sheets and tending to cause blushing at fold locations.
- the number of 1, 2 or 3, 4 bonds in the conjugated diene is preferably 60 mol% or more on average. If the number is less than 60 mol%, the molded sheet tends to blush at folding locations due to the decrease in flexibility.
- "DYNARON 2320” and “DYNARON 2321P”, both offered by JSR are suitable.
- process oil is added to the inventive composition, the oil is absorbed into the elastomer contained in the composition, and thereby the melt viscosity is lowered. Also the hardness of the skins is lowered, contributing to flexibility.
- the above-mentioned process oil is one used for rubbers, classified into paraffin, naphthene, and aromatic oil.
- a paraffin oil is used as the process oil.
- the amount of the process oil is preferably 5 to 200 parts by mass for 100 parts by mass of the hydrogenated block copolymer An amount of more than 200 parts by mass may bring about deterioration of tensile properties. An amount of less than 5 parts may result in a relatively hard skin due to the fact that the melt viscosity does not lower.
- a thermal stabilizer such as one used for known polyolefins, may be employed. Normally phenolic and phosphorus oxidation inhibitors are used as well, however they are not necessary.
- hindered amine or benzotriazole may be used as a photostabilizer.
- An organic or inorganic colorant as used for Known olefins, may be used. Further, lubricants such as fatty acid metal and bulking agents such as calcium carbonate or talc may be added.
- inventive compositions are melted and kneaded together preferably using any of the following six methods. However, the invention should not be viewed as so limited.
- a hydrogenated block copolymer is blended with a polypropylene resin having an MFR of 100 to 800 g/10 min, and kneaded together at 120 to 250°C. No organic peroxide is added.
- a hydrogenated block copolymer and an ethylene- ⁇ -olefin copolymer rubber, or a hydrogenated block or random copolymer of styrene and conjugated diene, are blended together with a polypropylene resin having an MFR of 100 to 800 g/10 min kneaded at 120 to 250°C. No organic peroxide is added.
- a hydrogenated block copolymer, a process oil, ethylene ⁇ -olefin copolymer rubber, and hydrogenated block copolymer or random copolymer of styrene and conjugated diene, is added to polypropylene resin having an MFR of 100 to 800 g per 10 minutes and kneaded together at 120-250°C. No organic peroxide is added.
- Organic peroxide is blended in 0.02 to 5.0 parts by mass, in advance, with polypropylene resin having an MFR of 100 g/10 min and kneaded together at 120 to 250°C to change the MFR into the range of 100 to 800 g/10 min
- a hydrogenated block copolymer and an ethylene- ⁇ -olefin copolymer rubber, or a hydrogenated block or random copolymer of styrene and conjugated diene are simultaneously blended with the polypropylene resin, having an MFR of 100 to 800 g/10 min, and kneaded at 120 to 250°C.
- An organic peroxide is blended in an amount of 0.02 to 5.0 parts by mass with polypropylene resin having an MFR of less than 100 g/10 min and an ethylene- ⁇ -olefin copolymer rubber, or a hydrogenated block or random copolymer of styrene and conjugated diene, and kneaded together at 120 to 250°C.
- a hydrogenated block copolymer is then blended and kneaded together at 120 to 250°C.
- Organic peroxide is blended in an amount of in 0.02 to 5.0 parts by mass with polypropylene resin having an MFR of 100 g/10 min, an ethylene- ⁇ -olefin copolymer rubber, or a hydrogenated block or random copolymer of styrene and conjugated diene, and a process oil, and kneaded together at 120 to 250°C.
- a hydrogenated block copolymer is then blended and kneaded at 120 to 250°C.
- compositions are melted and kneaded together in accordance with the following six methods.
- a hydrogenated random copolymer and a hydrogenated block, or random, copolymer and a hydrogenated block, or random, copolymer of styrene and conjugated diene are blended together with polypropylene resin having an MFR of 100 to 800 g/10 min and kneaded at 120 to 250°C. No organic peroxide is added.
- a hydrogenated random copolymer, a hydrogenated block, or random, copolymer of styrene and conjugated diene, and an ethylene- ⁇ -olefin copolymer rubber are blended with polypropylene resin and kneaded together at 120 to 250°C. No organic peroxide is added.
- a hydrogenated random copolymer, a hydrogenated block copolymer, or random copolymer of styrene and conjugated diene, a process oil, and an ethylene- ⁇ -olefin copolymer rubber are blended together with polypropylene resin and kneaded at 120 to 250°C. No organic peroxide is added.
- An organic peroxide is pre-blended in 0.02 to 5.0 parts by mass with polypropylene resin and kneaded at 120 to 250°C to change the MFR of the polypropylene resin into the range of 100 to 800 g/10 min.
- a hydrogenated random copolymer, a hydrogenated block, or random, copolymer of styrene and conjugated diene, and an ethylene- ⁇ -olefin copolymer rubber are blended together with the polypropylene resin having an MFR of 100 to 800 g/10 min and kneaded at 120 to 250°C.
- An organic peroxide is blended in 0.02 to 5.0 parts by mass with polypropylene resin and an ethylene- ⁇ -olefin copolymer rubber and kneaded at 120 to 250°C. Thereafter, a hydrogenated random copolymer and a hydrogenated block, or random, copolymer of styrene and conjugated diene, are blended and kneaded at 120 to 250°C.
- An organic peroxide is blended in an amount of 0.02 to 5.0 parts by mass with polypropylene resin, an ethylene- ⁇ -olefin copolymer rubber, and a process oil and kneaded at 120 to 250° C.
- a hydrogenated random copolymer and a hydrogenated block, or random, copolymer of styrene and conjugated diene, are blended and kneaded at 120-250°C. This method may be carried out using two sequential steps or performing one-pass kneading with a vent port.
- additives dry-blended by a v-type blender, a tumbler, a Henschel mixer, or the like are delivered from a supplying hopper.
- Process oil is infused through the vent port.
- the mixture is melted and kneaded by a biaxial extruder adjusted to a temperature of 120 to 250°C and formed into a pellet.
- process oil is mixed with the hydrogenated block copolymer and the ethylene- ⁇ -olefin copolymer rubber, which are components of the elastomer, and kneaded together in an internal mixer such as a kneader or a Banbury mixer. After the mixture is formed into a pellet, the pellet and polypropylene resin are dry-blended together, melted, and kneaded by a uniaxial or biaxial extruder set to a temperature of 120 to 250°C, and thereafter formed into a pellet.
- an internal mixer such as a kneader or a Banbury mixer.
- the MFR of the pellet is preferably 10 g/10 min, as measured at 230°C and under a load of 2.16 kgf. Otherwise, the skin tends to develop pinholes because of the relatively melt flowability.
- the pellet formed with the above-described composition is pulverized with an impact-type pulverizer such as a turbo mill, a pin mill, a hammer mill.
- the pellet may be frozen by liquid nitrogen and pulverized.
- the melted resin may be treated with a spray, such as a disk atomizer, to be cooled, and thereby powdered.
- the pulverized resin is sifted through 1.00 mm-sieve so that the mean primary particle size is 100 to 800 ⁇ m. Then an organic or inorganic powder modifier is added and mixed with the resin in preparation for powder slush molding.
- the resin prepared by the hot cut method can be screened to sort primary particles with a mean size of 100 to 800 ⁇ m, in the same manner described above, in preparation for powder molding.
- Fibrously extruded strands may be cut to a length of 1 mm or less in order to be used in the molding process.
- slush molding is carried out using the elastomer composition.
- the composition is dropped, primarily by gravitational force, into a mold heated to at least the melting point thereof. After a certain period, the mold is turned over, so that the excess of the composition is separated and deposited into a collection box. The composition in the mold is gradually melted to form into a skin layer. The resulting skin layer is cooled and removed from the mold. This process is repeated.
- the mold is heated generally by oil circulation or in a hot blast stove.
- Oil circulation provides easy temperature control of the mold depending on piping configurations, but the mold is generally heated only from the surface thereof.
- hot blast stoves provide heating from both the surface of the mold and the reverse face of the molded matter. Since the air in hot blast stoves is normally heated to 300°C or more, steps must be taken so that thermal oxidation does not cause deterioration of the reverse face of the molded material.
- the performance of tne present invention compared to other powder slush molding materials and methods, is described in the following examples.
- the skins used for testing were made by first forming a powder starting material, and thereafter forming the skin with the powder material, as shown schematically in Fig. 2.
- the pellet was immersed in liquid nitrogen, it was pulverized in a turbo mill, T250-4J (made by TURBO KOGYO). The pulverized matter was sifted through a 1000 ⁇ m-sleve. The matter that passed through the sieve was collected.
- the pellet prepared according to the above was immersed in liquid nitrogen and pulverized in a turbo mill, T250-4J (made by TURBO KOGYO), and thereafter sifted through a 1000 ⁇ m-sieve. The powdery particles that passed through the sieve were collected.
- the above-described powdery composition that was collected was molded in a slush molding process.
- the powder slush molding was earned out as follows.
- a board of 150 mm x 150 mm x 3 mm, having leather-like wrinkles, was heated to 250°C in an oven.
- 800 g of the powdery composition was deposited, and allowed to remain in place for 10 minutes so as to stick to the board. Thereafter, the powder which was not melted or stuck to the board was removed. The remainder was heated in an oven at 300°C for 60 seconds. The stuck powder taken out of the oven was then cooled. A skin 0.8 mm thick was removed from the board.
- melt flow rate was measured at 230°C and under a load of 2.16 kgf in accordance with JIS K7210.
- the pellets of INVENTIVE EXAMPLES 1 to 7 had MFRs of 10 g/10 min and more, showing sufficient melt flowability and sheet formability.
- the reverse faces of the sheets also uniformly melted and no shrinkage thereof was observed.
- the sheets of COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 1 to 10 had poor sheet formability even though the MFRs were 10 g/10 min and more.
- the reverse faces of the sheets did not melt uniformly and shrinkage and irregularity were Observed.
- pinholes and underfills were present, which is believed attributable to poor melting properties.
- a hydrogenated block copolymer, a hydogenated random copolymer, a hydrogenated block, or random copolymer of styrene and conjugated diene, an elastomer, a polyethylene resin, and stabilizers were dry-blended in a tumbler, and then supplied to the pellet formed by the first kneading process and Kneaded therewith at 230 °C and 300 rpm. Each mixture was extruded and formed into a pellet.
- the materials in parenthesis in the Tables are substances added during the second kneading process.
- the pellets, as formed above, were pulverized in a turbo mill, T-250-4J (made by TURBO KOGYO), and thereafter sifted through a 1000 ⁇ m-sieve.
- the primary powder particles that passed through the sieve were collected.
- the pellets of INVENTIVE EXAMPLES 8 to 19 had MFRs of 10 g/10 min and more, thus showing good melt flowability and sheet formability.
- the reverse faces of the sheets also uniformly melted and no shrinkage thereof was observed.
- the tensile elongation was 100% and more at ambient temperatures of -35 to 120°C, showing relatively little property variation arising from temperature changes.
- these compositions are suitable for use in forming skins for, among other things, covers of airbag storage boxes.
- COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 14 to 17 showed poor sheet formability even though they had MFRs of 10 g/10 min and more. Shrinkage and irregularity caused by nonuniform melting were observed on the reverse faces. Further, these sheets had pinholes and underfills attributable to poor melting. Thus, these compositions generally are not suitable to be used as thermoplastic elastomers for slush molding certain products.
- the dry-blended mixtures from the material supply hopper of an extruder were kneaded at 230°C and 100 rpm with a process oil infused through a vent port, and thereafter extruded and formed into a pellet. Then, an elastomer, polyethylene resin, and stabilizers, which are shown in Table 8. were dry-blended in a tumbler and subsequently supplied to the pellet formed by the first kneading process and kneaded at 230°C and 300 rpm. Each mixture was extruded and formed into a pellet.
- the materials in parenthesis in the Table are substances added during the second kneading process.
- the pellets formed according to the above were immersed in liquid nitrogen, pulverized in a turbo mill, T250-4J (made by TURBO KOGYO), and then sifted through a 1000 ⁇ m-sieve. The powdery particles that passed through the sieve were collected.
- the pinholes were evaluated in terms of the size and the number thereof by visually observing the sheet faces. " ⁇ ” is marked in the Table for each favorable sheet. "xx” is marked for each non-uniform sheet for which the evaluation was impossible because of a large amount of shrinkage. "x” or “ ⁇ ” is marked depending on the degree of pinhole formation.
- the pellets of INVENTIVE EXAMPLES 20 to 22 had MFRs of 10 g/10 min and more, showing adequate melt flowability and favorable sheet formability.
- the reverse faces of the sheets also uniformly melted, and no shrinkage thereof was observed.
- the invention provides thermoplastic elastomer compositions for a powder material suitable for slush molding.
- the thermoplastic elastomer composition contains a hydrogenated block copolymer compatible with a polypropylene resin.
- the compositions and powders according to the invention can be made with good flowability and formability. Skins can be made according to the invention with good shrinkage characteristics, good transparency, good physical properties, and good appearance owing to the control of blushing at fold locations. Further, the skins may be made to nave stable properties within a normal environmental temperature range.
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Abstract
Description
- This invention relates to a thermoplastic elastomer composition for a powder material used for slush molding, as to form a skin. More specifically, the invention relates to a thermoplastic elastomer composition containing a hydrogenated block copolymer compatible with a polypropylene resin.
- It is known to form skins on automobile interior parts, such as instrument panels, console boxes, door trims, etc. through a powder slush molding processing using soft powder materials. It is known to use plasticized polyvinyl chloride resin for this purpose. Powder slush molding is desirable in that a skin with a soft texture can be produced as well as one with flexible design characteristics. For example, the skins can be made to simulate leather wrinkles and/or stitching.
- Powder slush molding differs from injection molding and compression molding processes in that the powder materials are not placed under pressure during the forming process. Thus, the powder material, once melted, is required to flow readily to produce a uniform thickness oft times over a complex metal mold. The melt viscosity also must be low so that the powder deposited against the mold can melt and form a film without being placed under pressure. It is also important that the skin be easily released from the mold after it is formed and cooled.
- In one conventional process, as disclosed in Japanese unexamined patent application publication No. 7-82433, pulverized polypropylene resin and a specific thermoplastic styrene elastomer are mixed in a ratio of 70/30 to 30/70 by mass. The thermoplastic styrene elastomer is selected from styrene-ethylene butylene-styrene block copolymers containing 20 mass % or less styrene, styrene-ethylene propylene-styrene block copolymers containing 20 mass % or less styrene, and hydrogenated styrene-butadiene rubber containing 20 mass % or less styrene, so that the composition is compatible with polypropylene resin and suitable for powder molding.
- In Japanese unexamined patent application publication No. 10-30036, a thermoplastic elastomer composition for slush molding is disclosed that is an ethylene-α-olefin copolymer, a polyolefin resin, and a hydrogenated diene copolymer. The hydrogenated diene copolymer is prepared by hydrogenating a conjugated diene copolymer or a conjugated diene-vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon random copolymer containing 25 mass % or less vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon. The hydrogenation degree is at least 70%.
- In Japanese patent publication No. 2973353, a thermoplastic elastomer composition for slush molding is disclosed with a thermoplastic elastomer selected from ethylene-ethylene butylene-ethylene block copolymers and ethylene-octene copolymers blended with a polypropylene resin and a hydrogenated styrenebutadiene random copolymer. The mixture is pulverized.
- In the above styrene-ethylene butylene-styrene block copolymers, there is no disclosure of hydrogenated block copolymers having a main block consisting of butadiene monomer units which, before hydrogenation, has 62 mol% or more 1,2 bonds on average.
- Problems arose in the past where the elastomers were not compatible with the polypropylene resin. As an example, when ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR), ethylene octene copolymer (EOR), styrene-ethylene butylene-styrene block copolymer containing 25 mass% or more styrene, styrene-ethylene propylene-styrene block copolymer and/or hydrogenated styrene-butadiene rubber were blended, the elastomer components did not uniformly disperse into polypropylene resin. As a result, the compositions often were not as formable as desired, had poorer than desired physical properties, and blushed from folding. Further, the physical properties varied considerably with temperature change, thereby making it impractical to use skins made from these compositions for certain applications, such as for storage box covers for air bags.
- In one form, the invention is directed to a thermoplastic elastomer composition for a powder material used for slush molding. The thermoplastic elastomer composition consists of a polypropylene resin and 20 to 500 parts by mass of a hydrogenated block copolymer per 100 parts by mass of the polypropylene resin. The hydrogenated block copolymer has a) at least one polymer block A with a primary component that is a vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon monomer unit and b) at least one polymer block B with a primary component that is a hydrogenated butadiene monomer unit The polymer block B has a hydrogenation degree of at least 90%. The vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon in the hydrogenated block copolymer is present in an amount more than 5 mass% and less than 25 mass%. The polymer block B before hydrogenation contains 62 mol% or more 1,2 bonds on average. The melt flow rate (MFR) of the thermoplastic elastomer composition is at least 10 g/10 min at 230°C under a load of 2.16 kgf in accordance with Japanese industrial Standards (JIS) K7210.
- In one form, the thermoplastic elastomer composition further consists of 20 to 200 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the polypropylene resin of at least one of a) a block and b) a random copolymer of styrene and a conjugated diene with a hydrogenation degree of at least 90%. The styrene is present in the at least one of the a) block and b) random copolymer of styrene and a conjugated diene in an amount more than 14 mass% and less than 50 mass%.
- In one form, the thermoplastic elastomer composition further includes 5 to 250 parts by mass of an ethylene-α-olefin copolymer rubber per 100 parts by mass of the hydrogenated block copolymer.
- In one form, the polypropylene resin consists of a propylene-α-olefin copolymer having a melting point of 120° to 145°C. measured with a differential calorimeter at a heating rate of 5°C/min.
- The thermoplastic elastomer composition may further include 0.02 to 5.0 parts by mass of an organic peroxide per 100 parts by mass of the polypropylene resin.
- The thermoplastic elastomer composition may further include a process oil.
- In one form, the thermoplastic elastomer composition is freeze-pulverized to produce particles having a size to pass through a sieve not greater than 1 00 mm.
- In one form, the thermoplastic elastomer composition is treated by hot-cutting in water to produce particles having an effective mean diameter of 1.00 mm or less.
- The invention is also directed to thermoplastic elastomer composition for a powder material used for slush molding, which thermoplastic elastomer composition consists of a polypropylene resin, 20 to 300 parts by mass of a random copolymer of styrene and a conjugated diene per 100 parts by mass of the polypropylene resin, and 20 to 200 parts by mass of at least one of a) a block and b) a random copolymer of styrene and a conjugated diene per 100 parts by mass of the polypropylene resin and having a hydrogenation degree of at least 90% The random copolymer has a hydrogenation degree of at least 90% The styrene is present in the random copolymer in an amount of more than 5 mass% and less than 14 mass%. The conjugated diene consists of at least 60 mol% of one of a) 1, 2 or b) 3,4 bonds on average. The styrene is present in the at least one of the a) block and b) random copolymer of styrene and a conjugated diene in an amount of more than 14 mass% and less than 50 mass%.
- The thermoplastic elastomer composition may further include 5 to 250 parts by mass of an ethylene-α-olefin copolymer rubber per 100 parts by mass of hydrogenated copolymer.
- The invention is further directed to a skin formed by slush molding powder made from a thermoplastic elastomer composition as in any of the variations described above.
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- Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a piece of skin, made according to the present invention;
- Fig. 2 is a schematic representation of a process for forming a powder starting material, according to the present invention, and forming the powder into a skin against a mold.
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- In Fig. 1, a skin, made according to the present invention, and suitable for a wide range of uses, is shown at 10. The
skin 10 may be used, for example, as part of an automobile interior, such as on instrument panels, console boxes, door trims, as a cover for an air bag storage box, etc. However, the invention is not limited to a product in a skin form. - The
inventive skin 10 is made from a polypropylene resin, which may be a polypropylene homopolymer or a block or random copolymer consisting of α-olefin. Preferably, the block copolymer consists of ethylene, which is used as the α-olefin to give flexibility to the skin. To form theskin 10 using a pressureless, powder, slush molding process, the melt flow rate (MFR) for the polypropylene resin should be at least 10 g/10 min, and preferably 40-800 g/10 min at 230°C under a load of 2.16 kgf in accordance with JIS K7210. - The melting point of propylene-α-olefin copolymer in the above-described polypropylene resin is 120° to 145°C or less, measured at a heating rate of 5°C/min with a differential calorimeter. The propylene-α-olefin copolymer may be a block or a random copolymer. The α-olefin may be ethylene, butylene, pentene, or octane. Ethylene is preferred by reason of its cost. Using propylene-α-olefin copolymer makes possible the production of an easily meltable thermoplastic elastomer composition for slush molding with a relatively low melting point and good formability characteristics.
- If the MFR for the polypropylene resin is less than 10 g/10 min, 100 parts by mass of the polypropylene resin may be mixed with 0.02 to 5.0 parts by mass of an organic peroxide and kneaded at 120° to 250°C to result in a lower molecular weight polypropylene resin having an MFR of 100 to 800 g/10 min.
- The polypropylene resin kneaded with the organic peroxide may be melted and kneaded with a hydrogenated block copolymer. If the polypropylene resin is melted and kneaded with the hydrogenated block copolymer and the organic peroxide simultaneously, the hydrogenated block copolymer may move to the surface of the polypropylene resin sheet being formed, resulting in a lower molecular weight copolymer. After heat aging, the surface of the polypropylene resin may become sticky and glossy.
- The above-mentioned organic peroxide is preferably diacyl peroxide, peroxy ester, diacyl peroxide, di-t-butyl peroxide, t-butylcurnyl peroxide, dicumyl peroxide, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butyl peroxy)-hexane-3,1,3-bis(t-butyl peroxy-isopropyl) benzene, and 1,1-di-butyl peroxy-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, which are used for the cross-linking of rubber and resin. Preferably, the half life for one minute by thermal decomposition is 150° to 250°C.
- During the kneading process at 120° to 250°C, the organic peroxide lowers the molecular weight of the polypropylene resin by cutting the main chain of the resin, thereby allowing the thermoplastic elastomer composition to have a better melt flowability. The organic peroxide is added at 0.02 to 5.0 mass% for the thermoplastic elastomer composition. Generally, less than 0.02 mass% of the organic peroxide does not have enough decompositionable ability to cut the main chain of the polypropylene resin, as a result of which the melt flowability of the thermoplastic elastomer composition may not be as high as desired. On the other hand, more than 5.0% of the organic peroxide may produce over-decomposition and lead to the deterioration of mechanical characteristics, such as the tensile strength, of the resulting skin and any other parts made according to the invention.
- The hydrogenated block copolymer preferably has good compatibility with the polypropylene resin. Kneading the block copolymer with the polypropylene resin makes the mixture flexible, resulting in a thermoplastic elastomer composition that is resistant blushing when folded.
- The above-described hydrogenated block copolymer consists of at least one polymer block A of which a primary component that is a vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon monomer unit and at least one polymer block B of which a primary component is a hydrogenated butadiene monomer unit. The hydrogenation degree of the polymer block B is 90% or more. At least one of the polymer blocks positioned at the ends is a polymer block B, and preferably the hydrogenated block copolymer has a structure A-B, A-B-A-B, B-A-B-A-B, or (B-A-B=) n -X, where n is an integer of 2 or more and X is a residue of a coupling agent.
- The vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon monomer unit is at least one selected from among, but not limited to, alkyl styrenes such as styrene, α-methylstyrene, p-methylstyrene, and p-tert-butylstyrene, para-methoxystyrene, vinylnaphthalene, and the like, and preferably styrene. The amount of the vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon is more than 5 mass% and less than 25 mass% for the hydrogenated block copolymer. An amount of 5 to 15 mass% is generally effective in obtaining an adequately flexible skin.
- The block having the butadiene monomer unit as its primary component before hydrogenation has 62 mol% or more 1, 2 bonds on average. If the bonds are less than 62 mol%, folding the sheet formed therewith may cause blushing. A representative example of such a hydrogenated block copolymer is "Tuftec L-515" made by Asahi Chemical Industry Co., which is a styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene block copolymer (SEBS), as disclosed in International Publication WO00/15681.
- The mixing amount of the hydrogenated block copolymer is 20 to 500 parts by mass for 100 parts by mass of the polypropylene resin. Generally, the higher the amount of the polypropylene resin, the harder the skin surface becomes. In contrast, generally the lower the amount, the lower the tensile strength becomes.
- The hydrogenated block copolymer used in the present invention is preferably highly compatible with the polypropylene resin. It has been verified with a transmission electron microscope that hydrogenated block copolymer having particle diameter of 15 to 210 mm, becomes uniformly dispersed in the polypropylene resin.
- Blending the polypropylene resin and the hydrogenated block copolymer allows the hydrogenated block copolymer to be relatively uniformly dispersed in the polypropylene resin. This contributes to good formability. A thermoplastic elastomer composition for slush molding results which makes possible the production of a skin with good physical properties and flexibility and controlled blushing resulting from folding thereof.
- Ethylene-α-olefin copolymer rubber is a highly oil-absorbable elastomer. Simultaneously blending it with the hydrogenated block copolymer makes the polypropylene resin compatible. In addition, the rubber preferably tends to absorb process oil and oligomers contained in the composition. To accomplish this, at least one of ethylene-α-olefin copolymers and noncrystalline ethylene-α-olefin-nonconjugated diene copolymers is used. The α-olefin preferably is one having 3 to 10 carbons such as propylene, 1-butene, or 1-octene, and more preferably, ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) or ethylene-octene copolymer (EOR).
- The above-described ethylene-α-olefin copolymer rubber is less compatible with the polypropylene resin than the hydrogenated block copolymer to be used according to the present invention. When the rubber is Kneaded or blended with the polypropylene resin, it disperses in micrometers, thereby lowering the tensile strength thereof. By adding highly oil-absorbable ethylene-α-olefin copolymer, the oligomers contained in the composition and the oil are absorbed, so that bleeding may be avoided.
- The ethylene-α-olefin copolymer is added in an amount of 5 to 250 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the hydrogenated block copolymer. If the amount is less than 5 parts by mass, the ethylene-α-olefin copolymer may not absorb oligomers contained in the composition or the oil sufficiently. In contrast, if the amount is more than 250 parts by mass, the ethylene-α-olefin copolymer may not be dispersed into the polypropylene resin, so that the tensile strength may be lower than desirable.
- The hydrogenated block or random copolymer of styrene and conjugated diene used according to the present invention, having a styrene content of more than 14 mass% and less than 50 mass% and a hydrogenation degree of 90% or more, is less compatible with the polypropylene resin than the hydrogenated block copolymer. As a result, it may not be uniformly dispersed so that a two-phase structure results. Thus, the mixture alone blended with the polypropylene resin is generally not suitable for powder slush molding because of the poor sheet formability characteristics.
- Suitable products are, for example, "Tuftec H1062, H1052", made by Asahi Chemical Industry Co. and "KRATON G1650" made by Shell Chemicals, which are styrene-ethylene butylene- styrene block copolymers (SEBS), and "DYNARON 2324P", made by JSR Corporation, which is a hydrogenated styrene butadiene random copolymer (H-SBR).
- A suitable random copolymer of styrene and conjugated diene has a hydrogenation degree of 90% or more, with the content of the styrene being preferably more than 5 mass% and less than 14 mass%. The conjugated diene contains 60 mol% or more 1, 2, or 3,4 bonds, on average. The random copolymer is a hydrogenated random copolymer, which has good compatibility with polypropylene. Kneading the hydrogenated random copolymer, as well as the hydrogenated block copolymer, with the polypropylene, allows the resin to be flexible, thus resulting in a product with good resistance to blushing.
- The amount of the styrene in the above-described random copolymer is preferably more than 5 mass% and less than 14 mass%. If the content is less than 5 mass% or more than 14 mass%, the random copolymer may be less compatible with the polypropylene resin, hence lowering the flexibility of molded sheets and tending to cause blushing at fold locations.
- The number of 1, 2 or 3, 4 bonds in the conjugated diene is preferably 60 mol% or more on average. If the number is less than 60 mol%, the molded sheet tends to blush at folding locations due to the decrease in flexibility. For the above-described hydrogenated random copolymers, "DYNARON 2320" and "DYNARON 2321P", both offered by JSR, are suitable.
- If process oil is added to the inventive composition, the oil is absorbed into the elastomer contained in the composition, and thereby the melt viscosity is lowered. Also the hardness of the skins is lowered, contributing to flexibility. The above-mentioned process oil is one used for rubbers, classified into paraffin, naphthene, and aromatic oil. Preferably, a paraffin oil is used as the process oil. The amount of the process oil is preferably 5 to 200 parts by mass for 100 parts by mass of the hydrogenated block copolymer An amount of more than 200 parts by mass may bring about deterioration of tensile properties. An amount of less than 5 parts may result in a relatively hard skin due to the fact that the melt viscosity does not lower.
- A thermal stabilizer, such as one used for known polyolefins, may be employed. Normally phenolic and phosphorus oxidation inhibitors are used as well, however they are not necessary.
- In addition, hindered amine or benzotriazole may be used as a photostabilizer.
- An organic or inorganic colorant, as used for Known olefins, may be used. Further, lubricants such as fatty acid metal and bulking agents such as calcium carbonate or talc may be added.
- The inventive compositions are melted and kneaded together preferably using any of the following six methods. However, the invention should not be viewed as so limited.
- A hydrogenated block copolymer is blended with a polypropylene resin having an MFR of 100 to 800 g/10 min, and kneaded together at 120 to 250°C. No organic peroxide is added.
- A hydrogenated block copolymer and an ethylene-α-olefin copolymer rubber, or a hydrogenated block or random copolymer of styrene and conjugated diene, are blended together with a polypropylene resin having an MFR of 100 to 800 g/10 min kneaded at 120 to 250°C. No organic peroxide is added.
- A hydrogenated block copolymer, a process oil, ethylene α-olefin copolymer rubber, and hydrogenated block copolymer or random copolymer of styrene and conjugated diene, is added to polypropylene resin having an MFR of 100 to 800 g per 10 minutes and kneaded together at 120-250°C. No organic peroxide is added.
- Organic peroxide is blended in 0.02 to 5.0 parts by mass, in advance, with polypropylene resin having an MFR of 100 g/10 min and kneaded together at 120 to 250°C to change the MFR into the range of 100 to 800 g/10 min A hydrogenated block copolymer and an ethylene-α-olefin copolymer rubber, or a hydrogenated block or random copolymer of styrene and conjugated diene, are simultaneously blended with the polypropylene resin, having an MFR of 100 to 800 g/10 min, and kneaded at 120 to 250°C.
- An organic peroxide is blended in an amount of 0.02 to 5.0 parts by mass with polypropylene resin having an MFR of less than 100 g/10 min and an ethylene-α-olefin copolymer rubber, or a hydrogenated block or random copolymer of styrene and conjugated diene, and kneaded together at 120 to 250°C. A hydrogenated block copolymer is then blended and kneaded together at 120 to 250°C.
- Organic peroxide is blended in an amount of in 0.02 to 5.0 parts by mass with polypropylene resin having an MFR of 100 g/10 min, an ethylene-α-olefin copolymer rubber, or a hydrogenated block or random copolymer of styrene and conjugated diene, and a process oil, and kneaded together at 120 to 250°C. A hydrogenated block copolymer is then blended and kneaded at 120 to 250°C.
- The compositions are melted and kneaded together in accordance with the following six methods.
- A hydrogenated random copolymer and a hydrogenated block, or random, copolymer and a hydrogenated block, or random, copolymer of styrene and conjugated diene, are blended together with polypropylene resin having an MFR of 100 to 800 g/10 min and kneaded at 120 to 250°C. No organic peroxide is added.
- A hydrogenated random copolymer, a hydrogenated block, or random, copolymer of styrene and conjugated diene, and an ethylene-α-olefin copolymer rubber are blended with polypropylene resin and kneaded together at 120 to 250°C. No organic peroxide is added.
- A hydrogenated random copolymer, a hydrogenated block copolymer, or random copolymer of styrene and conjugated diene, a process oil, and an ethylene-α-olefin copolymer rubber are blended together with polypropylene resin and kneaded at 120 to 250°C. No organic peroxide is added.
- An organic peroxide is pre-blended in 0.02 to 5.0 parts by mass with polypropylene resin and kneaded at 120 to 250°C to change the MFR of the polypropylene resin into the range of 100 to 800 g/10 min. A hydrogenated random copolymer, a hydrogenated block, or random, copolymer of styrene and conjugated diene, and an ethylene-α-olefin copolymer rubber are blended together with the polypropylene resin having an MFR of 100 to 800 g/10 min and kneaded at 120 to 250°C.
- An organic peroxide is blended in 0.02 to 5.0 parts by mass with polypropylene resin and an ethylene-α-olefin copolymer rubber and kneaded at 120 to 250°C. Thereafter, a hydrogenated random copolymer and a hydrogenated block, or random, copolymer of styrene and conjugated diene, are blended and kneaded at 120 to 250°C.
- An organic peroxide is blended in an amount of 0.02 to 5.0 parts by mass with polypropylene resin, an ethylene-α-olefin copolymer rubber, and a process oil and kneaded at 120 to 250° C. A hydrogenated random copolymer and a hydrogenated block, or random, copolymer of styrene and conjugated diene, are blended and kneaded at 120-250°C. This method may be carried out using two sequential steps or performing one-pass kneading with a vent port.
- In the blending step, additives dry-blended by a v-type blender, a tumbler, a Henschel mixer, or the like, are delivered from a supplying hopper. Process oil is infused through the vent port. The mixture is melted and kneaded by a biaxial extruder adjusted to a temperature of 120 to 250°C and formed into a pellet.
- Alternatively, process oil is mixed with the hydrogenated block copolymer and the ethylene-α-olefin copolymer rubber, which are components of the elastomer, and kneaded together in an internal mixer such as a kneader or a Banbury mixer. After the mixture is formed into a pellet, the pellet and polypropylene resin are dry-blended together, melted, and kneaded by a uniaxial or biaxial extruder set to a temperature of 120 to 250°C, and thereafter formed into a pellet.
- The MFR of the pellet is preferably 10 g/10 min, as measured at 230°C and under a load of 2.16 kgf. Otherwise, the skin tends to develop pinholes because of the relatively melt flowability.
- The pellet formed with the above-described composition is pulverized with an impact-type pulverizer such as a turbo mill, a pin mill, a hammer mill. The pellet may be frozen by liquid nitrogen and pulverized. Alternatively, depending on the composition, the melted resin may be treated with a spray, such as a disk atomizer, to be cooled, and thereby powdered.
- The pulverized resin is sifted through 1.00 mm-sieve so that the mean primary particle size is 100 to 800 µm. Then an organic or inorganic powder modifier is added and mixed with the resin in preparation for powder slush molding.
- Also, the resin prepared by the hot cut method can be screened to sort primary particles with a mean size of 100 to 800 µm, in the same manner described above, in preparation for powder molding.
- Fibrously extruded strands may be cut to a length of 1 mm or less in order to be used in the molding process.
- Following the above preparation, slush molding is carried out using the elastomer composition. In molding process, the composition is dropped, primarily by gravitational force, into a mold heated to at least the melting point thereof. After a certain period, the mold is turned over, so that the excess of the composition is separated and deposited into a collection box. The composition in the mold is gradually melted to form into a skin layer. The resulting skin layer is cooled and removed from the mold. This process is repeated.
- The mold is heated generally by oil circulation or in a hot blast stove. Oil circulation provides easy temperature control of the mold depending on piping configurations, but the mold is generally heated only from the surface thereof. In contrast, hot blast stoves provide heating from both the surface of the mold and the reverse face of the molded matter. Since the air in hot blast stoves is normally heated to 300°C or more, steps must be taken so that thermal oxidation does not cause deterioration of the reverse face of the molded material.
- Air heating is effective in multilayer (generally two or three layer) slush molding. That is, the first powder, which is to be an external layer, is slush-molded in the heated mold. The second powder is deposited on the semi-melted first layer. If necessary, the third slush molding step is carried out. The combined layers are heated and melted. In this case, heating only the mold surface does not provide sufficient heat transfer. Preferably, hot blast stoves are used, which cause the reverse face of the molded composition, as well as the mold surface, to be heated.
- The performance of tne present invention, compared to other powder slush molding materials and methods, is described in the following examples. The skins used for testing were made by first forming a powder starting material, and thereafter forming the skin with the powder material, as shown schematically in Fig. 2.
- In each of INVENTIVE EXAMPLE 1 and COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 1 to 6, a polypropylene resin, a hydrogenated block copolymer, an elastomer, stabilizers, and a lubricant, as listed in Tables 1 and 2, below, were dry-blended with a tumbler.
(Parts by mass) INVENTIVE EXAMPLES 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 Random PP - 50 45 50 - - - - Flexible PP resin 1 - - - - - - 63 63 Flexible PP resin 2 - - - - - 50 - - Homo PP - - - 45 27 - - (TPE)1.2-SEB- 50 (24) (35) (24) (18) (29) (37) EOR- - 15 15 15 - - - Paraffin oil- - (12) - (12) (5) (8) - Polyethylene - - (4) - (4) - - - (Lubricant) Amide
Silicone oil0.15 0.15 - 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.6 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 (Stabilizer) Anti-oxidant - 0.2 (0.2) (0.2) (0.2) (0.2) (0.2) (0.2) Anti-oxidant - 0.2 (0.2) (0.2) (0.2) (0.2) (0.2) (0.2) Photostabilizer - 0.15 (0.15) (0.15) (0.15) (0.15) (0.15) (0.15) Photostabilizer - 0.15 (0.15) (0.15) (0.15) (0.15) (0.15) (0.15) Organic peroxide - - 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.60 0.60 Tensile elongation (%) 650 533 633 192 600 642 800 Tensile strength (MPa) 7.40 7.88 7.42 4.65 8.08 7.03 9.82 MFR(g/10min) 50 237 71 161 86 115 70 Blushing ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Sheet formability ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Melted state of reverse face ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ (Parts by mass) COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 1 2 3 4 5 6 Random PP - 50 45 50 50 50 - (TPE)SEBS1 - 50 - - - - - SEPS - - 50 - - - - SEBS2 - - - 50 - - - EPR- - - - 50 - - EOR- - - - - 50 - Polymerized TPO- - - - - - 100 (Lubricant) Amide- 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 Silicone oil - 0.6 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 (Stabilizer) Anti-oxidant- 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Anti-Oxidant- 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Photostabilizer - 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 Photostabilizer - 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 Tensile elongation (%) 80 20 not melted non- sheet 30 25 Tensite strength (MPa) 4.7 3.5 6.1 2.86 MFR (g/10min)- 18 40 2 - 43 5 Blushing x x - xx x ○ Sheet formability Δ x xx xx x x Melted state of reverse face Δ x xx xx x x - After the pellet was immersed in liquid nitrogen, it was pulverized in a turbo mill, T250-4J (made by TURBO KOGYO). The pulverized matter was sifted through a 1000µm-sleve. The matter that passed through the sieve was collected.
- In each of INVENTIVE EXAMPLES 2-7 and COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 7-10, components were kneaded twice with a biaxial extruder (PCM45 made by Ikegai Steel). Initially, polypropylene resin, an olefin resin, an ethylene octene copolymer (EOR), an organic peroxide, and a lubricant were dry-blended with a tumbler. Each dry-biended mixture from the biaxial extruder was kneaded at 230°C and 100 rpm with a process oil supplied from a vent port, and extruded to form a pellet. A hydrogenated block copolymer, an elastomer, a polyethylene resin, and stabilizers, which are listed in Tables 1 to 3, were dry-blended using a tumbler, and supplied to the first formed pellet and kneaded therewith at 230°C and 300 rpm.
(Parts by mass) COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 7 8 9 10 Random PP - 45 50 45 45 (TPE)SEBS1 - (24) (35) - - SEBS2 - - - (24) - Homo PP* 4 - - - 45 EOR- - - - (24) EOR 15 15 15 15 Paraffin oil (12) - (12) (12) Polyethylene (4) - (4) (4) (Lubricant) Amide - 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 Silicone oil - 0.60 0.60 0.5 0.60 (Stabilizer) Anti-oxidant- (0.2) (0.2) (0.2) (0.2) Anti-Oxidant - (0.2) (0.2) (0.2) (0.2) Photostabilizer - (0.15) (0.15) (0.15) (0.15) Photostabilizer - (0.15) (0.15) (0.15) (0.15) Organic peroxide - 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 Tensite elongation (%) 20 30 non-sheet non-sheet Tensile strength (MPa) 2.0 2.5 MFR (g/10min)- 200 80 40 - Blushing x x - - Sheet formability Δ Δ xx xx Melted state of reverse face Δ Δ xx xx - The pellet prepared according to the above was immersed in liquid nitrogen and pulverized in a turbo mill, T250-4J (made by TURBO KOGYO), and thereafter sifted through a 1000 µm-sieve. The powdery particles that passed through the sieve were collected.
- The above-described powdery composition that was collected was molded in a slush molding process. The powder slush molding was earned out as follows. A board of 150 mm x 150 mm x 3 mm, having leather-like wrinkles, was heated to 250°C in an oven. On the board, 800 g of the powdery composition was deposited, and allowed to remain in place for 10 minutes so as to stick to the board. Thereafter, the powder which was not melted or stuck to the board was removed. The remainder was heated in an oven at 300°C for 60 seconds. The stuck powder taken out of the oven was then cooled. A skin 0.8 mm thick was removed from the board.
- The melt viscosity of the above-described pellets, the formability of the slush-molded sheets, the melted states of the reverse faces of the sheets, the tensile properties of the skins, and the blushing arising from folding was evaluated. The results are shown in Tables 1 to 3.
- For each melt viscosity, melt flow rate was measured at 230°C and under a load of 2.16 kgf in accordance with JIS K7210.
- For each sheet, formability was visually determined based on whether the sheet formed by the slush molding had been uniformly melted and whether it was shrunk. For each sheet where shrinkage was not observed, "O" is marked in the Tables. For each non-uniform sheet for which the evaluation was impossible because of a large amount of shrinkage, "xx" is marked. Further, "x" or "Δ" is marked depending on the degree of shrinkage.
- The melting states of the reverse faces of the sheets were likewise evaluated. For each sheet with little melting observed, "xx" is marked on the Tables. For each sheet where slight melting was observed, "x" is marked. For each sheet where near melting was observed, "Δ" is marked.
- Tensile strength and elongation were measured for each skin punched out with a JIS No. 3-dumbbell at a testing speed of 200 mm.
- Blushing caused by folding the sheets was visually evaluated. "O" is marked in the Tables where no blushing was observed. "xx" is marked in the Tables where serious blushing was observed. "x" or "Δ" is marked depending on the degree of blushing. The results are shown in Tables 1 to 3.
- As a result, the pellets of INVENTIVE EXAMPLES 1 to 7 had MFRs of 10 g/10 min and more, showing sufficient melt flowability and sheet formability. The reverse faces of the sheets also uniformly melted and no shrinkage thereof was observed. In Contrast, the sheets of COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 1 to 10 had poor sheet formability even though the MFRs were 10 g/10 min and more. The reverse faces of the sheets did not melt uniformly and shrinkage and irregularity were Observed. In addition, pinholes and underfills were present, which is believed attributable to poor melting properties.
- In each of EXAMPLES 8 to 19 and COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 11 to 17, components were kneaded twice with a biaxial extruder (PCM45 made by Ikegai Steel). First, as shown in Tables 4 to 7, polypropylene resin, an ethylene octane copolymer (EOR), an organic peroxide, and a lubricant were dry-blended using a tumbler.
(Parts by mass) INVENTIVE EXAMPLES 8 9 10 11 12 13 Random PP - 45 45 45 45 45 45 (TPE) SEBS1 - - - (35) (20) (25) (37) H-SBR1 - (14) (16) - - - - H-SBR2 - (14) (8) (10) (9) (12) (10) EOR - 15 15 10 10 10 - Paraffin Oil - (12) (12) - (12) (8) (8) Polyethylene - - (4) - (4) - - (Lubricant) Amide 0.15 Silicone oil 0.6 (Stabilizer) Anti-oxidant (0.4) Photostabilizer (0.3) Organic peroxide - 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 MFR(g/10min) - 187 235 215 258 253 150 Tensile elongation (%) at -35°C 424 378 224 361 246 236 Tensile elongation (%) at 23°C 292 325 800 375 683 875 Tensile elongation (%) at 80°C 142 350 378 173 205 858 Tensile elongation (%) at 120°C 287 198 175 143 148 118 Blushing ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Sheet formability ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Melted state of reverse face ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ (Parts by mass) INVENTIVE EXAMPLES 14 15 16 17 18 19 (PP) Random PP1 - - 45 45 - 45 45 Random PP2 - 45 - - 45 - - (TPE) SEBS1 - (37) (10) (24) (25) (33) (47) H-SBR2- (10) (37) (23) (12) - - SEBR2- - - - - (14) - EOR- - - - 10 - - Paraffin oil - (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (Lubricant) Amide 0.15 Silicone Oil 0.60 (Stabilizer) Anti-oxidant (0.4) Photostabilizer (0.3) Organic peroxide - 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 MFR (g/10min)- 146 233 195 136 140 237 Tensite elongation (%) at -35°C 353 412 382 347 383 81 Tensile elongation (%) at 23°C 842 525 700 700 533 517 Tensile elongation (%) at 80°C 764 171 194 120 163 594 Tensile elongation (%) at 120°C 101 178 154 148 137 60 Blushing ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Sheet formability ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Melted state of reverse face ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ (Parts by mass) COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 11 12 13 (PP) Random PP1 - 45 - 45 Random PP2 - - 45 - (TPE)SEBS1 - - - - M-SBR- (24) (24) (47) SEBR2 - *11 - - - EOR 15 15 - Paraffin oil- (12) (12) (8) Polyethylene - (4) (4) - (Lubricant) Amide 0.15 Silicone oil 0.60 (Stabilizer) Anti-oxidant (0.4) Photostabilizer (0.3) Organic peroxide - 0.45 0.45 0.45 MFR(g/10 min)- 170 219 182 Tensile elongation (%) at -35°C 51 385 224 Tensile elongation (%) at 23°C 675 558 500 Tensile elongation (%) at 80°C 451 100 546 Tensile elongation (%) at 120°C 20 70 80 Blushing ○ ○ ○ Sheet formability ○ ○ ○ Melted state of reverse face ○ ○ ○ (Pans by mass) COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 14 15 16 17 (PP) Randorn PP1 - 45 50 45 45 (TPE)SEBR3 - ) (24) (35) - - SEBR4 - - - (24) - EPR - - - - (24) EOR - 15 15 15 15 Paraffin oil- (12) - (12) (12) Polyethylene - *7 (4) - (4) (4) (Lubricant) Amide 0 15 Silicone oil 0.60 (Stabilizer) Anti-oxidant (0.4) photostabilizer (0.3) Organic peroxide 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 MFR (g/10 min) 200 80 40 - Tensile elongation (%) at 23°C 20 30 non- non- sheet sheet Blushing x x - - Sheet formability Δ Δ xx xx Melted state of reverse face Δ Δ xx xx - Thereafter, a hydrogenated block copolymer, a hydogenated random copolymer, a hydrogenated block, or random copolymer of styrene and conjugated diene, an elastomer, a polyethylene resin, and stabilizers were dry-blended in a tumbler, and then supplied to the pellet formed by the first kneading process and Kneaded therewith at 230 °C and 300 rpm. Each mixture was extruded and formed into a pellet. The materials in parenthesis in the Tables are substances added during the second kneading process.
- The pellets, as formed above, were pulverized in a turbo mill, T-250-4J (made by TURBO KOGYO), and thereafter sifted through a 1000 µm-sieve. The primary powder particles that passed through the sieve were collected.
- The above-described collected powdery compositions were each formed into skin 0.8 mm thick by slush molding in the same manner as described for INVENTIVE EXAMPLE 1.
- The melt viscosity of the above-described pellet, formability of the sheet formed by slush molding, the melted state of the reverse face of the sheet, the tensile property of the skin at certain temperatures, and blushing arising from folding a formed sheet were evaluated in the same manner as described above for INVENTIVE EXAMPLE 1. The results are shown in Tables 4 to 7.
- The pellets of INVENTIVE EXAMPLES 8 to 19 had MFRs of 10 g/10 min and more, thus showing good melt flowability and sheet formability. The reverse faces of the sheets also uniformly melted and no shrinkage thereof was observed. The tensile elongation was 100% and more at ambient temperatures of -35 to 120°C, showing relatively little property variation arising from temperature changes. Hence, these compositions are suitable for use in forming skins for, among other things, covers of airbag storage boxes.
- In contrast, while the pellets of COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 11 to 13 had MFRs of 10 g/10 min and more, showing sufficient melt flowability and sheet formability and no shrinkage, the tensile elongation thereof was 100% and less at an ambient temperature of 120°C. In addition, COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 11 had a tensile elongation of 100% or less even at an ambient temperature of -35°C. Thus, these compositions are generally not suitable to be used to form skins useable as covers for airbag storage boxes.
- COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 14 to 17 showed poor sheet formability even though they had MFRs of 10 g/10 min and more. Shrinkage and irregularity caused by nonuniform melting were observed on the reverse faces. Further, these sheets had pinholes and underfills attributable to poor melting. Thus, these compositions generally are not suitable to be used as thermoplastic elastomers for slush molding certain products.
- The components of Table 8 were Kneaded twice with a biaxial extruder (PCM45 made by Ikegai Steel).
(Parts by mass) INVENTIVE EXAMPLES 20 21 22 Polypropylene-ethylene copolymer CS-3650 - - 45 - PS-4918- 50 - 45 M-SBR - - - (14) 1-2-SEB- 35 (24) (10) EOR - 15 15 15 Paraffin oil - (12) (12) Polyethylene - (4) (4) Amide-containing lubricant 0.15 0.15 0.15 Silicone oil M-B 0.6 0.6 0.6 Phenolic anti-oxidant - 0.2 (0.2) (0.2) Phosphorous anti-oxidant 0.2 (0.2) (0.2) Ultraviolet absorber 0.15 (0.15) (0.15) Photostabilizer HALS 0.15 (0.15) (0.15) Organic peroxide- - 0.45 0.45 MFR (g/10min)- 73 210 205 Tensile elongation (%) 480 585 525 Tensile strength (MPa) 6.8 6.7 6.6 Fold blushing ○ ○ ○ Sheet face pinhole ○ ○ ○ Melted state of reverse face Δ ○ ○ - The pellets formed according to the above were immersed in liquid nitrogen, pulverized in a turbo mill, T250-4J (made by TURBO KOGYO), and then sifted through a 1000 µm-sieve. The powdery particles that passed through the sieve were collected.
- The above-described, collected, powdery compositions were each formed into a skin 0.8 mm thick by slush molding in the same manner as described for INVENTIVE EXAMPLE 1.
- The melt viscosity of the above-described pellets, existence of pinholes in the face of the sheet formed by slush molding, melted state of the reverse face of the sheet, the tensile property of the skin, and blushing arising from folding the sheets, were evaluated. The results are shown in Table 8.
- The pinholes were evaluated in terms of the size and the number thereof by visually observing the sheet faces. "○" is marked in the Table for each favorable sheet. "xx" is marked for each non-uniform sheet for which the evaluation was impossible because of a large amount of shrinkage. "x" or "Δ" is marked depending on the degree of pinhole formation.
- The pellets of INVENTIVE EXAMPLES 20 to 22 had MFRs of 10 g/10 min and more, showing adequate melt flowability and favorable sheet formability. The reverse faces of the sheets also uniformly melted, and no shrinkage thereof was observed.
- Generally, it has been shown that the invention provides thermoplastic elastomer compositions for a powder material suitable for slush molding. The thermoplastic elastomer composition contains a hydrogenated block copolymer compatible with a polypropylene resin. The compositions and powders according to the invention can be made with good flowability and formability. Skins can be made according to the invention with good shrinkage characteristics, good transparency, good physical properties, and good appearance owing to the control of blushing at fold locations. Further, the skins may be made to nave stable properties within a normal environmental temperature range.
- The foregoing disclosure of specific embodiments is intended to be illustrative of the broad concepts comprehended by the invention.
Claims (16)
- A thermoplastic elastomer composition for a powder material used for slush molding, said thermoplastic elastomer composition comprising:a polypropylene resin; and20 to 500 parts by mass of a hydrogenaled block copolymer per 100 parts by mass of the polypropylene resin,the hydrogenated block copolymer comprising a) at least one polymer block A with a primary component comprising a vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon monomer unit and b) at least one polymer block B with a primary component comprising a hydrogenated butadiene monomer unit,the polymer block B having a hydrogenation degree of at least 90%,the vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon in the hydrogenated block copolymer present in an amount more than 5 mass% and less than 25 mass%,the polymer block B before hydrogenation containing 62 mol% or more 1, 2 bonds on average,
- The thermoplastic elastomer composition for a powder material used for slush molding according to claim 1 further comprising 20 to 200 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the polypropylene resin of at least one of a) a block and b) a random copolymer of styrene and a conjugated diene with a hydrogenation rate of at least 90%, the styrene being present in the at least one of the a) block and b) random copolymer of styrene and a conjugated diene in an amount more than 14 mass% and less than 50 mass%.
- The thermoplastic elastomer composition for a powder material used for slush molding according to any of claims 1 and 2 further comprising 5 to 250 parts by mass of an ethylene-α-olefin copolymer rubber per 100 parts by mass of the hydrogenated block copolymer.
- The thermoplastic elastomer composition for a powder material used for slush molding according to any of claims 1-3 wherein the polypropylene resin comprises a propylene-α-olefin copolymer having a melting point of 120° to 145°C measured with a differential colorimeter at a heating rate of 5°C/min.
- The thermoplastic elastomer composition for a powder material used for slush molding according to any of claims 1-3 further comprising 0.02 to 5.0 parts by mass of an organic peroxide per 100 parts by mass of the polypropylene resin.
- The thermoplastic elastomer composition for a powder material used for slush molding according to any of claims 1-3 further comprising a process oil.
- The thermoplastic elastomer composition for a powder material used for slush molding according to any of claims 1-3 wherein the thermoplastic elastomer composition is freeze-pulverized to produce particles having a size to pass through a sieve not greater than 1.00 mm.
- The thermoplastic elastomer composition for a powder material used for slush molding according to any of claims 1-3 wherein the thermoplastic elastomer composition is treated by hot-cutting in water to produce particles having an effective mean diameter of 1.00 mm or less.
- A thermoplastic elastomer composition for a powder material used for slush molding, said thermoplastic elastomer composition comprising:a polypropylene resin;20 to 300 parts by mass of a random copolymer of styrene and a conjugated diene per 100 parts by mass of the polypropylene resin,the random copolymer having a hydrogenation degree of at least 90%,the styrene being present in an amount of more than 5 mass% and less than 14 mass%,the conjugated diene comprising at least 60 mol% of one of a) 1, 2 or b) 3, 4 bonds on average; and20 to 200 parts by mass of at least one of a) a block an b) a random copolymer of styrene and a conjugated diene per 100 parts by mass of the polypropylene resin and having a hydrogenation degree of at least 90%,the styrene being present in at least one of the a) block and b) random copolymer of styrene and a conjugated diene in an amount more than 14 mass% and less than 50 mass%.
- A thermoplastic elastomer composition for a powder material used for slush molding according to claim 9 further comprising 5 to 250 parts by mass of an ethylene-α-olefin copolymer rubber per 100 parts by mass of hydrogenated copolymer.
- A thermoplastic elastomer composition for a powder material used for slush molding according to any of claims 9 and 10 wherein the polypropylene resin comprises a propylene-α-olefin copolymer having a melting point of 120° to 145°C measured with a differential colorimeter at a heating rate of 5°C/min.
- A thermoplastic elastomer composition for a powder material used for slush molding according to an of claims 9-11 further comprising 0.02 to 5.0 parts by mass of an organic peroxide per 100 parts by mass of the polypropylene resin.
- A thermoplastic elastomer composition for a powder material used for slush molding according to any of claims 9-12 further comprising a process oil.
- A thermoplastic elastomer composition for a powder material used for slush molding according to any of claims 9-13 wherein the thermoplastic elastomer composition is freeze-pulverized to produce particles having a size to pass through a sieve not greater than 1.00 mm.
- A thermoplastic elastomer composition for a powder material used for slush molding according to any of claims 9-13 wherein the thermoplastic elastomer composition is treated by hot-cutting in water to produce particles having an effective mean diameter of 1.00 mm or less.
- A skin formed by slush molding powder made from a thermoplastic elastomer composition as recited in any of claims 1-15.
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EP04090310A EP1477522B1 (en) | 2000-10-31 | 2001-10-24 | Thermoplastic elestomer compositon for a powder for slush molding and skin formed therefrom |
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JP2001192147 | 2001-06-26 | ||
JP2001192147A JP3723472B2 (en) | 2000-10-31 | 2001-06-26 | Thermoplastic elastomer composition for slush molding, powder, and skin using the same |
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ID=27345072
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP04090310A Expired - Lifetime EP1477522B1 (en) | 2000-10-31 | 2001-10-24 | Thermoplastic elestomer compositon for a powder for slush molding and skin formed therefrom |
EP01250374A Expired - Lifetime EP1201710B1 (en) | 2000-10-31 | 2001-10-24 | Thermoplastic elastomer composition for a powder for slush molding and skin formed therefrom |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP04090310A Expired - Lifetime EP1477522B1 (en) | 2000-10-31 | 2001-10-24 | Thermoplastic elestomer compositon for a powder for slush molding and skin formed therefrom |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6812285B2 (en) |
EP (2) | EP1477522B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP3723472B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR100495972B1 (en) |
DE (2) | DE60122794T2 (en) |
TW (1) | TW534921B (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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KR100475868B1 (en) * | 2002-05-30 | 2005-03-10 | 현대자동차주식회사 | Polypropylene-based resin composition |
EP1655340A1 (en) * | 2004-11-05 | 2006-05-10 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Slush moldable thermoplastic polyolefin formulation for interior skin |
WO2009134504A1 (en) | 2008-04-30 | 2009-11-05 | International Automotive Components Group North America, Inc. | Slush moldable olefin composition |
EP3162847A4 (en) * | 2014-06-26 | 2017-12-20 | Lotte Chemical Corporation | Thermoplastic elastomer composition having improved vibration insulation and heat resistance, and molded product formed therefrom |
Families Citing this family (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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KR100506714B1 (en) * | 2003-03-27 | 2005-08-05 | 현대자동차주식회사 | Polypropylene-based resin composition for powder slush molding |
US20070265396A1 (en) | 2004-11-05 | 2007-11-15 | Srimannarayana Kakarala | Thermoplastic polyolefin compositions having improved melt viscosity and methods of making the same |
JP5681491B2 (en) * | 2008-12-10 | 2015-03-11 | 旭化成ケミカルズ株式会社 | Thermoplastic elastomer composition |
CN101508811A (en) * | 2009-03-10 | 2009-08-19 | 叶孙勇 | Injectable vulcanizable vinyl benzene rubber particles and producing process |
JP5814241B2 (en) * | 2009-09-18 | 2015-11-17 | ダウ グローバル テクノロジーズ エルエルシー | Powdered thermoplastic polyolefin elastomer composition for slush molding process |
JP5875380B2 (en) * | 2012-01-19 | 2016-03-02 | 東洋ゴム工業株式会社 | Rubber wet masterbatch production method, rubber wet masterbatch, and rubber composition containing rubber wet masterbatch |
JP2014034625A (en) * | 2012-08-08 | 2014-02-24 | Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corp | Hydrogenated block copolymer, polyolefin-based resin composition, and molded article therefrom |
JP6556627B2 (en) * | 2013-11-12 | 2019-08-07 | デンカ株式会社 | Thermoplastic elastomer resin composition |
US9757901B2 (en) * | 2013-11-26 | 2017-09-12 | Kraton Polymers U.S. Llc | Laser sintering powder, laser sintering article, and a method of making a laser sintering article |
BR112018008385A2 (en) * | 2015-10-28 | 2018-10-23 | Contitech Transportbandsysteme | process for manufacturing a conveyor belt |
US11807753B2 (en) | 2020-10-28 | 2023-11-07 | Cpk Interior Products Inc. | Thermoplastic polyolefin-based slush powder compositions |
KR20240070178A (en) | 2022-11-14 | 2024-05-21 | 정성재 | Highly transparent polypropylene resin composition for automobiles with excellent pressure resistance and impact resistance |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0794225A1 (en) * | 1996-03-04 | 1997-09-10 | Tonen Chemical Corporation | Thermoplastic resin composition |
EP0811657A2 (en) * | 1996-06-06 | 1997-12-10 | Mitsuboshi Belting Ltd. | Thermoplastic elastomer composition for powder slush molding and process for the preparation of the composition |
EP0834533A1 (en) * | 1995-06-20 | 1998-04-08 | Sumitomo Chemical Company Limited | Thermoplastic elastomer composition and molded articles thereof |
DE19905292A1 (en) * | 1998-02-10 | 1999-10-21 | Sumitomo Chemical Co | Copolymer compositions useful for extrusion, injection molding, vacuum forming etc. and in laminate |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE3532357A1 (en) | 1985-09-11 | 1987-03-19 | Bayer Ag | THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS |
JP2665552B2 (en) * | 1993-09-17 | 1997-10-22 | 三ツ星ベルト株式会社 | Powder resin composition used for powder molding |
JP2904125B2 (en) * | 1995-06-20 | 1999-06-14 | 住友化学工業株式会社 | Powder for molding powder comprising thermoplastic elastomer composition and molded article thereof |
EP0757077A1 (en) | 1995-08-01 | 1997-02-05 | Advanced Elastomer Systems, L.P. | Very soft thermoplastic elastomer compositions |
US5948850A (en) * | 1996-06-06 | 1999-09-07 | Mitsuboshi Belting Ltd. | Thermoplastic elastomer composition for powder slush molding and process for preparation of said composition |
US6632541B2 (en) | 1998-02-10 | 2003-10-14 | Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited | Olefin-based copolymer composition |
KR100349959B1 (en) | 1998-09-14 | 2002-08-24 | 아사히 가세이 가부시키가이샤 | Hydrogenated block copolymer |
-
2001
- 2001-06-26 JP JP2001192147A patent/JP3723472B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-10-24 EP EP04090310A patent/EP1477522B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-10-24 DE DE60122794T patent/DE60122794T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-10-24 DE DE60119257T patent/DE60119257T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-10-24 EP EP01250374A patent/EP1201710B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-10-26 US US10/055,169 patent/US6812285B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-10-30 KR KR10-2001-0067013A patent/KR100495972B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-10-31 TW TW090127032A patent/TW534921B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0834533A1 (en) * | 1995-06-20 | 1998-04-08 | Sumitomo Chemical Company Limited | Thermoplastic elastomer composition and molded articles thereof |
EP0794225A1 (en) * | 1996-03-04 | 1997-09-10 | Tonen Chemical Corporation | Thermoplastic resin composition |
EP0811657A2 (en) * | 1996-06-06 | 1997-12-10 | Mitsuboshi Belting Ltd. | Thermoplastic elastomer composition for powder slush molding and process for the preparation of the composition |
DE19905292A1 (en) * | 1998-02-10 | 1999-10-21 | Sumitomo Chemical Co | Copolymer compositions useful for extrusion, injection molding, vacuum forming etc. and in laminate |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
MITSUBOSHI BELTING LTD: "WPI WORLD PATENT INFORMATION DERWENT, DERWENT, GB" , WPI WORLD PATENT INFORMATION DERWENT, DERWENT, GB, VOL. 21, NR. 95 XP002056634 & JP 07 082433 A (MITSUBOSHI BELTING LTD) 28 March 1995 (1995-03-28) * |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR100475868B1 (en) * | 2002-05-30 | 2005-03-10 | 현대자동차주식회사 | Polypropylene-based resin composition |
EP1655340A1 (en) * | 2004-11-05 | 2006-05-10 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Slush moldable thermoplastic polyolefin formulation for interior skin |
WO2009134504A1 (en) | 2008-04-30 | 2009-11-05 | International Automotive Components Group North America, Inc. | Slush moldable olefin composition |
CN102015875A (en) * | 2008-04-30 | 2011-04-13 | 国际汽车部件集团北美有限公司 | Slush moldable olefin composition |
EP3162847A4 (en) * | 2014-06-26 | 2017-12-20 | Lotte Chemical Corporation | Thermoplastic elastomer composition having improved vibration insulation and heat resistance, and molded product formed therefrom |
US10844207B2 (en) | 2014-06-26 | 2020-11-24 | Lotte Chemical Corporation | Thermoplastic elastomer composition having advanced vibration isolation and thermal resistance, and molded article manufactured therefrom |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2002327097A (en) | 2002-11-15 |
EP1201710B1 (en) | 2006-05-03 |
EP1201710A3 (en) | 2002-09-04 |
DE60122794D1 (en) | 2006-10-12 |
DE60119257D1 (en) | 2006-06-08 |
EP1477522B1 (en) | 2006-08-30 |
US20020151649A1 (en) | 2002-10-17 |
DE60122794T2 (en) | 2007-08-30 |
KR20020033562A (en) | 2002-05-07 |
DE60119257T2 (en) | 2006-09-28 |
KR100495972B1 (en) | 2005-06-17 |
TW534921B (en) | 2003-06-01 |
EP1477522A1 (en) | 2004-11-17 |
US6812285B2 (en) | 2004-11-02 |
JP3723472B2 (en) | 2005-12-07 |
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